Atributinė frazė su derinamuoju komponentu Kiprijono Lukausko „Pamoksluose“

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLV (2001), 151-178 A study of word order in noun phrases with agreeing modifiers (adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles) in Lukauskas’ Sermons shows that the 18th century was a period of continuation and consolidation of the principles of phrase structure established in the 16th—17th centuries. The selection of word order patterns is better motivated than in earlier religious writings, and there is less variation than in the sermons of Bretkiinas and Sirvydas. Postposition of the adjective is frequent in religious terminology, where the word order of the original languages is often retained in view of the canonical character of the texts involved. This word order eventually became the norm in religious writings. Both preposed and postposed agreeing modifiers may assume contrastive stress. The text of the Sermons reflects the process of expansion of adjectives in -iSkas, -inis and -ingas which begin to compete with the genitives of nouns. Discontinuous noun phrases, with modifiers separated from their heads, are a characteristic features of this text and of the eastern variety of the written language as a whole. 1. INTRODUCTION! The 18th century is often avoided or ignored not only by historians, but also by linguists, because this stage of Lithuanian development is not considered prestigious or interesting to study, neither from a political nor from a cultural point of view. When analyzing the grammatical structure of the written Lithuanian language, its lexical, dialectal and other peculiarities, we first rely on the recognized linguistic monuments of the first half of the 16th-17th centuries (Bretkūnas, Daukša, Sirvydas, etc.), and then usually jump immediately to the 19th century, leaving aside the period of one and a half hundred years, which essentially was to become the stage of stabilization of the written language norms codified in the first half of the 16th-17th centuries. In Lithuanian linguistics there is still the opinion that the 18th-century language is a macaroni language, corrupted by the Lithuanian language recorded in the ancient writings of the 16th-17th centuries (Palionis 1995: 112-114; 164; Zinkevičius 1990: 15; 35; Jonikas 1987: 126). This traditional position is based primarily on the analysis of the lexicon of the 18th-century written language. It is true, however, that recent works have already attempted to correct this view at least in part: it is increasingly asserted that without an examination of the grammatical structure of the language of this period — morphology and syntax — the traditional claims about the poor language proficiency of the authors of Catholic writings, 4 I am grateful to the Lithuanian Foundation, the Bronius Vaškelis Scholarship Fund and Prof. William Schmalstiegas for the opportunity to work at Pennsylvania State University and to strengthen the theoretical foundations of this article and the forthcoming book. 152 | VIRGINIJA VASILIAUSKIENĖ The analysis of the degradation of written language seems rather one-sided (Karaciejus 1998: 134-138; 2000: 24—26). A more detailed analysis of the lexicon of some 18th-century writing monuments also forces us to change somewhat the traditional view of the abundance of polonisms in the written language of that period (Girdenis 1998: 8—12). It is not only the traditional negative attitude towards 18th-century writings that has determined their unpopularity: in terms of the formation or development of written language, this period can be considered relatively calm. Naturally, linguists tend to focus on the first written monuments and the state of their language recorded in them. Later, in the 19th century, they began to look for the origins of our common language. Thus, the 18th-century language seems to be marginalized because of the unnoticeable, more pronounced change in the social status of the Lithuanian language, the unrecorded, more substantial turn in the development of its structure. As early as 1976, Jurgis Lebedys wrote that this period of the development of the written language is treated almost exclusively negatively, as “a whole black spot, as a continuous period of decline, of the degradation of the literary language” (Lebedys 1976: 17). In his opinion, “such a completely negative treatment of a long period of time can hardly be justified from a methodological point of view” — the written language depends on the attitude of the society of the time to the language, on its linguistic taste, the purpose of the writings and is a reflection of the social and cultural conditions of the time (Lebedys 1976: 17-18). Juozas Karaciejus emphasizes that it is impossible to form a coherent picture of the language- ’s development by rejecting the period lasting almost a hundred and a half years and not connecting it with the language of earlier writings (Karaciejus 1998: 135-138). In his approach to the 18th-century scriptural language, he sees several inconsistencies: (a) avoidance of the continuity of the previous religious scriptural tradition; (b) there is an a priori negative assessment of the language of 18th century writings; (c) the language is usually studied without regard to the social and cultural conditions of the time; (d) the conclusion about the decline of the written language of the period in question is based on the analysis of the lexicon, 0 not the grammatical structure (morphology and syntax). This article will discuss only a small fragment of the 18th-century script language syntax — the attributive phrase with the coordinative component in Lukauskas’ Sermons. 1.2 The order of elements of various attributive compounds in the Old Lithuanian language (in 16th-17th century writings) has already been extensively studied (see Vasiliauskienė 1994; 1995; 1997; 1998), the most characteristic structural models of these compounds have been identified, but so far the further development of the structure of the attributive phrase has not been analysed at all, the continuity of the characteristics recorded in 16th-17th century writings has not been sought, nor have any hints of the formation of any innovations been found in the written language of the 18th and 19th centuries. Although, as already mentioned, the language of the 18th century writings is generally assessed negatively, its researchers are nevertheless inclined to admit that even in this period there were prepared texts written in a relatively good language. One of them is considered to be the Lukauskas Sermons, which would have had a positive effect on the language of the religious writings of the time if they had been published. In this work there are clues to terminology of various fields (law, medicine), words used in ancient writings (Lebedys 1976: 40), so because of all the characteristics mentioned here, the collection of Lukauskas’ sermons seems most suitable for the study of the structure of the attributive phrase. 