Kalbotyros pastabos

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLIV (2001), 89-103 Kalbotyros pastabos’ SIMAS KARALIŪNAS Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius The article discusses questions of etymology in connection with (1) Lith. dial. berklai ‘foot-bridge’, (2) Lith. gintaras, Latv. guitar, (3) Lith. dial. krontas and kronas ‘snow-drift’, (4) Latv. wines, we do. vina ‘he, she’, (5) Lith. reflexes of Baltic *Kikir-‘pea’ in hydronyms, (6) Old Prussian rapa ‘angel’. 16. L1IET. DIAL. berklai ‘LIEPTAS’ In the north-eastern corner of Lithuania (Salakas) the word berklai (acc. plural bérklus) is used, the meaning of which is indicated as "lipped (e.g. from bitters)" (LKŽ, 626; 2LKZ 766). By looking at the historical correspondence of the sounds, the original form can be reconstructed as *bēr-tlo-. Structurally and functionally—as a nomen instrumenti with the constructive meaning “a means of transporting people”—the word is immediately associated with drklas (plural horses) < *arH-tlo-(with the suffix -tliS near), the etymological equivalent of which is the Greek žšporgov, Cretan šparpov ‘plough’ (< *arH-tro-). By this analogy, the etymological equivalent of berkla would be the derivative of Greek gegetpov (And gégtoov) ‘carrying’ (< *bher(H)-tro-), gšpo ‘to carry’ (cf. Frisk 1970: 1003, 1005; Chantraine 1968: 1191). After all, stretchers are also made of bitter. An old derivative of the suffix -tro- (not -tlo-, as sometimes assumed) is also considered to be the ancient Indian bharitra-, hapax legomenon in the Rigveda, meaning probably ‘hand’ or ‘finger’ (that is, *‘to carry, means of carrying, tool’) (see Mayrhofer 1963: 478; 1996: 251). But there is a more accurate equivalent to the word berkla — it is Latin ferculum (and fericulum)) ‘miscarriage; pad' <*bher(H)tlo-m (Ernout, Meillet 1959: 226; somewhat differently Walde, Hofmann 1938: 484), a derivative of fero ‘to carry’. Thus, the derivative of the root *bher-‘to carry’ must also be berklai, which means that the Baltic verb befti bėria bėrė (and dialect bėrti bėria bėrė), long associated with the aforementioned Greek and Latin verbs, also had this meaning (cf. Fraenkel 1962: 40). The structure of the root of the word berklai and the acute preposition indicate that its original form was *bēr-tlo-, but in this form it raises a number of questions: did its long root vowel arise as a result of quantitative apophony by lengthening the root vocalism e, or was this lengthening caused by the fall of the larynx? In the most recent “Dictionary of Indo-European Verbs” the root in question is reconstructed as anit, i.e. without the larynx, and it is also attributed to lit. berti with a question mark (see Rix, ed. 1998: 61-62). M. Mayrhofer is inclined to acknowledge the Sitokaa root, but he also notes that the existence of the set variant of this root cannot be completely eliminated from the study (Mayrhofer 2000). Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics 17, 207-209; 29, 65-78; 31, 125-129. 90 | SIMAS KARALIŪNAS fer 1996: 249). Kad s. ind. bharitra showed to be *bherH-, in his opinion, is not true, since bharitra can be an ad hoc derivative of caritra-- ‘leg’ (Mayrhofer 1996: 251). In our case, it is important that the Vedic forms of this root also have an acute in Slavic languages: Serbo-Croatian brēme, Slovenian brēme, Czech brimė, Russian 6epēma ‘nasta’ < sl. *brämenmost likely indicates that there was a variant of the elongated root *bhēr-(Mayrhofer 1996: 249). Thus, the long root vowel of the original berkla form *bēris also probably a matter of quantitative vowel change. This is why the past tense form bėrė (circumflex preposition bėrė is apparently secondary as a result of metatonia) is considered to be the basis of his work. The suffix -tlo-, which is now being reconstructed for the Slavic protolanguage, is typical of the means of making tool names in the Baltic and Latin languages (Seldeslachts-Swiggers 1995: 23-37). Conclusion: berklai "lieptas (ppr. iš karčių)' will have retained the original meaning of the verb berti (bėria, bėrė) 'to carry'. Although lit. berklai (< *bēr-tlo-) and lat. ferculum (and fericulum) “carriers; pad' < *bher(H)- -tlo-m are probably products of independent development, their exact coincidence is worth noting in the sense of the isolexs of the Baltic and Latin languages. 