Vokiškos kilmės namų apyvokos daiktų pavadinimai F. W. Haacko, P. Ruigio ir K. G. Milkaus žodynuose

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ RALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLIII (2000) Nijolė ČEPIENĖ LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE INSTITUTE, Vilnius THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF HOUSE NAME OF OBJECTS IN THE DICTIONARIES OF F. W. HAACK, P. RUIGIS AND K. G. MILKAS East Prussian philologist Friedrich Wilhelm Haack's first small Lithuanian-- German and German-Lithuanian dictionary was based on the New Testament and the Psalms, so there are few Germanisms in it. The Lithuanian part of the dictionary is based on the legacy of his predecessor Ernestas Dicelius, the dictionaries of F. W. Haack, Konstantinas Sirvydas and the living language, while the German part is based on the Latin-German and German-Latin dictionary of Christian Eberhard Weismann. There are more Germanisms in this dictionary, especially a lot of names of various work tools, household items. In the dictionary of Kristijonas Gotlib Milkas* (he relied on the dictionary of P. Ruigis, but expanded it and supplemented it with examples from the dictionary of Jakubas Brodovskis) the meaning is explained more extensively, and there are more Vedic sentences, especially prepositions. Most of the Germanisms are in the German-Lithuanian parts of all these dictionaries. After dividing the Germanisms of the aforementioned dictionaries into thematic groups, it became apparent that they mainly contain the names of working tools, implements, appliances, devices and their parts, household items, buildings and their parts, professions, duties, occupations of individuals. This article discusses 45 names of household items of German origin, selected from spoken dictionaries. All the names of household items are in the dictionaries of P. Ruigis and K. G. Milkas and only three in the dictionaries of F. W. Haack (kraga, lampa, jakas). Almost all Germanisms of this group are found in Kazis Alminauskas' book "Die Germanismen des Litauischen", except for the following: klyderberštė, -is, pyrpanė (fyrpanė), vindas. Most of the Germanisms in the above mentioned dictionaries are |! Vocabvlarivm Lithvanico-- Germanicvm, et Germanico- -Lithvanicvm... prepared by Friederich Wilhelm H a a ck... at the time Docente in the Litthauischen Seminario in Halle, Halle [1730]. ? Lithuanian-- German and German-Lithuanian Lexicon... by Philipp Ruhig..., Kėnigsberg...1747. *Weismann Ch. E. Lexicon bipartitum latino-germanicum et germanico-- latinum, Stuttgart, * Lithuanian-- German and German-Lithuanian Dictionary.- .. by Christian Gottlieb Mielcke..., Konigsberg, 1800. S Buildings and jy parts names zr. Čepienė N. Germanisms in the 17th-century West Highland dialect of 1741. Lithuania Minor (based on the Lexicon Lithuanicum). —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 30, borrowed from Prussian German (hereinafter Pr. v.) dialects. : bėkis „dubuo, tualetas“ < Pr. v. bėk „t. p.’ ; ‘kiurasamtis’, the cost; „įrankis įmušti skylę“ < Pr. v. deršlax „t. p.’ ; kragas, -a "pitcher; cup; taurė“ < Pr. v. krog „t. p.’ ; 1999. "Legends, 1993, 37-46. 34 legends, legends". Iegel "t. p.“, liktis „candle“ < Pr. v. licht „t. p.’ ; mėzeris ‘press’ <Pr.v.méser ‘t. p.’ ; purvelis "crumped cloth for fire-fighting" < Pr. v. Powder ‘t. p.’ ; spinda, spinta, „spinta“ < Pr. v. spind „t. In the dictionaries of East Prussia, synonyms are found in addition to many borrowed words from German. Thus, Germanisms were used not only to name unknown things, but often a loanword, a synonym, appeared next to their own word; he sometimes even changed his word. Many such synonyms are recorded in the dictionaries of P. Ruigis and K. G. Milkas. Here are the names of household items of German origin recorded in their dictionaries and the synonyms next to them: bėkis —plaustūvė, praustūvis, mazgotūvė (R II 54, MŽ II 72); blass — rykas, bačka, bosas (R II 134, MZ II 176), kubilas (MŽ II 176); capas —vagis, vobé (R II 409; MŽ II 551); derslakas — chisel, chopper (R II 107, MZ II 140); kdrbas — rentlazdis, rentlazdé, rantas (R 11 222, MZ II 295); klyderbersté —clothes brush (R II 225, MZ II 300), klyderbersté (R II 221); klucus, klocus — kalada (MZ 11 103, R II 78), kulbé (R II 226, MŽ II 302); kragas — rack, vessel (R II 162, MŽ II 215), cruiser (R II 233, MŽ II 311); kūcus —kurėlus, kurelis, strampas (R II 228), vėzdas, stripinys (MŽ II 304); kurbas — braided, braided (R II 229, MŽ II 306); liktis — candle, lamp (R II 244, MZ II 326); lode — chest (R II 236, MZ II 314); rack, shelf (R II 243, MŽ II 324); lunta — knatas (R II 248, MZ II 331); mėzerkylis — pėstokas, tulmočius (R II 259, MŽ II 346); pdné —skaurada (R II 276, MZ II 369); Pucherus — beak (R II 90, MZ II 118), candle beak (R II 244, 283, MZ II 11 183); row — prachart, rows (R II 233, MZ II 310), beds (R II 293, MZ II 392); grey-tailed trout (R II 289, MZ II 387); rust — shaker (R 11 294, MZ II 393); crib, cradle — lopeta (R II 181, MŽ II 241), fan (R II 407, MŽ II 548); wood — blooming oak (R II 301, MZ II 404); scrap — spade, scrap-grabber (R II 316, MZ II 423); trikteris — koštūvis, varénka (R II 355, MŽ II 475); vanė — penalty (R II 392, MŽ II 528); willow — cradle, cradle (R II 402, MZ II 541); 1969) 1929 – Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish actor (d. All of the above synonyms can be found in the German-- Lithuanian parts of the dictionaries of P. 326, 379); Ruigis and K. G. Milkas. Only the candle and the shelf are in the Lithuanian-German language parts. 35 Some objects are named with several Germanisms, e.g.: blasas, bosas; klucus (clocus), clownfish; collar, cross; lodge, chest. Synonymų ms have the following borrowed su words: cober "Low-pitched wooden dish", dėkis ,,bedspread, bedspread“, card „candle“, lamp "lamp", "grinder", "spindle" (push), check “a cork, a wooden cork to stop a barrel,” (Hebrew) Black-throated shark ‘kauSas, shovel", "Shirma" shield, troughs „carrying carriers“, wheel, „Playing dice, cube“, wind ‘spinning wheel; skrutuvas- “, vogd ‘scales’. E. W. There are no synonyms in the Haack dictionary. Be the meaning of the names of household items mentioned in the aforementioned dictionaries, ar in dialects in the old writings tų many of the Germanisms themselves ir are used with other meanings, e.g.: bosas "statinė, kubilas" — "big cup", "glass for beer" NG 194; ‘skate ball’ B 774, N; "dručkis, storulis" Vrnv; thank you "covering, covering up" — ceilings Klp, Slu; curb "bag, wicker" feeding — curb "feeding bag" muzzle K I 481; kufba ,,antsnukis® K II 49; Bee turtle ‘hive’ N, K I 239; ‘cage’ N, Jrk 190, K I 189, Fate of 437; PVG ‘candle’ —1&do destiny „varveklis“ K I 365, ice cream B 402, N, R II 117, Sch 67, KZ: The fate of the roof "t. p.’ K;,LikneSos, the feast of grabnyčiai“ N, [K], KZ II 1323; lode ‘box’ — ‘girnalovys’ (people) Eičiai, Trg. r.); "Loom beaters" Iz, Vp, see. LKA I 134; “chipper or leaf cutter tray” J, Rs, Mrj, Lkš, Gs, PnmA; ‘leaf saw’ ji J, Up, Btg, Čk; ‘cauliflower cutting device’ Trg, Krkl, Ps, Grk; spinda, spinta spinda — "Well lever column" Cairo, Stč; incoming "spinning wheel, spinner" — ‘wheel wheel’ Rsn, Shlu; "Well lever" means Srv, Klov, Jrb, Shd; ‘rope tracker’ ILkš, Vdk; ‘Heavy-lifting device’ means Slv, Vdk, Ud, Up, VIkj, Vv, Stak; „to tie to a cradle or something else“ Grv, Krs. Today, only four Germanisms of household items found in these dictionaries are used in common Lithuanian: bosas, variant lėmpa, spinta and variant šilma, in dialects there are much more. There are about 30 Germanisms of this group in dialects, 16 of which are more widespread. Bosas, dėkis (dėkis Sl, Rd, Pln, Tl, Klm), lėmpa, lempa (Iėmpė Prn), o šiūpėlė, -is jų known almost throughout Lithuania. However, most of the Germanisms are found in the Žemaičių and Western Highland dialects, e.g.: klūcas "stick, pole, wheel" Klm, ŠIl, Klp, Šiu, Pln, TI, Sl, kliūcas Rs, Vrn, klūcis Akm, Krtn, Mžk, Pln, Skd, SI; kurbas “bag, wicker” Jrb, Šiu, Trg; in row ‘board feed for livestock; * The prevalence of Germanism (area) is usually indicated by the LKŽ, its database, LKA and dialect texts. 36 lovys’ Jrb, Mrj, Kn, Prn, Sk, Vikv, Rs, Trg, SII, Šiu, Tl; Willow ‘crib’ Jnš, Jrb, Mj, Kn, Prn, Sk, Vikv, Klp, Šiu, Rs, ŠIl, Trg, Pln; vane "large elongated bowl wash" Klm, Rs, SII, Trg, Slu, vané Klp, Jrb, Sk; Winded spinning wheel; skrutuvas’ Jon, Jrb, Mrj, Sk, Vikv, SII, Trg, Slu. In the German 10 language, the word for "fire" is iš "Feuer", which means "fire" or "fireplace". 1 rinda, vindas, voga, willow (Al, Lzd, Vrn) kt. ir The least Germanisms were found in the eastern Highland dialects: bosas, dėkis (thank you), (thank you), (thank you), (thank you), (thank you), (thank you) (voga). Some iš jų could have come here through the Slavic languages. Only in one few places ar these Germanisms are recorded (maximum jų Southwestern Lithuania): capa „statinės pintis, rolė” Kp; coberis "low su barrel wooden container" Mrj, VIkv, coberys Sk, Vilkv; liktis ‘candle’ Lzd, Vikv; lead ‘box’ Sk; variant liūntas „knatas, dagtis“, šviesta ‘lentyna’ Pkr, pané „frying pan“, nivyzeris „grinder“, hibr. šūpkaušis "large bucket, bucket" Klp; roasted "furnace, brick grate on which baking, drying" Shlu; shridpa "horse comb, mine, scraper" Mrj, Kt, Jnš; trikteris ‘funnel’ Jrb; vérpelis "playing dice, cube" Square. r. Tik iš Eastern Prussian Lithuanian dictionaries known borrowings: bėkis „dubuo, praustuvė“, blasas „statinė, kubilas“, fyrpané, pyrpanė „keptuvė“, karticė „šviečia“, kylikas „taurė“, klyderberštė, -is "Brush for cleaning clothes", "grinder", "grinder" "tool for crushing, rubbing", pucherus "Twisters", spit „volė, wooden cork for barrel“, shola „indas, dubuo“, trėgai „barrows“ (the latter is used in dialects with another meaning — „on the sledge put a box of cards to sit“). Almost all of iš them, except fyrpanė, pyrpanė, klyderberštė, -is pučėrus, we find in later 19th-20th century dictionaries ir -ė ir a. (Georgo Heinricho Ferdinando Nesselmanno, Friedricho Kuršaičio ir Alexander Kuršaičio). Be dictionaries, in ancient writings, the following household items group borrowings are common: kragas BB, Lpn, Donel. ; K. Kucius K. Donel. ; curb PVG; lamp BP, DP, PK, SD, VInE, PVG, lamp BB; Alloy K. Donel. Part found in jų folklore: boss JV, KIvD, Sim, Sln, PP; kraga, -as, remains JV, KIvD; lamb BsP, CVD; willow BsO, DvD, JD, LB; comings BsP, KIVD, Jrk, JD; Jack Jrk, JV, KIvD, RD. Many names of household items with the same root and meaning are also found in Latvian, e.g. bekenis < v.v.