1.3. Little is known about the author of this work. He is believed to have come from Žemaitija, but spent most of his life in Troškūnai, in eastern Lithuania. Anot Kara- ATTRIBUTIVE FRASE IN LUKAUSKAS’ SERMONS | 153 CENTURY, the spelling of these sermons is close to the Eastern written language variant of the first half of the 17th century. The language of the sermons is not homogeneous: Lukauskas wrote in Upper Lithuanian, but there are also low-level dialects (Karaciejus 1996: 19-20). Divorce varies greatly in this series of sermons. The chosen principles of punctuation, or perhaps not entirely consistent, their application understandable only to the author makes unclear the boundaries of word combinations and compound sentence elements and becomes one of the reasons for ambiguities in the text, cf. : Resentment of ižganima, no other niera, only nutrotijmas Wilties, apturieima umzinos gieribes, unt ko kada norietinay yr ticiomis wala musu pritaria tumpa ir pasidara griekas nusiminima 52. Dara kriwda yr abyda sau paskundindamas duszy sawa, yr iszduodamas patsay unt sawęs Decree, paskundinima sawa 77. Diet to tay paiunkimas yr insipratinimas tokios pigibes igieria Žmogus, jog be wissokia warga darity wis tay gale, ko insipratina 84. Often ambiguous are also the connections of signs in attributive constructions, especially in cases when several of them are concentrated in one place, e.g. : This is the first christening, and it is appropriate for the 25th Baptism. 64 When he tried to exorcise him with a word or a touching word, he did not do so, but he placed his tongue on his lips, his tongue on his lips, his fingers on his ears, 65 and he said, "I am the Lord." ...be wales his hair wienas isz gatwos you not nupuots 69. Isz kuriu tay isakimu swiesey pazinty duodasi, jog Panas Diewas mus netiktay ne daleydzia, bet rayszkiey uzsaka wadinima Warda sawa unt liudijma be jokia reykata... 82. Zwakie kājām mana vārds tawa Diewe 26. The meaning of the text and the set of syntactic relationships of the sentence can help to determine how they are related to each other, but the variation in word order also leaves cases of ambiguity. Lukauskas writes differently the endings of the singular noun (1) and the plural noun (2) of the root a (see Karaciejus 1996: 19). Perhaps in this way the author sought to avoid the overlap of the verbs of the often used nouns. The singular genitive usually has the ending -os, and the plural noun -as, but there are also cases of inconsistency or mixing, cf.: (1) niekokios naudos 35; Artikutui Wieros 42; tos tiesos 40; tos kortos 67; anos tazdos; but trust sweykatas 34; goodness walas 26; (2) those truths 45; those Ceremonies 64; such Uwogas 62; innocent dusies 46; but those days 116. The endings of these nouns and the pronouns or adjectives said with them may not coincide. The syncretism of two or more jokes is another source of ambiguity in this sermon text. By writing -as a in the plural noun of the root noun, it is possible to avoid the coincidence with the singular noun, but in this case the plural noun (1) begins to coincide with the final noun (2): (1)...bet kiekwna Nediela yr Szwiecias metinias ira dienas Diewiszkas, kurios ipaciey turia tada garbie galie buty didesnia meylesnia 154 | VIRGIN VASILIAUSKIENĖ buty unt garbies sugaysintas jo 96. Such water is not suitable, because it is hard to look at su Gods... 109. (2) Ta ne yr Diewuy, kaypo kada per runkas Kunigiszkas afierawojem Jem Wienatini Sunu Jo 101. Untgata neaprisza nescias then, moteriszkias, ipaciey slippery, or kada skirmish baysus 108. -..not even the most pagan ape tą I swear ne knowingly, that I will not do it out of pure reason and reverence. God is right, the day's sure to be in the sky 96. Iszemus that witas, where turia waldziu sudijma, (as they say) unt karsztu work, nekurius uz biaurius work, unt kuriu... 113. 1.4. The database of the article consists of 1541 an attribute compound su with a combination mark, chosen from iš ten sermons of Lukauskas (KL 23-118). The position of the numerator in relation to the noun is discussed based on compounds, 75 nominative adjective — 767, — 552, Participant — 147 (see section 4.4). 1 Table) ir analyzed cases of non-contact position of matching certificates. 1 TABLE. ENTITY OF CONCORDANCE CERTIFICATES Certificate PR PO Total % number number number % Digital ~~ 75 68 90,7 7 93 Nominal 767 722 94.1 45 59 Budvardinis 552 316 57,2 236 42,8 Participant 147 81 55,1 66 44,9 2. NUMBER 2.1. Numeral in conjunctive goes rarely in ten sermons — such instances have been found 75. Absolute jų majority preposition — 90,7%: Prisiekty unt first truth niera nieka pikta 83. If then those podawimams, the same still Dyssydentay tikia, diet ko ne to others? kaypo tay, jog ira Ciscius, the ira Septini Sakramentay , iog ira Atpuskay... 42. Sesias dienas dirbsi yr padarisi wisus darbus tawa, sekma diena ira Subata, tay ira atilsis Pona God of tawa... 108. Comparison šį The text of the sermons su In the first a. half of the 17th century printed in oriental written Sirvydas Punktais sayings, no more pronounced differences are noticeable (see section 4.4). ATTRIBUTIVE FRASE IN LUKAUSKAS' TEACHING | 155 Vasiliauskienė 1995: 126). The preposition of the plural is dominant in both sermon collections. However, the motives of the rarely occurring postposition of the numerals in the text of Lukauskas’ Sermons are more obvious than those of the sayings in Punktuose. When a noun is said after a noun, the quantity is always emphasized in the Sermons, and such a postpositional noun often has a contrast accent. A similar effect in contemporary Lithuanian would probably be achieved by using various particles next to the postpositional numerals, e.g., tik, dar, jau: Kayp po tos Spaviednias prisiekausi dowanay, duok uz tą pirma prisiega ubaguy skatika wiena. Kayp untra karta, giok skatiku du 87. Now the third round of the day, ij porwy unt raysta, iki kakta ikliuwusi yr wos giwa... 112. Kayp kietwirta karta, duok kieturius, yr teyp wisados kartodamas patsay sawi skatiku wienu eyk tolaus dawimy jetmuznos 87. Is there someone able to do something before the time unt time wienu? 