Liet. „barzdà“ ‘barba’: samplaikos „-zd-“ kilmės klausimu

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LI (2004), 15-27 Liet. barzda ‘barba’: samplaikos -zdkilmės klausimu ROLANDAS KREGŽDYS Vilniaus universitetas The article deals with the origin of the consonant cluster in Lith. barzda ‘barba, mala’. While Būga assumed the cluster to be inherited, Endzelins ascribed it to Slavic influence. Otrebski described its derivation as obscure. The forms borrowed into Fennic point to -drather than -zd-, but they may go back to Germanic barda ‘barba; securis’ as well as to Baltic words. In this article the view is advanced that Lith. barzda is inherited and reflects an IE dialectal formation. The analysis confirms Būga's assumptions concerning the original morphological structure of the word. It follows that Lith. barzda, Latv. dial. Barzda are older than Laty. Barda. 1. IVADAS Kazimieras Būga has long discussed the -zd origin of conjugations in the structure of Lithuanian nouns. He gave several examples with -zd-: -zalternants and assumed the consonant -dzistoriškumą, i.e. he did not doubt the antiquity of this compound: lit. nezdas “a place to lay eggs, nest and raise young (about birds, insects); 'gūžta' (DLKŽ*5.- v.) —dial. lizas “t. p.' ), lit. calf "part of the leg from the ankle to the knee" —dial. blue. p.', lit. lazda “decorated stem to rely on while walking; kill someone, etc.” —dial. laza “t. p.', lit. beard ‘lower facial hair’ —dial. barge 't.p.' (Būga 1958: 273). Zigmas Zinkevičius states that "in the past, sporadically, the Lithuanian consonant zd turned to z" (1980: 129 t.), i.e. he considers this combination to be very old. The functionality of the conjunction -zd-(-d-) in the Lithuanian verb system has been discussed by Erdvilas Jakulis. It has been observed that the fricative /z/ is most often retained, although it is not always etymological (Jakulis 2002: 35, 62): bėzda —bėza “to beat; stink, die, spoil the air', lat. bezdėt, -u, -ėju “t. p.' ; let. kūza, -ėti, -éjo kūzda, — -ėti, -ėjo ‘$nibzdéti; shake, tremble'; let. Spluza — splaza ‘plazdėti' ir et al. A similar tendency to preserve the fricative consonant can be traced in Latvian dialects: lat. dial. brazér, -u, -ėju brazdėt — ‘braškėti' (Jacqueline) 2002: 92, 108); but plg. example su compound -z(Z)g-: lat. dial. bližėėt ‘to blinken, = to limit' lat. dial. bleach (Jacqueline) 2002: 87). Based on data from ir the Latvian Prussian languages, Endzelynas tried to prove that the Lithuanian name for beard su -different origin (Endzelin 1902a). But plg. Pež,, S4tt. 16 | ROLANDAS KREGŽDYS Aim of the thesis: 1. to determine the arealines of Lithuanian and Latvian forms with -zd-, -z-, -dribas; 2. to reinterpret the importance of Finnish borrowings in determining the form of the pre-Baltic beard name; 3. identify the reasons for the different morphological variants with -zd-, -z-, -d-. 2. ANALYSIS OF THE SUBSTANCE One unsolved problem of the names of beards in Baltic languages is the inconsistency of the root structure model in Lithuanian and respectively Latvian and Prussian, since in the eastern Baltic dialects forms with the root compound -zd (in Latvian and -d-) are used, while in Prussian only forms with -d-: lit. barzda resp. lat. dial. būrzda — lat. bordda or pr. bordus E 101. There are two possible explanations for this: 1. Forms with the conjunction -zdyra are old, inherited from ide. pro-languages, therefore treated as relict, comparable with s. i. bhrstis “blade, edge”, s. isl. and s. v. a. burst ‘sheriai’, s. ang. byrst ‘Serial’ et al. (Būga 1958: 273; ME, 273; LEW 36; Kurytowicz 1935: 118; Vasmer I 196) —reconstructible prablt. *barzda-- ‘t. p.” (LEV, 108). The reconstruction