Относительная хронология основных фонетических изменений в истории верхнелатышского диалекта

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIII (2005), 39-89 OTHOCUTEJIbHAsA XDpOHOJIOTHA OCHOBHbIX (DOoHeTHUEeCKHX H3MEHeHHH B HCTOpHH BEpXHeJIATbINICKOTO JiMajJIeKTA Hjiba A. CEPXAHT Lietuvių kalbos institutas The present article deals with the sound changes that occurred in High Latvian after the split of Proto-Latvian into dialects. The basic aim was to establish a relative chronol- ogy for all of them; it is presented in tabular form at the end of the article. A corollary to our conclusions is that the view advocated by Lelis and Breidaks, according to which High Latvian constitutes an independent branch of East Baltic alongside Lithuanian and Latvian, must be rejected: all sound changes characteristic of High Latvian are best ex- plained starting out from Proto-Latvian. The details of several sound changes are clarifed, e. g., it is shown that High Latvian has gone through four independent processes of metaphony, of which the 1st and 3rd have hitherto been treated as one in the literature. Finally, Breidak's assumption of a Selonian substratum in the Lithuanian dialects of the Kupiškėnai and Anykštėnai is reformulated in some respects. 0. IPEAUCIIOBHE’ 0.1 [lesb JjakHoH paboOThHI — «1iTpHBAi3aTb» OoHeTH4UeCKHe Nepexobl JIpyT K JIpyry, B HJĮEAJIbHOM CjIyuae ycTaHaBJIHBaA1A H. terminus ante quem HU terminus post quem, TaKHM 00pasoM TOYHO OHKCHDpY A TOCJIEeJĮOBATEJILHOCTb DOHETHYUECKHX H3MEHeEHHH B HCTODpHH BepXHeJIaTbINICKOTro Auajiekra. K CoOxaJIeHHMI0, JŲJIA HEKOTODEIX Ipolec- COB TaKOH IIOJIHOH TOUHOCTH JĮĮOOHTbCA He YAAJIOCh, OJHAKO, JŲJIA BCEX MPOIECCOB VJĮAJIOCb onpeaeauTh XOTA Obl OjįHY TaKyP Trpannlny. Ilojib3a Tako OTHOCHTEJIb- HO-XpOHOJIOTHYUECKOH LIENOYKH BPA JIM MOXET ObITb INpeyBejiMueHa. HMes1 takyio LEMOYKY MBI MOXEM: 1) Bo-nepBEkIXx, NOKa3aTh, KakHe (hoHeTHYECKHE NMPOLECChl ABHO MO3/HHE, a KaKHe BOCXOAT K CaMOMy [ApPEBHEMY 3Tally pa3BHTHA, a KaKHE, BO3MOXHO, ABJIAIOTCA B nepsyio 04epejįb XOTeJIOCb Obl BHICKA3aTh OTpOMHYTO HJ1arolapHoOCTh COTPYAHMKAM OT ea nmajiekToJioruu Hacruryra Jlarbuurckoro fAseika Anne Cragenkoit (Anna Stafecka) u Damysay Tpymne (Edmundas Trumpa), KoTopbie ye B KOTODpkIH pa3 04eHb MOMOTJIIH, NpejįOCTABHB JĮOCTYTI KO BCEMY JĮMAaJIEKTOJIOTHYEeCKOMY MaTepHally, a TaKXe LeHHbIMH COBETAMH MO COJIEDXAHHIO H B NOMCKe uTepatypsl. fl TaKxe ovens OjiarojnapeH Puky Jepkceny (Rick Derksen) 3a cornacue NPOCMOTPEeTh padoTy, 3a €ro KpHTHKY H obcyxaeHne jĮĮaHHON paboTsl, a Takke nerepoyprekum koJuteram Anne Jlayraser nu Ajiekceio AHAPOHOBY. 40 | Hnsa A. CEPXAHT apxaH3MaMH, VHaCJIeJĮJOBAHHbIMH H3 Mpag3blka H COXPAHUBLIMMMCA HMEHHO B HCCJIeJĮVYeEMOM JĮHAaJIEKTĖė; 2) BO-BTODpbIX, Taka IĮeTrI04UKA uMmeeT 00JIbIIYI0 JJOKA3aTEJIbHYPO CHJIY IPH IOHCKE A3BIKOB, OKA3aABINHX BJIHAHHE Ha HCCJIeJ[fyYeMBbIH JĮHAJIEKT, T. K., ECJIH HaM y1acTcs ycTaHOBHTb B KOHTAaKTHDYIDONEM ABLIKE aHaJIOTHUKHEIE MpyTIMbi 3BEHb6B JjaHHOH Ie- MOYKH, Mbl MOXKEM CMEJI0 TOBODHTb O TECHOM KOHTaKTHOM BJIHAHHH JJAHHBIX JĮBYX A3bIKOB JĮpYyT Ha JĮpyra, UCKJI049as BO3MOXHOCTb COBNAJIEeHHA, UTO JaeT HeMAaJIbIe BO3MOXHOCTH JŲIA JĮAJIbHEHINHX BbIBO/[OB) 3) B-TpeTbHX, VYCTAHOBJIEHHe OTHOCHTEJIbHO-XDpOHOJIOTHYUECKOH 1[eNOYKH IIO3BO- JIAET TIpOBEpHTb ellie pas npeAIoKeHHbIe BapHaHTbI pa3BHTHA OTAeJIbHEIX IIpOlecC- COB, a TaKXe B HEKOTODEIX CJIVUAfIX HCKJIPO4HTb BapHaHTbI, HE VKJIAJĮbIBAIOLIJHECA B KaKYP-JIHOO OTHOCHUTEIbHO-XPOHOJIOTMYECKYIO HETIOUKY. 0.2. OCHOBHbIMH paG6O0TaMH IIO HCTOpHH BepXHe)JIaTbILICKOTO JĮHAaJIEKTA ABJIAIOTCA pačoTbIi AHTOHa Bpeinaka (HanboJsiee noJsiHasA ero HeONnyOJIHKOBaHHaA AUccepTa- una — Breidak 1989) a Taxxke Gobo MaTepHnaJi, COJJepXAanHHCA B rpaMMaTHKe JiaTbInICKOTO A3pika fAnnca OuasenntHa (Endzelins 1951). Oauako 066 paboTsl, He- CMOTPA Ha NX DOJIBIIYIO IEHHOCTh, HMERT HEKOTODbIe HejJJOCTATKH/ HeJopabOTKU. B yacTHOCTH, paboThl Bpelijaka HeCKOJIBKO INpejįB3ATbI B TOM IJIaHe, UTO JJIA Hero BEpXHeJIATbILICKHHA AuanekT (no ero TEpMHHOJIOTHH JlaTraJIbCKHH IMNJIEMeHHOHM A3bIK) pa3BHJICA HerIOCpeJĮCTBEHHO H3 BOCTO4uHOOAaJITHHCKOTO IIpafAi3bIKA (Bpeijjak 1989: 6). Mnorue gqanHble BepxHeJIaTbINCKOTO JĮHAJIEKTA B CBABH C 3TUM «HaCHJIb- HO» UHTEPIPETUPYIOTCA KaK apXaH3MEI, H3-3a 4ero IrIOJIy Var0IO<AACA B pe3yJIbTaTe OTHOCHTEJIbHAA XDpDOHOJIOTHA HHOT/ja HerIpaBHJIbHa. Kak rmOoKa3bIBAIOT pe3yJIbTaTBI npoBeeHHOH HAMH padOOTEI, JJaHHOe NIPeAIoJI0KeH He OCTaeTC A, 110 KpahHeH MeDpe, HejHjoKa3aHHbIM. Tem He meHee, paboTel Bpenjjaka rmnpejįcTaBJISIOT AJA HCCJIe]1O- BaTeJIA KOJIOCCAJIBHYIO [IEHHOCTh, MOCKOJIBKY B HUX COAEPXKHUTCHA OueHb OOJIbIION ANAJIeKTOJIOMYeCKUH MaTepHaJI, KOTOpEIH OTOOpaH M3 ONHCaHHH FTOBOPOB Pa3HOro KavecTBa H nposepeH. MHorue OObACHeHHA, MNpeaioxeHHble bpengakom, ObIJIH MepeHAThbl H MCIOJIb30BaHbl B JaHHON paborTe. CJIOXHOCTb B H3JIOKXEHHH DH/Į3eJIHHa 3aKJII04aeTCs B TOM, YTO BEpXHeJIATELINICKO- MY JįMaJIEeKTŲ He OblJIa TIOCBAINHČeHa OT/ĮeJIbHaA TIaBa, a BEpXHeJIATbILICKHH MaTepHAaJI ObUJI pazmeleH (COrJIiaCHO KOHIIEeTIIHH KHHTH) BMecTe € JĮĮpyTHMH JiHaJIeKTAMH. B CBAI3H C THM MHOT'HEe BellĮH OCTaROTCA JŲIA HCCJIEeJj[OBATEJIA Hepa3oOpaHHBIMH, H MOTOMY HEACHBIMH. Hu ojįka H3 yKa3aHHbIX paboT He oOCcyXaeT pa3jiMunH mexay 1-oH (apeBHe, rnpaBepxHeJIaTbILICKOH) H 3-eH (ceJIoHCKOH) neperjiaCOBKAMH, TeM He MeHee, 3TH pa3JIM4HA OYe€Hb CYyLIJeCTBEHHEI, T. K. IpaBHJIa ĮĮEHCTBHA JaHHBIX TIeperJIaCOBOK COBEpPIIEHHO pa3Hble. /laHHBIE TIeperjJiaCOBKH IIOCTOAHHO CMEINIHBAIOTCA APYr C Apyrom. DdTO Hepa3/iMueHHe OsIUJIO TIepeHATO H B Rudzite (1964), Kuskis (1967: 15-16) un ap. B auccepranum Lelis (1961), nocBAanįeHHOH BepXHEJIATHILICKOMY JĮĮMAJIEKTŲ, OT- cTaHBaeTCA MHeHHe, YTO JaHHBIN JĮHAJIEKT cJeyeT IpH3HATb OTA IbHBIM A3BIKOM — YTBEpK/IeHHe, C CHHXPOHHOH TOUKH 3peHHA, Ha Halll B3MIAJĮ, BIIOJIHE JOITYCTUMOE, nmpobJjieMa OjJĮHAKO B TOM, 4YTO B JaHHOH paboTe OHO OGhICTPO Mpoenupyercs H Ha ODOHETHUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. AMANEKTE | 41 JAraxpoHHueckoe paccMOTpeHHe BOripoca, KOTODpbIH JlaJiee ye paccMaTpHBaeTCA He ODbEKTHBHO. BaxHo, OJĮHaKO, OTMETHTb, UTO MHOTHE apryMeHTEI, HCITOJIb30BAHHbIe BpeHjjaKOoM B ero paborax, MOABJIAIOTCA VxXe 3JĮeCb, HAaIMpHMEDp, TaKHe TONOHHMEĖI n3 Xponurn Tenpuxa JlarBauickoro, kak Tholowa, Kukenoys (Lelis 1961: 142, cp. Bpenjjak 1989: 144), a take Ounck. juutas „uepr“ u JT. juodas (Lelis 1961: 144, cp. bpenaak 1989: 149) nya JjaTHpoBru nepexojjoB *0 > uo > i, *a > o, *a > O. ECTeCTBEHHO, YTO BbINIEH3JIOXEHHbIE apryMeHTbhIi He UMEIOT [eJIbl 00eCLeHNUTh 3TH padoThl, a IpejįHa3HaJ4eHbI JIMINb TIOKAa3aTb HeOOXOJIHMOCTb KOPPEKTHPOBKH MHOTHX MOMEHTOB BeDpXHeJIATbINLICKOH HCTOpHYUECKOH (DOHEeTHKH. 1. OTHOCHTEJIbHAfI XPOHOJIOTHA I'JTACHBIX: BBOJIHBIE 3AMEYAHUA 1.0.1. O6mue rnpejįnmocbiJIKH Hcrnosib3ysa ToT akT, YUTO POHEMBI B BEpXHeJIATbIOICKOM A3BIKEe, H3MEHSASCh, He COBITAJIM, MPH TOM, 4YTO Pe3yJIbTaThl Iepex0JĮOB B HEKOTOPLIX CJIy4asaX Mo CBOHM (poHEeTHUECKHM XapaKTEpHCTHKAM COBMAAAI0T C UCXOAHBIMUA (OOHETHYUECKHMH Xa- paKTepHCTHKAaMH pyrux (DOHeM B JĮĮpyTHX rnepexogax, Mbl MOXeM CeJiaTh BHIBOJ, 4TO 3TH (POHETHYECKHE H3MeHeHHA IpOHCXOJIHMJIH He OAHOBPeMeHHO. Pa3BHBaAf TO npeanoJokeHne, B KOHeYHOM HTOTE Mbl IpHXOJIHM K OlpeaesIeHHON BpeMeHHON [10CJIEOBATEJIbHOCTH TEPEX00B, KOTOpad MOXET OBITh COCTaBJIEHa MOJIbKO B JaHHOM MopsAAKe, T. K. HHaU4e ObIUJIH Obl HEH3O6xXHbI COBMNa/eHHA. YuHTbIBaA NOCTENEHHOCTh OOHeTHUEeCKHX Mepexo/10B, TAKOH BpeMeHHOH nocJie- J0BaTEJIbHOCTBIO / OTHOCHTEJIBHO-XPOHOJIOTHYECKOH LIETIOUKOH Mbl MOXEM TOJIbKO 0003Ha“4aTb HayaJia mepexo/0B, a He BCI MX NoJIHOTY. Tak, HanpuMmep, NMOHATHO, 4TO ĮĮMOTOHTH3AaLIHA I H Ū HauaJIaCb paHblle, YeM CyxeHHe *€ H “0, OHaKO He- A0Ka3yeMo ObIJIO OBI yTBEPXKAEHHE, UTO npolecce JĮKOTOHTH3aLLHH HMEHHO 3aBep- IIIMJICA JO HauajJIa npouecca CyXeHus, IOCKOJIBKY JIA TOro, UTOOBI 3TH (DOHEMbI He COBI!NaJIH, MHHHMAJIbHO HeOODXOJĮHMEbIM ABJIAETCA HMEHHO INNpejĮNOnoJIOXEHHE, YTO TIEpBbIH Iponecc HavyaJICA paHblle BTOporo. HMeHHO Tak CJIEeJĮyeT IOHHMATBb YCTAHOBJIEHHYI0 HAMH B pe3yJibTaTe OTHOCHTEeJIbHO-XpOHOJIOTHUECKYP IOCJIEJ[O- BaTeJIbHOCTb B § 3.1. B Tex cJryuasx, rae B MaTepHajJIe HeT YyYKa3aHHH Ha INpOoTHBHOEe, BCe doHerHnue- CKHe TMEpex0JIkI B YKAa3aHHbIX paMKax paccMaTpHBaeTCA HaMH (a TaKxe H Doble 4acThi0 JĮĮpyTHX HCCJIeJ|OBATeJIeH) Kak HeJIOCTHbIEe H HellpephIBHEIE INpollECCbI. 1.0.2. Kparrne / JĮlojirne rJiacnbre B JtanHoH pabore JŲJIA HEKOTOPBIX IpaJIaTbINCKHX (OOHeM, OTJIHYUAPDINOHXCA TOJIb- KO JIMINb IIO NPU3HAKy KOJIHMUecTBAa (Hamp. “a H *a), Npe/jįcTABJIAETCA pa3yMHbIM COBMECTHOE paccMOTpeHHe HX H3MeHeHHH, a TaKXe IIpHOJIH3HTEJIbHO OJĮHHAKOBAA OTHOCHTEeJIbHO-XpOHOJIOTHUeCKAAI JjaTHpOBKa. Heo06x0/JĮHMEIMH [JI JTOTO VCJIOBH- SIMM MBI CYHTAEM CJIEJĮVIONIIME: 42 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT — cCpejJlH BCero JĮHaJIEKTHOTO Marepuasia HeT yYKa3aHHH Ha TO, UTO VCJIOBHA JIA MPOXOXAEHUA OOCyXJJaeMoro OoHeTHuecKOoro riepexojia JŲIA KpaTKOTO H JĮOJITOTO KODpDpeJIATOB pa3HblIe; — JĮAaHHbIH TIITepexXO0JĮ HMEeT OJĮHHAKOBbIH OOoHeTHYUeCKHH XapaKTep JIA KpaTKOTO H ĮĮOJITOTO KODppeJIATOB (HanpMmep, JIiaOHaJIH3alHA); — reorpadinueckHe paiOHbI paCripocTpaHeHHA JaHHOro Nepexojia JA KpaTKOTO H JĮOJITOTO KOPPEJIATOB COBNA/1aloT. Anajiornuno HaMH He paccMaTpUBaloTCsA OTAe/IbHO OOHeETHUECKHE Nnepexo bl OTI- pejeJieHHOH (poHEMBI TPH, HaINpHMEDp, BOCXOJIAIIeH H, OT/1eJIbHO, TPH HHCXOJIAIIeHM HHTOHAIHAX, ECJIMH BCe 3 yKa3aHHbIe BBbINIe VCJIOBHA BbINMOJIHAIOTCA. 1.0.3. IlpaBepxnrejrarbrurckas Bocxoaaman wim IIpepbrBHcTa1 HHTOHAIHA“ JIA Havana cJiejjyeT ele OTOBODpHTBb BOTMpocC O INipaBepxHeJIaTbILICKOH HHTOHAILIHH, BOCXOJIAIIOEH K OE63Y JjfapHOMY aKYTYŲ B npačaJiTHHCKOM, Ha MeCTe KOTODpONH CeroiHs; B DOJIbIIIEH YaCTH CEJIOHCKHX MOBODpOB IpHCYyTCTBYeT BOCXOJIALIJaA, a B OCTAJIbHBIX Ke roBopax BepXHeJIaTbINCKOTO JĮĮMAaJIEKTA IpepbiBHCTaA HHTOHAHOLIHA. AI He XOTEJI Obl OODCYXJJaTb 3JĮECb €e KOHKDpETHYIO TOHHUECKYIO OOpMY, OJĮHaKO ACHO, UTO J10 BCeX OOCYX JAE MIX 3JĮECb Nepex0JĮOB 3TO OblJIa OjįHa H Ta Xe HHTOHAIOIHA Ha BCeil TeppHTOpHH BEPXHEJIATHILICKOro juasiekta. Ee pacinerijieHHe Ha BOCXOALIYVIO B OoJIbuneH YacTH (HerJIyOOKHX) CEJIOHCKHX TOBODpOB H Ha MPEPHIBUCTYIO B OCTAJIbHbIX roBOpax IIpOH30I!!]!JIO, [10 BCEH BEpOfITHOCTH, OTHOCHTEJIbHO MO3/HO, H CKOpee BCero, mnocjie OOCYXJJAaeMBIX 3/ĮECb IMepex0JJOB, B (POHETHYECKOM VCJIOBHH KOTODbIX OkiJIa HHTOHalHLHA. OO 3TOM KOCBEHHO CBHAETE/IbCTBYeT TaKOH (DakT: B Tex nepexojgax, rjje HHTOHAIIHA OOCYyxXjaeMoro rjacHoro win Įį OTOHTA urpajia poJIb, MaTEpHaJI MOKa3bIBAET, YTO JaHHbIE TJIaCHbIe HJIH JĮĮMOTOHTH C HbIHElIHEH BOCXOJIAIIEH HHTO- Haren BeJIH CEeOA aOCOJIOTHO Tak X6, Kak H IJIacHbie HJIH JĮĮMOTOHTH C HbIHEINIHeH NMpepbLIBHCTOH HHTOHaliHeH. A pa3 obe žTH HHTOHAlOlHH OOHOJIOTHUECKH BeJIH CEOA MOJIHOCTbIO OJĮMHAKOBO, MOXHO INpejįmMoJIOXHTb, UTO H OOHeTHUEeCKH OHH ObLIH HJIM MAEHTUYHBIMU HJIH OY€Hb CXOXHMH IIO CBOHM NpOCOJĮHUECKHM KauecTBaM. B MOJIb3y €IMHON HHTOHAIOIHH B 3TOM MO3UIMK BO BCEM BEpXHEeJIATbINICKOM JHAaJIEKTE CBH]JĮeTEJIbCTBYET K TOMY Ke H ĮĮMCCHMHJIAIJMA HHTOHAILIHH, KOTOpasA paboTaeT OJIK- HaKOBO H JŲJIA BOCXOJŲALIJEH H. JŲIA TMpepbhIBHCTOH HHTOHanLHH (Seržants 2003: 95-96), a TaKXe CNeLLHĖDOHKA npoajieHus TJIaCHOTO nepejl TaBTOCHJIJIAOHYUECKHM -T-.“ . 3aech H jlanee caeaya TpaJIMIMH, VCTAHOBHBINeHCA B GaJITHCTHKE A MCNOIb3YIO TEDMHH UHMOHAYUA BMECTO TEpMHHa MoH [Tpojuienne nepes TapTOCH/LIabMYECKHUM -r- HE TIpOHCXOJIHJIO TPH MPEPLIBHCTOI H BOCXOAAIIEH uHTOHalHH, cp. Endzelins (1951: 150-151). OOHETHYUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. JUAJNEKTE | 43 2. OTHOCHUTEJIDHAA XPOHOJIOTHUA IMIACHbIX: PACCMOTPEHHE INEPEXOJOB B OTAEJIBHOCTH 2.1. ei > ei > ai B 60JibureKH 4acTH rOBOPOB Mbl HMEeM TOJIBKO ei > ei. Ilepexon ei > ei > ai B HEKOTOPBIX OTAEJIbHBIX OOJIaCcTAX Ha ore JlayraBnujicKoro pamosa: Aiviekste,,, Kalupe,,. u Liksna, , toxxas uacrb Kraslava_ (Ruke 1939: 150). Ilpunumas Bo BHHMAaHHe, 4TO el U3 I JJaHHBIM IIpOHLECCOM He ObLJI 3aTPOHYT, a TOJIBKO JIMINb HC- KOHHBIN ei nepewes B ei (HJIH ai), Mel pejnoJiaraem, 4To 3TOT Npolecc HauaJICA do mepexoja i > ei, Hanpumep, Kalupe,,. (Rekéna 1962: 20, 28): maita (< meita), baikt (< beigt) HO vėirs (< virs), 1, BepoATHO, paHee ObLI pacnpocTpaHeH Ha 00JibllIeN TEppHTOpHH. 2.2. IlpojpJienne KpaTKHX I nepej j H u nepen V 2.2.0. OTOT He3HAYMTEJIbHBIH OOHeTHUeCKHH MpoLecc BaXxeH Ji VYTOUHEHHA OTHOCHUTEJIbHOH XpOHOJIOTHH, MOCKOJIBKY OH OJHO3HA4YHO npeamecTByeT Aud- TOHTH3AHLHH JOJTHX I H I, CP. AaJIbHeMHIIee pa3BHTHE JaHHBIX COUeTaHHH “UV > > av (> ouv > ov/ > yuv > yv); *ij > ij (> eij > ej). Kak ormeuaeT JDHJA- 3eJimMH (Endzelins 1951: 146-147), ij, iv BcTpedaeTcs elle B CTapoJIaTbINCKHX TeKcTax.“* Takxke gaHHasa Gopma -ij- WIM > -ij- a TaKXxe -ŪUu- HJIH > -Ul- BCTpe- yaeTCA B HerJIyOOKHX CeJIOHCKHX TOBOpax, Hanpmep B Grostona,,,, Meirani,,, (Kuškis 1958: 143, 146, 148-150)°. TIlpojųpjrenne TITpoHcx0jJĮHT TOJIbKO IO yaape- HHeM. dHH3eJiuH (Endzelin 1910: 40) npuBoauT TaKxe npumepsl veiju „winde“ BW. 6210, beiji „warst“, reija „Riege“ us Pikstere, B KOTODpbIX elle COXpaHHJIaCb IMpoMexyTOUuHaA CTVTMEHb. 2.2.1. Ilo npeanonoxenuio Ha3enmHa (Endzelin 1910: 40-41) takue dbopmsi, Kak tyus, dryva Bo3HHKJIH Takxke H3 *druva > drūva > *dryuva > dryva. B nonn3y 3TOTO CBUAETEJILCTBYIOT TaKHe OOpMEI U3 CTAPOJIATHILICKUX TEKCTOB, a TAKXe U3 co6panus gad (BW), kak tūu, tiwu „nahe“, driva, pūvis „verfault“, git : giva : gywa : gyuwa (Endzelin 1910: 14). 2.2.2. IlocjJie nepexojjoB “uv > *ūvau *ū > *ūv 9TH aABa AMPTOHra B BepxHeJia- THILICKOM COBIMNMAJIH H pa3BHBAJIHCb fajibllleé COBMECTHO, C TOM pa3HULEN, UTO JIpeBHEE “UV K KOHIlY pa3BHTHA repejį TJIaCHbIM CBOH rang (glide) *u coxpanser, a *l, T. K. OHO CTOMT riepeėjį COrJIaCHbIM, ero tepsert. Mak, uTO * H *uv COBINAJIH H ITOTOM pacripe/1eJIHJIHCb Mepejį rJiacHbIM / COTJIaCHbIM 3aHOBO, NOATBEPXKAaeTCA A [lepesoa bubsmm I'moka, Esanrenne 1753 r., Karexusuc 1586 r Ą TeopernueckH MOXHO NpejįnmoJIOXHTb H HA000POT, a UMEHHO, 4UTO -UV-, -tj- ABJIAIOTCA pe3VJIb- TaTOM COKpaln[eHHA *-ŪVv-, *-ij- B OCTAJIbHBIX JHAJIEKTax. B II0JIb3Y TaKOTO MpeJĮNMoJIOXEHHA MOXET CBHETEJICTBOBATH 3aMMCTBOBAHHE H3 HEMELIKOr0, KOTOPOE MNoKa3bIBaeT, 4To -ij- > -ij-: klijas < CHH klige (Endzelins 1951. 52). Oanako sii 060CHOBaHHA TaKOTO TMpejįMoJIOXEHHA He00X0 AMMO Dosiee 0DCTOATE/IbHOE NCCiIeoBaHue NnpodJieMsl, ® Pexe 3/lech BCTpe4aeTcs H -ei-, -elj-. 44 | Mapa A. CEPXAHT TaKHMH popmamu Kak kiula, tiuli Lubana, nepBoe BOCXOAUT K kūja, a BTopoe K *tuviji’. Jia coueranun npaBepxHenar. *-ij-, *-uv- Mel rpejnoJsiaraeM 0 JHOBPEMEHHOCTh Pa3BUTHA, T. K. 9TH MPOLECCHl aHaJIOTHUHBI H IIOJIHOCTbK) COOTBETCTBYIOT APYT APYTY B reorpauueckoM pacripocTpaHeHHH pe3yJIbTaTOB fnepexoja *-uv- > -ov-, -yv-/ -iV-, € TOM TOJIBKO pasHHleH, 4yTo pa3BHTHe “i (cM. HHMXe 88 1.3) nocne aud ToH- ru3anum “a > *ouu nousio JĮĮaJibine, pa3BHTHe Xe “1 B *-1j- > *-1j- 0CTAaHOBUJIOCh Ha *-eii- > -ei-. JlaHHBIN BbIBOJĮ OUeHb HHTEPECeH, NOCKOJIBKY UCTOPUYECKH COUeTaHHA “uv, *ij u *U, “I BOCXOAT K OHOMY H TOMY Xe NpoTOTHIIY, T. €. *u (6oJiee Touro *uH), *i (*iH) nepej TJIaCHbIM HJIH COMJIaCHbIM. OjįHaKO Jie TaJIH PEKOHCTPYKLIMH JOJDKHEI paccMar- pHBaTbCA B OTĄĮeJIbHOH paboTe H B KOHTeKCTe paboTel CmounHckoro (Smoczynski 2000), Tem 6071ee, 4TO 3/1€Ch BO3HUKAKT HEKOTOPLIE IpoTHBOpeuHA. (Zirnitis 1937: 122), yuuTbsiBas, 4TO 2.3.0 > tu > ouu > yu, iu, du, eu; 1 > ii > eil > ei 2.3.0. JIornuno paccMaTpHBaTb Mepexoasl Ū > ou Hi > ei, Kak OoHeTHUeCKH aHa- JIOrHYHbIe (T. e. IpeJIOMJIEHHE) H TIO3TOMY, KaK H OTHOCHTEJIbHO-XpOHOJIOTHYUECKH OJĮHOBpeMeHHEIe INepex0|lbi. B 1oJib3y 3TOTO CBH/[eTEJIbCTBVYeET TAKXKe OJĮMHaKOBAA TEppHTOpH4A pacrnpocTpaHeHHA 3Tux ĄAHOTOHTH3anLHH (Breidak 1989: 176). 2.3.1. Ilponjecc aud ToHrM3aluuM npasepxHenar. “Ū H “i a TaKxe *Ū, *1 H3 Ccoue- TaHHH C j H V (8 2.2) cJiejįjyeT BOcCcTaHaBJIHBaTb HMEHHO C IEpeX0JĮHbIM CTYTeHA- MH Ū > ŪUu“ > ouu > yu, iu, au, eu aHaJIOTMYHO Hi > Iį > eil > ei, TaK Kak BCe 3TH CTYINEHHU 3aCBH/[eTeJIbCTBOBaHbI B roBopax (cp. lA: 48) u, reorpaduuecKn, C BOCTOKA Ha 3ariajį oTpaxaioT NpHBeJĮeHHYRPO XpOHOJIOTHIO, a TaKxe, HCXOJIA H3 Toro gaKTAa, UTO JŲIA HEKOTODEIX I0XKHBIX JIa TTAJIbCKHX TOBODpOB, Tae CeroHsa Mbl HMEEM au, eu, yu, iu, HMEKTCA CBH/eTEJIbCTBa TOro, YTO paHee 37eCh IpOH3HO- cunoch ou (Breidak 1989: 178-179). 3TOT MOMEHT THIIOJIOTHYECKH MHTEPECEH C JABYX TOYEK 3peHHA: BO-NEPBhIX, 3/1€Ch BUAHO, YTO reorpaduyeckoe pacrnpejee- HHE 3Tanos OrIpe/jeJieHHOTO (pOHeTUYeCKOoro npouecca 0 JHOBpeMeHHO OTpaxaeT H ero HCTOpHUeCKHe ITallbl, MpUuYeM MMEHHO B TOM Xe MNOCJIEeJfOBaTEJIbHOCTH". Bo-BTODpbIXx, 3Ta PEKOHCTPYKIMA IIOKa3bIBaeT, UTO (POHETHYECKHI Nepexo/] Ipo- HCXOJĮHT MOSTAIHO, IpOXOJIA BCE MPOMEXYTOUYHbIE CTaJĮHH. K mnogodHOMY BbIBOJIŲ NNpHBOJĮHT H ĮĮMAJIEKTOJIOTHYEeECKHH MATEepHaJI COBpeMeHHbIX HEMeEINKHX TOBODpOB, cp. Loffler (1980: 76-77). I1lpaBaa, ana Toro, 4TOOBbI JOKa3aTh, UTO INO3TAINHOCTb O noABJIeHHH raaiaa nocne -u- MH B JAMOTOHTAX VYKa3bIBaeT npueegeHHoe Tam xe saula „sauja“: *sauuja > *sauvla > saula, ecm 310 He aHajiornuecKoOe 3aMenieHnHe -j- Ha -[-, cm. § 2.2.3. JIaHHBIN Tai MOXeT Bbi3BATb HEKOTODpbIE COMHEHHA, OJĮHaKO OH 3ACBH/JIETEJIbCTBOBAH B roBopax ([IA: 48). Taxxe dopma kiula Lubana, , o655cHnAeTceA, Ha Hall B3TJIAJĮ, TOJIbKO TIpH- HATHEM cTaguu Ū-, cp. *kuja > *kūuja > *kyuula > kyula > kiula, T. e *-uu- > -u- paHb- we, 4yem *-vl- > v. Anajioruunas cuTyauus, Korja reorpaduueckoe pacnpegenenne hoHeTHYECKOro npoiecca oTpaxaeT H ero XpOHOJIOTHP), CBA3aHa C COBNaeHueM MHTOHALMI B JIATbILICKHX NOBOpPax, CM. Serzants (2003: 90). DOHETUYECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮHAJIEKTE | 45 (boHernuecKOoro nepexo/jia B XDpOHOJIOTHUECKOM H TEOTpadOHuUECKOM OTHONIEHHAX ABJIAETCA VHHBepcaJIMeH, 3TUX IpHMeDpOB, eCTECTBEeHHO, CTATHCTHUECKH elle HEeJOCTaTOYHO. 