94. The selected text does not use named numerals. 2.2. A noteworthy example where a numeral is used postpositionally after a personal noun, e.g. : We have this statement, which is believed to have been made by Rasitoias Aeneas Silvius, and later by Pope Pius II and others 106. This position of the numerals is also the norm of the current Lithuanian language, e.g., Petras Pirmasis, Luudvikas Keturioliktasis, etc., but we will not find written about this in any grammar, apparently because we almost always write a number here, not a word. 2.3. Of all the numerals, one is most often followed by the demonstrative noun (4 cases): Finally, yr teyp finally to yourself who fastens some žadiety unt time wienu, or unt half time... 94. Such uncertainty of its position in comparison with other numerals could be explained by the fact that this lexicon can be used in the text not only as a numeral, but also as an adjective or pronoun, and the position of the latter, especially adjectives, in relation to the noun tends to be more varied. 3. NAME 3.1 Being, like a numerals, an abstract and non-visual part of speech, a pronoun has not only a defined number of lexems, but also a fixed position in relation to the noun. In sermons it is most often said before the noun (PR 94.1%; see table 1): Uz toki darba pakaroie Diewas aną Moteriszky, ape kurę Kunigas Segneras Rasza... 115. ...metuoty never dera, norint, kada tay buty galiut idunt kas vienu metawimu pervertstu wisus Pagonius ing Faith, wisus Hereticus yr Atskialtus Diewuy paieszkotu, wisus 156 | VIRGINIJA VASILIAUSKIENĖ speedy yr welnius isz hell iszwestu... 27. We cut the verses of S. and the Gospel, and there are no words in them that would not be used in the Dwases Szwynciauses... 70. ...stataw patsay sawi karoty, za wiewiena kieykima, or sworn statement 87. Others will sin when we know God, know him, or we will become stronger, or we will die under iniquity... 69. A comparison of the frequency of the use of the pronouns in Lukauskas’ Sermons and in Points reveals several differences: Lukauskas uses the pronouns kitas, (ne)koks much more frequently than Sirvydas, the pronoun toks is also frequent in his text, but wisas and wisoks are rarer here than in Sirvydas’ sermons, and the pronoun sis is very rare, while the pronoun tufas is found only once: Nusiminty, ira tay unt sio Swieta pradiety pekta... 52. There was a whole episode in the Old Testament, in which the People were exposed to the God of the Loskas... 101-102. 3.2.1. There are few cases of pronoun postposition in the collection of Lukauskas Preachings. In it, like in SP or BM, the pronoun in enclitic position helps to highlight, emphasize the noun before it (1) or can be associated with the latter by an apostrophic connection (2): (1) Teypogi metu Missios turia ju Missionorey, jog nuog slubu nekuriu iszlosuoty yr anus atmaynity gale... 96. When honour that which God has given us, lay down, first to Faith, because God... gives us... 38-39. Toligiey iszimanity turia yr ape zaystus wisokius, kiekwienas zaystas ar tay kaulelusy, ar kartosy? 111.... for whenever any one is persuaded of the same truth, I reject it, I reject it with my mind, with my wisdom, with the people who are here; not swear... 74. Isz to papratima paeyna tay, jog norint uzmirszty norietumem daykta toki, neuzmirsziem... 84. ...teypogi slubas toksay twirtas ne butu 89. Oaths may be given to us by God, or by the Church, or by the Wives, as they offer unt us with confidence, and you will be rewarded 27. (2)... with wisu the most beautiful and comfortable question of the Mission S. through the mouth of the Tajemniciu and the memory of Muka Diewiszkos, because that was the intention of the Savior himself, when at the last Vecieria swore to the Apostles- ... 106. The 64-year-- old Lutheran minister, Kurtas Iszsizadieis Ayszkiey Herezias, has a dream. I answer by saying wisotimiey, that Prisakimay wieny ira prisakuntis, untry uzsakuntis 26. If then any Dissident starts to speak against the truth, the best way to answer them is to do so in the best way. TABLE 2. POSITION OF NOMENIC CERTIFICATE ATTRIBUTE FRASE IN LUKAUSKO TEACHING | 157 Pronoun PR sk.% sk.% anas 39 100 -— (none) at all 43 100 — — each 27 100 - other 42 95,5 2 4,5 (non-)wood 57 74 20 26 (ne)kuris 8 88,9 1 11,1 pats 44 97,8 1 2,2 šis 2 100 -— šitas 1 98,1 -— tas 253 98,1 5 1,9 tas pats 14 100 —Ke toks 104 90,4 11 9,6 tutas 1 100 —wienas 24 85,7 4 143 (ne)wienas 2 100 - wisas 46 100 — — wisoks 14 93,3 1 6,7 antras 1 100 —- 3.2.2. However, the Sermons are distinguished from all the sources examined primarily by the fact that in them, more often than in other religious texts, the postpositional pronoun has a contrasting accent: ...and daykta ta kuri zadam, ataduoty turem, tam, kam zadam... 88. Guslay and zababonay are then, somebody who values y iszrunda thanks to such, who by nature y thanks to the end of pagielbiety... 60. 158 | VIRGINIJA VASILIAUSKIENĖ Wisiszkay atmink kiekwienas jog tay diena tokia, kuri wieninteley unt garbes yr szlowes Diewa turia buty paszwiesta 109. Let us compare the prepositional and postpositional use of foks in adjacent sentences: Kada kas toki pasnika perbauztu, wiena tiktay grieka papilditu, nes tun dweiu prisiekimu ira wienas gatas, tay ira naikinimas kuna. I'm going to try to melt every single day of this fast, and in addition, I'm going to add two Greek... 30. The postpositional pronoun is accentuated when it replaces a noun:...aprisztas ira ant iszpildima to, unt ko prisiekie 81. ...not bound unt fulfilled what is not bound or understood in the service 93. 