of this form presupposes and ide. prolytés correction: instead of the hitherto universally accepted ide. *bhar-dha* is reconstructed from *bhars-dha (ME ibid.), from which the Slavic words meaning “wagon” were derived (ESSJ 220); 2. Genus with -zdyra late, affected by similar words in sl. *borzda® ‘vaga’ > rus. borozda ‘t. p.' and others (Endzelin 1902; ESSJ, 198; Varbot 1984: 216; PEŽ, 151), or derived from p. *bard-+ *-da > *barzda (Skardžius 1943: 99; Endzelynas 1957: 100) —reconstructed from prablt. *barda-‘- beard’ (fem.) (Trautmann 1923: 27). Such a reconstruction is supported by Toporov (PJA, 241), Mažiulis (PEŽ, 151; also cf. ESS, 198, 220), although some linguists simply name the -zd-/-z substitution as unclear (Otrębski 1958: 334 t.). 2 According to Mark's hypothesis, id. *bhardha is an innovative meaning of beard, replacing ide. *smonkru "beard". This sex is closely related to the s.i. in its morphological structure. bhrstis 'blade' (fem.), lat. far 'bread, flour', got. barizeis ‘barley; Hordeum sativum’, s. isl. barr ‘grains; 'barley', etc. The term is believed to have been borrowed from the West Indies. of the dialectal zone from the Semites even before moving to Europe. The supporters of this hypothesis are id. *bhardha is interpreted as a punch: the first spot *bhari is interpreted as the old Indo-European name of barley (Hordeum sativum —Marki hypothesis), derived from s. hebr. bar ‘baked grain’, arab. burr’javai’, south arab. bor, barr ‘grains, grains’ (Otkupščikov 1963: 89). It is also believed that the name of this grain may have been borrowed in the late i.e. in the period of proto-speech (the beginning of the division into dialects), rather than after its division into dialects (Ivanov 1985: 162 t.). The hypothesis of borrowing from the Arabs has previously been proposed by Meillet (1914: 143). Linguists have suggested that it is a dialect. The lateness of *bhardha sememos barzda instead of the older “vegetable” is confirmed by the reconstructed boreal gender *bardkrimynas® —gruz. Bard-'t. p.' et al. (Klimov 1988: 153). According to Porcigo, he's going. *bhardha originally meant “hairy part of the face (part of the body [of animals]); The name was originally used as a patronymic, but later changed to a patronymic. *smek-(Porcig 1964: 302). It is based on the hypothesis that ide. *bharrekonstruotina semema “aštrus' (plg. Otkupščikov 1963: 89). "Traditionally reconstructed prolyte *bhardha is treated as an Indo-European heirloom < ide. *bhar- “protruding forward; Series; the point; 'akuotas' (Pokorny 110; Fraenkel 36) < verb. It's going. *bhertrinti; cut; cutting; beating, hitting; split' (LEV, 108) > verb. It's going. *bhar-*kySoti, to be protruding' (Pokorny 110; ESSJ, 197) —sheriai“ (Porcig ibid.; Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984: 69). 3 also associated with the Russian dial. borozdavka 'karpa'", kšb. barzovka ‘t. p." (Nepokupnas 1983: 20, 47; Endzelin 1902b/1971: 221). LiET. barzda SAMPLAIKOS -zd-ORIGINE | 17 The proof of the second hypothesis is doubtful, since there is not always agreement on the CVRC reconstruction of the structural model of the root of the Prussian name for beard. Based on Prussian onomastics, the root *barsdis reconstructed, i.e. the Prussian structural CV RCCbarzda model is assumed, which is mentioned by V. Toporovas* (PJA, 197 et seq.) and A. Kaukienė* (1999: 21), cf. pr. Barsde (deity's name), pr. Claus Barsde (nom. prop. —Trautmann 1925: 17), kurš. Barsdemin (nom. prop.) (Toporov PJA, 199) and possibly Prussian nom. prop. Borssythe —Herman Borssythe 5a, 51 = 5b, 62 Schalwe —Trautmann 1925: 20 (for the origin of this personal name see more. Kregždys 2004: 35). Before delving