Balsių kaitos aprašai nuo Augusto Schleicherio iki Kazimiero Jauniaus

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LTETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XLITI (2000) Gražina AKELAITIVilniaus pedagoginis universitetas ENĖ DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CHANGE OF BALSIES FROM AUGUSTUS SCHLEICHERIS TO KAZIMIERAS JAUNIAUS 81. The change in the expression of the root has attracted the attention of many linguists. This can be seen in the first printed Lithuanian grammar. In the chapter “On various positions of letters, or incidents- ”, Daniel Klein mentions three kinds of “letter incidents- ”: change, contraction and fall. The chapter further discusses the changes in dialects and states that other changes, i.e. changes in the reading, have emerged from the linguees and personifications (see Kleinas 1957: 427). In the sections on personalities, D. Klein focuses on the changes of the indicative letters zy', but also mentions the vowels of the penultimate syllable. For example, when talking about the past tense of verbs, it is indicated that some verbs with -auju form the past tense "completely irregularly", namely: palowiau —from the present tense palauju, from the future tense palausu®. Discussing the exceptions to the formation of other tenses, Klein separately mentions the sirgau type verbs, which replace the vowel e of the penultimate syllable “for better sounding in the future tense with an i, which remains in the past tense made from it” (Klein 1957: 427). In the section “About the name and its incidents” there is also mention of “letter changes- ”. In addition to remarks about the change of vowels in the endings of simple forms of verbs, there is a reference to a similar phenomenon in nominative (according to D. Klein, emphasic) adjectives and participants. The change in the expression of the noun affix, as well as other “letter changes- ”, D. Klein justifies by “a more pleasant sound” — in other words, euphonically. 82. A special place in the history of the study of Lithuanian vowel changes occupies August Schleicher. He was the first researcher who not only encompassed and described the whole variety of Lithuanian roots, but also scientifically substantiated the place of vocalism in the general system of sound development of the Indo-European protolanguage. In 1856, in the first chapter of the Lithuanian Grammar (Litauische Grammatik), the phonetic laws of vowels were described in detail. Significant is that this scientist, how! The letters D. Klein calls the letters before the ending u. 2D. Klein perceives the relationship of verb tenses in a different way than is usual now. According to him, all tenses are derived "immediately" or "intermediately" from the present time of the direct 1957: 479). pronoun (see. Klein himself emphasizes (see Schleicher 1856: 34), clearly distinguishes those laws, according to which vowels change in word formation and conjugation, from the laws of sound conjunction. The first changes form a system that is called the degrees of vowel change in comparative Indo-European linguistics. According to A. Schleicher, Lithuanian vowels come in the form of weakening (vocalschwachung) and strengthening (vocalsteigerung). The latter distinguishes two levels, corresponding to the phenomena of guna and vrddhi known from the grammar of Indian languages. As in the comparative grammar of Germanic languages, he distinguishes three classes of vowels, or strings, whose primary vowels are a, i, u. These vowels and their echoes, according to him, form a system of vowel changes (see section 4.4). Schleicher 1856: 62). For example, a-row vowel words are formed, on the one hand, by changing the main vowel a į o („steigerung“), iš variants of the other side resulting from the weakening (,,schwachung®) of the main vowel su e (or elongated ė), i (elongated 7): lever, swing, weigh, weighed, consider. It is separately mentioned that sometimes in this line may appear u (pull, pull dents). — Iš total a-row words presented mostly (per 80), iš of which are still separated by the : bredu braidat type words, showing su confusion in the i-row. the members of the i-order vowel change are arranged in the ai following order: i(y), e(=ie), (gergti, diegas, gerginti); The u-row alternance consists of the ov following members: u(ū), u(=uo), au, sometimes av, (kruva“, krauti, kroviau). A. Schleicher mainly relies on Ferdinand Nesselmann ir Constantine's Letters. In some places, there are dialects or other Indo-European words. The position of the main vowel is sometimes shown not by the whole word, but by the root. o This suggests that in the past the word of such vocalism had to be, for example, in the line of the word ėd-mi in the position of vocalism a only the root