3.23. Table 2 shows that only two nouns have a more frequent postposition: koks (26%) and such (9.6%). The latter pronoun in sermons quite often has a contrast accent, only rarely its postposition is conditioned by an apozitional or enclitic function in the text. The place of the pronoun koks in relation to the noun has specific characteristics not only in the work of Lukauskas, but also in other texts of ancient writings (see Vasiliauskienė 1995: 131). In Sirvydas- ’s Points and Bretkūnas’s Postilas, postposition is dominant (SP 88,996; BP, —first 120 pages —68%). It is very distinct in its use from all the other pronouns found in these sermons. The same tradition is used in the sermons. It is true that only in a quarter of the cases the pronoun such as here is said after the indicative word, but even this number contrasts sharply with the number of all other pronouns used in this text (see table 2). Used postpositionally, the pronoun kaks in all cases emphasizes the noun preceding it and often helps to consistently alternate the accentuated and non-accentuated verbs in the phrase (2): Diewuy, jog tą daykta kuri žadam, džius. Jo postpozicija ypač dažna frazės gale (1) ir vienarūšių sakinio dalių grandinėje, kai Pamokslų autoriaus norima bent trumpam tą grandinę pertraukti ir sutelkti iszpildissem 88. Prunciszkau, isn't that the past dayktu Man koksay? 78. (1) Slubas wadinasi Zadieimu Diewuy padaritu, nes kada žadam daykta koki, apsijmam Assign Time to Help Others 93. Swears (kaypo jau apsisake) ira wadinimas Warda Diewa unt swiedectwos daykta kokia 79. (2) It is no wonder that evil people lose, help, make knots, pieces of cloth or anything else that is lost from the day it was found... 59. Nesioty pri sawes diel pataymas, or nusisaugoima netai žinktus kokius, korteles, ar knogielius, ar dera yr tay... 61. ATTRIBUTIVE FRASE IN LUCAUS TEACHINGS | 159 The second is the spleen disease which is common among Catholics, and it is the thinnest, the most uncomfortable or the most painful of all, when it comes to the mind of a man... 68. As already mentioned, in some sentences with this postpositional pronoun, the informative, meaningful components of the sentence and the unemphasized or enclitically used words are successively alternated: Pawogia tau daykta koki, or ij pametey, daray sluba... 95. 3.3. The negative form of the pronoun koks, on the contrary, is used only before a noun. At first it seemed that this use of the pronoun could be related to its adjective meaning: one of the no-no-like meanings is poor, small. However, such a case occurred only once: Wienok iszsiimia yr iszsireyszka smertis jo, per nekoki skirima Kuna nuog Krauja...100. After reviewing the 11 examples found with the pronoun nekoks, it became clear that it is used not only in the meaning of any, but also replaces the pronouns nei vienas, (nei) joks, kažkuris: Toligiu budu prisakimay ira nekokiu vikiu pagat darbu musu, kurie mums parodzia, kas mums dera, kas ne dera... 26. Don't be afraid: that ape you God will forget, because ape nobody will ever forget... 69. ...prisiekty ne dera, ney jos niekokia Wiresnibe liepty yr isakity ne turia 75. Number two in the sermon text may have acquired the meaning of the pronoun kitas: Motina wiena pas waykieli naktiey werkinti kieltiesi nekarta turieie, idunt ij anamy werksmy numalditu... Turet yr ape untra Motina, kuri dukteri sawa tunkiey kieykie tays zodzieys 72. 3.4 The pronoun itself is distinguished from other pronouns used in prepositional form by its pabréziamaja function: it makes its demonstrative noun much more pronounced and prominent (Ambrazas 1994: 272). This use brings it closer to particles. The emphasis function of this pronoun is often enhanced by the separation particles and; only and the corrective particle yet (1). Pats is quite often said next to actual nouns (2): (1) Tas yra sapnas gieras... nes norint yr patsay welnias tokius dayktus roditu, gieray roditu 64. ... it is in the innate nature of the man to feel the need to have that righteousness, because even the pagan himself goes beyond that Oath without knowing it, out of the very freshness of his mind... And if we want to please God, we can... we can do what we want, we can give what we want, and we can not only please God 88. 166 | VIRGINIJA VASILIAUSKIENĖ Is it enough to swear, if you spit out with ill intentions? 29. kas kitas iszsimanity turia ape griekus priesz sieszta Prisakima, kurie wisados ira, kadu isz luosa nora smertetnays 28. Skaytom giwenimy S Hilaryona; that when he came to the real Birthed Daughter, she was wearing naked clothes, and he said to her, "I will not wear them..." 59. Toy Knigoy wieto sekretu, ira patis metawimay, sukimay, gustay welniszky yr pramanimay nederuntis, lisz to many dayktu, isz kuriu innocent dusias pasipiktinty gale 46. 4.4.2. However, prepositions that precede a noun often become a means of creating contrast in the text. Prepositional adjectives with contrast accent — one of the distinctive features of the usage of the attributive phrase in sermons: Jey teraz maza upelia perbristy ne gale, kayp perbris, kada wunduo susirinks? Jey taybos specialist patauszty ne patropis, kayp patausz, kada isiszaknins yr ing medi uzauks? If it is difficult to resist the custom, when it is tied to the spine, it is easy to resist it when it is tied to the bone 86. They assumed that it was a small sin, and the prisoner was only hanged 114. ... but he will surely set up the blasphemers with strong carrots, scraping their noses with decent replies, and throwing their tongues at the back of their ears 70. First of all, we must swear by God, not believing, not believing, but believing God and not adding or removing any circumstances... 75. Diet to then, which ing Brostwa koky insirasza, to accept real istatimus yr zada anus iszpildity- ... greka ne turia... 89. ... If I do good works, I will be worthy of nothing, for faith without good works is like a tree without a branch, like a bird without wings, like an eye without a light 40. 