into the reasons for the emergence of -zd-/-dalternants in Baltic languages and the possibilities of reconstructing the pronoun, we should first define the area boundaries where one ar or another form is used. In ancient Lithuanian writings the word beard means “the hair of the lower part of the face; a bunch of horsehair; smakras' (LKŽ, 673t.) is given only with conjugation -zd-: barfda (acc.sg.) BB Ez 5,1; Beard, -os f. ‘barzda’ R, 13, R, 52, 219; 281 = R, 211; Barjda, -6s, f. MZ? 27, Beard SD’ 19; beard “the blade of a knife, opened before mowing the grass* MZ? 292; Arrow with Beard "arrowhead' R, 276 = Arrow's beard K, 107; beard BzF 99; beard K, 167, 675; beard 'beard' M 28; beard Leskien B 214; Beard, beard 1SPL 84; beard 'beard' ZCh 183, 184....; barzd’6s (gen. sg.) P 230, barzd’éms (instr. pl.) V 444 (Buch 1961: 41); or -z-: barze MPDP 149; barza SG II 59; barza, -as Jrk 62; barza BsP 1 99. Remiantis LKZK, LKZKP ir TA duomenimis galima teigti, kad forma su samplaika -zdvartojama kur kas platesniame areale: barzda —vakarų žemaičių (SG), šiaurės žemaičių kretingiškių (bazda Prt, barzda PLN, barzda ŽEM, Ms), telšiškių (SARK [barzda EI1G, Lk; barzda V GR, SKD, TRS]), pietų žemaičių varniškių ir raseiniškių (barzda Sti, RDN, KRKL), vakarų aukštaičių šiauliškių (barzda Sk, Skt; barzda Sk, Kdn), kauniškių (Zp, JRB [bazda BLB]), rytų aukštaičių panevėžiškių (Rp, MLN [barzda SLC; barzda KRIAUš, GEI, ANG, Ps, NMR)), kupiškėnų (KP [barzda PD, DRS]), anykštėnų (Sv [barzda AND, LDK]), uteniškių (LLN [barzda Uzs, Sp)), vilniškių (DKST), pietų aukštaičių (Vs, AUK, DRSK, DG, VRN [bazda VLKN, McL]) ir periferinėse šnektose (LZ, Ps). Forms with the root - are used in a much smaller area: ERZ, VDZ, SAUK, KRŽ —barza, VIKš, VDK, J-E; PGR?) (1975), pp. 114. 102, 442. LKŽK records that such forms are used in Jurbarkas area (GRDŽ — 4 Pr. bordus "barzda' E 101 -absence Toporov explains as other ide. The use of words meaning beard without a fricative consonant: sl. s. beard, s. v. a. bart kt. ir (PJ I 241). Based on Mr. Barsde (deity's name), pr. Claus Barsde (nom. prop. — Trautmann 1925: 17; PJ I 199), who. Barsdemin (nom. (approx.) bei Upper Dnieper toponym Borzna < *Borzdna (?) [origin and ir composition unclear], Toporov carefully reconstructs pr. *barsd-/barzd-/ (PJ I 197). Kaukienė derives pr. bordus from *barzda and gives a reference to PEŽ, 150, but Mažiulis does not say so. On the contrary, it assumes a secondary -zbecause of sl. *borzda influence. Ionic states that In the Pagramantis dialect, the consonant zd compound becomes į z in all words, only in the barza ne (Ionic 1939: 28). 18 | ROLANDAS KREGŽDYS Zinkevičius 1966: 179) and Skirsnemunė. Zinkevičius also mentions that barza is also used in the eastern edge of the Lithuanian language area — in Lazūnai (Zinkevičius 1966: 180). Therefore, the form be -d used not only in the peripheral dialects of the southeastern Samogitians, but also in the dialect of the southern Samogitians of Raseiniai and in the bordering dialect of the western Highlanders, as well as in the dialect of the western Highlanders of Kaunas and the eastern Highlanders of the Vilnius border of Lazūnai. Phonetically, such a phenomenon can be described as a change caused by progressive assimilation, cf. lit. dial. laza = lit. b. k. lazda and others (cf. Zinkevičius 1966: 180). MAP 1: BLACK TRIANGLES SIGNS OF FORMS WITH COMPLEX -zd-USEJIMA, BALTI -SU -z-. Šiauliai A Panevėžys A A Some Latvian linguists consider the morphological differences between Lithuanian and Latvian beards as the influence of Lithuanian speakers on Latvian border speakers. Thus, the slowness of forms with the root -zvēlītis is assumed (Staltmane 1981: 65; Steinbergs 