2.3.2. Uro Kacaercsa nepporo mara (r.e. a > yy, iu=*0 > ua /1 > ei = *€ > I, cM. § 2.4), TO 3/ĮeCb MOXKHO CKa3aTh, YTO 3Ta OTHOCHTEJIbHAS XDpOHOJIOTHA JeiiC- TBHUTEJIbHA IIO BCEH TEPPUTOPHUH BepXHeJIaTbINICKOTO JHaJIeKTa, 3a HCKJI0OYUEeHHEM paiiona Bokpyr Jlayrasnusica H rosopa Mazlaicene,, (Abele, Lepika 1928: 24, 34; Breidak 1989: 139). Ha paitone Bokpyr [layraenuiica A He 6yAy OCTAaHABJIHBATbCA — 3[1eChb AOCTATOYHO OTMETUTh, YTO TYT CKA3bIBaeTCA OY€Hb CHJIBHOE BJIHAHHE JIUTEpPaATypPHOro fA3bika. boJiee nHTEpecHas CHTVaLHMA B ropope MasmaiiieHe, rae nepexoasl “0 > oll / *ė > ei (TOJIbKO C IMpepbIBHCTOH HHTOHanLHeH!) nd > oil / 1 > el (1 Takum oOpa3om cosnajieHne apeBHUX “Ū H *0, *1 H *ė), a TaKxe B paiioHe Beja, *ė > ei (JIA: 53., 55d). 3aech Mb uMeeM pa3/IHUuHbIE pedJieKcsl TOJILKO JPEBHHX “O / *€ unu *0 / *ė. VuurbiBasi TOT OakrT, 4yTo ¢ GOHEeTHYECKOI TOUKH 3pEHHA MaJIOBEPOATHO, 4TO *€, *0 nepelnes Kak-To uHaye B ei, ol, uem vepe3 i, Ū (§ 1.3.1), BO3MOXHO MPEANOJIOXKHUTD [Ba OCHOBHBIX XPOHOJIOTMYECKUX BapHaHTa Pa3sBUTHA: BapuaHT A: Bapuaur B: 1) > ou le 2) o>ū Bapuanr bl BapuanTt 52 3) ū > oū 1)6 > ū 1)u > ou 2) ū > ou 2)0>1 3)0 > 1 3) ū > oli (i, *€, ei — anaJIrorHUHKO) OcHoBHas pa3HHIja 3THX JĮBYX BapHaHTOB COCTOHT B INpHHATHH (A) / HENPUHATHH (B) noBrTopHoro nepexojįa Ū > oii — nepBbIH pa3 COBMECTHO € Ū > ou (nyHkKT 1 Ba- puaHTa A) ux BTOpoH pa3 (ryHnkT 3) nocJie nepexoja *0 > uo > i, rje BTOpHuHOEe Ū nepenwuto Obl B OŪ H TAKUM OOpa3OM COBNAJIO C JIPEBHUM Ū. IIpH 3TOM CJIejįtyeT OTMETHTb, YTO ĮĮMOTOHTH3AIIHA INpaJIaTbInICKHX I H Ū (T. e. < “in, 1 H “un, Ū COOTBeTCTB.), NO-BUMMOMY, IpOXO/ĮHJIa: HE3aBHCHMO OT HHTOHA- UH, T. K. HH B OJĮHOM H3 TOBODpOB, 3aTPOHYTHIX 3TUM IPOLIECCOM, MHTOHALUA He urpaeT posi. B CBAIB3H ¢ 3TUM BapHaHT B2 cTaHOBHTCA MAJIOBEpOATHbIM. OCTalTCA JĮBa TIOTEHIĮHAJIbHO BO3MOXHbIX BapHaHTAa: Bapuaur A: BapnaHnr B1: 1) a > ou 1)6 > ū 2)0 > ū 2) ū > ou 3)ū > oū 3)0 > Ūū (*€ H 1 anaJiornHuHo) Bapnanrr bl HeJIb3f1 NPUMEHHTH KO BCEM OCTAJIbHbIM BEpXHeJIATBhINICKHM TOBO- pam, rae “O > i, “e > LH Ū > ou, I > ei, NpH TOM, YTO TYT HHKaAaKHX COBIIAJJeHHH 46 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT (kak B Ma3jiainnjene) He npousonulo. Takum obpa3om OCTaeTCA TOJIbKO BapHaHT A, KOTODEIH npejrnoaraeT MOBTODpHYIP0 ĮIĮMOTOHTH3AILHIO, yke INpH VUaCTHH HOBBbIX ū (n3 *0) ui (u3 *€). 3aech AOCTATOYHO NpeANnoJIoKeHne, 4To rIoCJIejjHHH (3-mi) mar, T. €. MOBTOPHLIN Nnepexoj Ū > ol, He JAeNCTBOBaJ IMO BCE TEppHTODpHH, A OXBAaTHJI JIU CEBEPO-BOCTOYHYIO YACTh JIATIraJIbCKUX F'OBOPOB. 2.3.3. bpeiak (Breidak 1989: 176) aatupyer aud TroHrm3anmio I H Ū Ha OCHOBA- HHH HAMMUCaHWA JIATraJIbCKUX TONMOHHMOB B ĮĮDpDEėBHHX JOKYMEHTAaX, JAaTHpyeMbliX mexay 1478 r. um 1519 r. Ciojja xe npuMepHO OTHOCATCA H MHOTIOYMCIIEHHBIE 3aHMCTBOBAHHA, OTHOCUTEJIBHO TMO3JIHHe, HanNpHMep, U3 Hemeukoro, cp. blouz „blūze“ (Skriveri,, Abolina 1928: 99) < nem. Bluse'®, Tam xe veins ,vins“; Zeids „žids“ (Lejasciems,,, Abele 1924: 46), (s)krouze „krūze“ (Suséja, , Abolina 1927: 139), maséina, avéiza, paradéiza (Nereta,.., Mengele 1939: 97), dzeipars (Altiksne,, Brencis 1914: 123). C npepsiBHCTON HHTOHALHeH OOBIYHO 3aHMCTBOBAHHH He BCcTpeuaeTCcCA. 3/1ech MOXHO TOJIbKO NPHUBECTH B npuMep cosa ¢ cyddukcom Ha -neica’, rae npepuBUCTaA HHTOHAOHA BTOpHuHa"“' (Hanp. bazneica, Serzants 2003: 101-102), u3 Kalupe,,. (Samuse 1938: 32-51), Varaklani,, (Latkovsks 1931: 100-123), Cibla,,, (Abolina 1926: 31-48), koTopsie OBI 3aHMCTBOBAHEI JĮO 3TO- ro nepexoaa H Takum obpasoMm JĮOKA3bIBAIOT, TO nepexoa Ū > ou / i > ei o4eHb nosaHuil. Terminus ante quem NpejACTABIAAIT 3aMMCTBOBAHMA M3 PYCCKOTO fA3bIKA B roBope Kalupe,,.: tiks < tuxuit, viSne < summa (Rekéna 1962: 29), ogHako u 311eCb Dosiee JIpeBHHUE 32aHMCTBOBAaHHA COjJĮepxaT JĮaHHbIH repexo/, Hanpumep kiuma < xyma (Rekéna 1962: 31), veiskups < nossck. wiskup, Jur. vyskupas < CHH bischop, čėisc n3 «aucThlit», Vėikšrie „kiršu koks“ (Rekéna 1962: 371, 494). O TOM, 4TO M0J] COOTBETCTBYIOUIME JĮJOJITHE TJIacHble B JaHHOM cJiydyae AUMTOHTH He OBUTH CYyOCTHTYHpOBaHbI, a pa3BHJIHCb (GOHETUYECKH, CBUAETEILCTBYET TOT (pakT, 4TO B JJaHHBLIX TOBOpaX MMEIOTCA IJIaCHLIe U H i, BO3HHKINHe 3/1€Ch M3 U0 H Ie cooTBeTcTBeHHO (Lejasciems, , Abele 1924: 49, Suséja,,. Abolina 1927: 135-136), KOTOpbIE MOTMMIH ObIJIH ObITb MCIOJIL30BAaHBI [JI aJleKBaTHOM NepejįauH JOJITHX I H i 3aHMCTBOBaHHH. Kpome Toro, Bpenjjark (1989: 178) yra3kiBaeT Ha ToT (axr, 4YTO B JIMAJIEKTE JIV/I3E€HCKHX 3CTOHLEB, nepecenupuiuxca B Jlarraamwo B XVII B., CBEepXJIOJITHE TJIACHbIe I, U TIOJĮ BJIMAHUEM JIaTraJIbCKMX FrOBOPOB H3MEHHJIHCBb B El, ou. lToasoas HTOTH, MOXHO CKa3aTb, 94TO Ipouece JĮMOTOHTH3aLIHH I H Ū Ha4uaJICA npuMepHo Mexay 1478-brvs 1 1519-biv rogamu H ripoj1oJrxajicA ao XVII-XVIII BB., VyuHTEHIBAA, 4TO BECh NPOLECce He IIpoOXOJIHJI OJHOBPEMEHHO [10 BCeH TEppHTOpHH JlarraJiun, a pacrnpocTpaHAJICA NOCTeNeHHOo C BOCTOKa Ha 3arniajį. 2.3.4. PaioH pacnpocTpaHeHMA yu, IU paHee ObUI 3HaUHTEJIbHO ČGOJIBONE, em cerojjHA (JIA: 48). ToJibko Tak MOxHO OObACHHTb pa3HOrJIaCcHe B pe3yJIbTaTe pa3- ‘ Tlpu 3ToM 3BYK {i IPUCYTCTBYET B JAHHOM roBope, cp. run (< runa) (Abolina 1928: 101), kūmlam < kumelam (Abolina 1928: 107). '' Bo Bcex jiarraJibCKHX Kak H B GONBIIMHCTBE CEJIOHCKHX rOBOPOBR Ha CpėejįHHX C/I0rax ¢ TOHOHOCAIOLHMH 2/1EMEHTaMM I, Ū, ou (yu), €1 3THMOJIOTHYUECKHE ONpepbhIBHCTafi H HHCXO AAAs MHTOHALMM MOJIVYMJIM HOBOE pacnpejlesieHHe, a MMeHHO Ha Mopdemax ¢ BepxHenar. i, Ū BCerJja MpUCYVTCTBYET HUCXOAAAA HHTOHAILIHMA, Ha And TOHTaXx ei, ou/ yu Xe npepusucTas B HE3aBMCHMOCTH OT MCKOHHOH HHTOHalLHH (cM. Serzants Tamxe). DOHETHYECKHUE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮHAJIEKTE | 47 BHTHA TpyTnri ripaBepxHeJIaT. *-uv- u *-ū- B Akniste,.. (Ancitis 1977: 88): t'iuji < *tuvji Ho šoūt' „šūt“, poūt „pūt“, npuueM, Kak OTMe4aeT aBTOpP, B peuH CTaporo IOKOJIEHHA TaKxe H Šyva, pyva a TaKxe pejįKO ynoTpeOJIAaPoNneeca Šivėja „Ššuvėja“. H3 3THX NpUMEpPOB BU/HO, YTO HeKOT/Ja H 3/ĮeCb *-uv- rIepellIeJi B -yv-, -iv-, a CJIe- JIOBaTeJIbHO H “Ū HJOJIXHO ObIJIO OBITH *-yu-/ -iu-, TaK KaK pa3BHTHe 3THUX I'PYIIII rnocjJIe *-uv- > *-ūv- ObiJIO COBMecTHO (cp. § 2.2.1). 2.4.,.*70 > uo > i, *e > ie > i 2.4.0. B JjaHHoM cJryuae, TaKxe Kak H ¢ nepexogamMm Ū > Ou Hi > ei (8 2.3.0), Ha OCHOBaHHH (POHETHYECKH aHaJIOTHYKHOTO ripolnLecca (MOHOOdOTOHTH3aLHH) H NpaK- TUYECKH IMNOJIHOTO COBIA/ĮEHHA TEppHTOpHH pacripocTpaHeHHA (cp. JA: 48 u 50) npejanojiaraemM, 4To pe4b 3/ĮEeCb H/IĮeT O eJĮHHOM (ODOoHeTHYUeCKOM MpolnjeccCe. 2.4.1.1. Cnenywoiume OakrkTbi YKasblBalOT Ha TO, YTO B IIpaBepxXHeJIaTbIOCKOM BOCTO4uHOOaJITHHCKHE rNiacHbie “O H *€ ele He NepelulJIH B uo H ie, a COXpaHs- JIMCb B roBopax emule JĮOBOJIbHO JĮOJITOE6 BpeMs: B YUaCTH MiIyOOKHX JIaTraIbCKUX H B JIOBOJIBHO OOJIBIION YacTH CEJIOHCKHX TOBOpoB (cp. JA: 54b) cyddukc -uols (Hanp. uozuols) seicTynaer B BuAe -ols, Hamp. dzols (Kraslava_, Alksnis 1932: 30; Skaista, , Latkovskis 1935: 36). O0bacHuTs 3Ty (OpMy, Ha Hall B3IMIAŲĮ, MOXHO TOJIbKO, ECJIH NPeAIoJIOKNTh, 4TO cydduke *-0l- O61 cokpalieH B -ol-, T. K. B 3TUX ropopax “O nmepeuuio B i, a, CJIe/I0BaTeJIbHO, B IPOTHBHOM CJIy4yae HaM CJIe/ĮOBAJIO Ob okmaate **-uls. O Tom, 4TO AMdTOHrU3aLMUA BOCTOUKHODAJITHHŪCKHX *O HM *€ fIpOoHCXOJĮHJIA BO BCEX TPEX JIATHILICKUX ĮĮHAJIEKTAX OT/eJIbHO CBU/IETEIbCTBYET H dopMa JiaHHoro cypdukca B HHxHeJiaTbIniCKOM, B TUIyOOKHX JIABOHCKHX roBOpax Kyp3emMe, rage mul umeeM -al-s (< *-ol-s < *-0l-s). BoJiee Toro, kak MmpejįcTaBJIA- eTCA, NOJJOOHOE coKpaleHne HJOJDKHO ObITh JOBOJIBHO NMO3OHHUM, HOO 60a 4yacTh TJIYOOKHX JIaTrajibCKUX roBopoB HMeeT -ul-s (< *-ul-s), a ciiejoBaTeibHO, B THX TOBOpax COKpalleHHe rjacHoro nepej -l- nponsouuio yxe nocje nepexoja *0 > u. CnegosaresibHO, “O H *€ elle CymecTBOBaJIM B roBopax IOCJIE oTaeJIeHus [IpaBepPXHEJIaTHIIICKOrO OT NpasaThillICKOro. 2.4.1.2. Cnegyoniee 3aHMCTBOBaHHe yKasblBaeT Ha TOT (Bakr, uTO *ė > I yepes cTajiuio ie (a caefoBaTesibHO MH “O > uo > 1, § 1.4.0): Kalupe,,. gidrys „skaidrs“, gidriétis „skaidroties“ n3 nuToBckuX giédras, giedréti (Rekéna 1962: 388), nocKoJIbKy, ECJIM 3TO ObUM OBI HCKOHHBIE OOpMEI, cileoBas10 Obl OXHJJaTb **dz, a B TOM, 4TO AaHHbie GOopMBI OaJITHHCKOTO NMPOUCXOKAECHUA COMHEHHH He BO3HUKAaeT. 2.4.2.1. Jlna panpHEHMIIMX paccyx/eHuH 37jech HeoOX0AUMO OCTAaHOBHTbCAHA Ha npoodJieMe HCKOHHOCTH AUP TOHTA ei B KXEMaHTCKHX roBopax JJOYHHMHHHKOB. bpeiijak (Breidak 1989: 139), ocHoBeiBasich Ha pabore Kasnayckaca (1969), paccmarpusaer xeMaHTCKHH ei H BCIe[CTBHE 3TOro ei roBopos Beja, , Mazlaicene,,, kak JpeBHMIT rnpa6baJITHHACKHH AUPTOHT, COXpaHHBINHHŪCA MPAKTHYECKH HeH3MeHeHHbiIM (*ei > ei). Ha Haw B3rJIAJĮ, OJĮHaKO, 3TO MPEJICTABIALTCS MAJIOBEpOAITHEIM IIO CJIEJĮVIOLIIHM npuuHHaM: OKOHUaHHMe 1-ro Jima ej. 4. areMaTHUecKOro IIpe3eHca B roBopax JIOYHUHUHKOB spéso (< *-0) (Zinkevičius 1966: 61) CHO CBMIETEIBCTBYET O TOM, 4YTO J10 COKDpalnIeHHA ayCJIay THBIX T JIaCHbIX OTKDbITOTO CJIOTa BOCTOYHOOAITUIICKOE 48 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT *0 (< no3j1įHeHH/ĮOeBDp. *0) ewe He ObUJIO AMATOHrM30BaHO. AHaJIOTHUYUKHO OKOHYa- HUE MH. 4. INpHJIATATEJIbHBIX -e (< -&, cp. balti (Zinkevičius 1966: 467) B roBopax JŲJOVYHHHHHKOB JĮOJIXKHO BOCXOJUTh K *6, a He K **ei'*. 2.4.2.2. Bpehjjak (1989: 139) yreepxaaer, uTo B MasjiahujeHckKoM roBope ef, COOTBETCTBYIOIIlEe rpajJIiaTbINnCKOMY *€ H npadajiIT. (sic!) *ei coxpaHHJIOCb'*, c4HTaA1 3TOT (daKT OOINHM C XEMAHTCKHMH Mmo0BOpaMH ĮĮOVHHHHHKOB, rae Ha MecTe BOCTOYHOOAJIT.*€ MBI MMeeM TaKXe cxO0j1HOe ei. Ilpu atom Bpeiijgak OCHOBBIBAE€TCA Ha INpejįnoJIOXEHHH HeKOTOpbIX yueHblX (Kasnayckac 1969), CYMTAIOIINUX, YTO H B ropopax JOYHUHUHKOB BOCTOYHOOAJT. npabanT. AU TOHT “ei coxpaHHJIcA. Kak Opto nokaszaHo Hamu Beilie (§ 2.4.2.1), 3TO o4eHb MAJIO- BEPOATHO JŲIA I'OBOPOB JOYHUHHUHKOB. Takue npumepsl Kak ar lobim zirgim, pi vusim viortim (Mazlaicene,,, Abele Lepika 1928: 35) ¢ -i(m) cp. cpeaHenar. -ie(m) < npabanT. *-ei- yKa3bIBaPT Ha TO, 4To npadair. AMPTOHr *ei nepeiues B “€ 3ech (Kak H Be3jie B BOCTOYHODAJIT.), a 3aTeM B *1. JlaHHOe -i- COXpaHHJIOCb B HEKOPHEBBIX CJIOrax, a B KOPHEeBhIX 4Uepe3 ctafguio ii nepeuuio B el. HakoHel, dopma peiss us Mazlaicene,, (Abele & Lepika 1928: 41), cooTBercTByOIan oDBIYHOMY JlaTrajibCKomy piétis, piéte „der Riicken einer Axt od. Sense“, npycc. pentis „Ferse“, nur. pentis (cp. ME, , 302-303) gokassiBaeT, 4To ANP TOHIU3aL UA mnpoHcCxXOJIHJIa Nnocje nepexoja npabdbanr. *-ei- > *-@-, Tak Kak nocse nepexoja rnpajiaTbInICK. “en > *ė. Kpome Toro, npabaaTuickui *ei, NOJIVYJMBINHH B Bep- XHeJIATbINICKOM HUCXOAAMYI0 HHTOHAIOHIO, ObiJI MOHOOTOHTH3HpOBaH B Mas- JnnaineHe B į, Tak Xe, KaK H BO BCeX OCTAJbHBIX TOBOpaX, H HEMOHATHO, MOYEMY MMEHHO ĮHOTOHT C NpepbiBHCTOH MHTOHALMEN JĮOJIXEH ObIlJI COXpaHHTb CBOP npabanTunckyio OopMy. CJieJĮoBaTeJIbHO, 3JĮECb He MOXET ObITb H peuH O TOM, 4TO B ei Ma3JIaHIH1EHCKOTO ropopa Ha MecTe ie JIMTepaTypPHOro fi3bIKA Mbl UMeeM peJIukT npabaJTHHCKOro “ei. B apyrom mecte Bpenjiar (1989: 147) npeanosiaraet Bce-TakH BOCTOYHOOANT. *€, a He “ei H CuHTaeT, YTO KEMAaHTCKHM TOBOpaM ĮĮOVYHHHHHKOB H Ma3JIaHIleHCKOMY ropopy odie pa3BHTHMe npadanr. *€ > *I um *0 > *°0, KOTODpOE, Mo ero MHEHHD, npoucxoanso IIpHOJIH3HTEJIbHO B V BeKe, Korja JaTrajio-CeJIOHCKHE TOBOPHI H XEeMaHTCKHe TOBODpbkI COCTABJIAJIH reorpadmyeckyio OONUJKHOCTb. ITO, MO CYTH, COBepIeHHO Apyras MNO3HOHA. Kak rmnoKa3bIBaeT OTHOCHTeJIbHaf1 H aOCOJI0OTHAA XpOHOJIOTHH, H 3TO YTBEPKIeHNE, 10 HallIEMŲ VYOEXJJEHHPO, HEBEpOAITHO, VYHTBHIBAA INpHBe/jeHHbIe HAMH apryMeHTEI B 88 2.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.3, 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 2.4.5. KpoMe Toro, MaJIOBEPOATHBIM IPECTABIACTCA HACTOJILKO JAPeBHAA H, TEM He MeHee, pa3o0lieH- Has OOIOHOCTB — JIATIaJIO-CEJIOHCKHE H JOYHMHUHKCKHE TOBODEI ¢ OJĮHOH CTOPOHBI, H ĮĮVYHHHHHKCKHe H ĮĮOHHHHHKCKHE TOBODbI C APYIOM CTOPOHBI. 371€Ch BCe-TaKH MpeJjįNm0uTHTeJIbHeH IMpejįcTaBJIAeTCA KJIiacCcHueCcKOe rpyniMpoBaHue. = Jlpyrue apryMeHTbi npuHBejjeHbI eme B Būga (1959: 150), Grinaveckis (1973: 150). *— Hurepecno, uro B roBope Kalupe,,. ormevaercs ¢opma leic (= lietus) (Rekéna 1962. 29, 417). Hamu Obl npocMoTpeH Bech ripHBejjeHHbIH B Rekėna (1962) cnoBapb JjaHHoro roBopa H gpyrue NNpHMEeDbI € TIOJJOOHbIM BOKAJIH3MOM HaH/ĮeHbiI He ObUTH. B CBA3M ¢ 31M faunas ¢dopma JJOJDKHA paccMaTpUBaTBHCA Kak apxaHuHaA BocxoAulas K npanart. *litus / litas, kak yKa3bIBaeT Rekéna, dOonojiornuecKH CBA3aHHAaA C xem. lytus. OOHETHUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮMAJIEKTE | 49 2.4.3. HTakK, Hamm ObUIO J0Ka3aHo, uTO ei B Mazlaicene, , Beja, Ha MecTe BocToyHobanT. *€ (JIA: 53, 55d) Bosce He ABJIAETCA apxXAH3MOM, a HaobOpOT, pe3yjibTaTOM MOCAeHero srana ĮMOTOHTH3alLIHH B BEpXHeJIATbINICKHX roBOpax. YuurbiBas eule jJjaHHbie TOBOpoB Nereta,.., Sece.,.,““ Mbl MOXEM C YBEpeHHOCTbIO MOCTYJIMPOBATH CJIEAYIOUIYK) OTHOCHTEJIbHYPO XpOHOJIOTHIO JĮĮMOTOHTH3aLIHMH i H Ū H cyxenuA “€é H *O: 1) ū > uu (> ou) ((> yu, iu, au, eu)) BEpxHeJIATHILICKHE [FOBODbiI Panbnie 2) *0> ud > ū narraJIbCKHe [rOBODHI, rJIryOOKHe CEJIOHCKHE MrOBODbi, BKJIOu4aA Nereta, Sece 3) *0> wo > Ū JNiaTraJIbCKHe ropopel, rJIyODOKHe CeJIOHCKHE rOBODEI, KpoMe Nereta, Sece 4) ū, > ol roBOophi Masnanuese u bes [Mosxe Y (i, ei, *č aHaAJIOrM4YHO) EcrecrBenno, 4TO cerojįnAuninHee reorpaduueckKoe pacripejjeJIeHHe JĮAHHBIX 3TAIMOB He JĮĮOJDKHO ObITb HCKOHHBIM, BIOJIHE BEPOATHO, YTO IIOjį BJIMAHHEM JIMTEPATYPHOro A3BIKA 3Ta KapTHHa MOTIJIa CyXaThCA, HE MEHAAICb, OJHAKO, IMpHHIOHTHAJIbHO, [Js Hac HanboJiee BaxXHO, YTO OHA OTpaxxaeT OTHOCHUTEJIbHYIO XpOHOJIOTHP JIaHHBIX nepexoaoB. Takxke sACHO, YTO MPOLECCH CyXECHHA H JĮMOTOHTH3AaLHH HCXOJIHJIH n3 (ceBepo-)BOCTOYHOMN YaCTH BepXHeJIaThIOLICKOTO JAHAJIeKTa, rae OHH Hanbosiee MOJIHO ObUIHM peasim30BaHsl — atansl 1-4. 2.4.4. bpenjak (1989: 148-150) npuBoanT pag mpHOajiTHHCKO-OHHCKHX 3aHM- CTBOBaHHH, B KOTOPBIX MPaBOCTOYHOOANTHIICKME “€ H *O oTpaxkaloTca Kak 1 H Ū COOTBETCTBEHHO, KOTOPHIE JIOJDKHBI JI0Ka3aTh JAPEBHOCTH 3TOro cyxeHus. [pu atom BpeHjjak UCroJib3yeT HeCKOJIBKO arIpHODpHBIX INpejįnojIOxXEHHH: a) nepejįaua rjaacHeiX CeBepHOGaJjITHHCKOTO AfBbIKA / JinajJIeKTa, H3 KOTOpPOro ObUIM TIDpOH3Be/ĮeHbI 3aHMCTBOBAHHMA, B IpHOaJITHHCKO-OHHCKHE IB3bIKH AaOCOJIOTHO TOYHA. OaHako 3TO npeanosiokeHne COBCeM He obA3aTesIbHO, TAK Kak IpH mpoiecce 3aMMCTBOBAHMA, YYUTHIBAA PA3JIMYHOCTD (DOHETHUYECKMX CHCTEM 3aMMCTBYIONIEro H NepeHHMaloilero A3bIKOB, 3aHMCTBYEMOE CJIOBO MOXET HECKOJIbKO MOMEHAThH CBOIO (poHeTHueckyo ¢opmy. B ganHoM ciiyvae tem Hosiee, Tak Kak MEI HME6M ** _B paiione rosopoe Nereta,,, (Mengele 1939: 99) u Sece,,, (Breidak 1989: 139) To/sko mms *3, *0 c BoCxoaseH HHTOHALMEN nepemsn B i, i “0, "€ ¢ HUCXOAALeH MHTOHAIMEH OCTAJIMCb Uo, ie. Hannan curyanus o6bACHACTCA NPEANOJIOXEHHEM, YTO JaHHAA TEDpHTODpHA AB/IAETCA nepude- PHHHON JUIA nponecca MOHOPTOHIM3ALHH H NOTOMY 3JĮECb OH IpoNnIeJi TOJIbKO YaCTHYHO. 50 | Unban A. CEPXAHT JĮEJIO C HMCXOJĮHbIMH Y3KHMH “€ H “O, KOTODEIJE MPH 3aHMCTBOBAaHHH IIpOCTO MOTIMJIH BOCITpHHHMATbCAI HOCHTEJIAMH INpHOaJITHHCKO-OHHCKHX A3BIKOB Kak 1 H Ū. JlaHHbIN cjrygaH Boodle ovens THINHYeH JŲIA Bpeliaka, KOTODpEGIHO OYeHb OYVYKBAJIbHO BOC- npUHUMaeT OoHeTHueCcKYPJ0 OOpMYy 3aHMCTBOBAHHA B IeEpeHABINeM BbIKS, a TaKxe (poHeTHuecKyYI0 GopmMy HariHMCaHHA TONOHHMOB B JIPEBHUX HEMEIKHX, IIOJIbCKHX H pycckKux rpaMoTAaXx. 0) 3jįeCb BO3MOXHEI JĮBe MHTEprpeTanuu: 1) riponeCcC cyxxeHus B CeBepoaJITHH- CKOM A3BIKE IITpOHMCXOJIHJI OJJHOBPEMEHHO C JIaTTraJIO-CEJIOHCKHMH MroBOpaMH; 2) NpoLecc CVYKCeHHA NpOoHCXOJIMJI Ha 3Tane CEBEpHO-BOCTO4UHODaJITHHCKOTO NMpasA3bika, M3 KOTOPOro 1Mo3Xe [Mpou3olles Jia TraJIO-CEJIOHCKHH ABBIK. Takum 06pa30M, B oboux cayyasax npejnosaraerca ocobasa OJIH30CTb CEBEPHO- DaJITHHCKOTO H JIaTTaJIO-CEJIOHCKOTO A3LIKOB — NeHeTH4ecKas Win KOHTaKTHAS. Ha Halll B3rJIAJĮ, TAKOE MpeanosokeHne aOCOJNOTHO He JIoKasyeMo — He JJokasyem dakr DBLJIOrO COCe/CTBA CeBepHODaJITHHCKOTO A3BIKA H JIATraJ10-CeJIOHCKOro Npas3bika (no repmuHosorun bpelaaka) / auasekra Hi. HejoKazyema ocobas TEHETHUECKAA OJIM30CTb 3THX JIBYX A3BIKOB. 2.4.5. Jlns a6cojJioTHOH AATHPOBKM 3TOTO Mpolecca Mbl pacrojiaraeM cJaeayio- OĮMHMH JJaHHBIMU. B ri0JI53Y TOTO, YTO NPOLEce CyxeHHA *0 > i / *€ > į JOBOJIBHO MO3/AHMIH, CBUAETENLCTBYeT 3aHMCTBOBAHMe skūlūtajs (Lejasciems,,, Abele 1924: 36), koTopoe, 04eBHHO, ObUIO 3aMMCTBOBAHO 10 HAYasla HJIH BO BDEMA JI€HCTBHA aToro npotiecca. JHa3esnH (Endzelins 1927: 5) yka3biBaeT Ha TO, UTO y*xe B pabore Manunesmyca Lettus (1638 rona) *€ (no 3ua3. ie) nepeuuvio Bin *0 (no Dr. uo) B U. [IpeanosioxuTesIbHbIN terminus post quem jaaeTt ynoMmaHyTtas B 1464 ¢popma us AJIyKCHe, coiepxallas O Ha MecTe *0, ecJIM HHTepripeTalL[HA HCTOUHHKA JH/I3e- JIMHOM (Tam xe) npaBHJILHa. OH Takke yKa3blBaeT Ha YIIOMAHYTYIO B 16-0M Beke (bopMy m3 Jlarranum Ason, rje -0-, BO3MOXHO, obo3HauyaeT *0.'° Takum obGpazom, MOXHO TTPeAnoJIOKNUTh, 4TO MPOLECC cyxeHHA “€ H *O jJosrkeH Obl HAYaThCH B koHue XVII — B Havyane XVIII BB. AGcomoTHasA JaTHPOBKA NOATBEPXAAeT OTHO- CHUTEJIbHYIO, T. €. BUJIHO, 4TO IpOnLECC CVYXEeHHA Ha4aJICA 3Jech elle [0 npoiecca ang Tonrusanun (cp. § 2.4.3). 