adis indicated, the word slėgti —root slag-, the word rėkti —root rak-, and the roof is represented by the root stag-. A. Schleicher's fairly comprehensive list of consonant words is particularly valuable to modern researchers in many respects. In grouping the common root words, he is mistaken only in one other place, for example, with the word die he unnecessarily compares Slavism morai "carriers at funerals", with god — Slavism dyvas, tasty drink su (see section 4.4). Sabaliauskas 1979: 68). A. Schleicher concluded that the large variety of vowels in Lithuanian, like in other languages, is not a primeval phenomenon: more primeval features remain in the u-row, which is only the third in Lithuanian, and the novelty of the i-row is shown by the fact that it has the distinct ie and ei; a-row most distant from the original (see section 4.4). Schleicher 1856: 62). As mentioned, Schleicher has clearly emphasized that the laws of sounds are dual. According to the laws discussed above, according to him, sounds change in word formation and conjugation. Therefore, the variation of root vocalism has not been overlooked by him, and in 3 examples by A. Schleicher words krūva, šūvis, lūžti and other roots with long vowel are written u. He has written ū only in present tense forms with the infix n (kriūvu, pražūvu, kliūvu). 4 in another section, word formation. Here the changes of vowels are not examined in detail*, but the roots of different vocalisms presented next to the Vedic ones show that the scientist observed the change of vowels participating in the formation of prepositions. su However, it is not entirely clear on what remdamasis, A. principle Schleicher indicates the vowel of the excluded roots in the list of derivatives, e.g.: winter — Vzim®, Laima — Vlam, discount — Vlid, open — Vvar, old — Vsan, crooked — Vkriv, castle — Vpal, hard — Vku. It seems that the most commonly referred to is the main member of the corresponding vowel variation, which A. For Schleicher, as ir for Indian grammarists, there was a weak degree. Given examples of certain types of formations, he fragmentarily, already as a clear subject of the famous science, sometimes iš separately mentions the change of vowels. For example, it is suggested that in nouns with suffix -a the root vowel is often strengthened, o ne weakens: guard, dagger, smell, path, flood, plague, pound ir t. t. (Schleicher 1856: 102) The comprehensive classification of primary Lithuanian verbs presented in A. Schleicher’s Grammar® is also based on differences in the expression of the root (or stem in general). The basis for the division into classes —peculiarities of the present tense, for example, elongated or altered root vowel (class II), nasal consonant in the present tense (class I), etc. The verb is described by paying attention to the system of vocalization: the degree of vocalization represented by the verbs of the respective class is indicated (see Schleicher 1856: 234-254). In general, Schleicher's classification of verbs is still used in modern grammar. §3. The typological classification of the root structure of Lithuanian words, developed by A. Schleicher, undoubtedly occupied a significant place in Indo-European linguistics. This was the first time in the history of Baltic grammar that this question was scientifically examined, and therefore Schleicher's theory is already being used in later Baltic scholars' works. In 1876, Friedrich Kuršaitis' Grammatik der litauischen Sprache (Grammar of the Lithuanian language) presented a description of vowel changes that was almost identical to the theory of A. Schleicher. Only F. Kuršaitis discusses the change of vowels not in phonetics (there he only mentions the degrees of change of vowels characteristic of Sanskrit), but in the introductory chapter on word formation. This is a way of expressing the tendency to consider vowel changes as part of word formation. That F. Kuršaitis relied on A. Schleicher’s analysis of vowel changes is shown by the same examples, and sometimes by direct references to the aforementioned work (cf. Kurshat 1876: 80-82). 84. In 1884 Augusto Leskien published his study Der Ablaut der Wurzelsilben im Litauischen (see Leskien 1884). As he himself states in the introduction, his description of the vowel change lines had no purpose of supporting or refuting the then existing Indo-Germanic * Schleicher himself has emphasized that in the chapter of the work this is not presented in detail, 0,.what fell under hand“ (Schleicher 1856: 102). 3 Schleicher used this mathematical symbol to mark the root in the description of derivatives. 