4.43.The strongest accent, the greatest weight, a prepositional adjective acquires when it is separated from its denoting word by another, not related to it by direct syntactic connection, Word: Kaypo akis, kada kreywa yr netiesi biaurina Zmogu, teyp intencya, kada ne turia giera gala, biaurius dara darbus po akimis Diewa 29. Isz szalies Wieros, Swietiszkiems teypogi Zmoniems ipaciey nemokitiems insiduoty disputon ne dera... 47. The meaningful then Duchy is then, when Man unt the very only Mercy... ISZ that Pona Diewa uzsiweyzdieis, toy Wiltiey grieszija, katbiedamas sau... 53. area, short cionay ape you learn to perguidisiu 64. ... for yr per tus Warduy Diewa, great is the wash 71. Jr teyp he, kursay buwa by nature weak, eventually over time teyp upgroudy, eventually such powers igity, that for hard work suffice 85. Anger must be tempted, but it's a nudist's lust that's 87. Frequent use of distanté pazyminiy and other sentence parts, separation of words connected by direct syntactic connection in order to emphasize them — another important ATTRIBUTIVE FRASE IN LUKAUSKAS’ LESSONS | 167 a feature of this rhetorical genre. Lukauskas successfully exploits the advantages of the free word order — strict word order is certainly not necessary where the connection between words can be shown by their interchangeable (relational) morphemes. Thus, the author of the Sermons continues Sirvydo tradition, characteristic of the oriental variant of the scripted language (Vasiliauskienė 1995: 137-140). 4.4.4. The contrast of different characteristics of an object or phenomenon lies in the very nature of the adjectives of the higher degree. Such adjectives are almost always a means of creating contrast in the text, so in this case the morphological form of the adjective, rather than the position, determines the adjective's uniqueness: (1) Ar jem ne pasakitu Sudzia: Tuo pačiu, jog isz paprastia wogie, wertas essi auksztesnias kartuwias, nes buway kattas to pikta įprotis ne turiety, yr uz ta pačia paproti turi buty karotas 86-87. There the Readers will be given a higher level of knowledge, and now there is an Ambon, where they will read the Holy Scriptures, the Old and New Testaments, the Gospels, and then the Priest or Deacon 105. Iszems tas wietas, kur turi waldziu sudijma, unt karsztu darbu, uz nekorius biaurius darbus, unt kuriu kada ka atrastu yr Suda Wiresnibey paduotu, toki yr Szwietioy sudijty, dekretawoty ne wisus bet ne kurius tiktay gieresniusy Miestusy Wiresnibes gale 113. (2) Lisz to, kiekwienas winczawotas žadieimas, turia buty daykty gieresnemy, nes ne gana ira zadiety koki daykta giera... 90. And the lieter the stone is, the more obvious the oath is 83. Not all adjectives used postpositionally in the text are more prominent, more emphasized, but a large part of them have a contrasting accent: Sapnus gerus nuog piktu isz cia pazinty galem 64. And niera tay dayktas new, because in the same grace yr Rymi yr po another Szalis with didziu dusziosy pazitku Pamokslay Krikscioniszky People ira paprastay apsakity 24. ... niejokiy Sudu darity Swieetiosy ne turia, but yr Ponay Dwarusy, yr Waytay kiemusy, because unt the next day has begun at the end, and the day has been pawina turiety same respect 113. By the oath of God, the Jews will also kill their own wives 115. Ta wiena Wiera ira giwa, kuri rundasi Zmoniesy teysiusy £.oskoy Pona Boga esunciusy, kokie buwa anusy Szwyntusy Mucielnikusy 38. Does he swear by nothing, who swears by a word that is unfulfilled? I say abieiopu abiszaliniu, when it is forced reykatauia, and no uzeyna nokokia kriwda near value dera... 78. When then God commands us to go to the true day of salvation, he wants it to be under the same creation, so we go to the Lord, the Most High and the Creator, to know Him 96. ... not by reading, not by mocking... whether the daykta is true or not, like us, iey izganima apturiety norem, bekiety tam wisam... kaypo ne apwiltay teysibey turem 39. Then during tq work uzsakita iszimana weykatas neluosas beetroot, prigulis on kuna, with any desired Human nuilsimu, because weykatas luosas, kursay prigule unt dusias kiera uzsakitas 108. It seems that apsigierty prabynktay, till nutrotijma razuma, ira dayktas biaurus yr dargus, kiekwienas tuo wiezliwas biaurina sau... 86. 168 | VIRGINIJA VASILIAUSKIENĖ When wis tay was and gracefully forgives the heart of a sinful man, now God forgives the sinful and justifies them 50. 4.5.1. Postpositional adjectives iSkilimas, their emphasis in the text is closely related to their place in the sentence: a greater load of information usually have adjectives in the penultimate position of the sentence: Tikiu, jog teysius ing Dungu priemi, umzinay pataymini, o piktus ing pektoy ugniu umzinu karoi 56. I taught you, what do I have to do, to get a living for a poor man? 25. when those two great cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, are burned with fire and brimstone. ... but jems tus wargus Garby Dungiszku crushes, which passes wisus wargus yr nuldymus giwenima mus 36. Jey neteysey I swear, God give me thisiuncioy night fire giwa burnt, tay maderis, pagriza ing house... 77. And now make a strong objection... I swear to thee of empty hearts, and I will not be angry with thee, and I will not be angry with thee 88. However, in the case of the postposition of the adjective, the accent may also be placed on the indicative noun in the second position from the end: Tada tuo spasabu yr budu nuteysina Wiltis Žmogu grieszna 50. log slubay kurius darom ira meyly Diewuy, pasirodo tay isz moksta S. Tamosiaus Daktara Anioliszka, kursai saka... 92. Thus, the comparison of the latter two cases would show that the definition of one of the elements of the attributive compound — the adjective sign or the denoting noun — and their informational capacity are closely related to the marked penultimate position of the phrase. 4.5.2. In this rhetorical work there are also examples where the motives of the postposition of the adjective are difficult to define more precisely: Slubay swetimy or aprisza? 95. When I had been and thanked for the sinful heart of the sinner, now I am God who forgives and forgives the Greeks 50. 4.53 In the text of the sermons, only a few cases of distant postposition of adjectives were found: Nes kaypo galwia, žinktas ira didzias jog ne sweykas, kada ne gromulta, teyp... niekokios naudos isz klausima žodzia Diewa ne atnesza, kursay to, ką girdzia ne pergromuta ne swarsta sirdiey... Not using the Mothers and the Hardened Oath of God, but there will be some daykty small, but at the end of the Greeks only small 28. ATTRIBUTIVE FRASE IN LUKAUSKAS' LESSONS | 169 The adjective in these sentences has a contrast accent. 4.6. When the word itself tvarka tame varies, the junginyje prepositional adjective is usually neutral, the postpositional is said in an emphatic o position or has a contrast accent, e.g.: ira kokie? Ar yr who runkiney work Szwietioy deruntis? 