1996-1997: 24), and the origin of Latvian personal names with the first component bard is linked to the appeal process, since they do not have the pejorative connotation characteristic of the corresponding Lithuanian examples: lat. barda “beard” —> bardina “barzdelė” —Bardins (surname), Barzdainis <—barzdainis ‘beard-doted’ (-zd interpreted as dialectism). It should be noted that Staltman's claim that the variants of names with -zd could have led to the Latin dial. beard appearance, hardly demonstrated (see Staltmane, ibid.). Such a lexical variant could have been used in parallel with the Latin word boorda or treated as an archaism (cf. Nilsson 1998: 124). Of course, this solution would be more convincing if these forms were used only in border dialects (e.g., Bsk (235)), but such forms are used far from the Lithuanian border: barzda“ —KND (84), VNP, ARLV (65), LIET. barzda SAMPLAIKOS -zd-KILME | 19 b'rzda? — PRE (439), KRTP (357), barzde? DND (63), VND (75) (but plg. lat. dial. buorzda ‘barzda’ (lyviskoji patarmé) — example www.ailab.lv — Zr. further) or distant through 2-3 $nektas: butt* — SNK (353) (ME, but 273), plg. lat. dial. būorzda "beard; long bunch of horse bristles at the feet; ‘long bunch of hairs on the lower body of the animal’ (KV, t.), 167 examples of Latvian iš folklore: Borzda izauga, gudrības a nav 527 33449; Curved board 1268 793 (example iš of the sėliškosios subdivision areas, where a (-r- < -ar — LEV, 108) > oa (Rudzite 1993: 237). 2 MAP: SPECIFICATIONS VIETOVESE USES FORMS SU SAMPLAIKA -zd-; TRIANGLES ZYMI VIETNAM, WHERE TOKYO FORMS GALEJO BUTI USE (BASED ON LATVIAN FONTOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS) Dundaga Ventspils Vandzené Arlava Kandava Krustpils Preiliai Bauske Sunaksté Kalupé Form with the Root compound -zdyra used in latviy and lietuviy toponymics: lat. Bardenas, Bardenas < nom. prop. lat. Beard ~ liet. Barzdai, Barzdiné (Endzelins 1956: 93). Such a solution of the problem is also contradicted by Toporov- ’s theory of the emergence of dubletiniy word forms, according to which forms with the root -d-(and not -zd-) traces should also be found in Lithuanian dialects (on the border of Latvia) —the form *barda (without -z-) is not recorded on the border of Lithuania with Latvia. Of all the true Lithuanian words with beard-related roots, only pvd. Bardišius, Bardyšius (used in various areas of Lithuania —Maciejauskienė 1991: 98) could reflect the root *bard-, but the latter words are treated as borrowed from Slavic languages, i.e. derived from le. Bardyszewski ~ le. bardysz —> lit. bardišius “an axe with a long shank to cut down enemies; a blunt tool; a big man; prastas gyvulys' (LPZ, 194; LKZ, 657), also cf. Lithuanian toponyms Bardiskeéliai (UKM), Bardiskiai (PKR, Rs), Bardziai (SLL) and others (LAZ 27) without the root -z-, which may be 20 | ROLANDAS KREGŽDYS is of personal noun origin and related to the already mentioned Polish language substrate, as top. Barzdiinai (k., SLU), with Lithuanian personal name Barzdiinas (Razmukaitė 1993: 154). Similarly, it would be possible to interpret lit. pvd. Bardžius (ALvT), used next to Barzdžius (see Barzdis UKM) (LPZ, 195), although it can be treated as the only case of -znykimas in the Lithuanian language area. The appearance of the morphological variants of the beard is explained by Būga as a linguistic feature of the southeastern Samogitians to simplify the word structure according to whether the sound compound was morphologically important:,, zd sokratilos' v z vo vsech tech formach, v kotorych d ne imelo morphologičeskoj cennosti" (ibid.). The examples of similar changes in other dialects, where the fricative -zis used instead of the expected -zd-, according