6 The classification of Lithuanian verbs was already presented in the previous one, 1853. published, A. Schleicher's work Lituanica. In grammar, however, it is more detailed. bų vocalism theories. Anot A. It is used as an auxiliary language for the study of Slavic vocalism. A. Leskien indicates that the samples collected iš F. Nesselmann- 's dictionary, but later they supplemented his own collected material only Lithuanian, ne but iš ir iš Latvian language. Unlike previous researchers, A. Leskien distinguishes five orders of vowel change: I. iy(i) ei(ej) ė ai(aj) ėj II. 1998-1999 U u it au ov III. (a)iy (=i)eėa0o (=a) b)eéao (=a) IV.éao(=a) V. a o (=a) (zr. Leskien 1884: 268-269). The traditional three-vowel alteration sequence was not accidental. It is an abstract scheme of the regular vowel alternance in related words. A. The system presented by Leskien is not more perfect, only more — ji reasonable in its implementation. Iš substance III, IV ir V line corresponds to A. Schleicher system a-row. They are distinguished on the basis of the unequally realized alternance possibilities in the corresponding type of roots. For example, the fourth and fifth lines are represented by words of essentially the same vowelism, only the changes in the fifth line are illustrated by roots that do not have an ė variant (ariu: orė, blaškai: bloškiu, privalau: prievolė). The third line, according to A. Leskien, is heterogeneous: he separates III a (bildu: beldžiu: baldas) and III b lines (degu: nuodėgulis: dagas: ato-dogei), although he himself states in the introduction that these lines are very related and can be combined into one (see Leskien 1884: 268). This splitting of queues is perhaps more informative: from it it is possible to judge better about the productivity of shift types. In general, A. Leskien’s clear desire to find as many alternations of each root as possible, i.e. to show all degrees of vowel change of each root, is noticeable. Very often, if no Lithuanian word is found, the change is illustrated by Latvian words (sometimes only by them), for example, ie: ai, i: i vowelism is illustrated by la. kniebju: knaipit, miju: miju (see section 4.4). Leskien 1884: 138). Such selection of examples sometimes slightly distorts the true picture of the functioning of vowel changes in Lithuanian. The semantic connection of some words, considered to be common roots, could hardly be seen synchronously (e.g.: giržti: diržas: daržas (p. 324); end: yellow (p. 325); bridge: bed: far away (p. 349), therefore A. Leskien's study would be more accurately considered diachronic". The second part of the work shows the spread of changes in various subsystems of Lithuanian language. It also consists essentially of indexes of very finely classified examples with brief comments. ' A. Leskienas published a number of new correct etymological comparisons (see Sabaliauskas 1979: 74), but due to semantic negligence (also cf. la. didels —la. didit (,,song*) su the understanding of its root identification is not synchronous. 6 A. Leskieno Der Ablaut der Root syllables im Litauischen was for many years the only work entirely devoted to the issue of vowel changes in Lithuanian historical grammar, — and it was very ir important for all researchers, perhaps not so much because of ne the theoretical basis as bo because of the abundant illustrative material. §5. A. Schleicherium ir F. Kuršaitis's grammar undoubtedly provided the theoretical basis for the teaching-related texts Antano Baranausko ir Kazimiero For the young man's works. A. Baranauskas' lectures at the seminary were be jo own knowledge is published in the Lithuanian language heading of Kalbomėkslis. In the second part of the language, called "Woodge", there is a section about vowel "inversions". A. Baranauskas distinguishes three bottom vowels a, i, u, iš of which, jo in words, are "all others married". A. Baranauskas explains: “the a bottom weakening becomes e, and the lower weakening becomes i, and it stems into a, 0” (others are interpreted accordingly- ). ir ‘overturns’) (see section 4.4). Baranauskas 1896: 9). In addition to the 3-track version, there are also 2-track versions of the song. “Three rows of vowels, diphthongs and consonants come out of the three bottom vowels: Ijacila a ey €6 a o —-——1a, io ¢.h—41q 2aeila i iy é el ai je —iai 3ja eila wu, au, av, u iu, i, iau ų, Ū, ių“ (see Baranausov kas 1896: 10-11). In A. Baranauskas’s interpretation, the influence of A. Schleicher is strongly felt: not only the model of the change sequences is adopted, but also the way of interpretation. In giving examples illustrating the verses, A. Baranauskas repeats some inaccurate connections of A. Schleicher’s roots, for example, Slavism morai is presented together with the root words mirti. In the next work of A. Baranauskas, Zamietki o litovskom jazyke i slovare (Baranovskij 1898), the change of vowels is explained much more extensively. He talks