115. Tosy tada wisosy dienosy Szwietosy, pagat sena Baznicias Kataliku istatima, wisy katalikay turia Missions Szwigtos ktausity, nuog darbu beetkiniu uzsituriety pasnikus yr 116. The Last of Us Part II. Unt dawe ko us so much paweykstu big grieszniku, whos hard greek atlayde, when you gaylistoie... uz 53. I'm sorry, but it's a very difficult Greek, and I know that you don't know God, but you know that the Blessed One has set up a blasphemer with a large carrot... 70. Cases of unreasonable positioning of adjectives Not much in the sermons. Such fluctuation is more typical only for prepositions terminologized junginiams su -iškas ir -inis, which were formed on the basis of the corresponding Polish compoundiš s, often borrowing from them the corresponding word order: Skaytima Raszta Szwynta, now in a dispute su Heretical Holy People, Even Unlearned, Using the Church of God... 46. Wienok at the majority Zmoniu Swietiszku, ipaciey tus, kuri totiniszka liezuwia Szkatosy patayzie, nieka prosta niera, kaypo... zodziu Raszta S. yr Ewangelios wartoty yr ing sawa juokus priliginty 70—71. Tas God Man yr us uz kintieie unt yr Crisis number, yr teyp mus isz newalos welniszkos iszgielbieie... 56-57. That then us Christ the Lord neligiey isz sunkiesnias, nes isz welniszkos newalos, ateyimu sawa iszwede... 98. Diet Judu kurius Diewas tiktay ceremoniomis wiršutiniomis walde, gana buwa, tą diena unt szwietima paskirty, kurioy Sutwierima duck The holidays are coming... 99. Kaypo tay: when unt kielu puotam ing krutiny muszamos, ira tay wirszutinias ceremonias, which... 64. Turet tada trumpa tay apswietima, kayp kadu trokszty metiniu yr dayktu turem 52. Ar dera, dayktu metiniu trokszty, yr anu wiltiesi? 51. 4.7. In the past, Lithuanian verbs, especially those not iš derived, were more often said before the demonstrative noun (see table 3; Vasiliauskienė 1995: 125; 127; 132— 137; 140). Due to the transfer of the foreign į model into Lithuanian ir language, there may have been cases of unmotivated variation of the position of the adjective. Adverbs -iškas adjectives in some places replaced the noun's pronoun with older usage tradition. This change may also have influenced the variation of the word order in the terminologized noun phrase, since the position of the noun in relation to the indicative noun was not strictly defined in the ancient writing monuments (Vasiliauskienė 2006). 1997: 112; 118-119). 170 | VIRGINIJA VASILIAUSKIENĖ In contemporary Lithuanian language, adjectives that follow pronouns are said only after the personal noun. In the sermons may be in an alternate order: Such Books Eynkiszkamy liezuwiey dar walkioias yr drayskos, kaypo tay Alberta Didzia Iszgutdimas Dreams, Sweet Yoke of Women, Katba Virgins, yr... 45. Not my guess, but Great Augustine 85. The order of words in the attributive phrase with the adjective in the Sermons is more defined, has a more consistent internal structure and clearer internal logic compared to the texts of the sermons of the 16th-17th centuries. This is apparently related to the standardization of the language of the church writings. In these Sermons there are relatively few cases of postpositioning or variation of the position of an adjective that are unclear and completely unmotivated by the structure of the text itself. A preposition of an adjective is neutral if this part of speech has not received a contrast accent or is in a more emphasized second position from the end of the sentence. Postpositional adjectives have more emphasis. It is more often than the prepositional one that receives a contrast accent or goes in the second position from the end of the sentence. In this more pronounced position of the sentence, the demonstrative noun of the postpositional adjective may also be found. Separated from its denoting noun, the adjective is always associated with the latter by intonation, showing that the connection of the elements of the connective compound was intentionally broken. Thus, in the case of a distant position, the adjective always becomes more pronounced, strengthening the informational importance of the sign it says. The postposition of adjectives is more common in religious terminology, where, due to the specificity of the canonized texts, the word order of the original had already become a tradition of the language of religious writings. In phrases involving religion and law, the suffixes -iškas and -inis are also often used after their denoting noun. This use is not accidental: it is related to the structure and word order of the respective Polish phrases. Because of its influence, in some cases the -iškas derivatives of adjectives have replaced the genitive of the noun, which has an older tradition of use in Lithuanian, and which was characterized by a more postposition. The distinction of an adjective, its expression in the text often depends not on the position in relation to the denoting word, but on the principles of composition of the larger text syntactic structure units and the means chosen to enhance expression, for example, contrast accent, emphasis position in the phrase, etc. 5. PARTICIPATION 5.1. In the text of Lukauskas’ sermons, the participants are marked with a combination mark much less often than adjectives (about a quarter of the number of adjectives; see table 1). Their position differs very slightly from that of adjectives (cf.: ADIN 56,296; PARTICN 53,9%). The preposition and postposition of active participants were found to be approximately equal (PR 49.196; Po 50.9%), while the position of passive participants coincided with that of adjectives (PR 56.7%). 5.2. Prepositional participants are not as pronounced in the text as adjectives: their preposition is usually neutral: Those deguncias zwakies yr zibuncias swiesas Bazniciosy yr unt Pracessyu ragina mus, idunt THE ATTRIBUTE phrase in Luke’s teachings | 171 Giwu wieru, karsztu meyliu Diewuy sernuutumem 66. In this case, the 116th, when the artoias not collected Szwietioy isz tauka, real y regiema iszkada nukintiety should have, end with the division of Wiresnibes Baznicios, isz tauka kuopty y eieszty 116. Where the hell are you working? 61. Customs officers shall, in order to obtain valuables or market goods, whether overseas or domestic, the right to take away and return the customs duties imposed on them shall be vested in the trustee- 's treasury. 