2.5. *arK > ark, *erK > ėrK 2.5.1. YUMTBIBasA aHaJIOTHYHOCTb NPOJIEHHH a H e Nepejį TABTOCHJIUUIAOHYECKHM T, a TaKxe MX 0/IMHAaKOBOEe reorpaduyeckoe pacrnpocrpaHeHne, Mbl paccMaTpuBaem 3TH NMPO/IJIEHNA KaK OJJTHOBPEMEHHBIE H Kak YaCTH ofHoro npouecca (cp. Endzelins 1951: 148). IlpoayieHne mpoHcCXx0JIHMJIO TOJIbKO MPH HUCXOAIIEH HHTOHAOLHH. '*— TlopobGuuil cuenapuil Bpoje Oki npeanonaraercs B pabore Bpeitnaka (1989; 43). Oanako 3aech K€ HECKOJIBKHMH CTpaHHIHaMH pausiue (bpengak 1989: 6) ceBepHoOajiTHHCKHŪ B PEKOHCTPYKIIHH He purypupyer. B Bpeitaak (1988: 32) K sonpocy o *6 U3 *a npocro ucnoassyercsa Gar APEBHOCTH 3aHMCTBOBaHHH, M3 KOTOPOro AIKOČkI crieayeT, YTO CEBEpHOOaJITHHCKHĖ BOKAJIH3M MOXET OBITh MCMOJIL30BaH JŲIA BCEro BOCTOYHOOAITUIICKOIO. Cp. kaprst JIA: 54b nu 55a,55€, na KOTOPHIX BUAHO, 4TO TEPPUTOPHA PACHIPOCTPAHEHNA Tepexoa *0 > un *ė > I B KOpHeBHIX H CYDPUKCANILHEIX CIIOrax IpHMEDpHO OUHAKOBA. ODOHETHYECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮMAJIEKTE | 51 2.5.2. H3 CJIEJlYIOLIHX NpHMeDpOB BH/JIHO, UTO IIpojŲIeHHe a Nepe/į TaBTOCHJUIA- OHY4ECKHM r 3aBepuInJIOCb J10 npouecca 1-oH neperJiacoBKu (cp. § 2.6.1.1) u J10 nepexojja d > 0 > O > uo a TAKXKe a > 0, T. K. 3JĮECb repejį rmaJIaTAJIbHbIM Miac- HbIM COXpaHHJICA Ū < a (a He < **0) H HMeHHO TOJIbKO INepeėjį NaJIaTAJIbHbIM: B Belava,,,, Litene,,,, Stameriena, , (Zaube 1939: 121; Bpeiinak 1989: 182): uorda x dardit, duord x dardiét, vūortu x varit. CnejoBaTesbHO, MOXHO C/I€J1aTh BbIBOJĮ, YTO MPOAJIEHHE IJIACHOrO Mepej] TaBTOCHJIUJIaOHYeCKHM -r- B IIpaBepxXHeJIATbILICKOM MPOMCXONJIO OJHOBPEMEHHO C aHaJIOTHUKHbIMH NpOLIECCaMH B OCTAJIbHBIX Ipa- JIATLILICKHX TOBOpaX, XOTA H B MeHbluIeH CTerieHH (T. €. TOJbKO IpH HHCXO ALLE HHTOHAILIHH), 4EM B JIMBOHCKHX roBOpax. 2.6.a > 0 > 0 > uo/a > o, l-an JlJabnanuszauus 2.6.1. OIIMCAHHME IIEPEXOJIA Boobie rosops, Bce *a > 0, *a > 0 > 0 > U0, KOTODpbIeė COXpaHHJIHCb IOCJIE nencTBHa 1-oi nanaransHoON nepernacoBku (§ 2.9.2.1), HCKTIOYEHNUA COCTABAIOT JIMLIB OJHOCJIOKHBIE CJIOBA, B KOTOPHIX JĮĮpeBHHH *a coxpannHJIcAa (Endzelins 1951: 118), cp. kas, tad, kam, ka, ja n ap. 2.6.1.1. Ilepexoa *a > uo BaxHo OTMeTHTb, 4TO Nnepexoj d > uo npoxXoan atan a > *O (mam gaxe a > ao > O > O), 4TO NOATBEPXK/AETCA MPUCYTCTBUEM O B TJIYOOKHX H HerJIyYOOKHX CEJIOHCKMX roBopax (cp. JIA 18, Kuškis 1958: 138-42) B gannoji no3nunn. Jlajiee Ha BOCTOK, B JIaTTaJIbCKHX TOBODpaXx, 3TOT rJIiaCHBIH “0 rrepenieji B uo. Takum 06pa30M, SMULEHTP JĮaHHOTO Nnepexo/ia, BO3MOXHO, TaKXe HaXOjJIHJICA Ha BocToKe JlaTraJIHH. Kuškis (1958: 141) ormeuaer, uro B Ge3yjjapHoH MO3HIHH B HeTJIYOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX roBopax Grostona,,,, Meirani,, B peuu caMoro CTaporo IOKOJIEHHA MHOrAa CJIbi- WHTCA AMPTOHT -UO-, YTO CBHAETEJILCTBYET O TOM, 4TO HEKOrja H 3/1ech rpajJIaT. "a nepeuuio B uo. 2.6.1.2. llepexon *a > o 2.6.1.2.1. [lepexoa a > o (no bpeijgaky o > a) JOBOJIBHO JIPEBHUIA, JTO 3aMETHO B JIPEBHUX, 3a4acTyI0 HeaHaJIH3HpyeMEIX JŲIA HOCHTeJIeH, CJIOXHbIX CJIOBAX, Ie cTporo coOJI0]jaeTCA pa3JIiMune, CTOUT JIM 3TOT MNiIaCHBbIH B V JĮAapHOH TMO3HOIHH HJIH 6e3yjjapuoji, cp.: Alūksne,.. oizgalda no golds, povada no voduét, oplams (Brencis 1914: 111), HarrpoTHB, B 60Jiee HOBBIX CJIOXHBIX CJIOBaX € IMpHCTaBKOM, KOTODEbIe BOCIIpHHHMARTCA HOCHTEJIAMM KaK CJIOXHEBIE CJIOBA, B VJĮAapHOH MNO3HIJHH MBI HMECM a: ap-lūcit, padumudt, papout (Tam xe)", 7 Buaumo Bce co4ueTaHHA MPUCTABOK C rJIarojiaMM caegyeT OTHOCHTBb K NO3AHMM CJIOXKHLIM CJIOBaM, cp. ynoTpeOjieHHe BO3BpaTHOH YaCTHIbI -5a-/ -2a- B BepXHEeJIAaTHILICKHX FOBOpaXx: ap- zaraududt’ „apraudūties“ Zvirgzdene, (Rudzite 1964: 378). 52 | Unba A. CEPXAHT 2.6.1.2.2. DH/I3€JIMH CYUTAET, YTO rIepex0jį “a > O B He IIEpBOM CJIOTE CBA3aH CO BCIIOMOTaTeJIbHbIM ygapeHHeM (Endzelins 1951: 111). Ha Hamm B3rjIAj, TO B He- KOTOPOM DpOJIĮE BbIHYXKAEHHOE INpeJINMNoJIOXEHHE, NOCKOJIBKY B CJIOBaXx vosora, vokors HET HHKAKHX IIpHYHH, OOYCJIABJIHBAIOINIHX BCIOOMOTMATEJIBHEIH akieHT (cp. Endzelins 1951: 33). Majio Toro, rio ripaBHJiy, yka3aHHOMY DHJĮ36JIHHOM, BCIIOMOraTeJIbHOE yjjapeHHe B vosora Jįaxe HeBO3MOXHO, INOCKOJIbKY IOCJIEeJįHHe Ba cJiora HMEPOT OJĮMHAKOBbIH pa3MEDp, T. €. -KpaTK.-KpaTK. B TakKoH CHTyanLHH no DHj3eJIHHY (Tam xe) axe B cCJIyuasXx, rje [JIA BCIIOMOTraTesIbHOro yaapeHus MODpOOJIOTHUECKH OJIaTONpHATHEIe YyCJIOBHA (Hampumep, nesiti), BCOMOraTeJIbHOI0O yapeHus, Tem He MeHee, HeT, T. e. nėsiti. Ha Ham B3rJis,1, OoJIiee BepoATHOE ciieiylolee 0ObACHeHHe: KauUeCTBO Hey 1apHOoro HeKOHeuUHOTro rJiacHOTro (B HenasiatajibHOM KOHTEKCTe) Onpe/jeJIAeTCA KaueCTBOM yAapHOI'o rjacHoro, T. €. IIpH yAapHOM O, d, VY, U H COOTBETCTBYPON<HX JOJITHX, (ei), a TaKxe riepejį -I- mel HMeem o. Cp. soldonc, varonc Ho pieciestanc „tas, kas japiecieš“, strikatanc „tas, kas jastrikė“ (Rudzite 1964: 323); vokors, vosora, žogota, žogors (Rekėna 1962: 15), drupona, Dyrvonc (nom. prop.) (Rekéna 1962: 77) Ho milašč „mielasts“, škieržlacs „kirzaka“ (Rekéna 1962: 105-107). 2.6.1.3. HcxinoyeHwue, Bbi3BaHHoe 1-0H BepxHeJIaTbINnICKOH TIeperJIiaCOBKOH B pe3yjibTaTe He3aTpOHYTbhIMH JAHHBIM IpoHLEeccCcoM OCTaJIHCb JIPEBHHE *a H “a, HaXOJĮHBIONHECA B VYCJIOBHAX 1-OH BepXHesaThIIICKON IeperJIaCOBKH B MajaTalib- HOM KOHTeKCTe. B xojje nmepersiacoBku (Š 2.9.2.1) Bce apeBHHE *a/ū B IO3HIIHH rmepejį rraJiaTaJIbHbIMH OBLITH rITeperJIiacoBaHbiI *a/a > *a“/a“ H 3aTeM He INNOJŲJaJIMCb Jlabnanusanuu BBH/Įy CBOeH OOoHeTHUEeCKOH OOpMEI, H IIO3]|HEe INEpellJIH B a/d. I|o3xe 3TOT a/a B JiaTTraJIbCKHX TOBODpax COBIINaJI € HOBbIM a/d U3 e/€. B CeJIOHCKHX Ke roBopax pa3JIHUHe Mexay 3THMH ABYyMA (poHeMamMu COXpaHHJIOCb H IIO CeH JeHb. CjiejįtoBaTeJIbHO, IIpejįrioJIioxeHnne bennenbeprepa (1885: 96) o Tom, uTO B xojįe rneperJiacOBKH “a/ū cOBIIaJIH ¢ €/€ H 3aTeM COBMECTHO IIepelIJIH B a/d, He oripaBbIBaeTCA (§ 2.9.2.1.3). 2.6.1.4. Tloauuua nepen -v- [lepejį V B Hey JapHOM CJIOre B HEKOTOPBIX TOBOpaXx Mel MMeeM O, cp. Dzelzava, nafakowu (Kaulin 1887: 221) u kak mokassiBaeT npumMep H3 Lizums,, rogovas HO gobana, vokars (Apsitis 1914: 90) peus 37€ch MET, CKOpee BCero, HECMOTpPs Ha BospaxeHusa SHj3eanHa (Endzelins 1951: 115), o donernyeckom nepexoje. Ūro KacaeTCA a nepeji V B yaapHOM cJiore, TO 3/1eCh ĮĮEHCTBHTEeJIbHO, KaK H TIPeoJia- raeT JHA3eJIMH (TaM Xe), av BO MHOT'HX CJIy4asX BOCXOJIHT K IrpaBepxHeJIaT. *ev H BepXHeJIATbIOHICKHH JUAJIEKT COXpaHHJI 3/1ech Oojiee ApeBHIOW Gopmy, cp. Sevisi (mpaBepxHeJsiaT. *seviesi) „savieši“ Akniste, (Ancitis 1977: 49). ODOHETHUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. JMAJNEKTE | 53 2.6 2. ABCOJIIOTHAA XPOHOJIOTHMA Jl a6cojitoTHOoH xpoHojIorun (terminus post quem) MOXHO IpHBeCTH 3aHMCTBO- BaHHA C @, He cojepxkaliue nepexoja a > o, cp. cars, tabaks, marka (Alūksne,.., Brencis 1914: 113). OgHako 1a Hey JapHOro cJjiora B Tex ropopax, rje “a > O Kak B YIapHLIX, TAK H B HEYJapHbIX CJIOTaX, 3zAHMCTBOBaHHA 1MOKA3bIBAKOT, YTO JĮĮAaHHbIH nepexoj JĮ0BOJIbHO nosaumit: Kalupe,,. čučola ns «uyuejio» (Rekéna 1962: 374), r. e. 3J1eCb e > a a 3aTeéM a > 0 B YAapHOH Xe no3uuuu a: Čudaks «uyjjūp». 2.6.3. BOINPOC OB HCXOJJHOM ®OHETHYECKOM XAPAKTEPE [IPABEPXHEJTATBIIICKHUX ®OHEM *a HU *a 2.6.3.1. O6ue apryMmenTs! B oJb3y “a u *a Jana obcyxaeHusa NaHHOIO rnepexoja cjieayeT OroBOpMTh, KaKOH rJiacHBIH JIOJDKEH BOCCTaHaBJIMBAThCA [JIA TIpaBepxHeJIATbINICKOTO Ha MecTe MpaBOCTOY- HodOaJIT. “a H “a. Jlesio B Tom, uro bpeijak B ¢cBoux paborax'® orcrauBaeT TOUYKY 3peHHA, COTJIacHO KOTOPOH “0 BO3HHK M3 npabanTt.'” *a, a *o H3 npabanr. *a eme Ha BOCTOYHOOAJITHMCKON MOYBE — H3HaU4uaJIbHO “0/0 ObLIM TOJIBKO MOA VJIApeHH- eM, a 3aTeM 3aKDpeIrIHJIHCb H BO BCeX ocTajibHbIX no3uuuax (Bpenjjar 1980: 65). ITY TOYKY 3peHHA OOOCHOBaJIH B Hayke Kaznayckac (1962: 23-24), Maxiojinc (1963: 193-194). Bpen/jak B cBonx padborax nojiepxas H pa3BHJI ee. DTH VyueHbIe ONnHpal0TCA Ha JaHHBIE IpyCCKOTO fA3bIKa, HariHCAHHe JIAaTbIOICKHX TOINMOHHMOB B JAPEBHHUX HCTOUHHKAX, 3aHMCTBOBaHHA B OaJITHHCKO-OHHCKHX A3BIKAX a TaKXe Ha AuaJiekrosiorundyeckue JĮįaHHbIe. CrieiyeT OTMETHTb, UTO HH OWH U3 Tpex INepBbIX MCTOYHMKOB HE MOXET MMETh IOJIHOH J0Ka3aTe IbHOH CHJIbI B OINpeJĮeJIEHHH TOYHOM doHeTnYecKor OOpMEBI IJIACHOIO B APEBHOCTH, VUHTbIBAAI XOTA Obl TOT (DaKT, UTO 31ĮeCb HCKOHHOe 3ByuaHHe IMNpOoIlIJIO Yepe3 IpH3MY COBCEM HHOH OOoHeTHYUEeCKOH cHCTeMbiI. HTo ke KacCaeTCA JIM TOBCKOTO JĮĮHaJIEKTOJIOTHYeCKOTO MaTepHaJIa, AKOOLI YKa3bIBaKIIEro Ha BOCTOUKHOOAaJITHHCKHH “O (H3 H.-.e. *a), *o (U3 n.-e. *a), TO TyT 3HHKABHUYyc (1972) nokasas, aro apryMeHTbi Kaznayckaca H MaxrojJitca BO MHOTOM OCHOBaHbI Ha HeINIpaBHJIbHOH TPAKTOBKE 3TOro MaTepuaJIa“". VuurbiBas, uTO ripaOGaJITHHCKHH “0 B Xoje HCTOpHH OaJITHHCKHX A3LIKOB BCE OoJsibllie CcyxajJICA, “O > *O > JIMT., JIaT. uo, T. €. JĮĮBHTAJICA B CTOPOHY Ū, TO B OOoHOoJIOTrHUeCcKOH cucTeMe JŲIA *a Bee OOJIbinNe OCBOOOX/JaJIOCb «MeCTa> JŲIA aJIUIO- Oonnz3anynu. ĮĮpyTHMH CJIOBAMMHM, BINOJIHE BEPOATHO, UTO M3MEHEHHE TJIaCHOro *O MOI'JIO OKa3aTh BJIHAHHEe Ha “A IIO MpHHININY «<pa3pexeHHOCTH H JĮaBJIEeHHA» (HeM. «Sog und Schub»), yeranosnennomy Maprune (1981: 54-57). Jlannoe 065b1cHenxne MOXHO IMpOHJUIWCTpHpOBaTb Ha CxeMe: “8 Cm Bpeiijjark (1989: 181-91); Breidaks (1980); Breidaks (1988). *“ 3pech H nanee Bpeitjjak ucnosbayer TEepMHH H.-e. *ū. CorsacHo opinio communis **a B HHJĮOEBpOTMEHMCKOM A3BIKE He OBLIIO — Mbl 3/1eCh 1 Jaliee TMOCJIEjOBATEJIbHO 3aMeHAeM Ha npadajrr, "a. #4 HecmMorpa Ha kpuTHKY 'mpasxuca (1977). 54 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT Di mai o =i — —> g] asi Takum 06pa30M € OOHOJIOTHYUeCKOH TOUKH 3peHHA BIIOJIHE BEPOATHO, UTO IT03]Į- Hee IIpaBOCTO4UHOOaJITHHCKOE “a MOTIJIO ObITb HECKOJIBKO «CJĮBHHY TIM» B CTOPOHY “O, T. €. ObITb B GOJIbINeH HJIH MEHbLIEH CTEIeHH JIAOHAJIH3OBAHHBbIM, HAINpHMED, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT AHaJIeKTa HJIH IIO3HIIHH B CJIOBe. OjįHaKO, Kak OBLJIO CKa3aHO BbINNIe, 3TO JĮOJIXXHO OBIJIO OBITh CBA3AHO C IIeEpeXO0JJOM NpaBOcTOuHOaJIT. *O > *O, T. e. nepex0jį “0 > *0 JJOJIXEH OblJI HJIH ObITb IIpaKTHUeCKH IIepejį JiaOHnaJIH3aLIHeH “a (T. e. co3gan «pa3pexeHHOcCTb» No MapTuHe) nau cpasy xe riocjJIe (T. e. cTaJI pe3yJibTaTOM OKa3aHHAf «JaBJieHUA» 110 MapTuHe), a CJIiejAjoBaTeJIbHO, He3a10JIro JIO HJIM BO BpeMs pacriajja BOCTOUHOOAJITHHCKOTO Ha IIpajJIaTbINICKHHA H IIpaJIn- TOBCKHH. Uro KacaeTCcCA KpaTKOTO a, TO INOCKOJIbKY Ha OOHeMAaTHYUECKOM VpOBHR JŲIA [TPaBo- CTO4HOGAJITHHCKOTO BOCCTAaHaBJIHBAaeTCA TOJIBKO OHA OOHeMa, TO HCXOJIA TOJIBKO H3 CHCTEMHbIX COOOpaxeHHH HeJIb3f1 HCKJIPOYHTb BO3MOXHOCTH, 4TO OHA MOrJa KOJIEOATLCA B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT JMaJIeKTa HJIH IIO3HOHH B CIIeKTpe a — O. 2.6.3.2. JlanHbie BepxHeJIaTbINICKOTO JĮįHaJIEKTA, CBHIĮETEJIbCTBYKOINIHE B IIOJIb3y npapepxHesar. *a um *a 2.6.3.2.1. IAHHBIE B IIOJIb3Y KPATKOIO *a B KOHIle CJIOBA BO BCEX BEpXHeJIAaTbILICKHX rOBOpax Mel UMeeM a. [lajiee paccMoOT- PUM Te cjryvan, re a > O. B [[eHTpaJIbHO- H IOXHOJIAaTTaJIbCKOH opme vokors (= vakars, B Barkava,,., Varaklani,,, Viški,.,, Zvirgzdene, , Karsava,,, Kraslava,, Livani,,, Skaista, (bpeigak 1989: 152) u ap. 06a 0 He I TUMOJIOTHYHBI, [TOCKOJIb- Ky 3JĮeCb CJIeJįtyeT BoccCcTaHaBJIHBaTb Gopmy *veker-, cp. cas. geuep, TO Xe camoe AEeNCTBUTEIBHO H 171s vosora Zvirgzdene, , Pilda,,, (ibidem), cp. cJraB. gec-H-a < “ves-n- urpeu. €ap < *ves-r. Takum 00pa30M, 31ech ceyeT HCXOJIHTb H3 “a > O. HT0 xe KacaeTCA KOPHEBOI'o 0, TO 3/1€Ch TPY/IHO BbIACHHTb KaKOTO KayeCTBa JaHHbIH rJIaCHbIH OBL B IIpaBepxHeJIaTbIinICKOM. Tak nau uHave, yrBepxjjeHHe bpeiigaka (1989: 155) o Hero rieperJiacoBKe 0 > a HeIrIpaBHJIbHO, IIOCKOJIbKY INaJIaTaJIbHaA rneperJiacOBKA rjiacHoro O HUKakK He rpuseJia Obl K A, YTO NOATBEPKAaeTCs THINOJIO- THUeECKH 3-eH BepXHeJIAaTbINICKOH reperJiaCOBKOH (mpumepsl CM. § 1.9.2.3). Kpome TOTO, CJIEJĮVIOII!HE TpHMEDpBbI CBHĮETEJIbCTBYIOT O TOM, 4YTO rIeperJIacoBKa padborasa 3JĮeCb COBCEM IIO HHOMY IpHHIIHINY, a He 0 > a repejį NnaJIaTAaJIbHbIMH: — NpHBe/j1eHHbIe caMuM ke Bpeijjakomn (ibidem) npuMepiI loška «KpoBaTb» H3 OeJIOpyCCK. JIiOJKcak, tošna H3 pycck. «TOm1HO», H3 Aliiksne, _ (Brencis 1914: 113) gross «rpom>» ¢ 0 (a He a) nepejį naJIaTaJIbHbIM Šį 465 OOHETHUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. JUANEKTE | 55 — aHaIrITHUeCKHH I He BbI3bIBaeT MeperjiacOBKH O > **a, Hanpumep, kotris (< kotrs, cp. cpejmnejiar. katrs, B Alsvika,, , Belava,,,, Litene,,, (Zaube 1939: 120)), a APYTroH rMaJIiaTAJIbHbIH TJIACHbIH B CJIOBE C KOPHEBBIM O HE BCTPEYaeTC Cs; —aHaJIOTMYHO H C JĮpyTHMM, NMO3JHUMH I, HaripuMmep, ostini (< *ostuni, cp. cpeaHenar. astuoni), oli (nepexojį Uu-CKJIOHEHHA B i-CKJIOHEHHE, aKK. ej. 4., Cp. cpenHenar. alu). Takum oOpasom, H 3jĮeCb HeT OaKTOB, YKa3bIBAWIMX HA TO, YTO B IpaBepxHe- JIATbINICKOM OBL TJIACHBbIH O. B CBA3M C 3TUM MBI Tak Xe, Kak H B cJIy4ae C JOJIr'MM rnpaBepxHejJiaT. “a, mpejroJjiaraém 3ByK npaBepxHejiIaT. *a. 2.6.3.2.2. JAHHbIE B I1OJIb3Y AOJroro *a 2.6.3.2.2.1. Crneayiouue npuMepsl H3 TJIyOOKHX JlaTrajlbCKUX roBOpoB, B KOTO- pbIx @ > UO, KOCBEHHO YKa3bIBAalOT Ha TO, YTO HEKOrJga H B 3THUX roBOpax, Kak H B CEJIOHCKHX, CyILecTBOBaJI I'JIACHBIM O HJIH axe a: globais // globaise; mozgais // numozgaisas, nimozgaisis; guois // goise Lazbergi, ., gaise Malupe,_, goisa Jaunroze,, (Abele 1935: 197). B ocHoBe paccmaTpuBaeMbix GopM JIexHT rpynna -KajVK- — ja 3AaBHCHMOCTH OT TOTMO, HACKOJIbKO paHO IpOHCXOjJIHJIO COKDpalIIĮEHHE, Mb UMeeM pa3JIHUKHELIKŪ KpaTKHH rrachbru: -KajVK- > -KajK- > -KaiK- / -K6jVK- > -KojK- > -KoiK-.“* OueBnjino, uro cokpamenue OopMsI1 gūojse (Harip. Zvirgzdine,,) He npuBe- J10 Obl K gaise H, BO3MOXHO, K goise. Kak TOBOpHJIOCb Bele (§ 1.6.1.1), @ nepenuio B uo yepes “O. B npuBe/IeHHBIX BILE [IpUMepax cTaanA “O Win gaxe d COXpaHHJIaCb B ABYX- H DoJiee CJIOXHBbIX (hopMax npHuacTHH, rie JJOJITHH TJIaCHbIH O goise/ goisa) WJM ū (gaise) Obl COKpalleH IMepejį NMOCJIeJĮyIOLIIHM CJIOTOM JIO repexoja d > O > UO Hi TIOTOMY He IOMEHAJI CBOETO KauecCTBA.“* 2.6.3.2.2.2. Jlasiee dopma stovons (Zasa,_,, Navenickis 1933: 96), coorBercrBytonas cpejinejIaT. slavens, BO BTOPOM CJIOTE ABHO MOKAa3bIBaeT, UTO O BO3HHKJIO H3 d (< €), yxe B x0JĮe HCTODpHH BepxXHeJIATbINICKOTO JįHMaJIeKTA. 2.6.3.2.2.3. [laniee, Ha *a, *a, a He *0, *0 B JJpeBHEIATra/IbCKUX MOBODpaXx YKa3bIBaeT H pe3YyJibTaT raJIaTaJIbHOH rneperJiaCOBKH. 3adOuKCcHpOBaHHbIe Munenbaxom (apud Endzelins 1951: 126) dopMb1 ¢ neperJiaCOBKOH H3 rjiyboKoro JIaTTaJIbCKOTO TOBO- pa Litene,,, a Takxe, Hanpumep, Alūksne,.. (Brencis 1914: 117) katinš (cp. kuots), abels (= nut. obelis, cp. uobuls) u ap.” cBUAETEILCTBYIOT.O TOM, YTO Ha MeCTE -U0- CUMILIEKCOB kuots, uobuls nékora ObiJi *a, KOTODBbIM B 3TOM MO3UIIMN MPO AA rio 1-o4 nepermacoske yepes craauio “a (cm. § 2.9.2.1) cHOBa BEPHYJICA B HCXOJIHOE “Ha mecre KojK- He moxer ObiTb cybcTuTynpoBas -KaiK-, kak TO nponzonuio 6s B Jpyrux JIaTHINICKHX JHAJIEKTaX, re KpaTKoro rjiacHoro O Het, Tak Kak B (POHETHYECKOH CHCTEME BepXHe- JiaTbinICKOTO [AMAJIEKTa eCTb H KPaTKHH MriaCHbiH O. OQHAKO 31eCh C/IeIyeT Y4eCTh, 4TO He BO BCEX Jia TTAJIbCKHX TOBOpaXx HMEeTCA JIMOTOHT Oil. Corpamnjenne xe cyriepjjojJiroro JįuOTOHTA oObACHAETCA Ha Hall B3IJI5 TEM, YTO B OAHOCJIOKHBIX CJIOBOOOpMAX JĮJOJITMŪ Andronr (-uoi- / -Oi- / -Ai-) COXpaHAE6TCA, a B ĮĮBVCJIOXKHBbIX H O0JIee HeT — pa3Hulja MeXAY guois // goise, goisa, gaise OYEBMAHO B NpHCYTCTBHH/ OTCYTCTBHH nocjieJtylonjero CJIOra, T. K. M B MYXCK, pojįe B KOCBEHHEIX najexax JĮMOTOHT TaKxe CoKpailleH. “* Belava,,,, Litene,, , Stameriena, , (Zaube 1939“ 121), rae B dopMax riepėjį naJIiaTAJIbHbIM BCTpe- yawrTca oba BOKAJIHM3aMA d Mm uo. 56 | Mnba A. CEPXAHT B “a. Tak un uHave, Oops kdtins, abels 3 **kotinš, **0bels HeBbIBOJĮHMEI, T. K. “0 jjaeT neperyiacopky O“, cp. mo‘li (us mols = mali — mals) (Saviena,,. (M. Poiša, LVI)).** Anajiornunbie npuMepsl ¢ *a npuBoAMT H cam bperigak (1980: 70) us ce- JIOHCKHX MOBOPOB: ratins, ratens versus rots, HHTEpIrIpeTHDpY A ux, OJĮHaKO, HaOOODOT, T. €. KaK JI0Ka3aTeJIbCTBO B MOJIb3Y JpeBHero “O. Kak yKa3bIBAJIOCb BbINIe, C TOUKH 3peHuA OoHeTHKHn, AJ “a H “a najaTtajbHas neperjiacoBka He MorJia ath “of > “Fa uam *0 > **a. Jlanee, Ha HEKOr/1a /|eMiCTBOBABIIYIO TMeperJIaCOBKY YKa3bIBAIOT cneaywmue ¢opmel H3 Kaldabruna,,, (Kancans 1937: 48): vasarena Ho vosora, lakaten¢ no lokots nn np.“ 2.6.3.2.2.4. Ciregymwliye 3aMMCTBOBaHHA, BO3MOXHO, YKa3blBalT Ha TO, UTO JIATT. -U0- BO3HUK U3 -a- cp.: Lubana, , zūodžs (Breidak 1977: 32) ,,zagis" (na CHH* sage, ME, , 695). JlanHOoe 3auMcTBOBaHME, KCTATH, JaeT TaKXe HOeHHYyP HHOOpMAHLHIO 00 abcoTIOTHON JaTUPOBKE CYIIECTBOBAHUA d / O B JaTrajibCKMX ropopax?, tak KaK M3HA4YaJabHO a B Cp.-HHXHEHeM. KpaTKO — ero MpojiJiIeHue B OTKPbITOM CJIOTe MPOMCXOANJIO B HCTOpHH JIPEBHECAKCOHCKOro / JŲpEBHEHHXHeHeMeIKOTO, H 3aBep- IIHJIOCb mpejanosioxuTesbHo K KOHHY XII-ro eka (Gallée 1993: 1 u 16). Hasee 3aHMCTBOBaHHA U3 PYCCKOTO, Ile yAapHoMy d cooTBeTcTByeT uo: Kalupe,, : rūocs (< pan), sluops (< cnabd), vūožeit' (< BaxuTth) (Rekéna 1962: 26). MaJioBepOATHO, 4TO BCE 3aHMCTBOBaHHA 1MOJ00OHOr0 poja (a ux JOCTaTOYHO MHOTO) MpOHHKIJIH B TO BpeMms, Korjla “e/ *€ ele He Nepeluiv B a/d H B JIaTTraJIbCKOH (hoHeTuke He OBIJIO OoJiee aleKBaTHOTO 3ByKa yeM O. Takxke npejnosiokeHune, UTO BCe 3TH 3aMMCTBO- BaHHA MOTJIH IIPOUTH Yepes3 JIATOBCKHH A3BIK, Te Mbl UMEEeM O Ha TOM MecTe, He rnpejįcTaBJIAeTCA yoeaquresasHbIM. [To KpaliHel Mepe JŲIA IepBOro Haliero rnpumMmepa zūodžs 3TH BO3pakeHus BODIE OTHAAIOT, T. K. B OJIH3KHX CEJIOHCKHX rOBOPaXxX Mb 3[ech umeeM a, cp. fagis (Sausn€ja,,., Vietalva,,,, Kaulin 1887: 221). {na sroro MpuMepa BEPOATHEM Ipe/įNoJIOXHTb, YTO 3TO CJIOBO NMOCTENEHHO Yepe3 CEJIOHCKHE TOBODbiI IpOHHKJIO B I'JIYyOOKHE JIaTraJIbCKHe TOBODEI. 2.6.3.2.2.5. B r10JIb3Yy Toro, 4TO HMeHHO J0JIroe “A MNepelllJIO B O H 3aTeM B UO, CBU- JeTeJIbCTBYPOT H (POPMBI €C poAsieHneM, HaripuMep, H3 Alūksne,.. (Brencis 1914: 117): dūorgs (= dargs < *darg-, cp. pycck. dopoedii < *dorg- 3 aHaJIOTHUHO B Belava,,,, Litene, ,, Stameriena 10» (Zaube 1939: 121; Bpenjjak 1989: 182): uorda (ardit, kak nokaseIBaeT 0JJHOKOpeHHas JIKMTOBCKASI popma ardyti, COJEPKUT JIpeBHee KpaTKoe a, KOTOpoe ObLIO MPOJJIEHO rIepejį TaBTOCHJIJIaOH4UecKHM -arK- > -ark-), nanee duord ui dardiét, vūortu vi varit u ap. 442 ** EBpeiijjak NpoTHB najaTajabHOI NEPEr/IacOBKH, OfįHaKO cM § 1.8.2. # 3pech, KOHEYHO, MOKHO ObLIO Obl BO3pa3HTb, UTO B 3THX NPUMEPAX elle COXpaHHJIOCb JAPeBHee pacrpegeneHye no ygapeHuo — B yaapHoH NO3HIOHH O, O B 6esygapHou a, d. OHako Torga BO3HH- KaeT BONpOC, MOYeMy 3TO JpeBHee pacrpejesieHne COXpaHHJIOCb TOJILKO Nepe/] NaJIiaTaJIbHbIMH, a B OCTaJIbHbIX IO3HIĮHAX HCUE3JIO. “ — Buecb H ganee. CpejfHEeHHXHeHeMenlIKHI. “*— ITIlpH 3TOM B IHĮEJIOM He BaXHO, ŪbUIO JIM CP -HIKHEHEM. Sage 3aMMCTBOBAHO HAINDpAMYPO HJIH uepe3 CpejįHeJIaTbINICKHe TOBODEI, T. K. J0JIroe G nepejjaJIOCb Obl H B 3TOM C/rygae He3 H3aMeHeHMHIH. CHH a nepegaerca jiaTbinickHM d, a CHH 6 anateimckum uo (Endzelins 1951 64). Onnakro, a0 Tex nop, noka npousHomexnne CHH B JimuBoHHH [10 KOHLA He BBIACHEHO, ĮĮaHHbIH hakT He HMeeT MOJIHOH A0Ka3aTeJAbHO CHIBI. 