to Bogas, should be interpreted as sporadically occurring. All of these words are derived from -zd from praliet. *-zd-(Būga 1958: 273). This decision is supported by Mažiulis (PEZ,, 55) and Derksenas (2003: 12). The old use of the compound is also mentioned by Endzelynas (1974: 267-268). Zinkevičius simply states that “part of the southern Žemaičiai and their closer neighbors the Vysokiai do not pronounce d between z and vowel” and that “the disappearance of the adjective d between z and vowel has been observed even in the eastern edge of the Lithuanian language area” (1966: 179 t.). One argument for the origin of the pre-Baltic *-sdjunginis could be the toponymic examples, which show the existence of older forms of the -zdjunginis: lazda —Lazdėnai, lat. lazda ‘hazel’ —Lazduone (see also Gerullis 1922: 254). "Lazėnai" does not exist. Zinkevičius thinks similarly —in illustrating this phonetic change, he uses the adjective lit. dial. barzyla “barzdyla' (JRB) and the verb lit. dial. barzūoti < lit. barzdūoti “to rub something with a beard” (Zinkevičius, ibid.). A convenient example to show the complexity of this problem could be the verb pair lit. bėzda —bėza, where -zdy is etymological (cf. Jakulis 2002: 87, 107, 109), so it is not reliable to assume that there is any innovation caused by phonomorphological or semantic development. Jakulis tries to explain the appearance of these sound invariants by adding the expander -d to the root ide. *pesar *bes-(Jakulis op. cit., 109), although based only on lit. pėza, -ėti, -ėjo it is hardly reliable to formulate such a statement, especially when talking about ide. prolyte reconstruction —examples from other languages already assume ide. in the pro-language this infix (LEW 42; Vasmer I 163). There are fewer examples with the retention of the explosive consonant, where the blowing /z/ is an obviously paratetic consonant: spūrzda —spūrda ‘spurda’. Incidentally, Jakulis does not examine the reasons for this phenomenon in more detail, but indicates that the use of such consonant compounds as -zdšalia - may be determined by a semantic factor — the supposed iconic function (Jakulis 2002: 42). Thus, it can be concluded that in Lithuanian colloquial language the compound -zd can turn into -z-. In the noun system, this change can be linked to the phonetic principle of “comfortable pronunciation”, if, of course, it does not violate the laws of Lithuanian morphology, cf. barskutis ‘shaver’ DP 563, < *barzd-skutis (Otrgbski 1958: 367). In Latvian, the origin of the forms without -za could have been determined by the same reasons as the attempt to support the origin of -za in lit. barzda. It can be assumed that the forms used by the Slavs and Finns living in the neighborhood without the samplaika -zd could lead to the emergence and establishment of the Latin word boorda, and the old forms with the samplaika -zdišstūmimą from vartose- LIET. beard SAMPLAIKOS -zd-KILME | 21 nos. This assumption is supported not only by the use of the form with -zd in the lyviSkosios patarmés $nektos, but also by its particularly frequent use in the old Latvian folklore collections published on the website www.ailab.lv. The ratio between forms with the compound -zdir -d could be defined as 2,3/1 — a much more common form su -zd-'. Thus, the changes in lit. -zd-> -z-, lat. -zd-> -dga can be cautiously linked to the principles of language, "convenience" and "economics" and the influence of other languages. All these factors could have led to the emergence and spread of the variants in question in different dialectal zones of the same language. Therefore, such phonetic variants cannot be old and directly related to similar words for beard