17. LIET. amber Amber in Prussia, especially in Samland, is called the pure German word Bernstein. The rare German word Kentner ‘amber’ derived from the medieval Latin gentarum; the latter pointing to lit. gintaras, lat. dzitars and zitars, Kurše dzintars, which however do not make the impression of truly Baltic words, cf. Hungarian gvanta “sakai', dial. gyantar ‘gintaras’. Perhaps the Illyrian language should be considered as their source? If the Estonians, i.e., of course, “das Bernsteinvolk”, were indeed white, why did they not have a Baltic word for their most important commodity? — asks E. Sittigas (Sittig 1934—1935: 20). To E. Sittigo's question J. Endzelynas answered with the question: How do we know that the Estonians did not have a Baltic name for amber? If glesum was indeed a Germanic word, which was foreign to the Baltic peoples at the beginning, the Estonians — if they were Baltic peoples — could have come across this word in their communication with their Germanic neighbours, or heard it from southern merchants who, on their way to the Icelandic lands, could have heard this word from the Germans and then asked the Icelandic people about ‘glesum’. As a consequence, Icelandics, when communicating with foreigners, could use the word g/ēsum, despite the fact that they could call amber in their own way. In the 16th century literature, the Prussian name for amber is mentioned as gentars, adds J. Endzelins (Endzelins 1943: 5-6). As we can see, in the discussion between E. Sittigas and J. Endzelynas about the ethnicity of the Estonians described by Tacitus, whether they were Germanic (E. Sittigas) or Baltic (J. Endzelynas), a very important question arose: Did the ancestors of Prussians, Lithuanians and Latvians have their own, Baltic name for amber? Here it is necessary to remember the fact that J. J. Mikkola, writing about the origin of amber, asked the opinion of J. Gerulis, a well-known Baltist, about the emergence of this word. J. Gerulis’s answer was: by its own nature, the Lithuanian language is isolated, and there is no possibility of etymologically linking it with the Baltic languages; In short, gitaras, dzintars, dzitars cannot be considered Baltic words (Mikkola 1938: 35). Nothing is said about its origin in E. Fraenkel- 's "Lithuanian language etymology dictionary" (Fraenkel 1962: 152). As you can see, the question of whether the ancestors of Prussians, Lithuanians and Latvians had their own, Baltic name for amber is raised very reasonably. 91 J.J. Mikkola claimed that lit. amber came from a more precisely undefinable eastern country (cf. chihuahua janDar ‘stikling; glass’, čeremis jamdar ‘bottle’), cf. Mikkola (1938: 33–37). B. Larinas argued that the name of baltiSkasis amber together with the Hungarian gyanta originated from the first inhabitants of the eastern Baltic natives, amber collectors, "Pamerians". The words gintaras, gintūras, gentaras cannot be explained either morphologically or semantically in the Lithuanian language. The Hungarian word gvanta could not have originated from gvantdr, because the end of the r is not eliminated in Hungarian. And the morphological change -a: dr, and the characteristic meaning “amber; The name of the village is derived from the name of the river from which it derives. The Hungarians were the intermediaries in the migration of this word into the Baltic languages (Larin 1956: 149-162). Fantastic, and therefore unacceptable, is O. Trubachev’s explanation of the origin of the amber: it is borrowed from Russian aumdpe, enmaps, O this, through the intermediary of the Chihuahua janDar ‘stikling; glass', Jan Dal “'precious necklaces; gintaras- ’, coming from s. ind. ydntar-‘- holding’ (hearing, it reflects amber magnetism) (Trubacev 1980: 7-18). It is also used in the translation of the Bible into other languages. E. Blesse morphologically decomposed the name of amber into *gint-aras, linked it to the Latin guntina “ugnelé”, restored the original meaning of ‘fire’, tried to establish the connection of the meanings ‘fire’ and ‘amber’ and both words, as well as the Latin dial. guns ‘fire’ separated id. *g“hen-“- to cut down, beat; Roots that are Latin dzit (dzenu, dzinu) ‘to chase, drive’, Lithuanian ginti (géna, ginė), cf. Blesse (1958: 200, isn. 1). The researcher’s efforts to justify the connection between the meanings ‘fire’ and ‘amber’ are worth noting, as this is in accordance with typological data. Latin guntina is a diminutive