28 OOHETHUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮĮHAJIEKTE | 57 2.6.3.2.2.6. 3ech elle cJIiejpyeT OOCYJIMTb MHeHHe Bpenjjaka (1989: 181-2), ko- TOpbIH YyKa3bIBaeT Ha TOT (daKT, 4TO B 3arlajįHOJIATTaJIbCKHX H CEJIOHCKHX TOBOpax [IPOMCXOAUT peTporpajHoe pa3BHTHe O (** = npabanar. *a) > a IO BJIAHUAHUEM nuTepaTypHOoTro A3bIKa. OO TOM, AKOOBI, CBHHeTeEJIbCTByeT CpaBHeHHe JHAJIEK- TOJIOTHYECKHX ĮĮAaHHbIX B XpOHOJIOTHYECKOM MOpsjKe, coOpaHHBIX B HauajJIe H cepej/įHHe TMPOIJIOro Beka — B DoJiee MNO3JĮHHX 3ariHCAX IMOABJIAeTCA d Ha MecTe O B DoJiee paHHUX. DdTO yTBepxX/ĮeHHe He abcomoTHO TouHO?. KpoMe TOTro, O wim JtaOHaJIH3OBaHHbIH d CIOOpaJĮHYUeCKH NOSBJIAIPOTCA B CEJIOHCKHX rOBOpax H IIO cei Aenb (1A: 39b), HanpumMep, B roBopax Dzelzava, , a Takxe B peun CTaporo no- KOJIEeHHA B Lazdona,,,, Prauliena,,, Sarkani / Sarkanis,,,, Patkule,,., Cesvaine, (Elksnitis 1929: 128-129). OjįHako, HECMOTPA Ha NPUBEAEHHBIE BILLIE ApryMeHTbI bpenaaka, Mel cuHTaeM, 4To JIaOHaJIH3aOLHA HJIH Jlaxe IOJIHbIHO Iepexo/] CEJIOHCK. a B 0 ABnAeTcAa BTOPHUYHBIM IporeccoM (2-oH siabuanusanmeit), He HMEIONIHM HHUYEro obuero ¢ THIIOTEeTH4UecKHMH“' BoctouHobanT. **6, **o ** < mpabanr. *a, “a. B mosib3y 3TOTO YTBeDpX/JĮEHHA CBHAETEbCTBYIOT caeayioume OaKTBbI: — B HEKOTODbIX HeTJIVYOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX 'OBOpax, a HMEHHO: Odziena,,, Saviena ai Métriena,, , Medni,, , KOTOpble MeXAY CODOMH COCTABIAIOT OOLLYI0 reorpadpuieckyio rpymniy, Hapsay C € MH a Ha MeCTe NMpaJIaThIICKOro *€ BCTpeuaeTCA H JIaOHaJIH3O- BaHHbIH TJIaCHbIH d, O, 0° (cp. JIA: 20b). [TOHATHO, YTO TAKOi d, O, 0° HE MOXET ObITb JIPEBHUM, a BO3HHK OTHOCHUTEJIbHO He1aBHO U3 d (KOTOpoe pa3BHJIOCb B CBOIO 04epeJĮb U3 €) no 2-01 JIraOnaJIH3anLHH, cp. § 2.6.4.3. AHaJIOrMYHasA CUTyalUs 3/1€Ch OOCTOHT H € KpaTKHM e (vecs), KOTOpoe BCTpevyaeTcsa B 3TOM Ke paiioHe B BUE O (vocs), cp. JIA: 20a, a Takxke c a nepejį najJiaTaJibHbIMH, HaripHMep, golvina, zolš (JIA: 16c); — jlajiee, psajl 3aHMCTBOBaHHH TaKXe COAePXKHUT Ha MeCTe -d- B HCXOJIHOM A3bIKe J1abMaTM30BaHHbBIN 3BYK, IPH TOM, UTO «4HCTbIH» -a- (< -e-) B roBOpax MMeeTcH, Hanpumep: Dzelzava, , Doawids (cp. koa = ka, ram xe) npu grakus (= grékus) (Kaulin 1890: 322), Joaria (= Jana) (Kaulin 1890: 326) u ap. 2.6.3.3. BbIBOJIbI O600iijasi Bbrurecka3anHoe (88 2.6.3.1, 2.6.3.2.1, 2.6.3.2.2), JŲIA IpaBEPXHE/IATHILLICKO- I'O Mbl BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeM B IIPUHLIKIE “a, a He “O, IPH TOM, OJIHAKO, HE MCKJII0Yas BO3MOXHOCTH, 4TO B Olpe/le/IeHHBIX (POHETHYECKHUX MO3UIMAX 3Ta OOoHeMa MorJia HMeTb HeCKOJIBKO jIaOHaJIH3OBaHHEIH aJIJIOĖOOH. J/[pyruMu CJIOBAMMH, nepexoj mnpaJIaTbILnICKOTO “a > 0 Ha4aJiCA TOJILKO VXE€ B XOjĮe HCTOpHH BEpXHeJIATbILICKOTO nnaJierTa. [lisa KparKoro a TaKOe yTOUHeHHe, Kak ObIJIO CKa3aHo Baie (§ 2.6.3.1), “Tak HanpumMep, B Sausnėja,., oTrcyTCTByeT O ele B OonucannuAx Kayjiuna, cp. Kaulin (1887: 216), Kaulinųš (1933: 11), a npo kpartkoe o Kaulinš (tam xe), uro „„„vecū valoda Sausnéja to nemaz nepazist”, 0 Cnopagnueckuil nepexoj d, 6° H np. B O UMeeT NpUYHHY B yIpomeHun Aud TOHTOMI0B. MojgobHas curyauus, HanpuMep, B Plavinas,, , rae peanmsauma gudToHra oa 3aBHCHT OT HHTOHA- LHH — [PH BOCXOAANIEH HHTOHAIIHH 0a > d, G, NpH HUCXoaAIeH — oa > 6° O (Ivenu 1928: 83). Ilo npeanonoxenuto Kasnayckaca, Maxiosnmca, bpeiigaka u JIp., cM. Bene § 2.6.3 1. 58 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT He BaxHoO. OjįHaKO H 3/ĮECb MOXHO IpejĮNMOJIOXHTb, YTO APEeBHUN KpaTKHH *a He noaaasmmicsa 1-oXH nanarajabHOH neperJiacoBke (*a > *a“), Onli JiaOHaJIH3OBAH, T. e. *a > *a H 3aTeM B IHEHTDpAaJIbHOH H POXHOH JlaTraJIHH BCe HeKOHeuHEIe “A repe- ui B O (Tun vokors), a B ocTasibHOM YyacTu JlaTraJIHH TOJIBKO TOT *a IpOACHHJICA B 0, KOTODpbIH HAaXOAWJICA B VjJapHOH Nno3HOUHH (Tun vokars). Tak, KcTraTH, MOXHO OObACHHTb H OJĮHOCJIOXHEIE CJIOBA, KOTOPHIE MMOYTH BCE HMEPOT a, — OOJIbI:ASA 4acTh H3 HHX — 3TO KJIHTHKH. Į[aHHbIH TIpolL>ecC JiaOHaJIH3aLIHH MBI Oy1eM JŲIA KpaTKOCTH jJajiee Ha3bIBaTb 1-oH JraOHnaJIHM3anHeH. 2.6.4. OTHOCHTEJIbHAA XPOHOJIOTHA H3MEHEHHMA IIPABEPXHEJIATbINICKOTO *a 8 > 0 > 6 > uo, *a > d > o B BEPXHEJIATHBIILICKOM 2.6.4.1. BepoATHO, M3HaYaJIbHO Jioboe “a, “A ObIUJIO B MNO3MLMH Nepej najaralib- HbIMH TJIACHbIMH““ [IeperjlacoBaHo B *a%, *a“. 3areM rJiacHsle *a“, *a° nepeuuu B a, a. IIpDMOJIM3HTEJIbHO HMEHHO B 3TO Xe BpeMsa HauHHaeTCA npouecc JIiaOHaJIH3alLIHH BTOporo ajuiopoHaa > d > 0, ad > a > 0 (no3xe B > uo). Takum 00pa30M, aJ- nog oHbl OoHeM “a H *a pa3BUBaAIOTCA BCe JaJibliue JpyTr OT Apyra. B CBA3H C 3TUM BO3HHMKAIOT 4Uepe/įjoBaHHA a / O H da / uo, HanpuMmep, B Litene,,, (Mujiex6ax apud Endzelins 1951: 126) kadtins (cp. kuots), abels (= nur. obelis, cp. uobuls). Cnenyer OTMETUTh, YTO JAHHbIE IMpHMeDpbI OY€Hb peJįKH, B OOJIBIIMHCTBE Xe JIaTraJbCKUX rOBOPOB He OCTAJIOCh CJIeJ0B reperJIacoBKn, cM. Abele 1934; Endzelins 1951: 126). Takum 06pa30M, 411 OTHOCHTEJIbHOH XDpOHOJIOTHH MEI MOXKEM C/1eJ1aTh BBIBOL, YTO nmpouecc 1-o1 JraOHaJiH3aLLHH Havasacs nocie 1-oM neperjaacoBKH. Tak mbl npejįrioJiaraeM pa3BHTHe a, d B JiaTTaJIbCKHX TOBODpax. JIA KpaTKoro *a anaJIOTHUHO M i a i a —» TL "E———-» he 4 a“ » 0 —» U0 KpaTkuil *a B ylapHBIX cJIorax aHaJIOTHUYHO B roBopax Tuna vokars H B yjlapHbeiX H 6e3yjapHbIX cJiorax OCHOBHI B ropopax Tuna vokors. B abcomor- HOM KOHILIe CJIOBA KpaTKHH *a > a 6e3 H3MeHeHHH. O0603HaueHHA BO3HHKINHX B pesyJibTaTe meperjacoBKu AaJUIOOoHOB *a“ HI *a° B OMNpe/eJIeHHOM CMbICJIe CXeMATHUHbI. 3ĄĮEeCb BaXHO, 4TO oda 3TH aJUJIOOOHA # TlepersiacoBka npoHncXx0jiHT riepėjį raJiaTAaJILHLIMH TJIACHbIMH HIM COrJIaCHbiMH k, £, j, Čč, dž, š, ž, |, n. TnacHsli į, COOTBETCTBYPOLIHHŪ V APYIrUX TOBODpOB, Meperjacosky He Bbi3biBaeT (Endzelins 1951: 110-111), cp. § 1.9.2.1. OOHETHYUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮHAJIEKTE | 59 mOCJIe TIeperJlaCOBKH (OOHeTHYUeCKH JOBOJIBHO CHJIbHO OTJIHUAJIHCb APYTr OT JIpy- ra, BCJIeJĮCTBHe YEro TOJIbKO JIHINb BTOpoH aJIJIOĖOOH *a" ObuU1 noABeprHyT 1-OH naOnaJIH3alLIHH. 2.6.4.2. CoBnajjenne pezyjibTaTOB 1-0H rieperJiaCOBKH B CEJIOHCKHX H CMEXHbIX 3arIaJĮHOJIAaTTaJIbCKHX ropopax B ceJIO0OHCKHX Ke roBopax H, OUEBH/IHO, IIOJĮ UX BO3]ĮeHCTBHEM, B 3ala HoJIaT- TaJIbCKHX, pa3BHTHe NMONIJIO gaaeme. OueBHjiHOo, 4TO rIponjecc 1-0oH BepxHeJIa- TEINHICKOH IMEperJIaCOBKH, BBUY ero ĮĮDEBHOCTH, H 3JĮECb TOXE [JOJIKeH ObIJI HMETb MEeCTO. B nmoJib3y 3TOTO CBHHETEJIbCTBYPOT, KPOME TOTO, COXpaHHBINeeCA ele H B HEKOTODEBIX CEJIOHCKHX TOBOpax pacrnipejeJienne d/a < *a + Eno/d < *a + A (rae E — nanaranbHBIN KOHTEKCT, A — HenaJiar.), HanpuMep, B Dzelzava (Elksnitis 1929: 126), Nereta, , Viesite, , (Endzelins 1951: 110), B ri1y60KOM CeJIOHCKOM roBope Akniste, , (Ancitis 1977: 48-49). OjįHaKo B GOJIBIIMHCTBE CEJIOHCKUX I'0- BOPOB pe3yJIbTaThl eTO COBIAJIM, — HO HE [10 aHaJIOTHH, Kak H B OOJIBbINeH 4acTH TJIyOOKHX J1aTrajIbCKUX 'OBOPOB, — a OdoHernueckKH. COoBriajiH elle Ha TOM CTAJIHH, Koraa oba amtooHa OoHeTHUeCKH He CUJIBHO OTJIHYUAJIHCb APYr OT Jjpyra *a > a > d. Crnegsl JiaOHaJiH3alLIHH COXpaHHJIHCb, HAIIpHMED, elle B peuH CTaporo nokoJienus B Lazdona,,,, Prauliena,, , Sarkani (Sarkanis),, ,, Patkule 415, Cesvaine, (Elksnitis 1929: 128). Hike cxema pa3BHTHA C YYETOM CEJIOHCKHX TOBOPOB: Cocroanne A 2-an Jlabnasmsauus A — a“ =] a“ ine." WE “a Il, a° » 0°(ceJioH.) *E —> 6 —— >» a g mar rai as.“ a“ » a° o |(JiaTraJIbCKHe) (nojiruū a, (€) anaJIiorHuHO) HTak, JŲJIA Toro, UTOObI sicHee OObACHHTb KApTHHY pa3BHTHA B CEJIOHCKHX H 3a- riaJĮHOJIa TTAaJIbCKHX IOBOpax, OCTaHOBHMCA Ha OTHOCHTEJIbHO-XpOHOJIOTHYECKOM Cocrosnunn A (ykasaHHOM Ha cxeMe). 3jĮecCb Mbl HMEeM 2 aJUIOgoHa a/d vu a°/a ApeBHux “a/a, a TaKxe elle He H3MeHHBINHHŪCA e/€ (H3 npajJiaT. *e/6), OcTaTKH IIOjĮJOOHOTO COCTOAHHA elle MOXHO HaOjJiIojjaTb B Ogre,,, Ergli,, (Zarinš 1931: 12-13). HMeHHo B 3TOT MOMEHT HauHHaeTCA pa3JIMUYUKE B HKHaJILbHEHINeM pa3BH- THM TJIŲYOOKHX JaTrajbCckux (“e/€ > a/a, *a/a > a/a u *a°/a° > 0/0 > o/uo), 60 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT C OJĮHOH CTOPOHBI, H CEJIOHCKHX I'OBOPOB C ĮĮpyroH CTOpoHEI, Tae a/a vu a*/a" (u3 *a/a) coBna/jaroT B a°/a’, a *e/€ cTaHOBATCA HOBELIMH a/d H [lajiee OHM BCE Mo 2- OH JIaOHAaJIH3AalĮHH MOryT CIOIOpa/ĮHUeCKH nepexoauts B 0/0. Ilo noBoay Toro, 4to HeleperJiacoBaHHble najaTtajibHO aJUIOO0HbI OoHeM “a H *a jajiee pa3BHBAJIHCb B a? H G" COOTB., COMHeHHH He BO3HHKAaeT — HMEHHO B TaKOH (dopMe (T. e. OP, G HJIHM O, 0) OHH IIOAfIBJIACTCA B COBPEMEHHBIX CEJIOHCKHX H 3arlaJĮHOJIA TTAJIbCKHX ro- Bopax. O Tom, 4TO a, a (<*e, *€) B CEJIOHCKHX roBopax ObUIH NOJĮBEpTHYTBbI 2-OH JraOnaJIH3alLIHH, ApKO CBUAETEJIbCTBYIOT CJIeAYIONHe IIpHMeDpHbI: — B rosopax Odziena,,,, Saviena,,,, Métriena,,,, Medni,__ tovs (tévs) (6 = d, 0, O“, cp. JIA: 20b), Saviena,, , borne, dots // da ls; tous // téus // td us (M. Poisa, LVI) a TaKXe H KpaTKHMA O: voces, cp. JIA: 20a (2-aa nabuanusanus, cp. § 2.6.4.3). [locsie 3Toro CeJIOHCKHEe H 3anajHoiaTrajabCckie a’/ a nin B HEKOTOPhIX TOBOpax Ha CTaJĮHH 4yTh paHblle, T. €. a/a nperepnesan 3-yio BepXHeJIaTbINnICKYyIO neperJa- COBKY (cM. § 2.9.2.3), KOTOpas IIpoHCXOjJĮHJIA 3HAUUTEJIBHO 1103XKe, YeM 1-asa H npu Apyrux OonHeTHuecKHX VCJIOBHAX (em. § 1.9.2.1). B mnmo3HOHH nepej| NaJIiaTaJIbHbIMH rJIaCHBIMM 3/1€Ch IPOUCXO/IUT MEepPerjacoBKa a’/a’ > @/a Wim rnocsie Toro Kak a’/a > 0/0, TO 5TH HOBHIE 0/0 NEePeXoAT B 0°/0°, 4TO 3aBUCUT OT roBopa (cm. § 2.9.2.3.2). HenepersiacoBaHHbIE xe rio 3-eH NeperjiacoBke a’/a’ Win MpUCyTCTBYIOT CeroaHs B TOM Ke (popMme B roBopax HJIH IepenLiu B 0/0. 2.6.4.3. 2-an Jlabuasmmzaumus JlaHHBIN npolecc yxe 3aTparmusasica Boilie. Hue cienyer ero jietTajbHoe pac- CMOTpPEHHE. 2.6.4.3.1. B CEJIOHCKHX rosBopax, O4eBH/IHO, MPOM30IILJIa MOBTOPHAaA JIiaOHaJIH3Aa- OHA, He Meola HHUero oobiero ¢ 1-ou jabuanusanguei (8 2.6.3.3). Cp. NpHMepbi: zolš, gola, skona B: Liezere, ,, Lubeja,,,, Médzile,, , Gulbére, , (Hauzenberga 1934: 176-181). JlanHsle o nepen riaJiaTAJIbHbIM COTJIACHBIM BTOPUYHBIE, TAK KaK HaXO- JATCA B MO3ULMK AeUCTBUA 1-01 rieperJiaCOBKH H JOJIKHBI ObIJIH OBI J1aTh 3/€Ch a. 3aech MOXHO ObIJIO OBI BO3pa3uTh, YTO 1-as nepersjiacoBaka MOTIJIa BOBCE H HE JIEMCTBOBATH B CEJIOHCKUX FOBOpax, OAHAKO MPOTHB 3TOTO CBUETEJ/IbCTBYET TOT (pakKT, 4TO B HEKOTOPBIX CEJIOHCKHX I'OBOpPaX pacripejjejieHHe Ha a H O COXpaHHJIOCb (8 2.9.2.1.2), a KpoMe Toro H cama apxaHuHocTb 1-oH rIeperJIiaCOBKH. Jlajee, B ro- Bopax Odziena,,,, Saviena,,., Metriena,,„„,Medni,,,, Ha MecTe npaJraTbiniekKoro *e/ė BCTpeuaeTCA H JIaOHaJIH3OBaHHBIH TMIiaCHbIH O, O“, a/d, O, 6° (cp. JIA: 20a u 20b), Hanpumep: Saviena,,., bo‘rnc, do*ts // dals; tous // tous // tdus (M. Poisa, LVI), a TaKXe H KpaTKVMH O: vocs. Ob6obias ckazaHHOe, MEI JeJjlaeM BBIBOJ, YTO Mepexo/l a/a > 0/0 3aech BTOpHuUHEIH H Jlajlee ero Mel OygeM Ha3bIBATb 2-0 JIiaOHaJIH3Aa- nue. B nosuium, rae 3-A1 najarajibHas rneperjiacoBka He JE HCTBYET, Mbl HMECM cJIeAvliee pa3BHTHE: OOHETHYUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. JUAJNEKTE | 61 2-an Jladnajin3aliHA 1 2 3 Bei | 0 me 8, | OF EY mm. MM, e—»a pg (a - aHaJIOTHUYKHO, € HENPUHUMITHAJIBHBIMH Dpa3jiHuHAMH) Tak Hanpumep, cocrosinne 1 Mbl ete nmeeM B rosopax Dzelzava, *», Viesite,,, Nereta, (Endzelins 1951: 110) H B MeHbieit crenenu (T. e. dyke K 2) B Cesvaine, Patkule,,., Sarkani, ,, Lazdona, , (Elksnitis 1929: 128-129), cocrosanue 2 B roBopax Liezére, ,, Lubeja,,,, Médzile, , Gulbére, , (Hauzenberga 1934: 178-179), cocro- anne 3 B: Odziena,, , Saviena,,, Métriena,,, Medni,, (cp. JIA: 20b). HecmoTtps Ha TO, 4TO palioH, re e/é H a/a cosnajm B 0/d, 6, 6° (no Hae Tep- MHHOJIOTHMH (*/G*), CpaBHHTeJIbHO HeOOJI5LINOHM, Mbl HCXOJIHM M3 TOTO, YTO paHee OH ObIJI DOBLE H JIM MO] AeHCTBHEM JIMTEPATYPHOIO A3bIKa COKpaTHJICA, KpOMe TOro, 04eBU HO, OONIHH C JIATOBCKHMH ropopamu kupiskénai, anyksténai, B KOTOpPbIX a > a (cp. Zinkevičius 1966: 447, kxapra N6), yuuThIBasA, UTO OHH MMPUMBIKAIOT K TUM rOBOpaM. 2.6.4.3.2. O TOM, 4TO 2-ad JiaOHaJIHM3alLIHA B CEJIOHCKHX roBopax — Mpolecc o4eHb MO3AHUH, CBH/IETEILCTBYIOT CJIEJĮVIOLIIHE 32aHMCTBOBAHHA HAIlero BpeMeHH: pose (Médzule,,,), mosina (Gulbére,,,) (Hauzenberga 1934: 178). Kpome Toro, kak OblJIO yxe cKa3aHO Bhile (§ 2.6.4.3.1) — 2-aa Jlabuanusauua JieHCTBOBAJIa B HEKOTOPAIX roBopax nocise 3-eH neperjacoBKH, Cp. VOCS — veci, B HEKOTOPhIX OAHOBPEMEHHO C Hel, cp. mo°li (n3 mo“ls = mali — mals) (Saviena,,, (M. Poisa, LVI)). 27.€>d,e > a 2.7.0. Hcejiejjyn jajiee HCTOpHIO M3MEHEHHMA IJIacHBIX *e, *e, *€, *€, cJIenyeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO CYyXKEHHE IJIacHbIX npajar. *e, *€ nepej najaTaJbHBIMU T JIACHbIMH MPOM30IILIO ele B INpaJIaTbINCKYP 3M0Xy™, H I0OTOMY 3Ta neperjacoBKa B ĮĮaHHOH paboTe He obcyxkaaercs, a y3KHe npaBepxHesar. *e, *€ H OTKpbITele *e, *€ pac- CMaTpUBAIOTCA Kak OOHeMEI, yHacJieJoBaHHbIe M3 MPasiaThilliCKOro., Ho Cp. npuMephl 1-011 neperjiacoBkm: osaras — wakūrij oJHAKO JioJirne coBnain: toa — koajindm art jin (Kaulin 1890: 323-329) * HecmoTtpsa Ha MHeHHe Bpeiigaka (1977: 30), aia KoToporo neperjacoska *e > a, “é > a nepea HeriaJIiaTaJibHbIMH — TOJIbKO BEpXHeJIaTELINICKHH npouece, MNpH TOM, 0HaKOo, NpHHHMASA NpoMexXYyTOUHOE COCTOHHHE JŲIA BEepxXHeJIaTbimICKOTO “e > “e, *€ > *ė, ITO xe cocTOAHHE BOCCTaHaBJIMBaeTCA H [JIA NipaJiaTbinICKOTO. Takum 00pa30M, ua ripe/įrioJIoxeHHA Bpenjjaka HeT OcHOBaHHH. Į|eHCTBHTEJILHbIM OCTAaeTCA yreepxk enue JHa3enmnsa (Endzelins 1951 108) o TOM, 4TO MPOLECC pa3JioxeHusA “e H “€ Ha OTKPHITHE Aa/LIOĖOOHBI e H € nepej HenaJlaTalbHbIMH NNpoHCXOJIHJI elie B NMPaJaThIlICKOM. B CBABH C 3TUM H TEPMMH «MO3UIHOHHAA NEePeryiacoBKa», HCIOJIb3YyeMbIH BpeiijjakoM, He MoxeT OBITb 3/I€Ch HCIIOJIb30BaH, T. K *e > a un *& > d Bo Bcex CBOMX MO3MLMAX. YKe ropaszio nos3xe ACHCTBOBaJIa 3-an neperJlaCOBKa B CEJIOHCKHX roBopax, BCJIeICTBHE KOTOPOI a/d (< *e/€) cHoBa pacuienusica Ha aa ayutodpona (CM. § 2.9.2.3) u 4-an neperjacoBkKa, rje 3aKpeiThie “€/€ B HEKOTODEIX J1aTra/IbCKMX rOBOpax TaKXe paciieniinch (cm. § 2.9.2.4). 62 | Hnba A. CEPKAHT (DopMbi CeJIOHCKHX (H JIiaTraJIbCKHX) TOBOpOoB, HaripuMep: mads, tavs bpeijak (1981b: 90) conocraBjiaeT ¢ madūs «vejį, tūvas «oTELp Ha TEDpHTOpHH CeBepo- BOCTOYHOM JluTBbI, HanpuMep: Anykščiai, Kūpiškis. Bpeiijjak BO3BOAUT JTO ABJIEHHE KO BpeMeHH CYIIECTBOBAHUA Ha 3TOH TEppHTOpHH JIMTBHI CEJIOHCKHX IJIEMEH, a MMEHHO K IMEpBOMY — Ha4aJly BTOpOro TbiCAueJIeTHA Hawen pbi. Kak, ogHako, 6yjaer nokasaHo Huxe (8 3.3), aTO He coBceM npasuibHas OOpMYJIHpOBKA. 2.7.1. O4eBH/IHO, uTO NMepexo]] OTKPLITHIX INpaBepxHejIaT. “e/€ B a/d Win axe B HEKOTODBbIX CEJIOHCKHX roBopax d,0/d,0 (cM. HHxe § 1.7.2), IpOHCXO/JIHMJI MOATATI- HO, H pa3JIHMUKHbIe CTajJĮHH ĮĮaHHOTO Mepexojla COXpaHHJIHCb B pa3HbIX I'OBOpaXx. Tak, HaripuMep, B Sausnėja,,, O00Jiee apxaHuHaA1 CTYyTMeHb — BeJIApH3OBaHHbIe ¢/€ (Kaulinš 1933: 11). 2.7.2. B HEKOTOpPBIX HerJIyOOKHX CeJIOHCKHX roBOpax, Hanpumep: Odziena,,, Saviena,,, Mėtriena,,, Medni,,,, kKoropbie mMex/y co60H cocTaBJIAIOT OOII<YIO reorpaduueckyio rpymnimy, Hapsaay € a (a B Medpni,, un jaxe €) Ha MecTe npaJIa- TbIinICKOTO *€ BCcTpeuaeTCA H JIaOHaJIH3OBaHHbIH MMIaCHbIM a, O, 0° (cp. JIA: 20b). VuuTrbiBas, 4TO peub 3/1€Ch He UJIET O ĮĮONOJIHHTEJIbBHOH JĮMCTDpHOYVIJMH, a NPU3HAK JiaOHaJIH3OBaHHOCTH IIpHCYTCTBVeT HJIH OTCYTCTBYET B OJĮHOH H TOH Xe NO3HIIHH, MO*KHO C/1eJIaTh BBIBO/I, UTO JlaHHasA JIaOHAaJIH3OBaHHOCTb (2-aa JIaOHaJIH3AOHA, cp. § 2.6.4.3) ABJIAETCA, CKOpee BCero, MCKOHHOM 110 OTHOMIEHHIO K € H d, ABJIAIIINMCSA Pe3yJIbTaTOM PETPOrpaJHOro pa3BHTHA NO BJIANAHUEM JIMTEPATYPHOro A3bIKA, T. €. d, 6, 0° > d (> €)* um 0606u1jeHnew No aHAIOruH (B CJryuae € €) pe3yJIbTaToB 3-eil neperJracoBKH. Ha BO3MOXHOe BJIHAHHE COCEHHUX 'OBOPOB yKa3biBaeT reorpadu- YyeCcKoe pacrI0JIOXEHHE JaHHbIX TOBOpOB Ha rpaHulle paHOHOB ¢ € H d. Oco6eHHo 3TO CTaHOBHTCA MOHATHO MPH pacCcMOTpeHHH ropopa Medni,, , rie Jlabnain3oBaHHbIH a, O, 0° OLUI OTMEYEH HADAJIY C OCHOBHBIM Č, TOCKOJILKY MOHATHO, YTO MIAaCHbIH d, 0, O" He MOT pa3BHTbCA HEINOCPEICTBEHHO U3 Hero, a JĮOJIXEH ObLJI TPOXOAUTh CTA/ĮHIO a, KOTOpOro B 3TOM roBope HeT, T. €. OTCYTCTBYeT HeoOX0AuMoe 3BEHO. Takum ob6pasom, nocsie nepexoja Čč > a, e > a, HOBOe a/Ū B HEKOTOPBIX He- TJIryOOKHX CeJIOHCKHX ropopax 0su10 gasee JIraOHaJIH30BaHo (§ 2.6.4.3) BMecTe CO cTapbiM, OCTaBINHMCA noce 1-oi rieperJiacOBKH. Oba 3TH 3ByKa B 3TUX roBopax coBriaJin, cp. gola (natr. gala) vi vocs (cpeaHenar. vecs). [loasojasa HTOT, IpHBOJIHM CXeMy pa3BHTHA. Bce HHxXe yKa3aHHbIe CTAJIHH 32aCBH- AEeTeJIbCTBOBAHbI B CEJIOHCKHX roBOpax B 3aBUCUMOCTH OT apxaHuHOCTH/ Heapxa- HUHOCTH KOHKDpeTHOTO roBODpa, a TaKXxe ero reorpadHuecKOro pacrosioxeHus: 335 [lepexon *e/€ B a/a 2-asa Jlabnanusanus JIATraJIbCKHe H I'JI. CeJIOHCKHe TOJIBKO B HEKOTOPBIX HerJIyOOKHX TOBODbI CEJIOHCKHX TOBODpax e/ė > a/a >» a/a— L» 4/3 » 0/0 2.7.3. JŲJIA OTHOCHTEJIbHOH JaTHPOBKH Mbl MOXEM CKa3aThb, YTO MPOLECC Nnepexo- Jla npaBepxHeJiaT. “e H “€ B CeJIOHO-JIATT. a, d 3aBepIunHJICA nocsie ĮleKHcTBHA 1-oi ** — Paz Apyrux npHMepoB peTporpajHoro pa3BHTHZ Nojl BJIHAHHEM JIMTEPaTypHOro A3biKa oTMEUAIOTCA B Bpeiijjak (1989). OOHETHYUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. AMANEKTE | 63 meperjiacCOBKH, Tak Kak ero pe3yjibTaT (a/d) He OblJI 0OXBayeH 1-011 neperiacoBKOM, KpOME TOro [10 TOK IpHUHHE, YTO B HEKOTOPBIX HeTJIYOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX TOBODpaXx 3TOT 3BYK COXpaHHJICA, T. €. 