in other Indo-European languages, the formation of which could have been influenced by completely different factors, e.g. Fraenkel- ’s attempt to archaize the problem under consideration as Indo-European: s. v. a. bart ‘beard’: burst ‘Series’, s. a. beard ‘beard’: byrst ‘Series’, whose construction may be different (verbal origin -st-?) (LEW 36). The influence of neighbouring Slavic and Finnish languages on the change of the name of the baltic beard is discussed separately and in depth, because based on the data of these languages an attempt is made to find a Slavic sampling. - proof of origin. First of all, attention should be drawn to the fact that the proponents of the Lit. beard samplaikos -zdslavian origin hypothesis emphasize only the importance of the morphological factor, which may be an example of random coincidence —the lexical semantic paradigm of these nouns does not coincide, cf. s. b. sl. brazda ‘vaga’, bulg. brazda ‘t. p.', s.-ch. brazda “t. p.’, dial. ‘ditches full of water’, slov. Brdzda "wrinkle, wrinkle", połk. brozda ‘vaga’,? [patarlės]: The beard grows, but it does not grow itself 1225 12801; 699 191; Stridas ka gar keizara barzdu 382 39; ina <... Piecigadi barzdu jina...> (14999); <... Ka Zidam liela barzda..- .> (34300); [pasakos- ]: ..that bearded man, such a big fool! ; <... old man with a grey beard...> (Zvēri iet griekus sudzet un nokrit bedre. A. 1.47.20. 31. R. K. Porietis Sélpils Aizupés, Zin. Come on, come on. kr. LP, VI, 43, 1. AS, II, 3c. ); <... you have no beards, I cannot let you in... > (Goat and wolf. 123. L. Ivanovskis Daugavpils aprinka Kapinos, N. Rancana krajma); <... old man with a grey beard...> (The wolves will tear apart the new-born man. 1. LP, V, 83, I. AS, II, 41c.); <...ienacis Spicbeard...> (The hero rescues three kidnapped princesses. 9. A.301 A. A. Matur Gravendalė. I.P, VI, 115, 15 d. piez. AS, 11,86 f.); <... a little beard with a long beard...> (The hero rescues three kidnapped princesses. 10. A. 301 A. P. Lielupis Vec-Piebalga, Brivzemnieka kr. LP, VI, 115, 16. AS, II, 86 h.); <... on the third day the strongest was left and the old man got a beard...> (Zemgale deer's daughter Skaistite. 5. A. 301A. J. Ozols Sauka, Brivzemnieka kr. LP, VI, 115, 24. Turp. AS, II 86 b); <... a little old man with a long, long beard...> (Stiprinieks with his companions, 3. A. 301B. J. Ozols Secé, Brivzemnieka Sbornik, 99 noez. LP, VII, II, 18, 6.); <... mac vires with such a long beard...> (Stiprinieks with his companions. 4. A. 301 B. (650 A.) J. Bergmanis Barta, Magazine of Lett.-Lit. Society, XVIII, 1887, 17. ); <... over with a long, long beard...> (Stiprinieks with his companions. 12. A. 301B. T. Staueris in Iecava. LP, IV, IV, 5. US II, 87¢. ); <... lies a little man with a long long beard...> (Stiprinieks with his companions. 13. A. 650 A. 30t B. J. Gobzinš Durzupe. LP, IV, 1,4v. AS, 11, 8if. ); <... a guy grabbed a spridi and threw his beard with a wire of wood...> (Stiprinieks with his companions. 16. A. 301B. L. Makevica Nogalé. LP, VI, 115, 24 et seq. AS, II, 87 d.); <...a small man with a long, white beard...> (Kaléja déls. 6. A. 301B. Nameitu Juris, Frankar Jkr. II, 2. LP, VII, II, 18, 4, 3. AŠ, II, 92 a.); <... like a beet, with a long beard like a ponytail. (Dzelzs dils. 2. B. 301A. Dzirciema, LP, VI, 115, 19 piez.); <... a man with an elbow-long beard.. (Dzelzs del. 5. A. 30113. J. Sarzants Garlené. LP, VII, II, 18, In, l.); <... with a beard and a beard...> (Laca déls. 4. A. 301B. M. Simin (Pérkons) from Kurzemes Brukna. Jkr. II, 1. LP, VII, II, 18, 5. AS, II, 90d. ); <... with an elbow-long beard and lied bread...> (Lata dels. 8. A. 301B. Pogu Janis, Bechmanis, 1879. Bramberga and Ezeré, Brivzemnieka Kr. LP, VI, 115, 10a. AS. II, 90h.); <... mazs s virinš ar gari barzdu...