form of the dialectal (mainly in the Upper Zemgaly dialects) guns ‘fire’, and to deminutives it is used to add -f-, e.g. uguntina, uguntinš next to uguns ‘fire’ ME, 294, so the root *guntčia may not exist. This dialectal word cannot be historically distinguished from Latin uguns and Lithuanian ugnis. Along with the etymological equivalents s. l. ogns, lat. ignis (<*egnis) is s. ind. agnih they are ridden out of the protoide. paradigms *Hgnei-/* H*gnei-: *Hogni-: Hegni-(Karaliūnas 1990b: 177-178). It is interesting that P. Anttila also associates amber with the verb to defend (géna, gynė), but its original meaning is considered to be ‘a spoken mouthpiece, a pharmacy' (Anttila 1997: 112, 114). The existence of the suffix -farbus in Baltic languages is so unclear (Skardžius 1943: 303-304) that V. Mažiulis was forced to resort to the suffix -tfr-(girdi, later affected by the suffix -ter-) to explain the formation of the name amber in Baltic languages —from the root of the verb ginti (gina, gynė): girdi, in ancient times the main function of amber was magical — defense against certain evils (Mažiulis 1988: 352). It is not difficult to see here the plausible hypotheses, explaining the Greek name of amber #jAextgov (root *eh Jek-) with the verb srw "to defend, to repel, to rebuke’ (ide. *h Jek-s-) (Toporov 1979: 215), but they do not have a more solid basis. For example, L. Deroy and R. Halleux, bearing in mind that pieces of amber were used for counting in exchange until the appearance of coins, associated its name with the Greek ay “to worry about something, to think about something, to pay attention” (Deroy, Halleux 1974: 37-52). First of all, it is worth looking at how Hungarian linguists themselves explain the name of amber in their language. In the most recent Hungarian etymology dictionary, gyanta “amber” (with variants gyenta and gyonta) (more on this in Voigt 1970: 575-578), which is recorded in historical sources as early as the beginning of the 16th century (gventha 1500, giiwnthar 1525, giantar 1539, gentharos 1542), is described as a Baltic-origin, migratory word (Wanderwort), the same as the medieval Latin gentarum and German Kentner (now out of use). In Hungarian, in addition, it means ‘say’ and ‘glaciera’, but these meanings are considered to be 92 | SIMAS KARALIŪNAS siomis from the basic meaning ‘amber’. The end -r of the word has regularly fallen in the closed syllable (Benkė, red., 1993: 492). We have no reason to doubt these Hungarian linguist's statements, especially since the word in question has been used in their language relatively late. On the other hand, it is not impossible that, as V. Voigt suggests, this migration word entered the Hungarian language in the 1st millennium (AD) and was adapted accordingly (Voigt 1970: 574-580). The name of the amber was later confirmed in the Russian language. Exmapo is first mentioned in 1551, most commonly appearing in 17th-century writings, and since then its form has been "hypernormalized" by booksellers to become aumdps, similarly to how endosa (a loanword from lit. indauja) becomes axdoed. The presence of the prefix n indicates that exmaps entered the East Slavic dialects not earlier than the 10th century, otherwise it would have been *smaps (Larin 1956: 149-151). It is an undeniable loan from Lithuanian, and its original is tended to be considered to be the Prussian Lithuanian used form jentaras, gentūras (Vasmer 1978: 558; Stawski 1952: 501; Kiparsky 1973: 69; Laučiūtė 1982: 26). From Russian this name of amber spread to other Slavic languages (Vasmer 1978: 558). According to K. Būgos Aistiškų Studijų (34), the academic Lithuanian language dictionary (LKŽ,, 322), giūūtara ‘sukmenej¢ sakai, išplaunami jūra arba kasami iš žemių (gleesum- )' is most widely used in the dialects of the Žemaites, in their western outskirts (Kretingos, Skuodo, Plungės, Šilalės districts). It is also not foreign to the north-eastern mud squeaks (DūNŽ 486). In the plural form and meaning (amber) 'kolaliai' is also known to Easterners (Salamiestis, Kupiškis district, Troškūnai, Anykščiai district). The fact that it was used more widely in Eastern languages in the past can be seen from its fixation in the third edition of K. Sirvydas’ dictionary (gintaras, gen. sing. gintaro, adjective gintarinis) (Pakalka et al., 1979: 123) and from his statements in Punktai (I, 183). The Druskininkai neighborhood