about twofold, i.e. etymological and phonetic processes that take place in the component parts of words. Phonetic processes refer to differences in dialect phonetics, and etymological processes refer to differences in word formation and conjugation. As A. Baranauskas himself points out, he essentially presents the theory of A. Schleicher. The terms also show a follow-up to A. Schleicher: Russian Š is used for German terms. When quoting here, the spelling of A. Baranauskas's Kalbomokslis (as in the following —K. Jaunius's grammar) is not followed, for example, in Kalbomokslys it is written stébjasi. substitutes: oslablenie, količestvennoe uvelichenie, podjom (see Baranovskij 1898: 10 ir kt ). Differences in limb expression A. Baranauskas also describes it on the basis of the three-vowel sequence model. But when discussing the expression of the limbs, he does not always agree A. Schleicher. Based on his (anykštėnų) spoken, he distinguished three lengths of vowels criticized ir not doing to A. Schleicheri (see section 4.4). Baranovskiy 1898: 18). 86. A. Baranauskas lectured Lithuanian language course, as is known, listened ir K. Young, studying at the seminary 1871-1875 for a year. Later, in the last decade of the century, almost at the same time as ir A. Baranausko works, K. Jaunius's own Lithuanian Linguistics (1897) saw the light of day. It was a hectographed work, which, essentially unchanged, was published as a grammar of the Lithuanian language. Undoubtedly, K. Jaunius relied iš not only on K. 1911 m. A. Baranauskas lectures, but published ir grammar. Jo ir In the section on dialects, it is clearly stated that he had kept the “good things” of A. Schleicher and F. Kuršaitis, but did not remember their “bad things” (see Jaunius 1911: 27). As one of A. Schleicher's "jeibs" K. Jaunius has pointed out the "semi-autistic" distinction between the firm-start and firm-end vowels. In this regard, he has responded positively to FE Kuršaitis: "Kuršaitis, a true Lithuanian, better understood Lithuanian whimsy and Lithuanian dialect, therefore there are no sloppy words in his writings- ." But F. Kuršaitis has been rebuked by K. Jaunius for having mixed uo with o, ie with ė" (cf. Jaunius 1911: 27, 28). In the chapter "Vowel Graduation" of the "Tarsnymokslis", K. Jaunius describes the "reclassification of vowels in word origin". The main members of the row are considered a, ie and au. The latter, apparently, seemed to K. Jaunis more informative than ui and u, which were used to mark the second and third lines (i and u can also occur in the roots of a vocalism). Here is one of K. Jaunius’s “laws” of vowel gradation: “If a word has a vowel a in its root, its other relatives may have tie, ė, i, V, 0, u, uo, ū, but will have neither ie nor au” (Jaunius 1911: 38). He claims that,,we can only find two —three joints in the entire blade, therefore it is most useful to divide the blade into four pieces” (Jaunius 1911: 39). (This may have been influenced by A. Leskien's description of the change of vowels, although there are references to A. Leskien's study and néra'.) The g row is divided by him into "pa-ailes" a, ė, o, uo. Among the examples that illustrate these "pa-ailes", especially uo, are words whose roots are hardly suitable to be considered as roots of a vowelism, for example: duoti, atakti, puoliau, gulėti, guolis, as well as juosti, juosta. They represent u, that is, the au row of the Young model, rather than the a row. ? This is also mentioned by A. Baranauskas in his work (see Baranovskij 1898: 9). 10 According to the researcher of linguistic terms Antanas Balašaitis, K. Jaunius was the first to call phonetic subjects by their real name “tarsnYmoksliu”, that is, the science of dialects, although at the beginning of his activities he K. Jaunius has also called it in another way — „gaisniu“ (see Balašaitis 1961: 184, 186). 1 Notes and references to literature in other works of K. Jaunius (see Drotvinas, Grinaveckis 1970: 99, 138 and others) show that he had studied the works of A. Leskienas. 8 It is possible to ir doubt one more of the words proving the sequence of spoken vocalism, for example, paeilė o, be others, illustrated by the words bažmas, „many, crowd“, buožė, bužulas „bumblebee“, „big knot“, which are connected with tower. This su connection is doubtful (see Polish baszta). Not all of the words presented by K. Jaunius as examples of vocalism in a certain sequence can be linked even etymologically. The words of the same root (a-order vocalism) are rimstu, rymau, remiu, rėmiau, ramus, ramentas, romus, romyti and rūmai. Apparently, based on the fact that the Russian word pokoi (“calmness, serenity” has also had the ir meaning of “room”, he suggests comparing »xūmus“ (Latin palacium) with the Russian pokoi, počit' “to