> (Kéves déls. 3. A. 303. 300. 301A. 513A. Lauris Bikstos. LP, VI, 115, 2b. AŠ, II, 92c.) and several hundred other examples, which are too many to be given here. 22 | ROLAND KREGŽDYS Rus. borozda "horse-drawn row" < prsl. *borzda (Brūckner 1957: 42). This assumption would be much more reliable if this Slavic noun meant "beard" or some body organ in some dialect. Unfortunately, such data are not available (see ESSJ,, 220). It is also impossible to assume that the semema “vaga” is somehow related to the appearance of the body part in question, since in Slavic languages the names of body parts derived from this root retain their denotative value: s.-ch. (čak.) scar ‘randas’, slov. scarring. p.' < p. l. groove < prasl. Borzda (phonetic change -zd-> -zg-) (Kurkina 1982: 182). Thus, in Slavic languages the denotative accent is retained “that it is engraved; It is not to be confused with the "beard" meaning "hair of the lower part of the face". Proponents of the Slavic influence often refer to the reflected proto-semitic "plant" in these languages, e.g. boroda 'beard' in Russian dialects may mean: 1. ‘a roundabout for harvesting or harvesting rye (and other cereals)’ (Pskov Oblast); 2. “the most important attribute of the butaphoric East Slavic ritual dedicated to the “beard” (related to the harvesting of grain) — artificial, made of straw, beard”; 3. "last grain, rye foot" (Ternovskaya 1977: 80tt). It is believed that this may have a connection with the mythological beard made from the last foot of wheat or rye during the harvest festival. This ritual was particularly characteristic of the Slavic peoples, cf. the Russian sayings zavit' Velesu borodu and zavit' borodu "to finish the harvest work" (Dal' I 116). It is assumed that during sacral ceremonies a man (probably a priest) was given a beard—the ritual symbolised an anthropomorphized deity (see Ivanov 1985: 163tt). It is claimed that a similar ritual existed in the Baltic rites (Greimas 1990: 479, 484t), but its influence on the morphological change of the word structure is not proven. It is hard to believe that a similar nomination process in relation to the mythological beard occurred in the Germanic dialects —s. v. a. burst "beard" is in its semantic value much closer to Eastern Baltic examples meaning beard than other semantic paradigm Slavic words. The morphological hypothesis of the Slavic substrate is also not very reliable, because it does not take into account the other ide. language word structure: s. i. bhrstis “blade, edge”, s. isl. ir s. v. a. burst ‘Seriar’, s. angl. byrst “t. p.'s origin. Therefore, do not recognize ide. *bhars-dha possibility of existence is difficult. The Germanic root -ing is ignored in reconstructing the pragerm. *barda-(- Kluge 1975: 54). Karulis, based on Endzelyno (DI, 251) and Vasmeris's conjecture about the -zdenumas of the samplaika, indicates that its origin may be related to the insertion of -si į ide. prolysis (LEV ibid.). This opinion is much more reliable, since in Lithuanian forms without the root -zare not used, on the contrary — in some dialects the root -d-, -rnunyking occurs, but never -z-(see the previously discussed Lithuanian dialectisms barza, bazda). That is, reconstructed past. *barda (Trautmann 1923: 27; Mažiulis I 151) has no basis. It is also possible that the form with -zeg existed in Prussian (see footnote 4). Based on the linguistic facts described here, it would be possible to see that the Lithuanian nouns denoting beard have retained an older morphological structure, therefore Slavic LIET. barzda CONJUNCTIONS -zd-ORIGIN | 23 cosine analogy factor applies