371eCh: e/ė win a/a. KpoMe Toro, ero pe3yJibTaT TOJIBKO B Jia TTaJIbCKHX HO He B CEJIOHCKHX TOBODpaXx COBIAJI € @/d H3 naJlaTaJIbHOIO KOHTEKCTA 1-011 rieperJIiacOBKH, B CeJIOHCKHX Xe roBopax 3TOro cosnajgeHus OoHeM *e u *ė c aJutopOHaMH a H a, NOJIYYMBIIMMHUCA U3 NpaBepxHesar. “a MH *a B najaTaJibHOM KOHTEKCTe 1-01 rieperJIaCOBKH He INpoH30ONnJIO (aasee B § 2.9.2.1.3). YuuThIBasg TOT (parT, uro 1-aa nepersiacoBka NMpoOMUCXoAnJia elle B OOLIeM, paBepxHesaThlilICKOM A3BIKOBOM apeajie, MOXHO IPeJINoJIOKHTh, YTO COBIaJeHHe B Jia TTaJIbCKHX rOBOpax HOBBIX @ H d (M3 npaBepxHesnar. *e H *€) ¢ asuopoHaMu a H d, NOJTYYUBIINMMUCH M3 rIpaBepxHeJIaT. “a H *a B lajaTajbHOM KOHTEKCTe 1-OH rieperJIaCOBKH, eCTh ABJIEHHE JIOBOJIBHO IMO3/IHEE H He CBA3aHHOE C CaMOH NeperyiacoBKOM. 2.7.4. Uto KacaeTCcCA abCOIIOTHON JjaTHDOBKH, TO 3€Ch MOXHO [PUBECTH MpUMe- pbi H3 namATHUKOB XIII u XIV BB. Gulbana (< Gulbene), Barsono (cp. nar. berzs) (Bpenjjak 1977: 30). 2.8.8 > (> ia) > é/ie, e > Ue 2.8.1. PedJIekcbi JOJIrOro H KpaTkoro 3akphIThIX NpaBepxHesaT. *e H *€ pac- npeAenInch cieayiomum OOpa3oM: Ha cesepe Jlatraimu Jo yposHsa Baltinava,,, BKJTIOYHTEJIBHO Mbl UMeeM *€ > ie, *e > 'e > € BO Bcex Mo3uuuAx; “e/€ > e/é Ha loro-zanaje OT Atasiene,,, H Ha camoM lore BOKpyr [layrasnunca, Viski, , a TaKXe B CEJIOHCKMX roBopax (Hanpumep, Sausnéja,,.). B neHTpe xe JlaTraJIHH Mol nMeeMm oba BapuaHTa, H “E > ie, *e > eu *€ > ¢, “e > e. Han6ojiee BeposATHBIM 00BACHEHHEM 3/l1eCh HaM NpejįcTaBJIAeTCA cieayiounee. H3HauaJIbHO Bce y3KHe “e/€ mepelny B najataJusupyiolue 'e/’é uiu '‘a/ia, To eCTb NpoLecc, OUEeHb Ha- noMuHawumi NpeJIioMJIeHue (Brechung), Hanpumep, B HOpBeXCKOM. 3aTeM xe, No Mepe JįeriaJIiaTaJIH3alLĮHH COrJiacHbIX Ha lore, ro-3arnaje a TaKxe Ha 3anaje (B Cestonun), 'a/ia > 'e/ie nepenijiu B e/é. Curyanus B LleHTpaabHOM JlaTranmm, rae O/IHOBpPEMeHHO IPUCYTCTBYIOT U e/ie M e,ia,d/¢é,id,d, perynupyerca 4-oit JlaTrasib- cKOH NnepersiacoBkoi (em. Hike § 2.9.2.4). B ceBepHOJiaTraJIbCKHX roBopax, BHJĮHMO, nmponecca IMpeJIOMJIEHHA He ObIJIO, 34eCh TOJIBKO ie, HJIM xe 3/1ech ‘e/ie > e/ie. B rnoJIb3Y pa3BHTHA “e/*€ > 'a/ia > 'e/ie > e/ė bpeinnak™ (1989: 203-4) npuBoanT BecKHe apryMeHThl, a UMeHHO: Nautréni, gald < gala, vale < vala, gūoje < gaja, Vilani 4157 8U0Jd, TE BUAHO, uTO ‘a > 'e > e. [locneanuii arari ObiJI CBA3aH C Jjeria- jiaTaJiu3alniHeH corjiaCHbIX, KOTOpbIE€ COXpaHHJIHCb JIHINIb B ILEHTpaJIbHO-BOCTOuUHONH yacTH TJIYOOKHX JIiaTTraJIbCKHX TOBOpoB (cp. Bpenjjak 1994: 156 n 163). B HEKOTOPBIX roBOpax Yy3KHe “€ TOJIbKO B ONpejlesIeHHbBIX IIO3HIHAX IEpellIH B e (Endzelins 1951: 109). 2.8.2. B OKOHUAHHAX, MPAKTHYECKH, BO BCEX BeEpXHeJIATbILICKHX TOBODpaX IIpOoH30O- lien nepexoj KparKoro *e/*€ > 'e/'ė (Endzelins 1951: 104-105), a B HeKOTODpEIX B > ia (d), rae ia — npocTo rmaJiaTaJIH3VYPOLIHH a, HaripHMep: Zjamja, mūot'a v3 36 Bpeiltjjak Ha3biBaeT 3TOT rIponecC NEPeriacoBKoil. 64 | Mapa A. CEPXAHT Cibla,,, (Abolina 1926: 32-33). Kak yka3ssiBaer Bpeiaak (1989: 205), riacHbie ‘e/’€ B CeBepHOJIATraJIbCKMX roBopax BO3HHKJIH M3 d/d (‘a/ia); T. K. H HCKOHHbIe d/d (Ca/ia) speck nepeuisiu B 'e/'ė, cp. gal’e, kiloje Nautréni ho Skilbéni as BOJIBIIMHCTBO CJryuaeB, rie Takke H B CyYODOHKCAJILHEIX CJIOTaX HEKOTODEIX OT/1e- JIbHbIX TOBOPOB (Endzelins 1951: 103) umeet MecTo repexojį 3aKpbITOTO KpaTKOTO e > 'a (> eww > a), 00BACHAIOTCA 4-011 rneperJiacoBKOH (§ 2.9.2.4). 2.9. KombuHaropusie dbonernuecrne nepexonsl. IleperjJracoBra 2.9.0.1. IlpajiaTbiuickas neperjacopka “e > e nepejį naJIiaTAaJIbHbIMH COIJIACHBIMH H “€ > € B OCTAJIbHBIX CJIY UASIX B BepxHeJiaTbILICKOM JįHMaJIeKTe reperJIiacOBKAa ripadajiIT. *e H *€ BbIMIAJIHT CJIe- ĮĮVYIONIIHM OO0pa3OM: e/ėe > B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT roBopa H IMO3HIĮHH e/ e<_ e/€ » Ue /ie—» B3aBHCHMOCTH OT roBOpa H IO3HIHH OueBH/įHO, 4TO H B IpaBepxXHeJIaTbINICKOM ObiJIa IPOMEXKYTOYHAA CTYyTNeHb “e, “E / *e, *€. Takum obpaszoMm, jįannas rneperJiacoBKa IIpoHCXOJIHJIa OJĮMHAKOBO H IIO TEM Ke TIpHHHOHITaM, UTO H B OCTAJIbHBIX IIpaJIaTbINICKHX AUAJIeKTaX, a CJIEeJĮOBA TEJIbHO, elle B HCTOpHH MNpaJIaTbILICKOTO, Korga ObIJI MOJIHbIH OOMEH HHHOBAIHAMH CpejįH ETO BCEeX COCTAaBHbIX 4acTeH. 2.9.0.2. 31e€ch OUEHb BaXHO OTMeTHTb CJIeAVIollee He/JĮJOpa3yMeHHe. DHJ30JIMH (Endzelins 1951: 96-97) ormeuaeTt, uro B nom. pl. 0-cKJIOHEHHA, a TaKxe B dat. pl. HaOJI10JĮaeTCA TIIpaJIaTbINCKaA MNeperJiacCOBKa KODpHA, Tak Kak CJIeJįyeT MaJIa TaJIbHbIH rjiacHbIH. Kak HaM KaxeTcs, 3TO He COBCeM INNpaBHJIbHO: — BO-TIEPBbIX, OKOHYaHUA nom. pl. 0-CcKJIOHEeHHA, a TaKxe B dat. pl. He co3jjaloT OJĮHH H TOT Xe OOHETHUECKHH KOHTEKCT, NOCKOJIBKY OKOHYaHHe nom. pl. BOCXoaHUT K npasiar. *-ai (cp. MT. nam-ai)”’, a okoHuyanue dat. pl. BocxoauT K AM TOHTY npasar. *-ie (cp. mT. vis-ie-ms). JĮejio B TOM, 4TO -i U3 nepBoro AMM TOHra IpaJIaTbILICKYP H 1-y10 BEPXHEJIaThILICKYIO IeperjiaCOBKH He BhI3bIBAET, IOCKOJIbKY, BUAUMO, He cMAryas npejaslayuiero corsacHoro, cp. cam Endzelins (1951: 111), ogHako *-ie J0JDKeH Obl ODE 3TH NeperJiaCOBKH BbI3bIBATb. — BO-BTOPBIX, PUBEJIeHHbIe CAMHM ke IHa3emHoM (Endzelins 1951: 96-97) roBopsi Skaista, , Daudzese,. , Kraslava, , a takxe un Auleja, , umeloT ripaBHJIbHOE 507? 351? 506° 502 * Endzelins (1951: 401) nenpas, yTBep# as, UTO JaTHIICKOE CKJIOHEHNE CYIIECTBUTEILHBIX OCHO- BBIBAETCA MOJHOCTLIO Ha CKJIOHEHHH TpHJIaraTeJIbHBIX, T. €. MecroHMeHHOoM. Hanpumep, B loc. sg. NPUCYTCTBYET H VY NpUJIAraTeJibHbIX H VY CYIIECTBHTEIbHBIX OKOHYaHHe CKJIOHEHHAI CYIeCTBUTE Th- HBIX a He MeCTOMMeHHoe. 3/1ech IIpaBHJIbHeH ObUIO Obl TOBOpHTb O ĮĮaTEJIbHOM Najgexe, KOTODpbIH H B €JHHCTBEHHOM Y4MCJIE, H BO MHOKECTBEHHOM OUI IEpeHAT H3 MECTOMMEHHOI0 CKJIOHEHHA. Takum 006pa30M, HeJIb3A YyYTBepxJIaTb (TaM xe), 4TO B nom. pl. JiaT. -i COOTBETCTBYET JIMTOBCKOMY -1 Y NpHJIaraTeJIbHbIX. OOHETHUYUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮHMAJIEKTE | 65 pacnpejijeJienne, cp. liet’i mal'i (1éti meli) Ho latu malu (ojmmaro B dat. pl. 06061mjeno lat'im malym) (Alksnis 1932: 28). T. e. 3aech elle coxpaHHJIacb pa3HHIla MeXJIVY nom. pl. -i (< *-ai) CkJIOHeHHA CyLIĮECTBHTEJIbHbIX H nom. pl. -i (< *-ie) npuJrara- TEJIbHbIX, COOTBETCTBYPONI:*axIi TAKOBOH B JIATOBCKOM A3BIKe™, 1.9.0.3. [Ipumepsl, rae B TJIyOOKHX JIiaTraJIbCKHX roBopax e/€ H HX IpOH3BOJIHbIE yepeayeTcs ¢ a/G He MoryT OBbITb OObACHEHbI Ha BEpXHeJIATbINICKOH IMOUBE, ĮĮaHHbIe 4uepe/Į0OBaHHAfi BOCXOJIAT K IIpaJIaTbILICKOH rIeperJiacoBKe “e/é > e/€ V ux IIpOoH3- BojiHble + E, S *e/č > a/d Hi nx nponsBogHsie + A, rae E — 060i naJIiaTAJIbHBIN TJIACHBIH, Š — riaJIaTAJIH3OBAHHEII corJIaCcHbIH, KpoMe c, dz, a A — ocTaJibHbIe rjiac- Hole. Tak, Hanpumep, B Aluksne, . ezerins, viederins (vadars), vedeklina (vadakla), veseliba (vasals) (Brencis 1914: 115). 2.9.2. BEPXHEJIATBHBIIICKHE NEPETJIACOBKH 2.9.2.0. 'apMOHMUA TJIaCHbIX UrpaeT 00JbIYIO POJib B (POHETHKE BEpXHeJIATHINC- KOI'o Juajexkta H 0ObACHAETCA Pe3yJIbTaTOM AeHCTBUA IIpHOaJITHHCKO-OHHCKOTO cyberpara, rae, HanpuMep, B 10KHO-3CTOHCKOM JĮHAJIEKTĖE, BOACKOM, HXKOpCKOM H Jp. A3bIKAX MO3ULMOHHAA TMeperJiacoBKa peryjiapHa (bpengak 1977: 30, 318). bpenaak (1977: 31) cuuraer, 4TO peryJisipHON NasjaTajJbHON MeperJIaCOBKH B HCTODpHH BEPXHEJIATHILICKOro JĮĮMAJIEKTA He ObIJIO, a HMEETCA JIHINb Criopagudyeckas. OjįHaKo, Kak INOKA3bIBAIPOT IpHMepEI, 3Ta NeperjiacoBKa IpOoHCXOJIHJIA B JPEeBHOCTH (HanpuMep, JIO nNepexojja *a/a > O > uo), T. e. BIOJIHE 3aKOHOMEPHO, YTO Cero {HA MbI HE IMEEM IOJIHOK peryJIApHOCTH, a JIHMINb OCTaTKH NeperjacoBku. UMeHHO Tak 3TO H 00bACHA Bpehj/jak B ogHoM CBOeH OoJIee paHHel pabdore (Breidaks 1974: 129). Jlerko cebe npeACTaBUTH, 4TO B CJIy4asx, rie OTCYTCTBYIOT pe3yJibTaThl Nepera- COBKH, OHa ObiJIa ycTpaHeHa 10/1 JlaBJIeHHeM aHaJIOTHH, T. €. B reperJiacoBaHHble OOpMBbI OCHOBBI Tlepej] NaJIaTaJIbHbiMH OKOHYUAHHAMH ObLJI BBEJEH Henepersaco- BaHHbIH T JIAaCHbIH M3 (OPM OCHOBbI I1epejį HerIaJIaTAJIbHbIMH OKOHUAaHHAMH. Takxke MOTJIH OKa3aTb BJIMAHHE OJHOKOPEHHBIE CJIOBA C HeTrMaJIaTAJIbHbIMH CyOdOHKCAMH H np. B noJsib3y HMEHHO Takoro OObACHEeHHA CBHAETEeJIbCTBYET TO, UTO, C OHOM CTOPOHBI, IPH MeperjiacoBKe COXpaHHJIHMCb ripajiaT. “a H “a, ¢ ApyroM CTOpOHEI, OHA He HMEeT OOJIBINe PErysApHOro Xxapakrepa, a rneperJjiacopaHssie DOpMBI Bee 6oJibliie 3AaMeHAPOTCA OOpMAMH IO aHajJIOTHH, CM. nnpuMepsl B Brencis (1914: 117). 2.9.2.1. 1-aa Bepxuenarsimickas [lepernacoska 2.9.2.1.1. IlepersiacoBka rmpoHcx0ojiHjia rnepej najatajbHbIMU COTJIACHBIMHU k, $, j, Čč, dž, š, ž, I, n, a Takxke nepej riaJIiaTAJIH30BAHHbIMH COTJIaCHBIMH, T. €., ECJIH B CJIEeJĮyIOLIJE M CJIOTE CTOs IaJIaTAJIbHbIH TJIACHbIu H eMy He IpejįuuIeCTBOBAJIH K TOMY BpeMeHH ye ĮĮeriaJIia TaJIH3OBaHHEIe €, dz. T JiacHbIiu i, COOTBETCTBYPONIHH Y ** HHTepecHo, 4ro npaKTH4eCKH B TOM Xe CaMOM paiioHe H HapeunHA Ha *-ai nojanTes InaJIa- TaJibHoOH neperJiacoBKe (Endzelins 1951: 97), T. e. ckopee Bcero 315ecb JjeliCcTBOBAJIa AHAJIOTHA C najiaTaJIM3YONIIHM INioKa3aTeJIieM HapeuHA “-jai > *-'į, 66 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT JIŲpyTHX TOBODpOB, neperjacosky He Bbi3bIBaeT (Endzelins 1951: 110-111). Ojgjnaro, BO3MOXHO, 4TO 3/1ech ripaB BpeHjjar (1989: 156), KOoTOpbIH yka3biBaeT Ha TO, 4TO J cam rio cede He BbI3bIBAJI IMeperJIiacCOBKY — K COXKAJIEHHP OH IIpHBOJIHT MAJIO IIpH- MEepOB UIA MOJIHOrO A0Ka3aTesibCTBa, HaripHMep: vojūot (cp. vajat). Emje Ancitis (1977: 56) ykasan Ha aToT Qakt B Akniste,..: vojoat HO kleis < *klajis, ryte 3a -j- CJIe [O BAaJI NMaJIaTaJIbHbIH T JIaCHbIHM. Kak Obi1J10 yxe ckaszaHo Bble (§ 2.9.2.0), JaHHas nepersiacoBKa IIpoOHCXOJIHJIA OTHOCHTEJIbBHO JAaBHO. TakoM BbIBOJĮ MBI JejlaeM M3 CJIeAYILMX COOOpaxeHHH: — J10 HavaJia JaHHOM MeperJIaCOBKH B TJIyOOKHX JlIaTraJlbCKMX roBopax Ha MecTte CEroIHALIHUX O, uo eile ObIH Npajart. “a, *a; — BO BpeMA IeperjiacoBKH elle CylecTBoBasl B aOCOJIOTHOM KOHLE CJIOBa JIHO- TOHI' *-ai (cp., HanpuMep, JIUT. sakai), Tak Kak 3TOT ANMTOHT IrIaJIaTAJIH3aLIHIO He BbI3bIBAJI, Cp. soki = nut. sakai (Endzelins 1951: 111); — Mbl HE HMEREM [1€J10 C XKHBbIM (HJIH ABTOMATHUECKHM) poiieccom, bosiee Toro, B DOJIBILIEN YACTH CJIy4YaeB pe3yJsibTaThl ĮĮEŪHCTBHA INeperJiaCOBKH ObIJIH yCTpaHeHbl noJ AeMCTBUEM aHaJIOTHH. JTO JaeT HaM MpaBo YTBEPXkKAaTh, YTO B JAHHOM CJIyyae Mbl IMEEM J1eJI0 C OC- TaTKaMM ObLJIOTO Mmpoljecca, a He Cropajanyeckoro, HeperyJspHoro. 2.9.2.1.2, BaXHO OTMETUTh, YTO TaKXe B CEJIOHCKHUX H 3anajHoJiaTrajJbCKHX ropopax JeHcTBoBajia 1-ada nepersjiacoBka, HECMOTpA Ha TO, YTO 3]ĮeCb 4acTO BCTpeuaeTCA «HeoODOCHOBaHHbIN» € TOUKH 3peHus 1-0M neperiacoBku O, cp. zola, gola (Dzelzava, , Elksnitis 1929: 126). OgHako, yunThiBasA JpPeBHOCTb Ipolecca 1-011 rneperjiacoBKH (apryMeHTHI B § 2.9.2.1.1), a TaKxe TOT (AKT, YTO B HEKOTOPHIX CEJIOHCKHX rOBOpax omnpejessionieecs 1-oH rieperJiacOBKOH pacripejjejIieHHe a H O (ū vi d/0 B MenbInIeii CTerieHH) COXpaHHJIOCBb, Hanpumep B Dzelzava 00» Viesite Nereta, . (Endzelins 1951: 110), u B MexnbmeH crerrexu B Cesvaine,.,, Patkule Lazdona,., (Elksnitis 1929: 128-9). 361? 416° 415° Sarkani, ,, 419 [To3ke B CEJIOHCKUX roBopax pe3yJsbTaThl 1-0M nepersacoBKU ObLUIM MOJABEpr- HYTHl 3-ei neperjacoske (cM. HUXe § 2.9.2.3), T. e. MOJIVYHMBINHECA a H d ObUIH neperjiacoBaHbl B IIO3HIOMH INNepejį najaTtaJbHbIM TJIACHbIM B a, d, e H O“, a“, a COOTBETCTBEHHO (00a 3ByKa UacTO OO003Ha4aRPTCA Kak €, 4acTO MMeeT MeCTO nepexo/ B €), JĮJOJITHe KOppeJsATH a H 0 aHaJloruyHo. Takum obpasom, ApeBHUIH npaBepxHesar. “a (/a) B HanboJiee apxaHU4HbIX CEJIOHCKUX TOBODpaXx InpejicTaBJieH TpoAKO. B OO0JILIIHHCTBE HeTrJIryOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX I'OBOPOB, OJIHAKO, pe3yJib- TaTbI 1-04 neperJIaCOBKH ObIJIH HUBEJIMPOBAHbI H YepeoBaHusa Tia G“ + E, a + A-3To HoBEIe Uepe/Į0BaHHA, BbI3BAaHHbIe 3-eH nepersacoBkou. Il03TOMY HerIpaBHJIbHO YyTBepx/jeHHe DH/p3ejinHa (Endzelins 1951: 126), uro 1-as neperijia- COBKA XODpOINIO COXpaHHJIaCb B Sausnėja,.., ma‘te (KOHTEKCT, BbI3bIBaIOLIHH 1-Y1O H 3-5bI0), OJĮHaKO, CP. KOHTEKCT TOJIbKO 1-0¥ B cJryuasx: mūjina, kajina, valigs, nai, asi (Kaulinš 1933: 14-15), a He **maū'jina **ka‘jina, **veligs, **neži, KoTOpbIe Oki Jajia 3-AA neperjiacoBka. Cp. npumepsl 1-of rieperjracoBKu: osaras — wakarij OAHAKO JpoJIrue CoOBnaJIu: toa — koajinam (Kaulin 1890: 323-329). ODOHETHUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. JJUANEKTE | 67 2.9.2.1.3. DHa3enuH (Endzelins 1951: 126), ocHOBBIBasACh Ha aHaJIOTHUHOM IIpejĮ- mnojIioxeHHH benuendeprepa (Bezzenberger 1885: 86), Bkicka3aji npeanosioxkeHue, 4TO *a/*a nocise 1-01 raJIiaTaJIbHOH IepersacoBKHU COBIAJIO C IIpaJIaTbINICKHMH “e/"€, H 3aTeM BMeCTe C HUM lepeuuio obpaTtHo B a/d yxe noCJIe Toro, Kak npaBepxHesaT. “a/*a B OCTAJIbHbIX IIO3HIĮHAX JIiaOHaJIH3HDpOBAaJIOCb., JTO, XOTA H HHTepecCcHOe IpelįNoJIOKXEHHe, IpH NpoBepKe MaTepHaJla OKa3bIBAaeTCA JIOXHbIM. Creaywommui OaKT CHHMAaeT BO3MOXHOCTb TaKOH HHTepripeTanLHH MaTepHaJIa B mOJIb3Y TOro, uTO a/a (< *e/*€) coBnajJIO CO «cTapbiM» a/d (H3 npaBepxHesar. *a/*a nocjie naJiaTaJIbHOH TMeperjiaCOBKH). J[eJIO B TOM, UTO B CEJIOHCKHX TOBO- pax, rje npouecc 1-oil rieperJiacCOBKH TaKxe HMeJI MecTo (cM. BbiNnnIe, § 2.9.2.1.2), B HEKOTOPBIX I'OBOpax IpaBepxHenaTr. “e/€ H *a/a B onpegesieHHBIX MO3ULIMAX He COBIIaJIM, a pa3JIHYUaROTCA H 10 CeH JieHb, HampuMep: B Sausn€ja,,. riocJIe 3-em rneperJiacoBKH *e + E > a, *a + E > Ad, goarue *€ mu *a anamniornuno (Kaulinš 1933: 13); vacs (< vecs) HO zolš, gola, skona (< zalš, gala, skana) B: Liezére,,, Lubeja,,,, Mėdzūle,,,, Gulbere,,, (Hauzenberga 1934: 176-181), Ogre,,, Ergli,,, (Zarinš 1931: 12-13). Ynomsanyteie OHa3enuHoM (Endzelins 1951: 117) OOopMEI Tura vaker, taged u3 Prauliena,, , Dzelzava, , ABJIAIOTCHA peryJIApHbIMH pedJiekcamu 3-eH nepersaacoBku (§ 2.9.2.3). 2.9.2.1.4. Cneaymomue MpyUMeps! TIOKa3bIBAIOT, YTO BO BpeMs UX 3aMMCTBOBaHUA 1-asa nepernacoBka yxe He jeiictBoBaia: Lubana, , zūodžs (Breidak 1977: 32), Kalupe,,.: vūožeit' (< BaxuTts) (Rekéna 1962: 26). B 0604x ykaszaHHBIX TpUMepax *a“" cToHT nepe; naJIAaTAJIbHbIMH COIJIACHBIMU H IJ1IaCHBIMU. OYEBHIHO, YTO ITH 3aHMCTBOBAaHHA JIOJIKHBI OBIJIH OBITH MO3Ke, 4YeM BpeMA AeUCcTBUA 1-OH neperJa- COBKH, TaK Kak Haye Obl Mbl Obl HMEeJIH Ha MecTEe -U0- JJOJITHH “a. OgqHaKo 3TH Xe 3aHMCTBOBAaHHA JĮOJDKHBI ObUIH MTONACTh B JpeBHUE BepXHeJIaTbINlICKHe MOBOPHI [10 nepexoja 311ecb ripajiaT. “a > uo. Takum 00pa30M, eJUHCTBEHHOE 00bACHEHHE, KOTODpOE 0DBACHAJIO OBI TaKYK CUTYal ui, ObL10 Obl NpeArnoiokeHue, 4To 1-a me- persiacoBka M3HavyaJ/IbHO B HelajiaTaJlbHOM OKDpYXeHHH [aia 3BYK, OJIH3KHH K da. KopHeBoH @ Hallux 3aHMCTBOBaHHH COBITAJ C 3TUM 3BYKOM H Mepemies ¢ HUM B UO. Takum obpasom, 1-asa meperJiacoBka H 1-asa jabuanusauus He CBA3aHbl APYT C IPYIrOM H NpoIecchl, BO3MOXHO, 3HAYUTEJIbHO OTCTOSIMHe APYT OT Apyra BO BpeMeHH. Ha Hai B3rJisj, 5To JOBOJIBHO BaXHbIH XDpOHOJIOTHUECKHH MOMEHT, KOTODbIH UAaCTO B MCCTIeJOBaHUAX He cobmo/1aeTcs. Kpome Toro, oH rnojreepxaaer C TUIOJIOTHYECKON TOUKH 3pEHHA IIpaBHJILHOCTb PEKOHCTPYKIMH (DOHETHYECKOT0 xapaKTepa 1-oH rieperJiaCOBKH Kak MMEHHO NAJIaTaJIbHOW IIeperJIAaCOBKH Np rTaJIATAJIbHOM KOHTEKCTe, a He JIaOHaJIH3AaIHHH B HeEIIaJIATAJIbHOM KOHTEKCTE. 2.9.2.1.5. IlpH jaHHOM neperjacoBke Bce ApeBHUE “a 1 *a ObLIN neperaacoBaHbl B *a®/a" (mepej najar., cp. bie § 2.9.2.1.4) H *a,a/3,a (B OCTAJIbHbIX IIO3HIIHAX) (8 2.6.4.1): “0 3pech BaXHO 3aMeTHTh, 4TO [10 KpalHeil Mepe, B 3aHMCTBOBAHHSIX M3 PYCCKOro / He10pyceKoro A3BIKOB HCKOHHO TMOJIV JJAaDpHBIH TJIAaCHbIH OTOOpaxaeTCA B JaThIIICKOM JIOJITOTONM. 68 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT [|paBepxHeJiaTbINICKHH [|pacej1oHCKHH MH JlaTranbCckui [lpanatransCckui a -»> 1-as Jlao. » “a/ o“ > 0 —» (JUIA O > uo) a < a“ » a » a (Jus *a anarnorHuHO) Kak yxe onuchiBasioch Bolle (§ 2.6.4.1), 1-aa neperJiacoBka ĮJĮOJIXHa Oblj1a nipej- mecTBoBaTh 1-om JiaOHaJIHM3aLIHH ajutodoHa *a/a > 0/0 > o/uo, 3-ei neperjiacoBke (8 2.9.2.3), a Takxke 2-ofi neperJyiacoske (§ 2.9.2.2). 2.9.2 1.6 1-AfA NEPETJTACOBKA B BE3YJIAPHbBIX CJIOTAX [pu 1-0¥ neperjiacoBke, OYEBH/IHO, IIeperJIaCOBbIBAJIHCb H CPEHHE CJIOTH OCHOBBI MHOTI'OCJIOXKHBIX CJIOB, KOTOPBIE B CBOIO OUepe/ib TAKXKe BbI3bIBAJIH MeperJIiacCOBKY rpe- ABIAYIMX CJIOTOB, cp. gobals, Ho gabalins Aluksne, , Apukalns,,. ,.. „4. 44, Gulbene uu gobols, Ho gabal’enc, vosora, Ho vasarena (nanpumep, Kaldabruna) (Endzelins 1951: 117). 2.9.2.2. 2-an BepxHenarsinickas nepersiacopka. I'yiacusiii *i 2.9.2.2.1. IleperJiacoBKa npoucxoguiia nepej najatrajabHbIMH TJIACHbIMH HJIH COrJIaCHbIMH K, $, J, č, dž, š, ž, |, n. I'nacHbIil i, COOTBETCTBYIOLIHH Y B roBOpax C peryJIApHbkIM pacripe/jeJjIeHHeM y H i, neperJIaCOBKY He BkI3bIBaeT (Endzelins 1951: 110-111). 2.9.2.2.2. CJIiejtyeT OTMETHTb, YTO CaM 3BYK Y MOCTENeHHOo HCuUe3aeT. Tak, B HeKO- TOPBIX CEJIOHCKHX roBopax, a Takxke 3anajlHO- H CEBEpHO-JIaTMaJIbCKHX 3TOT 3BYK rmponmejIi peTporpagHoe pa3BHTHMe y > Y> i, cp. JIA: 42, tak, nanpumep, B Lubana, į OT y nouTH He oTnuaercs (Zirnitis 1937: 116). 2.9.2.2.3. B HEKOTOPHIX rOBOpax, Hampumep, B Livani,, B KOHIE CJIOBA B JIIOOOM OKpyXeHHH, a B DOJIbIIMHCTBE ĮĮDpyTHX TOBOPOB TOJIBKO noce k, g, MOXxeT ObITh TOJIbKO -i (Endzelins 1951: 130).