81-82. Sometimes, the participants in this position are more emphasized due to tightening (1). In the second position from the end of the sentence, both the participant and its demonstrative noun can become more prominent (2): (1) Diet ko mums Diewas dawe sawa Prisakimus, regies buty tabiaus ciekawas, o negi reykiemas kiausimas, nes kursaygi Artoias ktausa Karalaus: diet ko man dowanas, mokieimus nuog gatwos mokiety liepi, o turtingiems ne liepi? 31. And not only Misios S. but also Kazaniaus ipaciey uneducated people ktausity prigulia, because kaypo iszsimokis yr iszkur? 102.Ira tay reykiemas question, because tunkiey among people, even the incapable fits 59. (2) Wadinasi such Uoga empty, because no foundation of truth does not bury, which for themselves empty people think, and there is such a tabay much ipacty among ignorant People 62. Do they say that Christ was good or bad, or that he had wrong thoughts? 65. 5.3. The use of postpositional participles is almost identical to that of adjectives. Participants who follow their marked words often get a contrasting accent: Kada Prisakimay Diewa butu unt uztaykima negalemays, tada jus niekas ne uztaykitu, nes dayktu negatemu, niekas darity ne gale... During the Ceremonies, a witch-like creature appears, who turns around in honor of God 64. And that Zadieimas winczawotas, turi buty daykty tikietinamy, because when something daykta koki unt iszpildima negalema zadietu, nieka nestowinciey zadietu 89. It is also known that there is a great difference between the righteous and the unrighteous, because the righteousness which is revealed to God through the great grief of the cross is destroyed and the day of the Lord is fulfilled. 89. Wienok iszmanikiet, idunt tay patiems tiktay Zmoniems nemokitiems butu reykiemas klausimas Kozoniaus, reykiemas ira wisiems yr padedus ing izganima 102. 25 Here then you may know who are those who take an oath, and who are those who take an oath, that to those who take an oath wisdom adds this word: No, those who take an oath do not add. In the examined text postpoziciniy ne participants are found in the second position from the end of the sentence: ir 172 | VIRGINIJA VASILIAUSKIENĖ... buty at last Moteriszkia real Nuodnikiu, norint ana never with Welnius ne katbieie, ney jo regieie, ney jem uzsirasze, enough, that budu nederunciu wartoia, pri kuriu welnias prisirisza 58. ... And kayp time appointed iszeyna, already luosas wisiszkay nuog wisokia risztia left 94. ...The people of the Old Testament before the coming of Christ had a long tradition of giving thanks to God for the sabbath day and the winter. 98. For such work God will punish that woman, whom Priest Segneras Rasza, when bread is not cooked with the shoulder, planted, breathed out of his fire, and her burn with the shoulder 115. However, the demonstrative noun is found in this emphatic position more often than the postpositional participant itself: After that it appears that the wises tieses of the Tajemnicies, which Baznicia Szwynta unt tikieima presents, are truly unobstructed 39—40. 46.Toy Knigoy wieto sekretu, ira patis metawimay sukimay, gustay welniszky yr pramanimay nederuntis, lisz to daug dayktu, isz kuriu nekattas dusias papiktinty gale. In the 1950s, the 1960s, and the 1970s, there was a growing tendency to reject the idea that the 1950s were the best time for the United States to become a world power, and that the 1950s were the best time for the United States to become a world power. Atminkiet Girtuokles, jog tay Nediela, ne unt girtawima, ne unt pasitaydima, ne unt szokinieimu yr giesmiu nederunciu 109. O idunt tay padoresney iszpilditumi, turiek tarna tikima, kursay turietu rupi weyzdieima unt katbos tawa... 87. For the substantive, the second position from the end is chosen, not the end of the phrase, and in the case when it goes with the supportive subordinate word of the sentence: Wiena ira kada prisiegu daykta praeiusi kursay jau praszoka patwirtinam... 79. There is no other faith but the faith itself, and the power of God, and the unnatural wisdom, which overcomes our understanding... 38. The other one is dead, without Loska's blessing, which will give us life... 38. 5.4. There are also such compounds with a postpositional participant, which go in terms of religion or law. They define a single concept, so none of their points are strongly emphasized: ...isz untros szalies, ira aprisztas istatimu prigimtu unt tarnawima ligoy Tiewuy 31. The first thing we must do is not to be afraid of the unnatural, as the Lord Jesus tells us in the Gospel 51. Assabas paebasktas pataystuwes, angry verdict, or already over some greek dated... swoerty nokokioy sprowoy in the end 76. Other services are: Vota simplicia services without ornaments, which are performed spontaneously without any ceremonies or attachments 91. This Nedieloy iszjois ing tauka iszwida extraordinary size kizki, liepes tuojaus šunis wejuncius iszlaysty after him y patsay after him widams ij unt arklu teydies... 112. 173...but when we are nukierimus nuwarom szalin, tay sawi zinklinam kriziu, poterus tahakam- ... worth the word shine. Waynika szwiesta, wundenia szwiesta... 60. 5.5 In the same compound the position of the participant varies rarely, e.g.: nemokitus žmones 23 —zmones nemokitus 62; szwigstu wandeniu 59 —wundeniu szwigstu 60, e.g. : Because when that Dungiszka said that Mokitoias ing uneducated people, who followed him in crowds waykscioie... 23. There are also among the people cards with pictures of something God-honoring, which those who are forbidden draykciey kiaydunay isznesioia and people who do not change are deceived and beguiled... 61-62. ... any such daykta passergietu pasztaksztius yr pataystius yr sawius yr anus papeyktus dayktus szwiestu wundeniu, szalin thrown away or burned, but atnoodity be grieka ne gale 59. And teyp sick who unt eye, tay anas zinklina, zegnoia, kuszta I don't know what words yr wundeniu Szwiestu apsztaksta 60. 6. NON-CONTACT CONFIGURATOR PAZYMINIUM VARTOSENA 6.1.In sermons 7.2% of the conjugative subjunctives are separated from their designative nouns by other words or groups of words in the sentence. In terms of the number of non-contact positions, Lukauskas outperforms another author Sirvydas, who also wrote in the oriental language and was characterized by such use (see SP 5.1%). However, adjectives (8.896%) were used more frequently in the SP, while the distance position in the KL is more characteristic of numerals (10.8%) and pronouns (8.2%), while adjectives (5.6%) and participants (4.1%) are distinguished from their denoting words slightly less often. As in other sermon collections, this text is also dominated by the distance preposition of conjunctives; distant postposition is rare, it is more typical only for adjectives. 