slang amber (DRSKŽ 101) is presumed to have come from the common language. The pronunciation variant gintaras is found in EF. "K-211" (in Japanese). The amber was also used in spoken language, e.g. in the Tilžė area, as K. Būga (Aistiški Studijai, 34) testifies. The earliest mention of Prussians in Lithuania (beginning of the 18th century) appears in the dictionary of J. Brodovskis. In the dictionaries of P. Ruigis and K. Milkas there is a rare form gentaras (LKŽ,, 237), but E. Kuršaitis says that he has not heard such a word. In a manuscript of the mid-17th century Lexicon Lithuanicum, the forms gentaras and gintorius are given (Drotvinas, ed., 1987: 100, 180). Moreover, in the dictionaries of Prussian Lithuanian (Ruigius, Milkaus, Krauze, Nesselmann) the paliduded form jentaras (LKZ,, 340) also has e in the Verb. And the fact that instead of gHere is the sound j-, apparently, must be explained by language contacts. In the Middle German Samogitian, spoken by the Germans of Prussia, the consonant g before the anterior vowels was pronounced as j (cf. jėn =gehen 'to go', jict =Gicht 'gout'). Various German documents trace the Prussians using gentars (Nesselman 1873: 46; Toporov 1979: 211-212). From a letter written in Latin in 1535 to his friend and teacher Kaspars Borneris, we learned that in Semba, where the Suduviai live, “there are more than 32 villages, whose inhabitants have been fishing for amber all along the coastline since ancient times, which they call gentarum in their ancestral language” (Būga 1961: 151). The form gentarum is, of course, Latinized. A little later, in 1551, this is confirmed by A. Aurifaber in his work Succini historia saying: "The Sudawen call amber Gentarn in their language" (Die Sudawen heissen den Bornstein in jrer sprach Gentarn) (Būga 1961: 150-151; Toporov 1979: 211-212). The following form of the name of amber is correctly reported by Skines K. Būga: "The Swedes will have spoken gentaran (nom. 93 sing. n.). The vowel of the word e is e iS i. Thus, the Prussian readable for gentarum is gintaran" (Būga 1961: 150). V. Toporov, in agreement with K. Buga, considers the word gentars to have appeared later or even to have been incorrectly reconstructed from the East Prussian German Gentar, and also does not rule out the possibility that the Latin sources gentarum are the result of folk etymology, when amber was perceived as the father of fire and its name was adapted to the Latin genitor ‘the father' (Toporov 1979: 212). V. Maziulis also assumes (‘probably’) that amber was in Prussian language (Mažiulis 1988: 352). Assuming that the Prussian and Sudovian (Jotvingian) languages had gintar(a- )s (with the root i), it is difficult to explain the Lithuanian dial. Gentar and Gentar. Since these forms are not found in the Prussian Lithuanian dictionaries, it is possible to assume that they came into the Lithuanian dialect of this region from the Prussian dialects. And in the Prussian place names of the sources of the Order, as well as in the monuments of the Prussian language — in the Elbing dictionary and catechisms — we often find the letter e written instead of the etymological i. From this we can draw a reasonable conclusion (Gerullis 1922: 215; Trautmann 1925: 124; Endzelins 1943: 25), that in the Prussian dialects, at least in some of them, i could have been pronounced broadly and openly, that is, e, as K. Būga said (for more details s. v. pr. keckirs ‘Zirnis’, see below). The original form *gintara- -(with the vowel i in the root) is supported by the Latvian equivalent dzitars, known from folk songs (ME, 559, EH, 362; Gaters 1979: 283-294), as well as amber in folk songs and spoken language (e.g., Pure, Tukuma rajons) with variants dzintars (without accent) Curonian Spit (Schmid 1983: 261-262; 1989: 34, 36), dzinteris (without accent) in folk songs, amber Ungurmuiza (ME, 552, EH, 359). The word dzinitars with variants due to the remaining diphthong in is considered to have been derived from the Curonian language and letized (Endzelins 1913-1914: 98 [=Endzelins 1974: 506]; 1940: 254 [= Endzelins 1980: 561]; ME, 552; Būga 1961: 179— 180); It is well documented in the placenames Sintere 1253, Sinter 1291, Zintere 1305, Zynthere 1338 in the territory of the Curonians and in the river names Gintara Šaltuonas tributary Raseiniai, I 'uwuxmopa XVI a.