die, to fall asleep”. This is one of the unfounded etymological connections of K. Jaunius. In evaluating such connections, linguistic historians have stated that K. Jaunius, as a self-taught linguist, sometimes wandered on the paths of comparative linguistics, and the basis of this wandering was the attempt to derive the semantically related, but different in their vocalism, and sometimes consonantism, genders of words from one basic gender, explaining them with certain laws of sound development invented by him (see Zinkevičius, Kabelka 1958: 23). K. Jaunius also talks about the "duty from one vowel end to the other", that is, about the confusion of lines. He compares this phenomenon to the confusion of word play (Iankstymas) and calls it “word friendship”. According to him, “according to the laws of human mind, two ailes become mutilated if several joints of the same kind appear in one as in the other” (Jaunius 1911: 39). According to K. Jaunius, people can transfer the roots of words from one row to another by way of friendship, and thus a word of such a root is born, whose form is “not at all appropriate” to the other words of that root (cf. Jaunius 1911: 40). K. Jaunius did not pay any particular attention to word formation, so it is difficult to say how he assessed the role of vowel change in word formation. However, a lot of hints about the changes can still be found in the section “VeiksmazodZiy folding” (i.e. reading). In comparing the stem vowels, he identifies their differences with terms commonly used in the description of vowel changes: "higher vowel", "weaker vowel", "stronger vowel". 87. When comparing K. Jaunius’s description of the change of vowels with the works of other researchers, it is clear that K. Jaunius basically follows A. Schleicher’s theory of the change of vowels, but formulates the laws in a distinct way. The more complex model of the vowel change system (the splitting of lines into rows) may be the result of his own considerations, but it may also have been influenced by the work of A. Leskien. On the other hand, it is not necessary to look at how K. Jaunius’s description of the change of vowels differs from the previous ones, how he supplemented or corrected his predecessors. Something completely different can be mentioned —as emphasized by Juozas Tumas-Vaižgan, who had listened to K. Jaunius’ lectures12. Etymologists claim that the word rūmas should be linked to the Latin rūs, rūris, meaning “village, manor” (cf. The Sabaliauskas is this: when they were led by Jaunius through some “fluctuations, gradations, declines or changes”, it became clear to them how individual people, having fallen in love with something, could move half the world with it (see Tumas 1916: 3). LITTERATUR Balašaitis A. 1961: Phonetic terms of Lithuanian language. —LTSR MA darbai, series A. 1, 183-206. 1896. pp. 1896. pp. 1896. pp. 1896. pp. 1896. pp. 1896. pp. 1896. pp. 1896. pp. 1896. pp. 1896. pp. 1896. Baranovskij A. 1898: bapanoBcKu#l A. Samemkru 0 AumoeckKoM s3biKE u caoeape, CaxKxrrierep6ypr. 1970: The Linguist Kazimieras Jaunius, Vilnius. 1911: A Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, St. Petersburg. Kleinas D. 1957: The First Grammar of Lithuanian Language, ed. J. Kruopas, Vilnius. Kurschat FE 1876: Grammar of the Lithuanian language, Halle. Leskien A. 1884: The Ablaut of the Root Syllables in Lithuanian, Leipzig. Sabaliauskas A. 1979: History of Lithuanian language research, until 1940. Sabaliauskas A. 1990: Lithuanian Language Lexicon, Vilnius. Schleicher A. 1856: Lithuanian grammar, Prague. Tumas J. 1916: [K. Jauniaus lietuvių kalbos gramatikos rec.| —Lietuvių balsas 69(98), 3. Zinkevičius Z.,Kabelka J. 1958: Kazimieras Būga. 1990: 265). —Selected Writings 1. Vilnius, 13-100. THE DESCRIPTION OF VOWEL ALTERNATIONS FROM AUGUST SCHLEICHER TO KAZIMIERAS JAUNIUS Summary August Schleicher occupies an exceptional place in the history of the investigation of Lithuanian vowel alternations. The authors of subseguent grammars of Lithuanian who dealt with vowel alternations could be said to be his followers. Kazimieras Jaunius, for example, basically adhered to Schleicher's theory though he formulated the rules of vowel alternation in an original way. Jaunius presented a complex model of the system of vowel alternations, with the series of alternating vowels further divided into subseries. This system could have been devised on the basis of some considerations of his own. On the other hand, it could also have been influenced by A. Leskien’s works, which were undoubtedly known to Jaunius. Grazina AKELAITIENE Received 2000 02 07 Sevéenkos g. 31 LT-2009 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail [email protected] Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas 10