6.2 A noun can be separated from its designative by a single word, a verb, an adverb then, the particulate forms tiktay, jau, or a group of several words: First turi wieta is innate... 31. Second ira greek priesingas Wiltey, kursay... 53. When somebody such fast pertauztu, wiena tiktay greka complementitu... 30. ... and whenever one would not believe in the only true Article, to want to exalt other wises would be heretical... 43. Tegut daznay rustauia, malvoziauia, kieykia, untra jau natura isz paprote gauna 85. Before then the day was not great with the Jews, because from here the Lord God began to establish the Holy... 98. The third one is ready to dream of the Lord God, of the Holy Angel... 63. 6.3 The most common means of breaking the direct syntactic connection of the adjective and the participle with the designative is the verb: 174 | VIRGINIJA VASILIAUSKIENĖ When a man ing tobuta ateyis reasona, ne zinotu ape Promises Diewa, ar ira? Y kokie ira? grieszitu 33. Giwena Zmogus Krikscioniszkay, kiekwiena willing guard grieka, Oaths Diewa perserga kayp rupiausey- ... 49. Knowing that there is a great difference between winning and not winning... 89. He is the last of the 107 angels to be sent to the earth, and the last of the 107 angels to be sent to hell. ... teyp ing that biauri yr pasitayusia giwenima prijunksta yr pripranta, kad apgailudooia sau, nerimsta, silplesta atpsta, pakot prakieykta ne iszpilda papratima 85. Subordinate verb elements — nouns with circumstantial meaning, adverbs — are inserted between the adjective and its denoting word much less often: Jog tay ira Apasztatu istatimas, turem unt tay ayszkius Raszty S. demonstraimus 98. The meaningful then Duchy is then, when the man unt the very only Mitasirdistes... from that area, short cionay ape you learns perguidisiu 64. When the event was completed, the King and the Queen came to the Holy Isz szalies Wieros, Swietiszkiems teypogi Zmoniems ipaciey nemokitiems insiduoty disputon ne dera... 47. Basilica, and there was a loud, unrelenting shout... Sometimes an adjective is emphasized by Pona Diewa uzsiweyzdieis, toy Wiltiey grieszija, katbiedamas sau... 53. enclitic particles, by which it is opened from its denoting noun:... prieszingu wiet budu: bediewey, piktos nutarties zmones, tauzitoie Prisakimu Diewa, wisosy gieribiesy apiptusta yr wisokiusy patayminimusy metiniusy gausiey skalsinasi 36. When lisz it must be observed the days of Szwiestas SS Apasztatu Petra yr Powita, Wisu Szwietu, S. Stapona prima Mucielnika yr wiena tiktay ipaciausia Patrona 116. In the sermons there are also cases where the conjugation mark is separated from the noun by a prepositional inconjugation mark expressed by a prepositional construction. This position of the indicator is typical of other texts of ancient writings (see Vasiliauskienė 1995: 139-140), but this place seems very unusual from the point of view of contemporary language, so such use of the indicator is considered to be a cause of distance, although in fact this indicator is directly syntactically related to the same indicative noun as the conjugated one: Giwenkiem tiktay Krikscioniszkay uztaykimy Prisakimu Diewa, tas ira pirmausis ing izganima kielas 62. Evil is a sinful habit, and more than that, it is a pathetic nature... 85. Some words that distinguish an adjective from a noun are apparently substitutions of the noun genitive, which have been influenced by Polish: ATTRIBUTE phrase LUKAUSKO IN THE CLASSES | 175 ... tym samym spasabu yr Rimy yr po other Szalis su didziu dusiosy pazitku Pamokslay Krikscioniszky Zmoniems ira paprastay apsakity 24. ... diet minka daykta or spale swoekty imty yr Diewa unt swychijma would be the greatest disgrace to the Szwigciausiuy Warduy Jo 75. 6.4. The sermons iš are distinguished by the pronoun distance pregausa of other pozicijos atvejų ancient language monuments. Tokio non-contact position sample number variation did ir not occur in one nė XVI-XVII in a. the text of ancient writings. 6.4.1. The pronoun, as an ir adjective, can be distinguished from its denoting noun by verbs (such cases are among the most common) adverbs of pronouns of nouns in additional iš circumstanc- (1), es at once ir several parts of the sentence even ir the entire (2), subordinate (3), sentence ar (4): (1) Between the ta curses, you'll have to wear your shoes. 31. That ira dream gieras nuog yr Pona Diewa, kursay weda ing baymy Gods... 64. Remember Artojau, jog tay day Wieśpatiszka, day Szwigta szwiesty aną has question Missions Swietos yr Kozoniaus, o neikokieys ne uzsipaynioty darbays gale 109. (2) Ne buty gieres gruntaunesnis unt wisa toy yr materioy klausima atsakymas, kaypo tas... 39. Wisy unt tawies patayminimay susipils, pasztowintu busi Towns, towns, towns... 35. ..idunt ij uz Wiszpati Auksciausi yr Sutwertoi pazintumem, yr tq jem prideristy, kaypo Panszczyzna jem prigulinciu ataduotumem unt zinkta waldonibes 96. Tu yeah, if you have any doubts, go see your doctor. Theologians Priest... 47. (3) ...ar unt Ewangielos? I'm gonna take her fingers and swear, that's the simple word... 74. Kiekwienoy then swore, idunt was derunciu comfortayr ble prigulia buty those three dayktay uzlaykity 75. Tusy tada kartusy reykatusy darbusy yr reykiemas tabay dayktas, idunt sawimp Files Wanting to wake up 51. (4) ...jog tay unt Spawiednias ne prigule, tun yr turia isz Toodu yr Czeru nauda didziausy welnias... 59. ...wisadas Szwietioy Misia listens to yr nobody's work... ne 114. ...but wisoki which turiety could fat terrioia 30. The pronouns that are in the first position of the phrase: tas, kiekwienas, kitas, toks, koks are separated from the designative noun by the particles tay, po jų tiktay, teypogi of the adverb tada ir (see section 4.4). ir previous e.g. ): Those then padawimay, viennos ira grandibes, teysibes tikribes... yr 41. Instead of being a man, he is a woman, and if he is not a woman, he is a man, and if he is a man, he is a woman. jo Others then go around where they can... ne iszkatba mus pas Gods... nuog questiona Missions Swietos 108. ...and such tay Wieros nuog mus Diewas reykatauia 40.