(Būga 1961: 168, 175; Kiparsky 1939: 199), Gintaras river Raseiniai, Gintaris river Šeduva in the territory of Lithuania. In the living Latvian language it is widely used with variants zitęrs,ziteris*,ziters ME,,737,- EH „810 has the word beginning z-, sporadically simplified from dz-, cf. zęguze “gegutė': dzęguze ‘the same’ (cf. lit. maijs); zeldinat “dilginti”: zeldinat ‘the same’; zelt ‘to yellow’: to yellow (cf. lit. gélti). The overview of the IS data shows that the name of amber *gintarayis an old word of the Baltic languages dating back to the 13th century. The difference in dzitars accents (circumflex: akūtas) was explained by metatonia (Būga 1959: 390). The original form of the suffix, it seems, is -ar-(< i.e. *-or-), because, firstly, from it later arose the Baltic -er-(apparently, by adapting it to the ending -is of the frontal vowel, later transferred to the position before the ending -as), and, secondly, it was extended to -ūr-, apparently according to the model gaiigaras “mountain peak, hilltop”: gaugora “high place in the soil or meadow..- .” 1KZ 167; kaūkaras “hill, hill, hilltop”: kaitkoras ‘the same’, kaukoris “hilltop, hilltop” LKZ,, 420, 423, 424. As W. Schmid (Schmid 1993: 426) has already observed, such semantically close words with the Slavic suffix -orius used in folk songs as: Ar žiba žiborius could have contributed to the elongation of the vowel of the suffix (cf. gintorius- ). Are the degorius burning? LB 102 (from the collection of Lithuanian folk songs published by A. Leskienas and K. Brugmann in 1882). The name of amber in the Baltic languages has been investigated in the historical comparative dimension and its making and semantics have been explained argumentatively by the well-known German Indo-Europeanist and Baltist Wolfgang Schmid (Schmid 1993: 425-430). He starts his research from the lit. gifūtaras, 94 | SIMAS KARALIŪNAS thus and his relatives in other Baltic languages by the morphemes gintir -ara-. That the root *gentsu with the zero degree of vowel change variant *gint-(< *gnt-) in the Baltic languages is possible, although unproven, and that therefore the substrate assumption is not necessary to explain the origin of this word, can be seen from the following examples (Schmid 1993: 428): *kent-/*- kint-: lit. Whiskey, Mr. Wissekint sandas kintyra root vowel change related to the verb kėsti (change); *ment-/ *mint-: mįsti (mincia, mintė) “to be told to guess, think, think’, mintis ‘mjslé’, minitė “memory, mind” are co-roots with pa-mesti (-menčia, -mentė) (without accent) ‘to advise’ LKZ, 84,232, 245, 284; *pent-/*- pint-: is-péntéti (-¢ja) “to dust, to dust off; to dry, to dry out, to harden..- .” : pintis “such a tree brow, a fungus growing on a rotting tree’ LKZ 798, 1061; *rent-/*- rint-: rintis (and rintis, rintis) ‘cut, incision; around the cow's horn a sign indicating, kick calf has turéjusi- ...” : résti (reficia, renteé) “to make ridges, jkarpas.- ..’ LKZ, 471, 671. Further, W. Schmid relies on R. Much's statement that amber may be a consonant with s. skand. kynda, vid. vok. height. kiinten, vok. dial. (Bavarian) kenten ‘to ignite’ (German *kundjan, *kandjan) (Much 1937: 405; 1967: 512). These Germanic verbs and the Baltic name of amber are considered by W. Schmid as old relatives (urverwandt) and derived from the root *gnt-‘to burn’. This is also the root of the Finnish Germanism kynttili "candle". Thus, the reason for the name of amber was not the defensive function (against disease), but the amber’s rapid ignition characteristics. This motive is also the basis for the name of amber in the German language: Bernstein “amber” in the early period of the New German Highlands is borrowed from the Middle German Samogitian berm(e)stein, barnstėn,bornstėn “burning stone” (launched from the 13th century), where the verb bernen “to burn” is the first verb, and this is considered with the metathesis of the consonant r from the German. height. brennen ‘tas pat’ (Kluge 1989: 76). However, this interpretation is far from satisfying W. Schmid, as it is only a root etymology and does not explain the Baltic word formation. In terms of derivation, W. Schmidt further compares the Lithuanian giūtara with s. skand. torch masc. ‘Lightning; candle; šviesa' (from here the aforementioned Finnish word) and the regularity of the form (Baltic -r-/-ar-: German -I-) is based on the analogy of these equivalents: lietuv. mentūrė “tool for mixing porridge, crushing potatoes, etc. ; 'tool