*' OgHako, Kak NMoKa3slBalOT CJIEAYIONINE TPUMEPHI, rjie KOpHeBOf IrracHbii Yy, HEKOr/la H B 3THX MO3MIMAX OBL Yy, Hanpumep: vylki, ZYT8L. 2.9.2.2.4. BOSHUHKHOBEHHE y 2.9.2.2.4.1. lpesavit y 1s Toro, uTOOBbI MpaBHJIbHO NMOHATH YCJIOBUA H BpeMs AeMCTBUA 2-0U reper.ia- COBKH, MBI JOJIKHbBI CHa4YaJia pacCMOTPETh VCJIOBHA BOZHUKHOBEHHA 3BYKa Y B KOHIIE CJIOBa, IIe ero INMOSIBJIEHHEe He MOIJIO ObIJIO ObITb BEI3BAHHO IIeperJiaCOBKOH. “ B coBpeMeHHOM PYCCKOM MOCTE K, ¢ TAKXKE BO3MOXHBI TOJIbKO Uu (Endzelins, Tam xe). OOHETHYUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. AMAJNEKTE | 69 IlepBkIiH BONPOC, KOTOpbIH BO3HUKAET B 3TOH CBA3H — BO3MOXHO JIH IIpejįroJIO- XEeHHe, YTO -y BO3HHK B KOHIĮe CJIOBa H3 JIPpeBHEro *-ai, Torja Kak ero KODppeJIAT -1 — Hi3 *-ie? Wan apyrumu CJIOBAMMH, ObUIO JIM COXpaHeHO JApeBHee pa3JIHYHė B rmaJIaTaJIbHOCTH / HenaJjlaTaJbHOCTH NpeAblAyIIero corjiacHoro HJIH Her, CVIIECT- BOBasllee ele np 1-ou nepersacoske? HecMoTpA Ha TO, 4TO, 110 KpaiHeil Mepe, CHHXPOHHO Takoe pasjnyue He HaOmogaercs, cp. gony (gani), rody (radi), rae *-ai, pyny, syty, rae *-i (cp. smut. pini) Pilda, , (Endzelins 1951: 130), cneayer npeano- JIOKHTb, YTO BCEe-TaKH M3HAYaJIbHO Takoe pasjinyue Ob110. Tako BbIBOJĮ CJIienyeT H3 TOro (dakTAa, YTO HeKOTODEIe -i U3 *-ie H -i- U3 *-i- (B 3aKpbITOM CJIOre) HUK020a He 3aMellarnTcs Y, a HMEHHO: — acc. sg. e-cKJIOHeHHA: muot’i (mati) Pilda, — acc. sg. MecronMeHHA 1-ro H 2-ro nuua: mani, t’evi Pilda, — «i B cydpduxcax -elis, -inš (-inis), rae cam -i- HCuUe3, OJJHAKO COXpaHWJIACh IraJIa- TaJIM3aluA npeablayuero corjacHoro, cp. smird’el’s Pilda, (Alksnis 1932: 34-36), akminc, yūdinc Baltinava,,, (Vitole 1931: 132). [lpn TaKOH peryjaapHOCTH Mbl BBIHYXKAEHBI IIDHHATb, YTO M3HAYAJIBHO TOJIBKO *1 > -i, a *-1 > y. IlpoOjieMa COCTOHT TOJIbKO B TOM, 4TO, (*-'i >) -'i pacnpo- CTPaHMJICA MO aHaJIOTHH 3a cyer (*-1 >) -y B TaKOH CTeNneHu, 4To npu 3-eil ne- perjiacoBke yxe JioOOH -i — NnaJIaTAJIbHbIŪ H ItaJIiaTAJIH3YPOLIIHH, T. €. BbI3bIBaeT najaTrajbHy10 MeperjacoBKy, IIpH TOM, 4TO MpH 1-oH nepersacoBKe elje He BCe *-1 nepemJIH B -'i, cp. soki = nut. sakai (Endzelins 1951: 111). OgHHUM U3 ApKHX MPUMEPOB CJYXKHUT pacripocTrpaHeHHe OKOHYaHMUA -'i B nom. pl. B O-CKJIOHEHHH U3 CKJIOHEHHA OlpeAesIeHHBIX IIpHJIaraTeJIbHbIX H U3 -ijO-CKJIOHEHHA, CP. JIUT. -ie H -iai. OgHaKo cJiejibl OBUIOTO pa3JIHYHA ele COXpaHHJIHCb B Auleja_,, cp. liet'i mal’i (leti meli) Ho latu malu (oanako B dat. pl. o6o6meno lat’im malym) (Alksnis 1932: 28). 31ech 060011eHo yxe oKoHuaHHe -’i OJHAKO IIO NPaJIaThIIICKOM NeperjacoBKe BUHO, 4TO B cJiyyae mal’i Mel HMeeM (MMeJTH) HenatamaibHbil KoHTekeT. Takas Ke aHaJIOTHA HabmogaeTcs CpejįH HapeuHH, re KOHKYPHPYIOT OKOHYaHUuA -1 < *.ji < *-jai H -i U3 *-ai. HTakK, -y B KOHIe CJIOBa BO3HHK OOoHeTHUeCKH H3 HerilaJIaTAJIH3YPONIeTO *-i, OJĮ- HaKO BCJIE[ICTBHE aHaJIOTHH H3Ha4uaJIbHOe pacnpejesieHne VTEpAJIOCb. IIpH atom pacnpocrpaHeHHe aHaJIOrMYecKoro -'i Ha4ajJIOCb yxke, CKOpee BCero, BO BpeMA JKeHcTBHA 1-oOH reperJIiaCOBKH. 492 2.9.2.2.4.2. Bropuunbri / HOBBIH y 3JĮeCb BaxXHO OTMeTHTb, YTO Y IIOABJIACTCA B KOHIĮE CJIOBA, a TaKXe B COUETaHHH -yu- B cepejįHHe CJIOBa B HOBBIX JŲIA HEeTO KOHTEKCTaX, a HMEeHHO: IMOCJIe JeriaJIa- TaJIN30BaHHBIX Š, Z, ¢, dž (§ 3.1), a Take B nom./ acc. pl. ū-CKJIOHEHHA, HaNpHMED, rukys (rokas), H B HEKOTOPBIX ĮĮpyTHX ciay4aax. [IOHATHO, 4TO 3/€Ch IOABJIEHHE Y ropaszo 6oJiee nosagHee, yeM odCcyxjgaemMoe B ITOH IJiaBe. 70 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT 2.9.2.2 5. BONPOC BPEMEHH JSEKHCTBHA 2-OH IIEPETJIACOBKH H IO3HIIHA DHA3EJHHA VuurbiBas TOT (PaKT, UTO IJIACHBIM i, COOTBETCTBYPINHH Y JAPYIrMX rOBOPOB, nepersiacoBky He BbI3biBaeT (Endzelins 1951: 110-111), Mbl BBIHYX/I€HBI TPEATIO- JIOXKWUTB, YTO INeperjacoBKa npasepxHesnar. “i > yu “i > i npeauecrposasia 1-oi neperJjiacoBke. AHaJIOrMYHOe cyxJjeHHe ObLIO yxe BbiCcKa3aHo B Ancitis (1977: 65). OaHako JaHHOe MpeanoJsioxeHne Hecer B cede HeKOTODpbIe TPYIHOCTH: 1) Takum 0G6pa3OM Mbl BbIHYX/ĮEHbI MpHHATb, YTO JaHHasA MeperjacoBka camas ApeBHAA, [axe JApeBHeH, UeM npaJIAaTbInICKAA neperJjiacoBka *e/*é > *e/*€ / *e/*€. U3 atoro Oki cj1efloBasio, UTO HEKOr[Ja H B OCTAJIbHbIX JIATHILICKUX JĮHAJIEK- Tax cyllecrBoBaJsia ajbrepHaumd i/ y. OjįHaKO TIOABJIEHHe 3ByKa VY B JIATHILICKUX H JIATOBCKHX TOBOpaX HAM KaxeTcs BCe-TaKH DoJiee No3 HUM ABJIEHHEeM. 2) Mb BRIHYK/I€HBI Jlajiee MpH3HaTb, YTO JlaHHasA NeperjiacoBKa JIeHCTBYET C TUX ApeBHHX BPEMEH H MO CEroJHALIHUN [IeHb, IOCKOJIbKY B roBopax, B (doHerHue- CKOH CHCTEME KOTODEIX IIpHCYTCTBYeT 3BYK Y, 3BYKH I H Y pacnpeaesisiioTcs CTPOro 3aKOHOMEPHO H, B HOBbIX VCJIOBHAX, TaKXe COIJIACHO IMpaBHJIaM JĮEHCTBHA JįaH- HOH rieperjiacoBKH. Hanpumep: Akniste, : cylvaks repejį -a- u3 *e, mynūtrie (Mu- HyTa). B 3THX roBopax JaHHOMY pacnpe/iesieHUI0 TaKXe INOJJYHHAIOTCA pedJIEeKCbiI HKojiroro *U > yu H iu, B 32aBHCHMOCTH OT NMOCJIeAYIOIIEro rjiacHoro, cp. JA: KapTbiI 48 n 43,44. IlpH TakoM cHTVyalLLHH CTOUT elle pa3 NpoBepHTb YIIOMAHY The DH/13eJIMHOM (CM. BRIE) CJrydaHn, Iie NOJYYMBLIMICA U3 JaHHOW IeperJIaCOBKH Y He aeT naJiaTajibHoi neperyiacoBKy IIpH IpaJIaTbILICKOH IeperjacoBke H np 1-011 BepxHeJIaTbINICKOHM nepersiacoske. JIpeBHUH ripajiaT. *i B cpejiHeM cJiore rnepej npajar. HenajaTaib- HBIM TJIACHbIM HMEeTCA TOJIbKO B HEMHOTHX cydbdukcax, a HMEHHO: TMIATOJIbHbIH cydOOuKc -inat H nMeHHOH cy dukc -ins (-ync). IIpH atom CHTVaLHA C CyOOHKCOM -inat, CJIeJĮVIOLIMHM 3a OCHOBaMH ¢ rIpadajiIT. *a/a, 10BOJIbHO CJIOXxXHaAf. Bo MHOTHX CJTY UasIX JĮaHHBbIH Y BbI3bIBaeT IraJIaTAaJIbHYP INeperJIaCOBKY, cp. Hanpumep: batynuot «OeJi1Tb, OTOeJIMBaTb» (1 balts) BMecro **bolynuot, ktabynuot «cry uarb» Kalupe 45 Viski,_ , zadynuét «npusetrcTBoBaTh» Varaklani (Bpeiigak 1989: 159). IlojinocTeio MPOTUBONIOCTaBJIEHa 3TOMY cuTyanus B Akniste, (Ancitis 1977: 65), rae cypdukce -ynodt’ BbI3bIBAET BEJIAPHYIO MeperjacoBky “e > *e, cp. vadynodt (vedinat), Ho He BbI3bIBaeT NneperyiacoBku “a > *a > *a > o, cp. balynodt. BoamoxHo, B cjiyyae ¢ balynodt urpana posh aHaJIOTHA B BOKaJIM3Me KOPHs: -a- + -ynodt, vadynodt xe [MO OTJIaCOBKE KOPHA COOTBETCTBYeT JWT. vadinti, T. e. 3[lech HeHcTBOBaJIa 1-as nepersiacoBka. Kojsiebanus 3jiech MOryT ObITh BbI3BaHbI abJ1ayTOM, Kak B CJIyuae C vadynodt, a Take aHaJIornen. duazenus (Endzelins 1951: 117) ykassiBaeT Ha ele OJĮHY BO3MOXHOCTb aHaJIOTHH OOpMEI Ha Jat. -it, JIUT. -inti, KOTOPbIE TAKXXE MOTIJIH MOBJIMATH Ha KOPHEBOM rmacHnbiH, HanpuMep dedzit un dedzinat. HemHoOroumcJieHHbIe puMepsl HMEH ¢ CyOOHKCcOM -ync/ -yns Bce, Tak HJIH HHaUue, NMOKa3bIBalOT, YTO 3/ĮeCb INpaJsiaThilicKas H 1-asd BepXHeJIATbINICKAA TMeperJIaCOBKH BBI3bIBAIOT BEJIAPU3ALIMI0 KOPHEBOI'O IJIACHOTO, T. €. MPH INpaJaThILICKOH repera- COBKE “e > ¥e, a npH 1-01 BepxHeJIaTbILICKOH NeperyjiacoBKke Mbl UMeeM *a > O *a OOoHETHUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮHAJIEKTE | 71 > 0 > uo: sorkins (sarkans), gradzyns „gredzens““**, klodtyn, nodtync (nckJiouenne sapync < sapnis, rje 3akoHoMepHa l-as riaJjIiaTAJIbHASA TIeperjJIiacoBKAa) (Ancitis 1977: 65). Kpome sToro ete ciejgyer oocy ants opmel desmit c y3kum e H dasmytais ca < npasepxHenar. “e. CJIOXHOCTb ĮĮaHHOTO IIpHMEepa COCTOMT B TOM, UTO -i- B OOeHx (pbopMax He ABJIAETCA 3ITUMOJIOIMYECKHM H BO3HHK CKOpee BCETO OTHOCHTEJIbHO IO3JĮHO H IIO TeM Xe INpHuHHaM, 4TO H -U- B uguns < *ugns < *ugnis, T. e. *desimt > (BTopHuHo) > *desmt > desmit. Pacnpejjejienue *e Hi *e cooTBeTCTBYeT raJIa- TaJIbHOCTHM/ HENaJIaTaJIbHOCTH COOTBETCTBYPININHX JIMTOBCKUX OopM, cp. desmit H JnT. dešimtis, dasmytais ui ut. dešimtas. Ojįhako, Ha OCHOBAHHH TOJIbKO 3TOTO rnpuMepa rpejįriojJIiaraTb, 4To 2-as rneperjacoska OblJIa paHbll1e HJIH OJĮHOBpeMeHHO C NIpaJIaTbILICKOH H 1-01 BepXHeJIaTbINICKOH rIeperJIaCcOBKAMH, Mbl He pelNaeMCAH. HraKk, mogsejieM TIIpoOMexXYyTOYUKHbLIH HTOT: OTTMIaroJIbHbIH cyddukc -indt JaeT CMellaHHbIe JaHHbIe, TIOCKOJIbKY MOABEPXEeH pa3HOTro poja aHaJIOTHAM, HMEHHOH cyOBOHKC -ync/ -yns CTHMYJIHpyeT BeJIApH3alLIHIO NpeablAYIIero rjiacHoro rpH 1-o H PAJIATHIIICKOM NeperjacoBKax. Tako BbIBOJĮ MOJIHOCTbIO COOTBETCTBYET Ipej/įro- JIOXEHHIO DH/I3eJIMHA, O TOM, YTO B 3THUX OOpMAX Ob BEJIADH3YIONLIHH KOHTEKCT. [Ipn npoBepke 3TUX NMpUMepoB OpocaeTcsa B rjiasa OjįHa OCOOeHHOCTb: napaji- JIeJIbHO cy(dukcam mnpapepxHesaT. *-ins H *-indt B Tex xe CaMbIX ¢opmax, C TEMH Xe CaMbIMH JIEKCEMAMH H C TEM Xe caMbIM 3Ha4UeHHeM B [IPYTHX JiHaJIeKTax Mbl BCTpeuaeM (OOopMEI Ha -ens (marins „mėerens“, gradzync ,gredzens” H pan ap. (Endzelins 1951: 309)) u -endt (3aech cutyaius CJIoxHenh, cM. Endzelins 1951: 833). B ocobeHHOCTH CpejįH HMEH Mbl UMeeM MPaKTUYEeCKH MOJIHOe COOTBETCTBHE: Bep- XHEJIaThILICKOMY (3a MCKITIOYEHNEM HEKOTOPBIX HeTrJIyOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX 'BOOPOB) -ync/ -yns COOTBETCTBYET -ens (MJIMH ero BHIĮJOH3MeHeHHA) APYyrux TOBODpoB. Mano Toro, Aaxe JŲIA OopMBI Hapeuus klodtyn (Akniste, , Ancitis 1977: 65) umeercs napaJuiesibHas ¢opma klaten (BW. 13268, 19, 24 apud ME , 218-219). MoxeT Jin 3/ĮeCb HATH pedb O (POHETHYECKOM MEePexo/ie cpejįHe- H HIDKHEJ IAT. -ens B BepXHeJar. -ins, TPY/AHO CKa3aTh: HECMOTPs Ha TO, YTO -ens > -ins ObUI 661 (HOHETUYECKH BIOJTHE €CTeCTBEHHBIM MepPexo/ioMm, Cp. pasar. “en > *€ > ie a Takxke, Hanpumep, Preili__ akmin’s, rudin’s Ho nepej rinacHbiM gen. pl. akmen’ (akmenu) (Turkopulis 1928: 12). T. e. BOBMOXHO, 4TO 3/1€Ch B TaBTOCHJIJIaOHUeCKONH INO3HOHH B 6e3yjapHbiX CJIOTaX -€- TIEepelII1eJI B -i-, a B IO3HOMH INEpėjį MIaCHbIM -e- COXpaHHJIOCb. O TOM, UTO B THX (popMax -i- JJOJDKEH OLITb BTOPUYHBIM, CBH/IETEJIbCTBYIOT JIHTOBCKHE ODOpMEH, CP. gen. sg. akmeris, ruderis. OAHAKO pH TOM CTOHT IpHHHMATb BO BHHMAHHE JIHTOBCKHE TJIaroJIbI Ha -inti H -enti, KOTODpbIe BpA/l Jin CBA3aHbIi OoHerHueckKu. Tak Hit Have, Ha Hall B3IJIAJĮ, IIpaBHJIbHeH CYUHTATb, YTO BeJIApH3alLHA IIpH 1-OH H mpaJiaThill- CKOM rIeperJIiacoBKAaX rnepej y, no KpailHei Mepe, He Joka3aHa, a CKopeil BCero -y BO3HHKJIO 3/1€Ch U3 -1 ITO 2-OH NeperyiacoBke, a -i, B CBOI0 OYepeb, IMOABHJIOCb Ha MecTe npaBepxHesaT. “e QOHEeTHYEeCKH HJIH MODpOOJIOTHYUECKH. ** — IlpuMepkI B3ATLI TOJIBKO H3 TJIYOOKHX JiaTTaJIbCKHX H TJIŲYŠGOKHX CEJIOHCKHX TOBODOB, H3 Endzelins (1951. 309), rniockoJibKy B HerJIyOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX TOBOpax CHTVaLHA OCJIOXHeHa 2-01 nabnanusauue, 3-ei rieperJiaCOBKOM H 4aCTHYHLIM COBIaJjeHHeM pe3yjJIsTaTOB 1-0) rneperJiaCOBKH. 72 | Hnbha A. CEPXAHT Takuma obpaszom MBI VyTBepx Jae M, 4To JIj000€6€ HeKOHeuHOe npaJsar. *-i- Bbi3bl- BaJIO NMPAJIATHIIICKYIO H 1-y10 BEPXHEJIATHINICKYIO IMaJIaTaJIbHbIe MeperJIiaCOBKH npeapiaymero rjacHoro. IlogBjienue xe Ha MecTe 3TOro “-i- 3ByKa -y- nepejį HerIepejĮHHM TJIaCHbIM caeayiouiero cjora (2-asa neperjiacoBka) BO3HHKJIO Ve nosxe. Yro kacaercsa *-1 B KOHIE CJIOBA, TO TYT CyulecTBoBas10 2 ¢GoHeMbl — OHA (*-1 < BocroynobanT. *-i / *-iai / *-ie) nanaran3yoimas npe byl CorjiacHbiil H BBI3BIBAIOIAA MNajiaTAaJIbHYP NeperjiacoBky (npasaTellickylo, 1-yio BepxHear., 2-yI0 BepxHejJIaT.) H BTOopas — Henajaraausywuas (*-i < pocrounobasr. *-ai), HEBBI3LIBAIONIAA MEPerjiacoBKy, KOTODpBIe BIOCJEACTBHE AAU -I H -Y, 3THMOJIO- rH4eckoe pacnpejiesieHe KOTODbIX B roBopax 1osjaHee OLIUJIO BO MHOTHX CJIy4asx yTepAaHo (§ 2.9.2.2.4.1). 2.9.2.2.6. AcHee 0DCTOMUT cHTValLHA ¢ 3-eH neperjgacoBkoi. 31ech 0O4eBH HO, UTO pacripejieJieHHe MpaBepxHes ar. “i Ha į H Yy IMNpOoH3OMJIO A0 3-eH rieperJIaCOBKH, MOCKOJIbKY 3/1eCh Y BhI3bIBAET BeEJIApH3alLIHIO NpeabiAVIIero rjiacHoro, a -’i — najaa- Tanusanmio, cp.: Sausnéja.. : salypynat no salipinu w ap. (Kaulins 1933: 13). 2.9.2.3. 3-an BepxHnejiarbhinickas Ilepernacoska 2.9.2.3.0. JlanHas neperjacopka OXBaTbIBaeT riacHsie, Aud ronrn: a/d/o, a/d/o, u, (i), uo, ie: — TeperjiacoBKa NpoOMCXOAUT repel MaJiaTAaJIbHbIMH TJIACHbIMH B TOM CJIyuae, ECJIH nepejl HAMH He HaXOAMTCA OAWH M3 CIeAYIOmMUX COrJIaCHBIX: k, g. k, § J, č, dž, š, Z, |, n Ges pagom crosieror, I, m, s, z, p, b win t; — I'JIACHBIM y, a TaKxe IJIacHhI i, COOTBETCTBYIOLIHH Y JIPYTMX rOBOPOB, nepe- riacoBky He Bbi3bIiBaeT (Endzelins 1951: 133; Kaulin 1887: 221); — Kak IIpaBHJIO, M1acHbIN Ū He NMNOJŲJaeTCA neperjacoBke 3a HCKJIO1UeHHEM HeKo- TOPbIX FOBOPOB, cp. mil'ret, atsi't’ij (Plavinas,,,, Ivenu 1928: 63); — [eperjiacoBka HernocpeaCcTBeHHO nepej i AeHCTBYeT TOJIBKO B HEKOTOPBIX roBopax, cp. paifinat „verkūrzen“ B Sausnéja..., Vietalva,_, , Ho pdifinat B Piebalga (Kaulin 1887: 215); — KpOME Toro, rieperJIiaCOBaHHbIH e (M3 a) He BLI3bIBAET IMeperJIiaCOBKH B CJieay- oem crore: nabedfintfch, aferina (Kaulin 1887: 220). [lepernacoeka HabmoJaeTca NMpakTHYeCKH Ha BCE TEPPUTOPHH CEJIOHCKHUX roBOPOB, a TaKXe B HEKOTOPHIX 3ariaJ|HOJIaTTaJIbCKHX ropopax, cp. JAA: 55a, JIA: 55¢, J1A: 54a, 55e, JIA: 53., 55d. Cneayomue npumepsl U3 Sausnéja,,., Vietalva,,,: Jtoepints [-uoe-] (Kaulin 1887: 215), roezina „Handchen“, moezit „gualen“ (Kaulin 1887: 220). B riryDOKHX CEJIOHCKHX roBopax 3-as neperJiacoBka He JercTByer, cp.: Akniste, (Ancitis 1977: 48-62) mola — malina, Nereta, , (Mengele 1939: 98-99), BirZi,, (Bicolis: 1932: 64-65). 2.9.2.3.1. Y*xe H3 caMoro GOHeTHYeCKOro VCJIOBHA 3-eH MNeperJiaCOBKH BHIHO, 4TO OHA ObUIa 3Ha4HTEJIbHO I103X€ NEpBEIX JĮBVYX: — NeperJiaCOBbIBaeTCA 6ObIIee KOJIMUECTBO IJIACHBIX; 335° 3427 365 2 DOHETHYECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. AMANEKTE | 73 — [eperjiacopka HMEeT IIpakTHUeCKH peryJIApHkIH xapaktep (Endzelins 1951: 133), a He NpoABJIAETCA KaK peMHHHCHOeHIHA ObUIOTO NnpolnLecca; — NaJIiaTaJIbHbIe COTJIaCHbIeė, BOB3HHKINHe H3 KOMOKHAIHH C J CAaMH no CeOe He CO3JĮa10OT 3[1€Ch MaJIiaTaJIbHOTO OKDpYXE6HHA, HEOOXOJHMOTO [1A najlatajJbHOH nepe- TrJIaCOBKH, MAJIO TOTO, MPEnATCTBYIOT najsatajansanuu. Cie/jOBaTeJIbHO, 3TH 3BYKH J10 Havas1a JleHCTBHA 3-eH MNeperJiaCOBKH VXe OTBEp/IeJIH; — B TeX roBopax, rje HOBbIe a/d (H3 *a/a u *e/€) nepeuum B 0/0, najarajbHad neperJiacoBka IIpOHCXOJIĮHT HMEHHO C 3THMH HOBBIMHM 0/0, a He CO CTApbIMH a/a, Kak TO MpoOUCXoan1o npu 1-oi nepernacoeke, cp.: mo‘li (m3 mols = mali — mals) (Saviena,, (M. Poisa, LVI)); — neperJiaCOBbIBal0OTCA BO BCeX oOpa3oBaHMAX (a He TOJIBKO B yCTapeBIIMX) NPUCTABKH, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOpHeBOTro IJIACHOIO rjaroJjia, Hampumep: sdapit (Sausné€ja,,., Kaulinš 1933: 15); — Meperjiacopka IIpoHCXOJIHT nocje nepexoaa audronra -ai# > -i > -'I. DTOT AMP TOHr He Bbi3bIBaeT 1-OH nasarasibHON nepersacoBkd (Endzelins 1951: 111). Tojisko nocsie NOJIHOrO nepexoja -ai# > -i > -’i JaHHOe OKOHUAHHE MOXEeT Bhi3hl- BaTb NaJaTaJIbHYI0 NEPEerjacoBKy, YTo H IMpOHCXOJIHT PH AaHHOI eperjacoBke, cp. npumepsl: redi Meédziila, ., Liezere,,, Lubeja,,, (Hauzenberga 1934: 180); pastaesti, gada‘si Sausnéja,,. (Kaulins 1933: 14); — O4UEHb MO3/IHNEe 3aHMCTBOBAHHA NMOIBEPIJIMCH 3TOH eperJiacoske: stencija, bénie (= bani < mem. Bahn), MandzZu'rija, telapiio'nc Mėdzūla, ,, Liezére, ., Lubeja (Hauzenberga 1934: 181); — JįaHHas neperjaacoBKa, O4eBH/IHO, 1103%e 2-01 NepersiacoBKH, NOCKOJILKY M0J1y- YMBINMHCA B pe3yJibTaTe 2-OH MepersiacoBKH y Bbi3bIBaeT 3/1€Ch BEJIADpHbIH a/lio¢ oH, a 1 riaJiaTAaJIbHbIHM, CjieJjĮJOBATEJIbHO, BO BpeMs ĮĮEHCTBHA 3-eH neperjiacoBky 2-as neperJiacoBpka yxe umena (cp. § 2.9.2.2.4). 2.9.2.3.2. Buy KosmMuecTsa npousomeamnx GoHeTHYeckux H3MEHeHHH npe/- Jlaraem Hipke OONIYP CXeMy pa3BHTHMA NpaBepxHeJIaT. *a/*a 10 CEJIOHCKHX roBo- poB: 329 318° 403? 329 Jlatransckni [IpacenoHckni CenloHCKHH CeroHCKHi [MpanaTrajbCckHin (Tun Medni, ) nocj1e II, | O — a ———— 3, 0%, a% 0 0% a% o A «— a „ae e > Q >a » [II ' 3 (cooTBeTCTBVIOLIHME JĮOJITHE MiaCHble aHaJIOTHYHO) HrTaKk, kak BHM/JĮHO, MPAKTHYECKH, H3 BCex npasepxHesnar. *a/ū, *e/€ BO3HHKJIHM B CEJIOHCKHX roBopax 3BYKH Ha BCeM JiHaria3OHe OT a/ a 40 0/ O, H TOJIbKO JIMIIb rnaJiaTaJIH3OBaHHBbIH pe3yJibTaT 3-eH MNeperJIaCOBKH OTJIMYAeTCA OT OCTAJIbHBIX. 74 | Hjnba A. CEPKAHT 2.9.2.3.3. Kak ormeuaer Kaulins (1933: 13), neperyiacoBka He 3aTparuBaer rjac- HBIe pasar. “e/*€, HeCMOTpA Ha TO, YTO Ha NepBbIM B3rJiA/ H AJA 3TUX MIaCHbIX MMEIOTCA nape, Hanpumep: nast - nesiet. OAHAKO B JAHHOM CJIyuae, Kak oTMedaeT aBTOP, MBI HMEeeM J1eJ10 ¢ pediekcaMu IrMNpajIiaTbInCKOKH neperjgacoBku (§ 2.9). T. e. *e/*e > e/ėe > a/ū B HemnaJiaTaJIbHOM KOHTEKCTe H “e/*€é > e/ė > e/ė B najaralib- HOM (8 2.8.1). Cp. nanpumep: sakls — sekli, calt — celu — donKeTHueckue KOHTEKCTĖI, MPH KOTODbIX 3-A MeperjacoBka He JeHcTBYyeT! 2.9.2.3.4. B CeJIOHCKHMX H HEKOTOPBIX 3ariaJ|HOJIaTTAJIBCKHX TrOBOpax (JIA: 53., 55d) nepersacoBbiBaeTca TaKxe H AUPTOHT Ie B Iė, Ie“, ia nepea HerIepejįĮHHM H B ie nepejį rmaJIiaTAJIbHbIM TJIaCHbIM, Hanpumep: iala Ho ielina, liapa no liepina, siava Ho sievina (Plavinas,,,, Ivenu 1928: 84). 2.9.2.3.5. Uro KacaeTCA aOCOJIPOTHOH XpOHOJIOTHH, TO 31eCh CJIeJ|yeT VyYUeCTb CJIe- ayooume OaKTbI: NO3JHHUE 3aHMCTBOBAaHHA TaKxe INperepIriejiH NMeperJiaCOBKY, Cp. 1) a > a: Sausnėja,,., Vietalva,,: Pūrife, klaweeres, kūnzals n ap. (Kaulin 1887: 225); no3jįune 3aHMCTBOBAaHHA TaKxe IMpeTepriesiu rneperyjacosky, cp. Dzelzava, Dodwids (cp. koa = ka, tam xe) npu grakus (= grékus) (Kaulin 1890: 322), Jodniti (= Janiti) (Kaulin 1890: 326); 2) a > &: Sausnéja,,., Vietalva,,: glaefe (Kaulin 1887: 225); 3) u > u': Sausné€ja,,., Vietalva,,, muindeerintfch (Kaulin 1887: 225); 4) uo > uo“: Sausn€ja,,., Vietalva,,: boede (cp. cpeanenar. buode, nz CHH, ME, 360), goews (cp. cpeauenar. guovs) (Kaulin 1887: 225), 31echk BepoATHO uo“ > O“. ITpyHMMas BO BHHMAaHHe 3TH MHOTOYMCJIEHHBIE I1O3/ĮHHe 3aHMCTBOBaHHA a TaKxe OTHOCHUTEJIbHO-XPOHOJIOIMYeCKHe JaHHbIe, Mbl MOXEM C/1eJ1aTh BbIBO, YTO JaHHas [eperjacoBKa B CEJIOHCKHX roBOpax (H B HEKOTOPAIX MPUMBIKAIOMIMX 3anaHo-J1aT- raJIbCKHX) — OYeHb nosgHee sBJIeHHe. OQHaAKO, ¢ APYroi CTOPOHLI, NeperjiacoBKa JI0JDKHA ObLIa HAYaThCA 0 COKpalleHHA KpaTKHX IJIaCHBIX B 3aKPhITOM MOC JHEM cJIore, cp. muims, juims (Sausnéja,,. (Kaulin 1887: 226-227) u nut. instr. mumis, jumis, a Taxxe bdlfs (= balss), goews (< guo‘vs = govs), kuirs „wer“. Bo3ppaTHas qacTHla S < Si, CKOpee BCEro, NneperjiacoBKy BCe-TaKH He Bbi3bIBaeT, KaK CUHTAJI OnaszesvH (Endzelins 1951: 134). Takne dopmel kak -veres, beres, -du'res BO3HHKJIH H3 *-re-s < *-ria-s. OjįHako OKOHYaHHe HHOHHHTHBA -1 OLIJIO YTEPAHO ellie 0 Ha- yajia JIedCTBUA 3TOH reperJiacOBKH, cp. capt, kart, carat, ast (Kaulinš 1933: 14). Ūro KacaeTCA ynoMAHYTHIX Bhilie 3aHMCTBOBaHHH m3 CHH, TO mx MO*XHO [a- THpoBaTb MO MX poHeTHueckor ¢opme mexay XIII H KoHIJOM XV BB., yYMTHIBaA, YTO B HHX ye npotues nepexoj urC / ur# > orC / or#, oJ{HaKo elle He NpoNIEJI nepexoa O > a.” 2.9.2.4. 