ž. becken (Sehwers 1918: 143); lamp < v.v.Z. lampe (Sehwers 1918: 116), uate < v. Lunte (ME II 514), duršlags < v. Durchschlag (Sehwers 1918: 117); list, lists < v.v.z. 1918) 1953 – John F. Kennedy, U.S. President (b. leggel (Sehwers 1953: 70). Many of them, as in Lithuanian, are used only in dialects, e.g.: miėzeris (Sehwers 1918: 117), klucis "woodcutter" (Sehwers 1953: 187), or almost unknown: kūze, kūze "veal" < v.v.z. (Sehwers 1918: 152), pucškėres „pliers (for candles)“ (Sehwers 1918: 156). Some Germanisms are common to Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian, e.g.: lietuvių dėkis, lat. dekis, estų tekk; lit. kurbas, lat. kuivis, estonian korw, lit. pané, lat. panna, estonian pann; lit. spūnta, lat. spunde, estonian punn; lit. vane, lat. wanna, estonian vann. 37 Lithuanians, ir Latvians, Estoniaiš ns learned from the Germans to make some ir dishes, tools and iš other objects of wood, brass, tin. Anot J. Sehweri, in most cases the Germans were not the inventors of these things, but only Western European Cultural Mediators. ABBREVIATIONS NG — New LSDP Magazine, 2000. 1906 05 18-1907 01 10 In Vilnius. PVG — The Prussian government gramatas, threats and ir stories to Lithuanian peasants, compiled by P. Pakarklis, Vilnius, 1960. Other abbreviations such as the capital Dictionary of Lithuanian Language. LITERATŪRA Alminauskis K. [1934]: The Germanisms of Lithuanian. Part 1: The German Lehnwörter im Lithuanian language, Kaunas. Frischbier H. 1882-1883: Prussian dictionary. Ostund West Prussian Provincialisms in alphabetical order 1-2, Berlin: Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin. ME 1923-1932: K. Mulenbacha Latvian language dictionary, edited, supplemented, continued by J. Endzelins, 1-4, Riga: Kultiiras fonda izdevums. Sehwers J. 1918: The Germans Borrowing words im Latvian, Zurich. Sehwers J. 1953: Linguistic and cultural-historical investigations on the German influence in Latvian, Berlin: In commission with Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden. GERMAN BORROWER WORDS IN THE FIELD OF THE TERMS FOR HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN THE DICTIONARIES OF EW. HAACK, P. RUHIG AND CHR. G. MIELCKE Summary In this paper, 45 Germanisms in the field of domestic equipment are discussed, which are derived from the word-heirlooms of EW. Haack, P. Ruhig and Chr. G. Mielcke have been collected. German loanwords do not only appear as names of unknown counterparts, but they often stand as synonyms next to echtlitauic words. Some of the Germanisms contained in the inherited word heirlooms are documented in other meanings in the oral languages as well as in the writings. For these German loanwords, roots and meaning-related equivalents are also documented in Latvian and Estonian. Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians learned from the Germans how to make some kinds of harness, as well as various riding gear made of wood and metal. As J. Sehwers has explained, in many cases the Germans were not the inventors of the riding in question, but merely mediators of European cultural heritage. Nijolė CEPIENE Received 22 March 1999 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6 LT-2055, Vilnius, Lithuania El. email [email protected] 38