for beating butter in a fight': s. skand. mundull masc. ‘hand mill mill’; lit. vénteris ‘tinklas Zvejoti’: s. skand. Bad guy. ‘hay bundle’; lit. vingurys "(road, path, stream, etc.) bend': vok. Shop ‘kampas- ’; lit. kaugurys "low elevation" or kaūkaras "hill, hill', or kaūkuras "the same thing': dt. Giant “kalva, kalnelis'; Lit. notere ‘dilgele’: vok. Nessel ‘tas pat’; lit. ungurys: lat. anguilla “the same” (Schmid 1993: 429). As can be seen here, W. Schmid concludes that lit. gintaras and s. skand have long been associated. kynda ‘to ignite’ is something more than just a root etymology. The word giritaras is typically Baltic, although the verb has disappeared; roots remained in the northern Germanic languages. So where did this word come from, asks W. Schmid. The main amber discovery sites were the Semba Peninsula and the Curonian Spit (Juodkrantė), i.e. places that were certainly not inhabited by Lithuanians and Latvians before. Latvian folk songs with their often mentioned dzintarzeme show that the best way to reach these amber deposits was through the frozen sea or lake. Just as the word dzintars penetrated into Vidzemes from the coast of the Curonians, amber may have entered the main area of Lithuanian inhabitation from the coast of the Semites. This means that the Baltic coast was the ancestor of the early Baltic language („eine Bodenstandigkeit des Frūhbaltischen“) and that its splitting into dialects is a later phenomenon. The early Baltic word amber belongs to the list of Baltic-Germanic equivalents (Schmid 1993: 430). |95 In conclusion, it can be noted that for the variant of the name of amber gentaras in Lithuanian we find a homonym — this is the gentaras recorded by A. Juška, -ė “tinginys, slinkis' LKZ 237 and, it must be said, a word of unclear origin and origin. A possible object, with the suffix -ara-(for it see Skardžius 1943: 302) it is made from the verb gėsti (-sta, gento) ‘to be in kinship, to be in company, to be friends’. The ratio of their construction and antonym meanings would be the same as, for example, gaimaras ‘fire, drag, dragster; fasting man, nudveselis’ next to gaminti (-ina) “to give birth, breed; raise’ LKZ, 31-32; bandziulis “friend, buddy; sukcius...” LKZ 643-644, bandzius “friend, buddy; kerdzius..- .: or simply a band of cattle, derived from kaimené (like didžiūlis “big man, great man”: great). Thus analyzed and explained geritaras, -ė “lazy, slinkis' and gaimaras “gaišlys, delsuonis.- ..: confirms the -arabization of the adverb in the Baltic languages. 18. LIET. DIAL. krontas ‘PUSNIS’ in the Varena area and in Rodunia, Varenavo district (Belarus), LKZ,, 682 data, the noun krontas (without accent) “big pile of snow, half’ is used. The strange thing about this word is that before the folk syllable r there is a vowel o. According to the laws of Lithuanian phonotactics, only a vowel a can be in such a position. By the way, in Dubičiai, Varena region, and Nočiai, Varenavo region (Belarus), we find the same meaning in the use of kronas (LKZ,, 682). It would seem that the consonant f has recently been inserted into the kronas. Latvian schnets in the north-west of Central Latvia (Vidzeme) (Valmiera, Valka, Mazsalaca, Vecsalaca) have kran(t)s [krūnc, krants] (gen. sing. -s) ‘oven’ with a clearly inserted consonant f [ME 266, 268 (s. v. II krūsns), EH, 645]. J. Endzelynas believes that this word originated disimilatory from krasns (lit. oven), the consonant s still remaining when the vowel going pon, e.g., loc. sing. krasni (ME, 266). But this interpretation is obviously contradicted by the Lithuanian word krontas, which suggests that the words lietuvių kronas, lat. krūns “oven” Vecsalaca (ME, 266), krans “the same’ Ipiki, Plavinas, Valka (EH, 645) were nevertheless accompanied by the consonant f, although the reasons for its appearance remain unclear. The long vowel of the root a This is etymological, because both Latin krūsns, lit. krosnis, and Latin krūns and lit. kronas are prefix -snir -nvediniai from the verb root, which is represented by Latin krūt (kraju) “to accumulate, to load, to gather” (as, for example, in Lithuanian plonas “asla, padas, grendymas’, Latin plans “clay asla, grendymas’ —išplatinti [-oja], Latin plat [plaju] kloti, klostyti’). On this occasion, it is necessary to emphasize that there are more parallels connecting the southern Lithuanian dialects with the Latvian language area, partly with their northern dialects. For example, in Lazūnai, Vijos district (Belarus), instead of the common Lithuanian name ąžuolas, tiozZuolas is used (Petrauskas, Vidugiris 1985: 275), the diphthong at the beginning of the word agrees with the Latin. udzuols, but due to the consonant Z it is considered of Lithuanian origin. In Zietela, Diatlovo district (Belarus), instead of bruvis and žuvis, brivas ‘ankle’, zivis (fish), živis (fish) — also called žiuvė (Vidugiris 1998: 93, 791, 811) — has -iv-, derived from -uv-, which is a characteristic phonetic change of Latvian dialects (see lat. zivs, zive). Moreover, the Zietel people pronounce them also with the consonant z-. K. Būga also noted that as in the Ašmena district (now Belarus) there is the river Gauja (right tributary of the Nemunas) with its left tributary Vija, in the same way in the territory of Latvia the Gauja (flowing into the Gulf of Riga) has the left tributary Vija (Būga 1961: 630). 96 | The King's Daughter 19. LAT. Vinš, wine ‘ISP, JI’ In the general Latvian language and in the majority of the dialects — all lejzemnieky and augSzemnieki on the western side — the third person of personal pronouns, as is known, uses vinš, fem. vina ‘jis, ji’. This pronoun is regularly alternated as io-stem (Endzelins 1951: 517), i.e. vinš, gen. sing. vina... akocelš,cela... (lit.knees,knees...). But its older meaning is ‘that, that (German: jener)’, well preserved in such consolidated sentences, which consist of the pronoun vinš in its indicative form (!) and a noun pronoun with a place or time meaning (see vina pusė ‘on that side’, vina saulė ‘in that world’) (Endzelins 1951: 517; ME,, 601), less frequently a pronoun, a noun or a suffix (see vinu gadu ‘in the past year’) (Bergmane et al., 1959: 521). In these constructions vinš has the attribute ‘distant’ as the pronoun tas. Since there are cases where fas is always used instead of vinš, there is an additional distribution relationship between vinš and that usage, and therefore they are considered positional variants (Rosinas 1988: 51). Vinš, vina are also used when speaking about living beings, and when speaking about inanimate objects, the third-person pronouns that, that are already used. It is this particularity of use that must be borne in mind in order to reveal the origins of the pronoun vinš: attributive use brings out more of its semantic features, preserved in consolidated sentences. For example, vinu maya is equivalent to vinsēta in its meaning and means “another, adjacent yard; kita, gretima sodyba’, plural form vinsėtas —‘other, neighbouring farms’; the inhabitants of another, adjacent yard, further neighbours' (ME, 601; Endzelins 1951: 517). It is easy to notice that the pronoun vinš is not only a quotation mark, but also has the meaning of ‘other’. The word combination vinu laudis becomes vinlaudis when it grows up, and in some places even vilaudis (noun plural) and means “people of another, neighbouring farm, other yard, neighbours” (ME, 601). There are even sayings where the pronoun vini simply refers to neighbours, e.g. vinu rija = kaiminu rija “neighbours’ farm” (for the word “neighbours’ pasture”); vinu tévs, mate = kaiminu tévs, mate “father, mother of neighbours” (ME, 601); vinuos (gen. plur.) guovs “neighbours’ cow” (EH, 786; Endzelins 1951: 517). So, both pronoun vinš, fem. The attributive use of vina, which assumes its, as it seems, old meaning ‘other (scil. neighbor)', as well as the pronunciation as a representative of the regular io stem, suggest that vinš, fem. vina was an independent lexical unit that recently entered the pronoun system’. As has long been noted (Endzelins 1951: 517), the demonstrative pronoun vinš, fem. vina “other, -a’ took over the function of personal pronoun and replaced Latin he, she in the same way as in Lithuanian eastern dialects he, she took the place of demonstrative pronoun anas, ana, turning into anas, ana (plural anys, anos). In the Eastern Upper Zemgalian dialects of Pilda, the pronoun is veriis, fem. values (EH | 771). It has several characteristics. First of all, some forms of this pronoun have long vowels at the endings. Secondly, the palatalized consonant -H-(-71-) in all forms indicates that it reflects *-nj-. Third, from vinš, fem. The colloquial pronoun vina differs by the root vowel —instead of i turie (Rosinas 1988: 211). In his argument that the vowels of the extremities could only survive in single-syllabic forms, A. Rosin considers the pronoun to be composed of two elements: 4 In origin it is traditionally associated with pr. winna adv. “laukan, oran’, wins ‘oras (Luft)’: Endzelin (1922: 381; 1951: 517-518); Stang (1966: 238-239); Rosinas (1988: 211); Karulis (1992: 534–535). But no one has argumentatively justified the Ziojénian semantic distinction between “field; oras’ and third-person pronouns functions (or perhaps it cannot be justified?). 