to examples of Latvian language, and dialectisms of the latter language su - treated as archaisms. Another important problem is the treatment of Baltic borrowings in Finnish languages, since it is assumed that the name of the beard was borrowed from the Baltic by the Finns: suo. parta ‘barzda’, est. pard ‘t. p.’, vep. bard “t. p.' (Sabaliauskas 1966: 6; 1990, 9; PJA, 242 with literature). To support the authenticity of the forms with -da or -zdantrine origin, the Finnish form parta ‘beard’ is used, the borrowing of which from the Balts is seemingly unquestionable. However, this is not the only name for beard in Finnish languages. In the Karelian dialect of the Ludovicians, the form barde ‘beard’ is used (Barancev 1967: 8). The Liudiky dialect is localized within the Lake Onega basin (Bubrich 1971: 4), i.e. it borders on the northern dialects of Russian, whose influence is particularly pronounced in the changes in the vocabulary of this dialect. A very important circumstance for the phonetic interpretation of the borrowed word is that in this dialect there is no consonant muffled <> muffled change (consonant synharmonism) (Bubrich op. cit., 5). Therefore, it is in this area that examples of older forms of use can be localized than in the Baltic Finns, for whom this change is characteristic. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the existence of two different borrowings for the same object in the Finnish language group. It would be hard to believe. Since the adaptation of this loanword is not entirely clear, it might be assumed that liud. barde ‘beard’ does not come from the Baltic languages, but from other nations living in the neighborhood. Several sources of borrowing are possible: the northern Slavic and the northern and western Germanic dialects. These borrowed words may have entered the Luid dialect through the Veps, from which they are derived (Salo 1971: 57; Serebrennikov 1971: 25, 30). Beard's debt analysis has not been performed —A. Sabaliauskas sued very carefully. Part, east. pard, wep. bard considers them to be baltisms (1963: 124), perhaps for this reason he does not even mention them later (1966: 65). These are the reasons why it is worth discussing them as thoroughly as possible, because it will depend on whether they can be treated as baltisms. It may be Germanic. 1975. pp. 54. "Bart 'beard' (< pragerm. *barda-'- t. p.', Kluge 1975: 54)š". The example of witnesses mentioned here makes the hypothesis of Baltism doubtful, as est. pard, (gen.) parra ‘beard’ is certainly not the form used by witnesses. Then how to explain the reasons for the appearance of the word used in the witness dialect? It would be hard to believe that it could have been supposed by the Russians. boroda ‘barzda’, t. y. barde morphologically very different from this word, morphological o change -oro- > *-or-", after boiling į -ar-, not typical of Finnish loanwords, cf. CVRC.structure example of Baltic Finn laudus “wooden net float" < rus. dial. lovdus, lovdas, lovda, lovtus “t. p.” (Matveev 1959: 14). If we think he's smoking. bard ‘beard’, phonetically closest to liud. bard, could have led to the appearance of the name of the beard in the liudiky dialect, 8 But plg. norv.-dan. Bart, n.v. a. Bart (s.v. a. bart) v.v. = a. Bart, ags. beard, s. shame. bard (neutr.) ‘barzda, apvadas, kraštas, briauna’ (NDW 52). Changes in borrowed root vowels are very common in Finy languages — /o/ can change only ne į /a/, but in/e/ ir (plg. Kregždys 2003: 34). The reasons ir for this change can be found in the morphological ją structure of the dialect. Endzelynas found that instead of the Slavic basis /o/, in Slavic-origin Finnish borrowings esąs /a/ (Endzelin 1911: 106t).