4-an Jlatransckan neperjiacoBka 2.9.2.4.1. B paMkax JJaHHOM rieperJIiaCOBKH JIaTraJIbCKHe audronrun Ve/ié, BO3HMK- [Me U3 3aKphIThIX *e/*€ (§ 2.8.1), ckopeit Bcero yepes cTajuio 'e/’é, ObUIH neperia- COBaHbl B IIO3HIHH Nepe/l HOBbIM KOHeYHBIM e (< e, § 2.8.2) H a B 3BYKHM ‘a, d/ ia, “Cp. Gallée (1993: 16-17). 3a nomous B gatuposke CHH dopm A ovens 0613an llredany Miojujiepy (Germanistisches Seminar, Universitat zu Bonn). OOoHETHYUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮHAJIEKTE | 75 a*! COOTBETCTBEHHO, B OCTAJIbHEIX MO3ULMAX OHH IMNEepelnIM B €, 'e/ Ie, T. e. KpaTKHI e coxpanHJicA. Apeali JjeHCcTBHA 4-OH NneperJIaCOBKH COCTaBJIAET MpHOJIH3HTEJIbHO IOro-BOCTOYHBIE TJIyOOKHE JIaTTraJibCKHe TOBODpEBI“. IlpuMepbi pedJiekcoB *e/*é BH/ĮHBbI B CJIe/pytonjeH Tabauue, rae HAMH COOpaHkI OCHOBHBIE TUITBI pacripejiejIieHHA pe3yJisTaTOB ObIBIIMX *e HI *€:% | | OKOHYaHHe e-CKJL., B KODHE B €-, a-CKJL., | | | nepegį nasar. COrJIracC- |n NNpom.Bp. Ha -Č H HX HHOKH. | Tun | Mecro HBbIMH H LI B JIOODONM r | NO3HIHH | | B abc. Havane B KOpHE | — cJIoBa | k- | —— = | ] | ee | E: debess E: vece | I | Ake, IE: dviesele IE: dviesele | mr. % ; | | | | Bi Gok Ee i JA: žjamja, mūot'a, jis 2 | Cibla,,, | našja (Ho: tu neši) | A: agla | JA: mjdla, jis édla | | | || | | 3 | Pilda,,, | E: čelš — E: žeme, Celt | A: agla, ast || l | r= = If | ~ Varaklani,, | IE: dziervu, wed . Er i - Bérzpils,,, | iėššu (ėdišu) | Ę: lęčę, digrée Ę 51 ka | — -—* CnejnyeT OTMeTHTb, YTO B ĮĮaHHOM CjIyuae rIeperJiaCOBKa OXBaTHJIa HeOOJIbINYJO 4acTh TOBODpOB, H B CBA3M C 3TUM HEJOCTATOYHO MaTepHaJIa, 4UTOObI peKOHCTpyH- poBaTb 3TOT MMPOLIECC BO BCex JleTaJIAx. KpoMe Toro, yuHTbIBAA, YTO rieperJiacOBKA IpOHCXOJIHJIA O4EHb IO3/IHO, BIIOJIHE BEPOATHO, 4TO B JĮpYyTHX uacTAXx Jlarranum ee HHMKOT/Įa H He OBIJIO, T. €. IIpejįrioJIOxeHHe, YTO ee pe3yJIbTaTbiI ObiJIH HHBeJIHpOBA- HbI B JĮpyTHX TOBOpax (kak, HaripHMeDp, € 1-oH rieperJiacOBKOH) majosepoaTHo. Ha CXEeME MBI npejiaraem MNpHOJIH3HTEJIbHYR peKOHCTpyKIMHIO: ia 0 1e e » © » (a B HavaJsie CJIOBA) (kKparKHH e aHAJIOrMYHO) “ Bpenpak (1989 195-198) npegnaraer Takoe 0603Kauenite 3ByKa, KOTODBbIN «...NpoH3HOCHTCA Kak rjiacCHbr ‘a / = A, 1a/: 32 CMATYEHHBIM COrJlaCHbIM B PYCCKOM, GEJIOPYCCKOM H NMOJILCKOM A3BIKAX», “ Tounoe reorpadpuueckoe pacnpejgeneHmue cM. Ha kapre VY bpeigaka (1981c: 95) msm Breidaks (1996:27-28), xaprst 19 un 20. * Aluksne,,, (Brencis 1914: 118-9); Cibla (Abolina 1926: 32-3); Pilda,,, (Tichovskis 1933‘ 41- 2); Bérzpils,,, (Endzelins 1951: 109); V ani, (Latkovsks 1931: 102). 76 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT (Mopmei drėnc „slikts, nelaga“ (13 pycck. Opanoi), spriešl'eica „sprėslica“ (13 pycck. npacJtuya) vi3 Kalupe,,. (Rekéna 1962: 380, 468) nokassiBalor, 4TO B TEX TOBODpax, rie CerojiHA e/ė nepejį HeriajiaTAJIbHbIM, ObUIa TIpoMexyTOo4uHaA1 CTaJinAa 'a/ia. 2.9.2.4.2. Ocodbri cJryuan, Korja 3a r Ho He repel j cjeayer ie OHO TOABJIAECTCA B Buje G. Ilo cyTH, 370 4acTHBIN CJlrygaH JaHHOH [E€PerjiacoBKH, H ero cjiejayer 00b- ACHATH CJIEJJVIOLIIHM OOpa3OM: ie MepexoAnT B id, 3aTeM r TepsAeT CBO MNaJIaTaJIbHbIH a/nogoH, Tak, 4TO rpynna -ria- > -ra-, Hanpumep, B Pilda,, najraTaJIibHOTO r ver (Tichovskis 1933: 45), u 3jjecb nmeerca nepexojį -ré- > -ria- > -ra-. IlpoMexy- TOYHaA CTyneHsb, Hanpumep, B Auleja, , fadZdt (Endzelins 1951: 109), rae r eme COXpaHHJI CBOIO NaJjaTa/IbHOCTh. B TOM cityuae, Korja 3a -rie- ¢Jie/lyer j, JaHHas rpymnmna ocraerca 6e3 H3aMeHeHHH. 2.9.2.4.3. 3BYKH, pe3yJbTHPYIOLIMEe M3 AaHHOH neperjacoBkH, T. e. 'a/id (no APYroil TPAaHCKpUILMKM G/Ū), B HauajIe CJIOBA BO MHOIMX TOBOpax TepsAioT CBON NEpBbIH KOMITOHEHT H NEepPexojAT H3 ia- B a-, U3 ia- B d-, cp. OOpMEI, IpHBeEEeHHEIE B TaOJIHILE. 2.9.2.4.4. B HeKoTopkix roBopax, Hanpumep, Alsviki,, , Apukalns,.. sių 1ec 3000 Nereta,, , TOJIbKO B CyOOHKCAJIbHEIX CJIOTAX Mpolia neperjacoBka € > e win > a nepejį HOBbIM € HJIH JIPeBHUM a, HaripHMep: zemana (< -ene), veseliba (Endzelins 1951: 102-103). 2.9.2.4.5. PacrpocrpaHenne pediekcos NpajaThiliCKOro 3aKDpbITOTro *€, T. e. no3u- IIMOHHOTO BapuaHTa BoctouyHobant. “€ (Endzelins 1951: 94) Ha TeppuTOpHH Bepx- HeJIATbILICKOTO JiHajieKkTa (B 0CODeHHOCTH JIAaTraJIbCKHMX TOBODpOB), Ha Hall B3IMUIAI, HaHO0OJIee MOJIHO NpejįcTaBJIeKHo y Bpeiijjaka B guccepranuu (1989: 192-194), rae OH BbiZleJIAET 6 pa3JIMUKbIX BapHaHTOB: 1. B roBopax LEHTPaJIbHBIX H HEKOTODPBIX I0TO-BOCTO4HBIX TOBOpaX JlarraJiuu: rJ1aroJ1 «ecrTb» ast „ėst“ H iežu < ėžu, dgld nanp. B Sakstagals,... JlaHHoe npornBornocTaBJjIieHHe XOpoONnIO 00bACHAETCA 4-0i1 neperJiaCOBKOHM: B ¢opme ieZu OTCYTCTBYET BbIB3bIBAIOLIIHH MNeperJiaCOBKY HOBbIMH OTKDbITbIH €, CJIEeJ[O- BaTeJIbHO, 3/1eCh Mbl UMeeM ie (< ė). YTo KacaeTCA OOpMbIi HMHOHHHTHBA, TO TVT, KaK H3BeCTHO, OHa Oa3HpyeTCA Ha MOpOgOOJIOTrHUEeCKONH OCHOBE INpolnIejjineTroO BpeMe- HH, Ile JĮleHcTBOBaJIa 4-as reperJiacOBKAa. CJiej|OBaTeJIbHO, Mbl ĮĮOJIXHbI 0XH/1aTh dopmy *iast, T. e. dst, ananioruuKHOo dopMa gla. 2. B roBopax loro-socrounoil Jlatranum: apadd < apéde „apėda“, ast, iezu, td (< te), agla, nanp. Zvirgzdine, ,, Nirza,,,, Pilda,,, Cibla,, H 310 npoTHBONnocCTaJIieHHe OTHOCUTCA K 0OBACHAEMBIM 4-011 JIaTraJbCcKoil Ie- persiacoBkoit: apadd < *apiadia < 4-as nepersniacoska < *apédia < (§ 2.8.2) < apéde. Mopma ast o6pAcHAETCA TaKxe 4-08 neperaacoBkoi ua: *iast > (§ 2.9.2.4.3) > ast, agla — ananornyno. Mopma td corsacHo § 2.8.2. 3. B O/IHOW 4acTH roBOPOB 3anajgHoi Jlarranum: ėst, éZu, nanp. Stirniene ,, 3nech 4-aA nepersacoBka He JeiCcTBOBasa, 37ech “é > ė (§ 2.8.1). 4. B IpYroM 4acTH 3anajHo/aTraabCKUX roBopoB: ést, ieZu, Kanp. B Rudzéti, Anajiornuno HO. 1. 3-4. B roBopax 3anajiHoi1 Jlarrasian: egle Varaklani,,., Livani,... 311ecb 4-as neperjacoBka He JelcTBoBana, 3jech *e > e (8 2.8.1). DOHETHYECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. JAMANEKTE | 77 5. B roBopax ceBepHoH JlaTrajiHH H HEKOTOPBIX roBopax KOxHoH JlarrajJinun iést, ieėžu. 3/1eCh peub HJIET O pernoHe, rje 4-an rneperJiacoBKa He JIelCTBYeT, 3/1ech BCe *€ > ie (8 2.8.1). 6. B roBopax ceBepo-BocTouHOoH Bujzeme sok. en. u.: upė, klėtiė < /klėtė/ Galgauska,,, zemė Anna,,,, n iést, n'esu, B Veclaicene,.., Ziemeris, , Karva Jaunlaicene,.., Jaunroze,... 3JĮeCb CHTVAIIHA HeMHOTO doJiee CJIOXHas. (DOpMBI Upė H ZEMĖ HMEIOT B OKOHUAHHH IMpHOJIH3HTEJILHO OJIMH H TOT Xe 3BYK € (cp. $ 2.8.2). Oopma klėtič conepxuT, Ha Hall B3TJISIJĮ, 3THMOJIOTHUeCKHH Ie — B 3TOM perHnoHe rnpaniar. ie (*€) COxXpaHHJICA, H He nepewes B 1 (cp. JA: 53). O10 JįpeBHee oKoHuaHHe JioKaTHBAa (Endzelins 1951: 412). Takum obpasom, Mel HMeeM €/¢ B Oe3yapHbIX CJIorax H ‘e/ie B yJapHbIX (Endzelins 1951: 109). 467? 3867 4627 387? 2.9.2.5. AHajiornueckasi riepersjiacoska [pumep, npuBejieHHbIė Bpeiigakom (1989: 136) ierkleits nioxoit KoHek» Varkava,,, cp. ur. arklys, rae *a‘rkl- > *arkl- > *iarkl- > ierkl-, ceugerenscTByer o nepexoje HauaJIsHOro @/ ia > ie, kérkléitis cp. kdrklis «xopmymka», Bérzgale etslédzina cp. atslaga, Akniste,, 485° Birzi,_; velénina, cp. valana «aepu» < velėna. A , TaKxe kezleninu (= kazléninu) Vilaka,„, kerzineite „grozinš“ Aizkalne,,., tebecina/ tebécena Bérzpils,,, Varaklani,,, Sakstagals,.., Rugūji,,, (Breidaks 1974: 129). Beem 3THM npumepam odie To, 4To B CBOE H3Had4aJIbHOH (DOpME BCE OHM JĮ[OJIX- Hel ObIJIM METH a (a He O!) Ha TOM NO3HIHH, IJle COCTOAJIaCb NeperjacoBka, cp. atslaga (T. K. npucTasku 0OBIYHO coxpansAloT a), *kazléns (T. K. JIJOJITHH Č Bbi3bIBaeT naJraTaJIbHyP rieperJIiacoBKYy, cp. Endzelins (1951: 94)), B *karzina, *tabaks — a H3 3aHMCTBOBaHHH. VuHTbIBAA fajee, UTO B IMJIVYOOKHX CeJIOHCKHX I'OBOpax CJIEJ|OB 3-eH neperJiaCOBKH HaM He VJIAJIOCb HATH, Mbl MOXEM IMpejįMoJIOXHTb, YTO JTO AaBJIEHHe He HMEeT HHUYero OdOINnIero C 3-eH neperJiacoBKOH. Han00Jiee BEpoATHbIM HaM MnpejįcTaBJIAeTCA CJIe/jjybolijee. obbACHeHHe: jįjaHHaA neperjacoBka ABJIAETCH BTOPHYHOH H BO3HMKJIA [10 aHaJIOTHH C VXe HMeEBINHMCA K TOMY BpeMeHH B TIJIy- DOKHX JIATrajibCKUX roBOpax 4epejįjoBaHHeM a — NpoCToe CJIOBO Versus € — CJIOXHOE C ĮĮEMHHYTHBHbIM CYOOHKCOM, copepxaniuMm najarajbHbiil TJIiaCcHbrIH. JlanHoe 4epelįoBaHHe B JIaTra/IbCKUX TOBOpaX BOCXOAHT K Uepe/ĮJOBaHHPO JĮDEBHHX, Ipa- JIATHILICKMX OTKDpbITOTO H 3aKpbrroro “e: “e versus “e — *e > JiarTr. e, *e > Jarr. a, Hanpumep: vacs — vecinč. Ilo aHaJIiOTHH ¢ ĮĮaHHbIM 4epejjoBaHHeM BO3HHKJIH HI obcyxgaemeie OopMbi. B ciryqae c ierkleits cnuryanus anaJiornuHa, JIHINb TOJIbKO C TOM pa3HHIIeH, YTO 3aKDpbITbIH € B HauaJIe CJIOBA 3/1eCh BbipaxxaeTCA 4Uepe3 '€, K TOMY Ke 3/1eCh, BEpOsITHO, HMEJIO MECTO INpoJŲteHHe a- riepeėjį TAaBTOCHJUIAaOHYUECKHM -r-, “arklis > *arklis > *iarklis > + *-itis > ierkleits. Ananornuno oGbACHAIOTCH napsl, Tina Apukalns (Abele, Lepika 1928: 39) gars (< garš) versus gerji (Tam xe), gerli (gari) Alūksne,,., (Brencis 1914: 115). 3aech cnejyer yuecTb, 4TO Hapeune gerji ¢ MOpOOHOJIOTHYUECKOH TOYKH 3peHHA 06pa3oBaHo NO AaHaJIOTHH: OT OCHOBHI CHUMILIEKCa gars ¢ noMolbio cyddukca -ji (kak Hanpumep B tuji «jtaJIeKO») — gars 78 | Hjba A. CEPXAHT HMEeT B KOpHe a, CJIeJ[OBATEJIbHO 3JĮECb pu OOpa30BAHHH IpHMeHAJIOCb Yepeo- BaHHe Turia Vacs — vecinč, KOTOpoe H Nnpusesio K gerji. T JracHbIH a CHMTII1JIeKCA, XOTA VI OBI pe3VJIibTaTOM JleHCTBHA 1-01 neperJiaCOBKH, OJĮHaKO HOCHTEJIAMH Kak TaKO- BOH OOJIbOIe He BOCOMNpHHHMAJICA. Takas xe cHTValLHA, BeposATHO, H € jecins (jacinš) Alūksne,.. (Brencis 1914: 115). 3j1ecs jaks ne gan **joks ripu 1-oi1 1abuanmnsanmu, BHJĮHMO, B CBA3H C TEM, YTO OH CTOHT riocJIe j-. COxpaHHB CBOH repBHUKHbIH BO3a- JIM3M H He nperepnesas 1-oH JIaOHaJIH3aLIHH, JaHHOE CJIOBO ObUIO OrnpejjejIeHO A3bIKOM B Tpyniiy Tura vacs (= vecs), JŲIA KOTOpOH JAeMHHYMTHB 3aKOHOMEPHO 0o6pa3yerca rio Tuy vecins, T. e. jecinš. Jlajiee, Mul npejinmojiaraeM, 4ro H ĖdOopMAa nams — neminš (Brencis 1914: 115) orHocuTcA ciona xe. [lego B TOM, 4TO nams 4acTO BCTpe4aeTCA B BEpXHeJIaTbILICKHX TOBOpaX MMEHHO C TaKHM BOKAJIH3MOM, a He “noms, Mo Moka He BMNOJIHe ACHBIM IIpHYHHAM - BO3MOXHO, YTO 3TO CJIOBO ABJIAETCA 3aHMCTBOBAHHEM H3 JIMTEPATYPHOI'O A3BIKA. OueBn/IHO, YTO JaHHOE ABJIEHUE OYeHb MO3JHee, UTO BHAHO M3 CJIOB, KOTODbIe eMy IOJABEPXKEHBI, a TAKXKe VCJIOBHA [UIA ero BO3HHKHOBEHHA — *e > a — npoliecc, 3aBepUINBIIMHCA JIOBOJIBHO NO34HO (§ 2.7.3). 3/1ech elle pas BaXHO OTMETHUTh, YTO B JJaHHOM CJIryuae pedb He MOXeT HTH O ¢ponernueckom nponecce. B JaHHOM CJIryuae Mbl HMECM JIHINIb CIOpajįHueCKOe Hu3MeHeHHe IJIACHBIX NIO AHAI0ZUL. 2 9.3. HEKOTOPBIE, 1O CHX IOP HEBbIACHEHHbIE IITPOBJIEMĖEI, CBA3AHHbIE C IIEPETJIACOBKOM 2.9.3.1. J10BOJIbHO fIC€H TIpHMEDp H3 TJIVYOOKHX JIATra/IbCKMX TOBODpOB: ešmirič (= nurep. asmens) B Zvirgzdene,.,, Nautrėni,.,, Pilda, 6 — jjannas ¢opma, Ha nam B3TUIAIJĮ, H3 HCTODpHH BepXHeJIaTbInCKOTO Auasiekta He OOLACHAeTCA. OHa JJOJDKHA ObiTb PEKOHCTPYMPOBAHA B ITpaJiart. Kak “esmenis, T. e. Tin Ūdens. 3j1ecb 4-as nepe- rJlaCcOBKa 3aKOHOMEPHO He JeUCTBYeT, T. K. HeT HeOOXOJIHMBIX VCJIOBHH. Hauass- HbIiH 3AaKDpbITbIH € 3/1eCh OCTAeTCA HeM3MeHEeHHbBIM, T. K. HAXOJĮHTCA B NajiaTaibHOM KOHTEKCTE MNpaJIiaTbILICKOH rMeperJiaCOBKHM, cp. esi (= esi). 2.9.3.2. Dopmei revet „ravet“ Ho ravdc Akniste, , (Ancitis 1977: 49), Bo3MOXHO, BOCXOJIAT K “revel H ABJIAKTCA 3aKOHOMEPHBIMM. 2.9.3.3. e Ha mecTe a B HeaygapHbIX CJIOTraxX B OesynapHbIx cJiorax peryjspHa 1-as najarajibHas neperjacoBka *a > *a“ > a, Hanpumep, vakarins (§ 2.9.2.1.6). OHaKO B HEKOTOPHIX CJIOBaX HabGMogaeTcs “a > e. B rimyboKMX JiaTraJIbCKHX roBopax, cp., Hanpumep, B Alsvika,, , Belava,,, Litene,,, (Zaube 1939: 121): pagele (pagale), pavasers Aluksne, (npu vosara, vasarina (Brencis 1914: 115), pavesers Kalncempji,,. (Balode 2000: 22). Ciojija xe OTHOCHTCA 3aumcTBoBaHue pasel’e (nur. pasalys) ,nojume, pasparns“ Kalupe,,. (Rekéna 1962: 439), Varaklani (Latkovsks 1931: 108); ¢opma: Jumelena «mats ypoxkas, kena bora ypoxas» Varkava, Kapini, : Jumola Vilani,,,, npusegennan bpenjakom (1989: 136). Oanako, ¢ Apyroi CTOPOHLI, BCTPEYAIOTCA H «3aKOHOMEP- (DOHETHYUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. JAMANEKTE | 79 Hele» OOpMBI, HaripHMep, pavasars Kalupe,,. (Rekéna 1962: 19-21), pavasars, tagad, vakar Akniste,.. (Ancitis 1977: 49), Alūksne,.., nekoropkie cJioBa Ha -ars: amers, asers, kambers, vanckers, kpomMe Toro, pavasers (npu vosara, vasarina), sūtmels, simels ( < sienmalis), (Brencis 1914: 115). Bo3HuKaeT BONnpoc, IpOoHM3OINnJIA JIM 3/1eCh NeperjiacoBka Ha JIMTOBCKOI MoYBe, H 3aTeM IPOH3BEJeHO 3aHMCTBOBaHHe B JIATraJIbCKHe TOBODbI, HJIH Xe OHa HMĖėJIA MecTO Ha JiaTraJIbCKOH nouse? OueBHjjiHo, 4TO, pa3 OOpMEI C € NOABJIAITCA H B rayDOKHX Jia TTaJIbCKHX ropopax, 3HAUHT JĮĮAaHHbIH e He MOXET ObITb pe3yJibTaToM 3-eH rieperJIaCOBKH, Kak JTO MOXHO ObIUIO Obl IpelįMoJIOXHTb JIA CEJIOHCKHX TO- BOPOB, IMĮe NPHCYTCTBYIOT CXx0OXxXHe Gopmel. Įlajiee, HHTEpeCHO, YTO € COJJEpXHTCA B HENpOAYKTHUBHLIX O0pa30BaHHAx TUna pavesers, appekle (< apkakle), a a — B NPOAYKTUBHBIX, HanpuMep, vakarins. 3aech jaxe HeJIb3A NPeANoJIOKUTh, 4TO, HaripHMeDp, pasHble najaTtaibHble TJIAaCHbIe Jali pa3JIiMuHYP IEperJIaCOBKY, T. K. B 0DOMX CJIV YasIX KaTAaJIH3aTOpOM INajIiaTaJibHOH TIeperJiaCOBKH Obit -i- (pavesers H vakarinš). Takas kaprHHa HaBOJĮHT Ha MBICJIb, 4TO -e- — DOJIee JĮpeBHee COCTOAHHE, a -a-— O00JIee COBpeMEHHOE HJIH BO3HHKII!Ee [10 aHaJIOTHH C COOTBETCTBYPONIHM CHM- rUJIEKCOM vosara. [1pm TaKOM BbIBOJIe JŲIA CpaBHeHHA HaIrNpalIIHMBAROTCA JIMTOBCKHE napasuiesibHbie OOpMEIL, TIE e COXpaHHJICA Nepejį NaJIiaTaJIbHbIM i, CP. JIMT. Vaseris «Ha3BaHHe BeTpa H Mecsua», pavaseris (Kvėdarna, Salantai, Punskas, Karsakiškis, Anykščiai) (Stang 1966: 33, Zinkevičius 1966: 54). OHako, yunTbIBa1 TaKHe Oop- MEI, Kak sdtmels (sétmalis), simels (< sienmalis), pagele (pagale), appekle (apkakle), rue Gopmel C KOPHEBBIM -e- OOJIee HHTJIe He BCTpeuaP0TCA, IpejįCTaBJIAETCA Bepo- ATHEH NpeĮJĮNOJIOXHTb, YTO 3/[ECb Mbl UMeeM JĮEJIO ¢ (DOHETHUECKHM MNEpex0/ĮOM a > e B Oe3yjjapHbIX CJIOrax nepej i, Korja Ux pasjesisior nIJIaBHbIe. [Ipu atom JIaHHbIH ITEpex0Jį He OTHOCHTCA HH K OJJHOH H3 BEpXHeJIATbILICKHX IIEeperJIaCOBOK, a ABJIAETCA APEBHUM IIpaBepXxXHeJIaTbILICKHM IMpOonLeCcCcoM. HTak, e B Takux (dopMax, Kak pavasers, He 3THMOJIOTHYeCKHH, a BO3HHK H3 pavasaris repejį i B Oe3yjjapHOM CJIOTE, KOTODpEIH OT/eJ1aj OT Hero IJIaBHbIM. J|aHHBbIM IMpo- Č4ecC TIpOoHCXOJIHJI H Ha TEeppHTOpnH JInTesl cp. peršėlis (paršelis) Dysna (vilniškiai), puodekelys (< puodakelys) Dusetos (uteniškiai) (Skardžius 1938: 42). BO3MOXHO, 4TO ĮįaHHOe INpaBHJIO paCimpoCTpaHAHAeTCHA H Ha KOHTEKCT IIepejį -s-, OTKYJIa BO3HHKJIa OOpMa C JBYMHA -e- pavesers, rje TIEpBbIH -e-, BEPOATHO, TaKxe He BTHMOJIOTHUEH, HECMOTPA Ha rpey. €ap (< *vesr) H CJIaB. ves-n-a. O TOM, 4TO Takas rneperJiacoBKA JĮieHCTBOBAJIA H MNepejį -S-, BO3MOXHO, FOBOPAT JIM TOBCKHE 06- pa30BaHHuA Ha -asas u3 -esas, mėnasis (< mėnesis) (Skardžius 1938: 43). Crapipkioc npejnoJsaraer 3j1eCb cCeJIOoHCKHH cyberpar (Skardžius 1938: 44). 3. HEKOTOPBIE ITPOLUECCH B KOHCOHAHTHU3ME Hioke Mul paccMaTpHBaeM TOJIBKO JIMINb HEKOTOPBIE MPOLECCH MCTOpHH BEPXHEJIa- THIIICKOTO KOHCOHAHTH3MA, Tak Kak ČOJIbINAA 4acTh MX, KAK, HAIIDHMED, NaJIaTAJIH- sanuu “kj-, *ki- > ¢, *tj > §, *-¢j- > ¢, *stj > š, no anaJirornu > $k (> BepxHenar. $k) sByIAETCA NpaJIaTbINICKHMH [TPOLIECCAMU H BBICTYNAKOT 3a PAMKH TeMBbl JIaHHOM pabotsl. C pyro CTOPOHLI, HAIPUMEP, TaKHe MPOLECCH KaK OTBEpAeHHe -r-, HC- 80 | Unea A. CEPXAHT 4Ye3HOBeHHE MHTEPBOKAJIbHOIO -j-, BCTaBKa -t- B cyddukcax -inc, -inč MH Ap. TaKxe ŪObIJIH ONMYLIĮEHbI, MOCKOJIBKY OHH OTHOCATCA K CAMOMY TO3HeMy 3Tany pa3BHTHA BEPXHEJIATHIILICKUX TOBOpOB H IOTOMY OUeHb OTJIMYAIOTCA OT roBopa K roBopy, a C ĮįpyroH CTOPOHBI HHUero He JaloT AJA VYTOUHEHHA OČIIEH OTHOCHTEJIbHOH XDpO- HOJIornHn. [TO3HIIMOHHOE CMAT UeHHEe COTrJIaCHBIX TUITMYHO Jia TTaJIbCKHAM TOBOpaM H ero TpyJĮHO KaK-TO XpOHOJIOTHYECKH OrpaHHUHTb. KpomMe Toro, 3TH IpOolHLECCbI yxe xopomo OnncaHbi. Han60Jjiee rmojJiHbie OnNHCaHHA 3TUX H JPYTUX IIpOLECCOB MOXHO HaHTH B Bpeitjjak (1989) u Endzelins (1951). 3.1. Jlenanarajau3anusa IIaJIATAJIBHbIX COTJIACHbIX CMArYeHHbIe COrJiacHble Š, Ž, Č, dž COXpaHHJIHCb B LIGHTPAJIbHOMN UaCTH IIyYOOKHX JIiaTTaJIbCKHX TOBOpoB (cp. KapTy B Bpeijjak (1989: 374), bpeiigak (1994: 156 u 163)), a TaKxe B peuH CTaporo HNOKOJIEHHA B IIpHTpaHHUHEIX C 3ariajįHOH T'pyTI- nou roBopax (pa3jjeJienne no Bpeiijjaky), Hanpumep, B Bérzpils,, , Gaigalava,,, Varaklani,, , Vilani,,, Dricéni,, n ap. Bpeiigak (1994a: 66). [lasee Ha 3anaj TOJIBKO JIHINb HEKOTOPhi€ H3 YKa3aHHLIX COrJIaCHbIX MMEIOT najiaTajiIM30BaHHbIe ayiogpousl (cM. Bpeitgak 1994a: 69-73). B ocrasbHBIX xe ropopax Npou3olLia Aenanarajusaluma AaHHbIX COrJIacHbIx. Tak, HaripuMep, B Lubana, pasnnyue iu (nocJie najaTaJbHBIX COIJIACHBIX) OT yu MOYTH He cobmoaercd (Zirnitis 1937: 116). B HerJryOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX MOBOpax CMArYeHHOCTH ObLIa yTpadeHa elle J0 ĮEHCTBHA 3-eH rieperJIaCOBKH, T. €. CMAMYeHHOCTh OblJla yTpayeHa Mex/y aeiicTBueM 1-OHM H 3-eH NeperjiacoBoK. 3.2. CoueraHus ryOnbIx € *j: *-pj-, *-bj-, *-vj-, *-mj- CerojĮHA B O0JIBIIMHCTBE BeEpXHeJIATbILICKHX TOBODpOB JJAHHBIE COUeTAHHA ObIJIH YIPOLLUEHBI B -p-, -b-, -v-, -m- COOTBETCTBEHHO. B Tex xe ropopax, rae -j- npucCcyTC- TBYET, OH IOABJIAETCA HEPErYJIAPHO, YTO TOBOPUT O €ro IIOAIBJIEHHH IIO AaHaJIOTHH. B CBA3M C 3THM PEKOHCTPYKLUMA NPoLiecca pa3BHTHA JJaHHbIX COUeTAHHH JĮOBOJIbHO OCJIOXKHEHa. 3.2.1. HHrepecHo OoTMeTHTb, YTO 3-A neperJiacoBKa AeiCTByeT nepea “pj, “bj, *vj, *mj, cp. Kaldabruna,,, (Kancans 1937: 83) skapa Sausnéja,, (Kaulins 1933: 17). Kpome Toro, -j- cam nepersiacosky He Bhi3biBaeT, cp. mdjina, kajina Sausnéja,,. (Kaulinš 1933: 15). I'pynnst *-pj-, *-bj-, *-vj-, *-mj- H -pi-, -bi-, -mi-, -vi- peay ceds OJAMHAKOBO, Cp., HarrpuMep, avs (avis), ju'mi (ut. jumis), labi c -i- u gla*bu, ka‘pu, ra‘vu c -j-. Takum 06pa30M, KO BpeMeHH ĮĮeHCTBHA 3-eil NeperJIiaCOBKH Mbl MOXEM HCKJIO4HTb MPHUCYTCTBHE -j-, CKOPEe Ke BCero K 3TOMy BpeMeHM B CEJIOHCKHX Io- BOpax Ha MecTe *-pj-, *-bj-, *-vj-, *-mj- IpOH3HOCHJIHCb NajIaTaJIM30BaHHbIE -P-, -b-, -v-, -m-. Jlaniee, oueHb HeOOBIYHOI NPEACTABIIAETCA CHTVAIIHA, YTO, HAINpHMED, š(s + j/ t+ ]j), ž (z + j) H ap. naJiaTaJIbHBIe KO BpeMeHH Havasa AeicTeus 3-eil neperjacoBKH CTAJIM TBEpPAbIMU COrJIAaCHBIMM, a, B NMPHHIIUIE, TUIOJIOTHYECKH MeHee YCTOHYMBBIE K MATKOCTH *-pj-, *-bj-, *-vj-, *-mj- ux raJIiaTaJIM30BaHHOCTb COXpaHHJIH. 