97 *vinE-(where E is some vowel element) and the third person pronoun *(j)is, *(j)i. The root vowel e he derives from the i. Because in some upper-zemnieki dialects there is a rule that the vowel i before the n is translated into the vowel e (Rosinas 1988: 211). The name of the pronoun Pilda, fem. value should not be very surprising, knowing that, firstly, this pronoun with such root vocalism occurs in other Upper-Zemian dialects: vendien ‘anadien’ Zvirgzdine, ven in the combination ek ven “ziū! (sieh da!)' Sausnėja, Dzelzava (ME,,„538- ). Secondly, peripheral dialects, such as the Schnekts just mentioned, often have more archaisms. For example, in the eastern dialects of Uzzemnieki (Akniste, Suseja, Zvirgzdine, Karsava, Pilda, Nirza, Dignaja) the forms jer, jera ‘is’ with the vowel e in the root are used instead of or next to and ‘is’”. Therefore, it could not be a coincidence that in the conversations of Pilda and Zvirgzdinė both the demonstrative pronoun veriis, ven-, and the third-person forms of the verb „būti“ differ from the root vocalism e. Moreover, the emergence of vocalism e in these forms can hardly be explained by the mentioned tendency to change the vowel i to e in opposition to j, n, because in the forms jer, jera the vowel e is before the velarised consonant and could not phonetically emerge from i. For these reasons, it is more likely that the vowelism of the root e in the forms veriis, venir jer, jera is an ancient creature, as well as in the adjacent forms vinš, fem. The vowelism of the root vina and and, ira “yra’ is related by apophonic relations. When investigating, as veriis, fem. The fact that some forms of this pronoun in the Pilda dialect have unabbreviated endings, characteristic of monosyllabic pronouns, should not be given much importance either. Dialectologists have observed that the shortening of long vowels and diphthongs at the end of words is not very typical of the Upper Zemgale dialects (Rudzite 1964: 293). In addition, in the pronoun system, the end vocalism of the two-syllable forms of the word, even the place of the accent, can be based on the inflection and pronunciation of the single-syllable forms. This is clearly seen, for example, from the forms katras (dialect kataras), katro, katram... —kas, ké, kam... parallelism in lietuviy language. And so is fem. veriei flexion can be founded if it’s limb. This foundational law, along with the tendency of the upper-zemian dialects not to shorten long vowels and diphthongs at the endings, would explain the persistence of long vowels and diphthongs in veriis, fem. veriei in some forms. In other words, like, for example, pati, pačios, pačiai...—ji, jos, jai... the parallelism does not show that the form itself is composed of *pat and ji, just as it does of absolute veriei —if ji’ end coincidence can hardly be determined when the value is conjunctive, thus with the second sand having *(j)i, *jas... Moreover, when veriis is derived from the samplaic *vin-+*(j- )is, its ending length can hardly be explained —the pronoun lat. jis, lit. jis < *(j)is short vowel. Therefore, apparently, there are still forms fem. *veni/*venjas next to masc. *venja-/- *venja-(- nom. sing. *venijas > *venijs (cf. loc. sing. venija) > *venis with generalized -7i-< *-njiš *venja-), as it was in fem. *pati/*patjas (> herself, herself'- s) next to the trunk masc. *self (>self). Having all this in mind, it seems possible to reconstruct for the Pralatviy dialects the noun of the alternuous root *ven-/*vin-(<*un-), meaning ‘other (scil. neighbor- )’ and functioning as two stems: (1) the normal-degree root vowelism (i)io stem *uen(i)io-, fem. *ueni-/yeniair (2) diminished root vocalism io stem *uinio-, fem. *uinia-(<- *un-io-, fem. *un-ia-). 3 Ancitis (1935: 186); Endzelins (1951: 719; 1980: 274) (explaining the appearance of the vowel e by contamination with Russian ecms or its direct influence is not justified).