3[1€Ch, KaXeTcs, CAMbIM JIYJLIHM OObACHEHHEM MOXET ObITh Nnpe- ODOHETHUECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. JUANEKTE | 81 rroJioxeHHe, 410 *-pj-, *-bj-, *-vj-, *-mj- BO3HHKJIH 3/ĮE€Cb BTOPUYHO. VuHTbIBAS, 4TO Ha nepu@epuu, T. €. B CEBEepHbIX TJIYOOKHX JiaTTaJIbCKHX TOBOpax (Hanpumep, Jaunroze,.,, Jaunlaicene,.., Veclaicene,.. (Abele, Lepika 1928: 39)), a Takxe Ha lore, B HEKOTODEIX TJIyOOKHX CeJIOHCKHX ropopax (Nereta, Mengele 1939:100) B NNO3HIHH IMOCJIE KOPHA ellie COXpaHHJICA -j-, MOXHO MPeAnoJIOKHUTb, 4UTO paHblle H B HErJIyDOKHX CeJIOHCKHX IOBOpax 3j/ĮeCb elle COXpaHAJICA -j-. IIpH atom cneayer OTMETHTH, 4TO HH B CEBEPHBIX JIaTrajIbCKUX roBopax, HH B MMIVOOKHX CEeJIOHCKUX -J- B 3TOH MNO3HIHH HE OpHCYyTCTByeT peryjJiApHO, 4TO CKOpee BCero TOBOpHT B rmOJIb3Y TOTO, YTO H 3/i€Ch (DOOHeTHUeCKH -j- HCUE3, a MOABJIAETCA OH TOJIBKO JIHINIb rio aHajioruu: nom. sg. gald-s / skapi-s gen. sg. gald-a / x, x = skapi-a, cp. ldcis gen. sg. lata < *lacia, rage oueBMAHO, YTO -j- NO aHaJIOTHM, T. K. IIpaBHJIbHaA ¢dopma Ob1a Obl *laca < *lakja. B Hapeuusx xe, HampuMep, Mo cJeayoleMy obpasiy: tuvji, B KOTOPOH 3aHOBO BO3HHKJIa rpynna -vj-, zemji BMecto zemi. Takum 06pa3oM, ouyeBHJIHO, uTO popma labi < *labji (ne *labi > **lobi) Nereta, . (Mengele 1939: 110) bonee apeBHsAA YeM zemji. 3.2.2. OoHernuecKH 3aKOHOMepHas Gopma, cogepxaulas [, coxpaHseTcsa B CJIe- Ayomux gopmax, Hanpumep, B Skaista_ , (Latkovsks 1935: 48) tyuli (= tuvu), Baltinava,,, (Vitole 1931: 135) tyule. B gano ¢popme | Mor CoxpaHHTbCA TOJIBKO Onarojaps Tomy, 4TO 34ech rpynmna *-uvl- > (8 2.2) > *-yvl- (B dopme tuys > tyvs) > -yul-. [IpuBegeHHas Boilie ¢popma tyuli noaaaerca oObACHEHHIO TOJIBbKO TIPU MPeAno- JIOxXeHHH, YTO ANGTOHIrU3anmA “Ū H3 *-uv- > *-Ūv- (§ 2.2.1) geicreoBasa ene Ha TOM CTaJĮHH Pa3sBUTHA JIaTraJIbCKUX rOBOPOB, Korja I U3 *vj (BeposiTHO Takxke H H3 “mj, *pj, *bj) ewe He Gbu1 yTpaueH, ApyrumMu CJIOBAMH | ObUT yTpaueH B JJaHHOI MO3HIHH nocJie JĮMOTOHTH3ALHH JOJIroro “iu. 3.2.3. Take popmnl Kak t'iuji Akniste, , (Ancitis 1977: 206) r tyus (= tuvs) ABJIA- IOTCA pe3yJibTaToM MOpOOoJIOTHUeCKOTO peaHajansa H aHaJIOTHUECKHM 3aMelieHuem MCTOPUYECKH peryJIApHOH OOpMEH tiuli; 3aeck xe ynorpedasiercs ¢popma stapna (n. sg. f., g. sg. m) Akniste, , (Ancitis 1977: 133), koTopas BO3HHKJIa H3 ĮĮMCCHMH- nanuu | B *slapla (Endzelins 1951: 228; Rekéna 1962: 56; Bpeiigak 1989: 252). [pe AnonoXuTeIhHO, UTO HMEHHO 3TH DOpMEI OBLIM HCTOYHMKOM paCInpoCTpaHeHHA AHAJIOTUYECKUX -[- H -n- Ha MecTe JpeBHero *-j- B IMO3HIĮHH nocsie JIaOHAJIbHOTO COTJIACHOTO. 3.2.4. B cBoen jaucceprannu bpenjak nposes o4eHb LeHHYH paboTy, mokasas Ha KapTax MecTa MOABJICHNA DIIEHTETHUECKHX |, [ un, n (bpeitnak 1989: 366-368 H Bpenjjak 1977: 14), T. e. pailoHbl, B KOTOPLIX 00CyXaeMble coeqUHEeHUs C *-j- HEKOr/la JĮaJIH MleHTeTHUeCKHH NPU3BYK *1, KOTOpbIH COXpaHHJICA JO HALIMX JHE Onaroziapsa MOpOOHOJIOTHYUECKOMY peaHasiM3y BbINIeyrMoMAHYTbIX HJIH IOJJOOHBIX uM OOpM, KoTOpbie BBUAY CBOeH OCOOOH JOHeTHUECKOH CTPYKTYPhI COXpaHHJIH -I- H -n- 3akKoHoMepHo (§ 3.2.2). JlaHHbIe paHOHbI OXBATbIBAIOT IIpaKTHUECKH BCE rJITyOOKHe JIiaTTrajibCKHe roBOPbl H HEKOTOpbIe TJIryOOKHe CeJIOHCKHE roBODpEI. Ilpn JTOM BaXXHO OTMETHTh, 4TO Ha CeBepe JIiaTTaJIbCKHX TOBODpOB IIpoH3ONnJIO PETPOT- pajinoe pa3BHTHR MO BJIKAHHeM JINTEPATYPHOrO Ai3bIKA. 34€Ch MHOTHe Takue [, n, BO3HHKIIIHE 10 aHaJIOTHH, ObIJIH H3MEHeHbI OOpaTHO B -j-, MPHYEM JTO CTpeMJIeHHe 365 82 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT ECTECTBEHHO BbI3BAJIO IIOfIBJIEHHe OEJIOTO psja THITEpKOppeKTH3MOB, HaNpHMeDp Alūksne,.. pierkju „perku“ (Endzelins 1951: 789), nonsrno, 4TO Takas rpymna -kj- He MOXxeT ObITh ApeBHer. Takum 00pa3OM, H H3 3TOTO IpHMepa BH/JIHO, YTO Ha CeBepe JlarraJiuH TaKxe HeKorja CyuecTBOBaJIN 3MeHTeTUYeCKHe COrJIaCHblIe. 3.2.5. Ouazenn (Endzelins 1951: 173) npejimojiaraeT, 4To *j BO BCeX JaHHBIX COUe- TaHUAX J1aJ1 I, KOTOPBIH B [IOCJIEACTBUH OJ JIeHCTBUEM aHaJIOTHH repelies1 OOpaTHO B J B NO3HIĮHH HA CTHIKE KOPHA H OKOHUaHHA. UCKOHHOE COCTOAHHE COXpaHHJIOCb B KOPHEBbIX CJIOrax: splaūt = nur. spjduti. bpeiipak (1989: 247-248) cuuraer, OJĮHaKO, YTO TOJIbKO B BepXHeJIATbINICKHX roBopax JaHHble COUueTAHHA JĮaJIH H Ha CTELIKe KOPHA 3aKOHOMEPHO Į. B CeJIOHCKHX H BO MHOTHX JIAaTTAJIbCKHX TOBODpaXx j B JIAaHHOM INO3HIIHH IpOoCTO HCUE3, H JIHINb INO314Hee NO AeCTBUeM JINTepaTypPHOro A3bIKA B 3THX TOBODpaXx OblJI BHEAPEH j B TOK no3HHHH. Takoe 006bAcHeHHe daKTOB HaM TMpejįcTaBJIAeTCA 3OdeKTHBHeH TOUKH 3peHHA DHA3eIMHa, TEM GOoOJIee, UTO B CpeHeJIaTHILICKUX TOBOpax HeT HHKaKHX peJIHKTOB ObUIOro **| B 3TOH NO3UIIHM. Takum 00pa30M oCHOBbIBasACh Ha MHeHHH Bpelijlaka Mel npeanoJiaraemM, 4To *pj, *bj, *vj, *mj B BOCTOUHBIX, JIATTaJIbCKMX rOBOpax HeKora JeiiCTBUTEJIbHO IMEpellInIH B pl, bl, vl, ml npn 3TOoM GOJIBIIAsA YACTh THX TOBOPOB | B 3TOH NO3HIHH YTEDpAJIa. HTak, 000011as BelllIecKazaHHOe, MBI JleJIaéM BbIBOJ, YTO JĮpeBHHH *] B COe/J|HHe- HHH C I'YOHBIMM B TJIyYOOKHX JIATraJIbCKUX H, BO3MOXHO, YaCTUYHO B TrJIyOOKHX Ce- JIOHCKHX TOBODpaX riepellneji B I. OjiHaKro, Kak nokassiBaioT COCTaBJIeHHbIe BpeljjakoM KapTbi 3NeHTeTHUeCKHX [, n B HerJIryOOKHX CeJIOHCKHX roBOpax, ĮĮaHHbIH IIpolLeCC, mo BCeH BepoATHOCTH, He nme MecTa. Ilocjie 3akoHoMepHOro OOoHeTHUeCKOTMo HC- 4Ue3HOBEHHA *] B HeTJIYOOKHX H HeKOTODEIX MNIyYOOKHX CeJIOHCKHX roBopax, a *1— B Jia TTAaJIbCKHX H HEKOTODEIX I'JTYOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX TOBODpaXx, paCIIpoCTpaHHJICA HOBbIH -J-, BO3HHKIINNHAH 10/1 JĮEHCTBHEM aHaJIOTHH, a TaKxe 10/1 BJIHAAHHeM JIMTepaTypHOro A3bIKa (rae, OJĮHAaKO, Take BO3MOXHAa aHaJIOTHA). B HerJIyOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX TOBOpax aHaJIOTHUeCKHH -j- BO3MOXHO H He BO3HHKAJI, a OCTaBHJI JIHINb CJIE/ĮbI IIaJIATAJIH- 3alLHH, KOTODbIe TaKXe IOCJIŲYKHJIH IMNpHUuHHOH 3-eH rMNaJIaTaJIbHOH MeperJIiaCOBKH (8 3.2.1). DTOT BTOpHuUHEINNH -j- OoHeTHUeCcKH TAKXKe HCuUe3aeT H B TJIYOOKHX CeJIOH- CKHX H B JIaTIraJIbCKHX TOBOpax. BeposTHo TaKXe H TO INpejįnojIOxeHHe, 4TO -j- B HerJIyOOKHX CEJIOHCKHX TOBOpax He HCUe3aJI IMNOJIHOCTbPO, a COXpaHAJICA IIOJĮ JJeHC- TBHEM CHCTEMHOH aHaJIOTHH HJIH, YTO NPU3HAK MNaJIaTaJIH30BaHHOCTH COXPaHAJICA moj JįJeHCTBHeM aHaJIoOruH, Hanpumep: delis - dėla: skapis - x, x = skap'a. 3.2.6. [114 OTHOCUTEJIBHOH XpOHOJIOTHH CJIelyeT OTMETHTb, YTO (hoHeTHYecKoe HCue3HOBeHHe -[- H3 JIAaTTAJIbCKHX roBOPOB OTHOCHTEJIBHO [peBHee, MOCKOJIbKY HaH/ĮeHHbIe HAMH 3AaHMCTBOBAHHA U3 APYIUX A3BIKOB, COJepKallie coequHeHne ryOHOro H -Į-, IpHINIJIH B JIaTTaJIbCKHe TOBODBI YXKe NnocJIe 3TOro mnpoiiecca, T. K. OHH TIOJIHOCTBIO COXpaHHJIH TH I'PYTIIILL, T. €. ABJIAIOTCA terminus ante quem: Kalupe,,.: abla „evele“ nur. ablia, oblius, kapl’e «xannsa» (Rekéna 1962: 347, 398). Terminus post quem npejcrapiseTr gudToHrusanma goaroro *ū (8 3.2.2). OOHETHYECKHE H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮĮMAJIEKTE | 83 3.3. k > Čč, g > dz, 2-asa apdpukaTuzanus®’ B raybokux JIiaTTaJIbCKHX ropopax, 3a HCKJI0O4UeHHeM HeKOTODpbIX CEBEpHbIX rOBOPOB, Cpe/jįHeJIaTbILICKOMY k cooTBeTCTByeT ¢ H cpeaHenar. ¢ adbdpukara dž cooTBeTCTBeHHO (eM. JIA: 81, 82). OgHako H 3jįeCb ObUI0H apeaJi pacrmpoCTpaHeHHA ABHO CY3WICA, Tak, Hanpumep, B Akniste, , r/ie peryJIApHbIMH ABJIAIOTCA 3BYKH k, g, Ha UX MeCTe B CrelHaIbHbIX KOHTEKCTax BCTpeuaP0TCA ¢ H dž: čėvę (kéve), čimini (kimini), a TaKxe runepkoppekTHbie Gopmsl, Tina kauta (čaula) (Ancitis 1977: 119), Kalupe,,., rae k, g: skraukis (gen. sg. skrauka) „drėbnieks“ — 3aHMCTBOBaHHe H3 MOJILCKOI'0, BEPOATHO 4epe3 JIMTOBCKHH. Cp. NOJIb. krawiec, nut. kriaticius (npyuMepsl 13 Rekéna 1962: 460). Takoe sapere OOBACHAETCA BJIMAKHHEM JIMTEPATYPHOrO A3BIKA, BCJIEACTBHE KOTOPOIO 3/1€Ch MPOUCXOAUT peTporpagHoe pa3BHTHEe. bpeigak (1989: 335-336) Ha 0cHoBaHHH I'MIIEPKOPPEKTHEIX Kk, ¢, a TaKxe, OCHOBbIBAfICb Ha JAQHHBIX TONOHHMHH, C4HTAeT, YTO MPOLIECC MPOXOANJI Ha BCeM apeaJie BepxHeJia- TbIOICKHX FOBOPOB. OueBHIHO, YTO JJAHHBIM IpoleCC — AOBOJIBHO NO3AHMH B paMKax MCTOPHM Jia- TBHIIICKOI'O A3bIKA, IMOCKOJIbKY 3aTparHBaeT HOBbIE [JIA JIATbIOICKOTO A3bIKa IPYIIhI k, ¢ nepej naJiaTaJIbHbLIMH TJIaCHbIMH (JIpeBHHe BeJIApHbIe Nepe)] MaJIaTAaJIbHbIMH rJIaCHBIMH, KaK M3BECTHO, JĮaJIKM Cero/įHALIHHe pedJIeKchi ¢, dz). JlaHHbie coueTaHHA MOABJIAIOTCA B OCHOBHOM B 3aMMCTBOBAHHMAX M3 HEMenOKOTO, JIMTOBCKOro, a Tak- Ke KypoHuamax, cp. Karsava,,, zūodžs < (zagis) (Smite 1932: 52), kačč < kakis, dzeims < gimis (int. gymis). OAHAKO B HCTOpHH BEPXHEJIATHIILICKOrO AHaJIeKTa 3TO JIOBOJILHO JĮpeBHHH npouecc. Terminus ante quem ABJIAETCA nosisjeHne androHra -iu- nepejį BeJIAPHBIMH M3 NpaBepxHesiart. “i win i u3 *u nepej TVOHbIMH (IpoLeccsl Ha Haul B3rJIAJ O/IHOBPeMeHHBIe, Cp. 88 2.2, 2.3.1)", koTophiit adOdOpuHKaTH3aLHIO He BBI3BIBAET, T. €. 10 2-0¥ NepersiacoBkH, Hanpumep: dukiurie (elkonis) (Varaklani 26 Latkovsks 1931: 122), kiul'iejs (Cibla,,, Abolina 1926: 32), rie perynapen nepexojį k > ¢ (JIA: 81.,82). 4. PE3YJIBTATDI 4.1. XpoHoJsioruueckas cxema poHeTHYECKHX IIEepex0 [OB Hrak, B Xo/1e JjaHHOT'O UCCJIEJOBAHNA HAM VJIAJIOCb «JIOKAJIH3OBATb» BO BDEMEHH OOJIBIIYIO YacTh PACCMOTPEHHBIX NEpex0JĮJOB OTHOCHTEJIbHO JIPYTHX TNEPEexoloB. Pe3yjiskTaTbi MOXHO NoAOOIIMTE caeayiouen TaOJIMIIeNM: “To repsnunojiorun Bpeiijjara (1989: 335). 3aecs cCJiejnyerT orMeTHTe, 4uTro 1-ax addOpuKaTH3aLHA NMPOMCXOJAHAA elle B NpaJIiaTbIMICKOM, T. €. *sk+ E > šk, *stj > šk. ** — B pjeiicTBureJibHocTH 3/1€Ch 3aTPOHY TH 2 doHerH4ueCcCkHx riponecca: 1. ĮĮuėronrnz3annus JipeBne- ro *ū H 3arem 2. 2-as neperJ/iacoBKa, yu > iu nepeėjį naJIaTaJIbHbIMH DJIACHbIMH, 84 | Husa A. CEPXAHT Ilpa- [|paBepxHeJiaTbIiLuUCKHHŪ HpeBnejiaTraJIibCKHUH H JlarraJibekun JIATbIINI- JipeBHeceJiOHCKHH CeJiroHeckun CKHH —p1 €1 > al JlatrraJibCkuH 1 —> 1) > i >| > el ryd. CeJIOHCKHH ————>—* uv > QV » Ū > ou » yu, iu “6 » *9 > ū-»(ū > 0ū) *ė >» *0 > 1 JlarraJibCkuH H CEJIOHCKHH —» k, g > ¢, dz y | — II, i (@)/y B KOHIIE CJIOBA Pj —» Pl » Pr i Įlenajjaransamia §'. 2,|C, dZ’ JlarraJibtknuH aR > aR II, >a,a » JI» 0/0+17———> 0/uo ———> a/a *kąe qe R CenoHceckuH a“,0*/a“,0“ * a r ę/ė » e/ė a/a — oad | iš TN il. JL: a,0%,0/ e/e —>a/a” a,0",0 eR > éR JlarraJIbCKHH H JlarraJibekun CEJIOHCKHH ie 'a/ia ę/e > -e# > ¢# ——> II, Tr 'e/ie 4.2. OOmine BbIBOJIbI 3aech HaM XOTEJIOCb Obl MpOoaHaJIH3HpOBATb BBbIBOJIbI, IOJIVUEHHbIE CPABHUTEIb- HO-HCTOpHYUECKHM METO0M. JŲJIA TIpaBepxHeJIaTEINICKOTO JĮĮMAJIEKTA Mbl BOCCTAHAB- JIHBAaEM creayouyio OOoHeMaTHYUECKYIJO CHCTEMY (B OOIO<EM MAEHTHYHYIO CHCTEME HEKOTODEIX HanboJiee apxXAaHUHELIX Cpe/JĮHeJIATbILICKHX TOBODpOB Halllero BpeMeHH): [TpaBepxHenaThICKHUN Jlatransckni (cesep) RL J DOHETHYECKME H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. ĮHMAJIEKTE | 85 Jlannas KapTHHa HeCKOJILKO YIIPOIIeHa, T. K. B CEBEpHOJIaTTaJIbCKHX roBopax e 3a4acTyio nepexoamT B e. OueByujiHo, 4TO CHCTeMA IJIACHBIX CEBEpHOH 9aCTH JIATTraJIbCKMX TOBODpOB CTaHO- BHTCA Dostee CHMMETpHuHOH. CBOOOJIHbIH 3aJĮHHH CIIEKTP CO3jĮaeT 30HY «pa3pexeH- HOCTH» Maprune (1981: 54-57) H npurAarnusBaeT TeCHO CxaTbIe NepejįHHe riaacHble: *a>0,*e> a, *e > e > (e). 4.3. Ilojroxenune BepxneJjJiarbhruckoro ĮĮnajiekia ¢ TOYKH 3peHHA CpaBHHTeJIbHO-HCTOpHueCKOH JIMHIBUCTHKH HTak, nocJie pacCMOTpeHHAfi BCEX OCHOBHbIX (POHETHYECKHMX Nepex0jJOB BepxXHe)JIa- THIICKOrO JIMAJIeKTa, BbIACHHJIOCb, 4TO HE HAINIJIOCb HH OJJHOTO OdoHeTH4eCcKOTrO rrepexojia, JŲJIA KOToporo Ham ObIJIO 661 HE0OX00UMO NIPEITIOJIOKUTD pa3BHTHE HenocpeacTseHHo H3 Bocrounobanruickoro npasssika. Bee paccMOoTpeHHbIe 3J1eCh 1epexo/ibl PEKOHCTPYHPYIOTCA C IPOMEXYTOYHOH CTA He H, NOJIHOCTbIO COOTBETCTBYIOIEH NPAJIATHIIICKOMY COCTOAHHIO. [1oTeHIMANIBHBIM MCKITIOYe- HHEM MOXeT OKa3aTbCA nepexoj (coxpaHeHHe?) npabant. *uv > av, *ij > ij (em. § 2.2, oco6enHno § 2.2.2). Ho gaxe H B 3TOM CJIyuae 3TO, CKOpee Bcero, He dyer JOCTATOYHOH NPHYHHON JIA NPHHATHA HE3aBUCHMOCTH pa3BHTHA BepXHeJIaTbIIII- CKOro, a CTAaJIO JIHINb COXpaHHBINHMCA B JaHHOM JIHAJIEKTEe apXAH3MOM. OjįHaKo rIpH 3TOM BOINPOC O BbIBOJĮHMOCTH HJIH HeBbIBOJĮJHMOCTH BeEpxXHeJIATbIINI1- CKOTMro JiMajIeKTa H3 IIpajIaTbILICKOTO, Ha Halll B3MIAJĮ, MOXET ObITb OKOHYATEJIbHO pelleH TOJILKO IOCJIE HCCJIe/ĮOBaHHSAI MODOOOJIOTHYECKOH CHCTEMBI JaHHOIO JĮHAJIEK- Ta MH ee apxaHuHOCTH. BbIBOJIbI, OCHOBbIBAIOIIIHECA HCKJIOUMTEJIbHO Ha OOoHeTHKe** H aaxe Ha OOHOJIOTHH, B pellIeHHH IOJJOOHbIX BONpOoCOB MOTYT HCIONOJIb30BaTbCA TOJIbKO KaK JONOJIHAIOINME AapryMeHTEI, OTaesienne npaBepxHeJIaTbINCKOTO OT IIpajiaTbILICKOTO AB3LIKOBOTO apeaJa MOXHO, Ha Halll B3IMMIAIĮ, COOTHECTH C Ha4aJIOM 1-OHM H 2-OH BepxXHeJIaThILCKHX nepersacoBoK, KOTODEIe B YCTAaHOBJIEHHOH HAMM OTHOCHTeJIbHOH XpOHOJIOTHH OTHO- CATCA K CAMOMY JIpeBHEMY nepuojly. BBH/IY moJIHOTO COOTBETCTBHA OOoHeTHYUECKHX VCJIOBHH JŲIA JIAaHHBIX IEperJIaCOBKOK C VCJIOBHAMH IMpaJIaTbILICKON rMeperJIiaCOBKH Mbi CYHTAEM BO3MOXHBIM IMpeJIįMNoJIOXHTb, YTO TEPPUTOPHA INpaBepxXHeJIaTbILICKOTO npajauaseKTa ABJIAJIACb MULEHTPOM pPacrpocTpaHeHHA MPOLeCcCcoB TADMOHH3alLIHH rJ1aCHbIX. **— B 0cOBEHHOCTH HEJIB3A CYUTATH CEPhe3HBIMM TaKite aprymeHTsl, kak, Hanpumep: „The IE [T.e. HHJJO6BporieiiCKHH — npuM. asropa) and East Baltic *a was a diffuse-closed sound, less centered than the short *a and with tendencies toward rounding” (Lelis 1961: 150) (6e3 ccuinok!). Mul yBe- PEHBI, YTO KOHKpeTHanA poHeTHYeCcKas peansanma GoHeMbl, MCNOIL30BABIIEHCS MHOTHE THCAYH ner Hasaj Ham HepocTtynHa HW tem Goslee oda He MoxeT ORTH HCONOJIb30BaHa KAK APrYMEHT [UIA onpejesieHns CTENeHH pojacTsa. 86 | Hnba A. CEPXAHT 4.4. KoHraKkTbki ¢ KyIIHIIKEHCKHMH TOBOpaMH JIHTOBCKOTO A3bIKA, IO3HIJHA Bpeijaka B ¢doHeTHYeCKOM pa3BHTHH CEJIOHCKMX (a TaKxe H J1aTrajibCKux) TOBODpOB O4Y€Hb MHOTO CXOXHX INpONeCCOB ¢ BOCTOYHO-aYKIITAUTCKUMHU TOBOpaMH Kyriuin- KeHOB (kupiškėnai). Ha ocHOBHBIE MOMEHTHI JaHHOro OeHoMeHa ykasas Bpeiijjak (1981b), a uMeHHO: CXOXeCTh B eperjacoBKe KpaTKoro e, pacnpejesieHue a H d B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT yaapenusa H apdpukaruszaums k > ¢. Yro Kacaercs CXOXECTH B neperjacoBKH KpaTkoro €, TO TYT MBI XOTeJIH Obl HECKOJIBKO NnepedopMyIMpOBaTh AaHHyI0 H3orsoccy. Kak Hamu yxe YKa3bIBaJIOCb, Mbl HMEEM 1710 B JJaHHOM CJiyugae C IIpaJIaTbInNICKOH rrieperJiacoOBKOH “e/*e, koTopas jaja B CEJIOHCKHX H JIa TTaJIbCKHX ropopax Ha HeKOTODpoH (pase ux pa3BHTHA“" CHHXpOHHO UepejjoBanHne e(< *e)-a (< *e). Kpome Toro, jĮįanHas neperJiacopka HaOJIJOJjaeTCA, HI B KEMAHTCKHX roBopax (Zinkevičius 1966: 54-61, 457), rae Jryunie ObiTb OCTOpOXHEIM C IIpeJĮMoOJIOKXEHHEM BJIMAHHSA CEJIOHCKOTO cyDeTpara, a Dosiee BepoATHBIM NpejįcTaBJISAETCA KOHTaKTHOE BJIHAHHE HOXKHBIX JIABOHCKHX TOBODpOB HJIH 3EMTaJIbCKHX CpeE/HeJIATbINICKHX MOBO- poB, rjie JaHHaA neperjacoBka TaKxe HMeJIa mecto. Takum 060pa30M, cam npouece mneperJIiaCOBKH — pe3yjJibTaT 0oJiee JpeBHHUX KOHTAKTHBIX BJIMAHHH. UTak, OOLIHM JUIA CEJIOHCKMX, JATraJIbCKMX IOBOPOB, € OJĮHOH CTOPOHBI, H KYINHIIKEHCKHUX, C JPYTrOH CTOPOHBI, ABJIAETCA [1IE€PEX0/ € > a, a He caM nporecc neperJIacoBKH. Ham rnpejicTaBJIAeTCA Takada OOpMVJIHpOBKA Hosiee TOYHOH. B KOHIe CJIOBAa B KYINHUIIKEHCKHX IOBOpax Takxe [poles npouece, odbumit H BEPXHEJIATHILICKUM roBOpam, a HMEHHO: B BepxHeJIaTbILICKHX: e/ė > 'e/¢ (> 'a/ia) (8 2.8.2), B KynuiukeHCKHX Ėė > ‘a (Zinkevičius 1966: 74). (DakrT, 4T0 KOHTaKTHbIeė OeHoMeHnHi (rio bpengaky: «cejJIiOHCKHH CyOCTpa T») MeXxJIy CEJIOHCKHMH H JIATra/IbCKUMH FOBOPAMH, € OJĮHOH CTODpOHbI, H KYITHIIKEHCKMMH, C JŲpyroH CTOpOHEI, OTHOCATCA He K HanIeMy BpeMeHH, a K OOJIEE JIpeBHeMy INepHoO- Ay, NOATBEPXKAaeTCA TaKxXe NpuBejjenHHOH bpeijgakom (tam xe) JIadnaJiM3annen. B KynHIIKEHCKMX roBopax a nepeuvio B d 1Moj yJapeHueM, IpH TOM, UTO HOBOE a (< *e) speck coxpaHHJIOCb 6e3 namenenni (Zinkevičius 1966: 50). OueBnjino, 4TO npouecc JIaOHaJIH3aILIHH nojl yaapeHueMm JIpeBHUX “a, a He HOBbIX (M3 *e) CBfAA3aH UMEHHO ¢ 1-0 nabuanusauueit (8 2.6.3.3) B JQTraJIbCKUX H CEJIOHCKHX ropopax, KpoMe Toro oHa JaeTr CHHXpOHHOe pacripejesienne B OOJIbueH UAaCTH BEpxHeJIaTbILICKHX T'OBOPOB 0 — 10/1 YapeHueM H a — B Oe3yjjapHOM core, 4em H obecrieynBaeTca aHaJIOTHA ¢ KYTMHIOKEHCKHM [1epexojloM. COKPAINEHHA BW ~ Kr. Barons un H. Wissendorffs, Latwju dainas. 1-VI. Jelgava un Petrograda, 1894-1915. AA — Jlnanekrojniornmueckuū atac, HoMep KapTbi (TrOTOBHTCA K NyOJIMKALHH) FBR - Filologu Biedribas Raksti “I Buecb cnegyer yqecTh, 4TO TAKOE COCTOSHME NOCTYIMPYETCA JIM JŲIA ONpeeeHHOro artana pa3BHTHA CEJIOHCKHX H JIATTa/IbCKMX TOBODpOB, TAK KaK JaHHbIC € H G YaCTHYHO pa3BHJIKHCb Jgajiee, HaripuMep, a > d (2-an nabuanmsanmn § 1.6.4.3.1), e > ta, ie, a (4-an neperjiacoBka § 1.9.2.4.4, 1.9.2.4.2, cp. TaKxe § 1.8.2) H ap. DOHETHYECKME H3MEHEHHA B BEPXHEJIAT. JAUANEKTE | 87 LKZ - Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1941-2000. Vilnius. LVI — Heony6jimmkoBaHHstit MaTepuan no nporpamme: Atbildes uz jautdjurmem latviešu valodas dialektu atlanta materialu vaksanas programma. LU Latviešu valodas institlits. Zindtnes Akadémija. ME — Mulenbachs, Latviešu valodas vardnica. Redigéns, papildinijis, turpindjis J. Endzelins. 2. negrozits izdevums. Precos séjumos Cikagas baltu filologu kopa. Cikaga, 1954. CHH — cpeanennxuenemenknit (Mittelniederdeutsch) JIUTEPATYPA AseLe, A. 1924: Par lejasciemie$u izloksni. 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Filologu biedribas raksti 17, 114—142. Ilja A. Seržant Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, 10308 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected]