Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826

130 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII ILGA JANSONE Latvian Language Institute, University of Latvia Fields of research: onomastics, semantics, lexicology, dialectology. HOUSENAMES OF FAUNA (BIRD NAMES) SEMANTICS IN VIDZEME: MATERIALS OF HISTORICAL (SOULS) REVISIONS IN VIDZEME GUBERNIYA 18261 Vidžemės sodybų pavadinimai, suponuoti ornitonimų (paukščių pavadinimų): 1826 m. Vidžemės gubernijos kadastro duomenys2 ANNOTATION A total of 505 housenames of Vidzeme containing a bird name and mentioned in the Vidzeme Gubernya (souls) revision materials of 1826 have been analyzed in the article. Most ornitholexemes used in Vidzeme housenames are widely known and used appelatives in the modern Latvian language, for example, balodis, bezdelīga, dzenis, kaija, strazds, vārna, vanags, žagata, cīrulis, zvirbulis, vālodze, lakstīgala. A total number of Latvian lexemes in Vidzeme housenames amounts to 43 units and they refer to wild birds, whereas three Latvian lexemes refer to domestic birds, and also the general lexeme putns and the lexeme with a high degree of generalization – gailis together with compounds pur(va)gailis, mež(a)gailis, ezergailis, rudz(u)gailis and sil(a)gailis. The bird names used only in certain subdialects such as pelēda, strads and strods, žīgurs, and žēgurs have seldom been used. It 1 The article has been written within the framework of the project “Studies in the Latvian Language in the 21st Century Context” of the State funded research programme “Letonica – History, Languages, Culture, Values of Latvia”. 2 Straipsnio rengimas finansuotas Latvijos Respublikos Nacionalinės mokslinių tyrimų programos „Letonica – Latvijos istorija, kalba, kultūra, vertybės“ projekto „Latvių kalbos tyrimai XXI a. kontekste“ lėšomis. Straipsniai / Articles 131 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 was observed that some of the lexemes from modern subdialects were more widely known and used in the beginning of the 19th century, for example, housenames with bird names pelēda and strazds. Borrowings from related and contact languages have been used in the nomination of Vidzeme housenames very seldom, only possible borrowings from Lithuanian (antis ʻduckʼ), German (Ente ʻduckʼ), Estonian (kajakas ʻgullʼ, subdial. kikas (possibly, Liv’s kik) ʻroosterʼ, kukk ʻroosterʼ, luik ʻswanʼ), and Russian (утка ʻduckʼ, курица ʻhenʼ) languages have been established. The appelatives of bird names used in the nomination of housenames in the Latvian language are mostly of the derived etymology linked with either onomatopoeic verbs and/ or designations for sounds emitted by birds; most of those words have a common origin in Latvian and Lithuanian languages. KEYWORDS: Historical (Souls) Revisions, Vidzeme, Housenames, Bird Names. ANOTACIJA Straipsnyje analizuojami 505 sodybų pavadinimai, užfiksuoti Vidžemės gubernijos 1826 m. kadastre, sudaryti iš ornitonimų. Daugelis paukščių pavadinimų, suponavusių Vidžemės sodybų įvardijimus, plačiai vartojami kaip apeliatyvai ne tik bendrinėje latvių kalboje, bet ir jos šnektose. Skoliniai iš rytų baltų ar kaimyninių kalbų Vidžemės sodybų pavadinimų darybai vartojami labai retai. Dauguma latvių sodybų pavadinimų, reflektuojančių apeliatyvinės kilmės ornitonimus, yra onomatopėjinės kilmės. Daugelis šių apeliatyvų, vartojamų latvių ir lietuvių kalbose, yra tos pačios kilmės. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: kadastras, Vidžemė, sodybų pavadinimai, paukščių pavadinimai (ornitonimai). In historical onomastics, historical (souls) revision materials containing both toponyms and anthroponyms are important. The revision materials from Vidzeme have been preserved better and collected more accurately, that is why the paper provides an insight into the housenames of fauna (bird) semantics from one region of Latvia – Vidzeme; besides, similarities have also been observed in Kurzeme. The first historical (souls) revision in Vidzeme Gubernya took place in 1782, and it was recognized as the fourth revision of Russian gubernyas. Subsequent revisions took place at either shorter or longer intervals: the fifth revision – in ILGA JANSONE 132 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII 1795, the sixth revision – in 1811, the seventh revision – in 1816, the eighth revision – in 1834, the ninth revision – in 1850, and the last revision – in 1858. In the revision documents of mansions, the residents of private and crown mansions and of associated household structures (semi-mansions, farmsteads, pubs, mills, and others), as well as of pastoral mansions were listed. By 1816 only men had been listed, and it is very likely that the date is not accurate. Since 1816 all persons irrespective of their sex and age were listed. The revision of 1826 was not regarded as a separate event (it is considered a repetition of the revision of 1816); however, it was of paramount importance as peasants with their surnames were registered, namely, historical revision materials included both housenames and full names – first names, last names, patronyms across Vidzeme Guberniya for the first time, thus allowing to establish a connection between housenames and surnames. It would be worth writing an overview about the spelling in the materials of the historical revision of ploughs and names because their orthography had 3 Latvian State Historical Archives. PICTURE 1. Excerpt from the historical revision materials of Vidzeme Guberniya in 1826 from Aloja private mansion. (LVVA3 foundation nr. 199, description nr. 1, file nr. 17, p. 8.) Straipsniai / Articles 133 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 been influenced not only by clerks’ writing skills but also oftentimes low skills of the Latvian language as evidenced by many parallel forms and also the spelling of separate names in the German language, for example, the designations of the objects – Gesinde, Hoflage, Buschwächter, Lande, Krug, Mühle, descriptive data of a person – Wirtschaft, Sohn, Frau, etc., in some cases descriptive and defining designations of housenames – Alt, Neu were usually written in German. The 18th and 19 th century historical revisions in Vidzeme took place in 686 mansions, and several ones were united during the revisions in 1826 and 1834. The number of household names included in the lists of the historical revisions of Vidzeme Guberniya in 1826 reach 14,500, including independent farmsteads retaining their original household name, for example, in 1826 there were six houses with the same name Dſerwan in the Vecbebru private mansion of Koknese Parish but in the Piņķu mansion of Piņķu Parish four houses with the name Dſilne were mentioned, and four ones with the name Dumpe. The number of housenames of fauna semantics totals 1,065 units, which is 7.34 per cent of the total number of Vidzeme housenames, provided that every unit recorded by the historical revision of Vidzeme is considered a separate housename. The data were also obtained from those mansions that did not have the registered materials of 1826, and so they were obtained from the revisions of 1816 and 1834. Of the mentioned 1,065 units, 560 or 3.86 per cent are motivated housenames containing an animal name (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and others), but 505 or 3.48 per cent are motivated housenames containing a bird name. It is possible to write about the formation of peasants’ farmsteads in Vidzeme since the 15th century. It is likely that the first housenames were then created; however, relatively reliable information is available from the first half of the 17th century. The number of peasants’ farmsteads increased in the 19th century as a result of kin splitting leading to new own farmsteads and also as a result of buying out tenancy houses. Thus, it is typical of the cultural environment to foreground farmsteads well merged with the natural scenery. The proximity of Latvians to nature as reflected both in Latvian folk songs and beliefs and also in the choice of sacred places and abode could not but influence housenames. Although the housename group of fauna semantics is not big, it does show the Latvian modus vivendi at the time when houses got their names. When choosing a housename, the owners did not usually prefer a specific species of birds (for example, baltpieres zoss ʻwhite-fronted gooseʼ, meža zoss ʻgrey-lag gooseʼ, īsknābja zoss ʻpink-footed gooseʼ); a lexeme that corresponds to a designation of a species used in common Latvian or a subdialect (often but not consequently it may correspond to a genus or a subspecies) is practically ILGA JANSONE 134 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII always used (in the aforementioned example zoss – ‘goose’), and also a lexeme for a species that corresponds to a generalized notion about a specific bird that is usually nesting close to a peasant’s house or the lexemes of those birds hunted as game. In some cases, birds making distinct sounds became used in housenames. The lexeme that is a generalized joint designation for several species in common Latvian and / or subdialects will be referred to as ornitholexeme in the present article (the ornitholexeme of the aforementioned example is zoss). Although the classification of ornitholexemes poses difficulties connected with the identification of specific bird species, namely, their attribution to a specific genus, for example, birds sārtais strazds ʻSwainson’s thrushʼ, mājas strazds ʻstarlingʼ and raibais zemesstrazds ʻgroundscraper thrushʼ belong to the turdidae family, but niedru strazds ʻreed warblerʼ, melnais meža strazds ʻforest rock thrushʼ, dziedātājstrazds ʻsong thrushʼ, pelēkais strazds ʻgrey-cheeked thrushʼ, melnrīkles strazds ʻblackthroated thrushʼ, apkakles strazds ʻring thrushʼ and sila strazds ʻwood thrushʼ belong to the flycatchers (Muscicapidae) family. The article refers to the ornithological classification according to the order. Of 18 bird orders (Latvijas daba 4, 203–207) established in Latvia, bird names of 13 different orders were used in the designation of housenames. A different analysis was done with reference to motivated housenames containing poultry names, for example, vista ʻa henʼ, cālis ʻa chickʼ, and also housenames with a generalized bird name putns ʻa birdʼ and a lexeme gailis ʻa roosterʼ. Motivated housenames with an ornitholexeme gailis ʻa roosterʼ belong to a separate group because many compound names contain this lexeme and can be designations for various bird families in colloquial and / or hunters’ professional lexicon. TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE PASSERIFORMES ORDER Preference was given to the study of bird names of the passeriformes order in Vidzeme housenames, which altogether make up 147 units or 29 per cent of all motivated housenames containing bird names. However, in the nomination of housenames containing twelve designations of bird species of this order, the most popular family was the paridae family represented by such lexemes as zīle ʻtomtitʼ and zīlīte ʻtitʼ. The literary name zīle is the most widespread bird name in the nomination of housenames; it appears in 32 housenames altogether. It should be admitted that the lexeme zīle in the Latvian language has homonyms, and it is possible Straipsniai / Articles 135 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 that in the nomination of housenames a homonym designating an acorn – an oak tree fruit – had been used. The housename lexeme zīle is used in the base form (Sihle4, Siehle, Siele), and compound names (Jaun Sihl5, Wetz Sihl, Wezs Sihle, Kaln Sihle, Kalne Sihle, Leies Sihle, Leijes Sihle, Meſche Sihle, Siehle Alksne, Siehle Kaln Jahn, Siehle Purre Tanne, Siehle Wawur, Siele Gust, Siele Jahn, Siele Jatze, Siele Peter). The appellative zīle was included in the first Latvian dictionaries of the 17th and 18th centuries6 (cf. Sihle ta, die Meiʃe Lange 1773: 296). The name of tomtit is the same both in Latvian and Lithuanian (cf. Lith. zlė or žlė); however, it is different in Old Prussian (cf. Prus. sineco Mažiulis IV 110–111) which has analogue names in Slavic languages (cf. e. g., Czech sinice, Polish sinica, Ukrainian синця, Old Slavonic синица). There are different hypotheses about the etymology of the name7. Jānis Endzelīns links the origin of zīle with the name of the colour zils – ‘blue’ (ME IV 732). This hypothesis is supported by Ernst Fraenkel (LEW 1309) and admitted by Max Vasmer who indicated that initially the name designated a specific species – zilzīlīte (Parus caeruleus). The link between the ornitholexeme with the bird’s sounds, namely the onomatopoetic origin, has been mentioned in M. Vasmer’s Russian Dictionary of Etymology and Konstantīns Karulis’ Latvian Dictionary of Etymology (ЭСРЯ III 625, LEV II 559). K. Karulis mentions the possible link between the lexeme zīle with the verb zināt ʻto knowʼ, and his observations arise from the fact that in Latvian and Lithuanian folklore zīle is traditionally connected with fortune-telling (LEV II 559). The most plausible of all hypotheses about the lexeme zīle is onomatopoetic. 4 The parantheses indicate the established spelling forms of ornitholexemes from the revision materials from the whole Vidzeme Gubernya. 5 The article does not analyze word forms and compounds in detail because their second components usually have no connection with a specific bird name; these components usually differentiate housenames. 6 For the sake of comparison, the first dictionaries Lettus with Phraseologia Lettica of the Latvian language written by Georgius Mancelius and the Latvian–German Dictionary edited by Jakob Lange living in Vidzeme were used. In some cases other dictionaries of the 17th and 19th centuries were referred to. 7 For explanation of etymologies, mainly dictionaries of the Baltic languages indicating etymology (ME, LEV, LEW, Smoczyński 2007), some etymological dictonaries of language contacts (EES, ЭСРЯ) as well as some comprehensive studies on the etymologies of Baltic and other Indo-European languages (Sabaliauskas 1990, Гамкрелидзе & Иванов 1984, Sehwers 1953) were used. Individual authors’ articles about the etymology of a specific lexeme were occassionally referred to. ILGA JANSONE 136 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Only three housenames can be linked with the terminological designation for the representative species of zīlīte. The lexeme zīlīte in housenames occurs only in the principal form (Sihliht, Sihlit). The appellative zīlīte had already been included in the first 17th–18th century dictionaries of the Latvian language (cf. ein Meißchen/Sielite/nedʃe Phras. Lettica 1638: 279) where it appears along with the name sniedze ʻsnow birdʼ, but its German designation corresponds to the name zīlīte. A lexeme zīlīte is the diminutive form of the lexeme zīle that was formed with a traditional deminutive suffix -īte. The second most popular bird names appearing in Vidzeme housenames belong to the corvidae bird names represented as ornitholexemes karakuls ‘ravenʼ, agate ‘magpieʼ, koraris ‘jackdawʼ. The appellative karakuls is connected with 19 housenames. The lexeme krauklis appears in housenames both in the principal form, usually in the feminine (Kraukle, Krauckle), in derivative forms (Kraukel, Krauklit, Krauklin), and word groups (Kraukle Krug, Krauckle Krug, Krauklu Krug, Krisch Kraukle jetzt Jaun Kraukle genannt, Wetz Kraukle jetzt Jahn Kraukle genannt). The appellative krauklis had already been included in the first 17th–18th century dictionaries of the Latvian language (cf. Raab/Kraucklis Lettus 1638: 138; Rabe/Krauklis Phras. Lettica 1638: 279; Krauklis tas, eine Rabe Lange 1773: 156); it is common both in Latvian and Lithuanian (cf. Lith. kraukls ʻcrowʼ and kriaukls ʻravenʼ) and can be linked with sound verbs Latv. kraucinât, kraukât, kŗaukt, Lith. kraũkti ʻkrächzen (to caw)ʼ imitating bird sounds (ME II 263, LEW 290, LEV I 420). All the mentioned sources indicate that the Slavic krukъ ʻravenʼ is of onomatopeic origin. Of less frequent appearance in Vidzeme’s housenames is the ornitholexeme žagata ʻmagpieʼ (13 units altogether). The lexeme žagata appears in housenames both in the principal form (Sagat, Saggat, Schagat, Schaggat), in derivatives (Schaggaten), and in word groups (Kaln Schaggat, Lei Schaggat). The appellative žagata had already been included in the first 17th and 18th dictionaries of the Latvian language (cf. Specht/Schaggata Lettus 1638: 171; Eeʃter/ Hechʃter/Schaggata Phras. Lettica 1638: 279; Schaggata ta, ein Heiʃter Lange 1773: 272). J. Endzelīns considers the word žagata to be a borrowing from Lithuanian žagata ME IV 786; K. Karulis admits the origin of this word as a creation from sound imitation (LEV II 575). Only one housename contains an ornitholexeme kovārnis ʻjackdawʼ. The lexeme kovārnis appears only as an appropriate form of the corresponding appellative (Kowahrn). Straipsniai / Articles 137 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 The appellative kovārnis had already been included in the first 17th and 18th century dictionaries of the Latvian language (cf. Kohwahrs tas, eine Dohle Lange 1773: 155). The root of the word corresponds to the designation for a word vārna of the coraciiformes order of the coracidae family, and in some language groups (Baltic, Slavic, Tocharian languages) it is a new phonetic formation with the initial sound *- from the proto-root *k[h]or-n-, e. g., Lith. várna, Prus. warne8 (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540). K. Karulis indicates that an appellative kovārnis is a compound (LEV II 489), but J. Endzelīns only refers to analogous forms in other languages, e. g., Small Russ. кáворон ʻSaatskräheʼ, Slovenian kâvran ʻKolkrabeʼ (ME II 350). The third most popular family of birds used in the nomination of housenames is that of the sturnidae of the passeriformes order represented in such ornitholexemes as strazds and strads/ strods. An appellative strazds appears in 12 housenames. The lexeme strazds appears in housenames both in the principal form – usually in the feminine gender (Strasde), in derivative forms (Strasdin), and in word groups (Leel Strasd, Leel Strasde, Mas Strasda, Mas Strasde, Kalne Strasde, Leijes Strasde). The appellative strazds ʻthrush; starlingʼ had already been included in the first 17th and 18th dictionaries of the Latvian language (cf. Drohʃʃel/Spreen/Straʃda Phras. Lettica 1638: 280; Straʃds tas, ein Krammetsvogel Lange 1773: 328). As indicated by Vyacheslav Ivanov and Tamaz Gamkrelidze, the name in several old Indo-European dialects in Europe originated from sound imitation, for example, Prus. tresde, Lith. strãzdas, Latv. strazds; however, if a Greek στρουϑός ʻsparrowʼ can be considered a sound imitation, it means that in old Indo-European dialects of Europe the name of strazds would be considered a semantic innovation (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 541; see also ME III 1083, LEW 920). Less than 9 housenames connected with the dialectal lexemes strads and strods appear in the East of Vidzeme and also Latgale (see ME III 1080). Dialectical lexemes strads and strods in housenames appear in the principal form, usually in the feminine (Stradde, Strodde), in derivative forms (Stradding), and in word groups (Isſand Stradde, Leies Strodde). The appellative strads originated as a result of the sound changes of strazds (ME III 1080). 8 Latvian vãrna can be added to the Lithuanian and Prussian forms, and this fact has not been mentioned in Vyacheslav Ivanov’s and Tamaz Gamkrelidze’s study. ILGA JANSONE 138 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII In the nomination of housenames only a few bird names of the alaudidae family appear, and the corresponding ornitholexeme is cīrulis ʻlarkʼ. The appellative cīrulis appears in 19 housenames. The lexeme cīrulis appears in housenames both in the principal form (Zirul, Zihrul, Zierul, Zierull), and in word groups (Wezz Zihrul, Alt Zierul, Jaun Zihrul, Neu Zierul). The appellative cīr(v)ulis had already been included in the first 17th and 18th century dictionaries of the Latvian language (cf. Lerch/Zierwuls Lettus 1638: 116; ein Lerche/Zihrwulis Phras. Lettica 1638: 277; Zihrulis tas, eine Lerche Lange 1773: 402). There is no general agreement as to the origin of the word cīrulis, however, most researchers think that it originated from a sound imitation (ME I 291–292, LEW 70, LEV I 181). Lithuanian crulis, cyruls is thought to be borrowed from Latvian or Couronian languages (ME I 291–292, LEW 70, Sabaliauskas 1990: 270). Ojārs Bušs in his analysis of the Couronian and quasi-Couronian words in standard Latvian indicates that the word cīrulis in the Latvian language should not be considered a Couronian word (Bušs 2008 [1988]: 186), but the spread of the ornitholexeme in Lithuanian is shown in the prospectus of the Atlas of the Baltic languages (BVA 2009: 94–95). The bird names of the passeridae family are used for over ten times in the nomination of housenames and represented by the standard ornitholexeme zvirbulis and its dialectical variation žīgurs. The appellative zvirbulis ʻsparrowʼ appears in the nomination of three housenames. The lexeme zvirbulis in housenames appears in the principal form (Swirbul) and word groups (Kallne Swirbul, Leijes Swirbul). The appellative zvirbulis had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Sperling/Swirrbuls Lettus 1638: 171; ein Sperling/Swirrbulis Phras. Lettica 1638: 280; Swirbulis tas, der Sperling Lange 1773: 339). The etymology of zvirbulis is not clear. It is related to Lithuanian žvìrblis (ME IV 776–777, LEW 1328); however, its further development has been widely studied. E. Fraenkel links it with the Old Church Slavonic vrabii ʻzvirbulisʼ, Czech vrabec, Polish wróbel, etc. (LEW 1328), J. Endzelīns indicates the possible contamination between the words of the root virband the words of the initial sound z-, namely, ž- (ME IV 777), whereas Wojciech Smoczyński restores the common root appearing in the Baltic and Slavic languages *arb-/*irb- (Smoczyński 2007: 796). A more popular version is the dialectal žīgurs (arī žēgurs) that appears in 11 housenames. Dialectal lexemes žīgurs and žēgurs appear in housenames both in the principal form (Schigur, Schiggur, Sihgur) and in word groups (Kalne Schägur, Kalne Schiggur, Kalne Leies Schägur, Leijes Schiggur, Leies Leies Schägur, Kaup Schehgur, Straipsniai / Articles 145 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 Toporov indicates that on the basis of the designation Aytegenis (lesser spotted woodpecker) in Prussian, genis (in Prussian) can be considered Nomen act. from the Baltic *genʻsistʼ (beat, hit) (Топоров E–H 205–206). The appellative dzilna appears in the nomination of eight housenames. The lexeme dzilna appears in housenames both in the principal form (Dſilne), in derivative forms (Dſilnan), and in word groups (Jaun Dſilne, Wetz Dſilne, Meſche Dſilne, Tihrum Dſilne). The appellative dzilna had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. grün Specht/Dʃillna Phras. Lettica 1638: 280; Dʃilna ta, ein gelblichter Specht Lange 1773: 90); different opinions have been expressed about its etymology. J. Endzelīns relates Latv. dzilna to Latv. dzlts ʻgelb (yellow)ʼ (ME I 550), E. Fraenkel includes Latv. dzina, dzilnis, Lith. gilnà in the entry gélti ʻstechen, wehtun (physisch und psychisch) (to puncture, to carve, to inflict pain (physically and psychically))ʼ (LEW 145–146). K. Karulis also mentions its relation to IDE *dhelbhʻto dig, to hollow outʼ (LEV I 253). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE COLUMBIFORMES ORDER Bird names balodis ʻpigeonʼ and ūbele ʻturtledoveʼ from the columbidae family of the columbiforme order appear in the nomination of housenames. Housenames originating from bird names of the columbiforme order constitute 33 units or 6.5 per cent of the objects of the avian semantics. The ornitholexeme balodis appears in 19 housenames; it is the sixth most popular ornitholexeme. The lexeme balodis appears in housenames both in the principal form (Balod, Ballod, Ballohd, Ballohds, Ballosch), in derivative forms (Ballodan, Balloden, Ballodin), and in word groups (Kallne Ballod, Leijes Ballod). Obviously, the established form Ballud is a dialectical variant of the lexeme from Alūksne parish. The appellative balodis had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. taub/ ballohdis Lettus 1638: 181; Taube/Ballohdis Phras. Lettica 1638: 279; ballodis tas, die Taube Lange 1773: 49); it is possible to relate it to the common lexicon of the Baltic languages (cf. Lith. balañdis), and the common designation in the Baltic languages is that of a colour (cf. Latv. balts, Lith. bãlas, báltas) (see ME I 259–260, LEW 31, Smoczyński 2007: 42). There was an endeavour to relate both names in the Baltic languages with the Ossetian bælon ʻmājas balodisʼ in the 20th century thus broadening the etymological link from the area of the Baltic languages to the ILGA JANSONE 146 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII areas of the Baltic and Indo-Iranian languages (see Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984 (2)I 602; Sabaliauskas 1990: 29; Karaliūnas I 77; ME I 259–260). The appellative denoting pigeons – dūja with a certain present-day connotation appears in the nomination of ten housenames. The lexeme dūja in housenames appears in the principal form (Duije, Duijes) and word groups (Mesche Duije, Kalne Duije/ Kalne Duje, Leijes Duje). In addition, housenames with the lexeme tūja appear as well. All housenames are either word groups (Strupp Thujes, Garr Thujes, Jaun Thujes, Wetz Thujes, Tuhjas Melſup) or combined groups (Latwan Tuhjan, Andre Tuhjan) used only in Lēdmane’s private mansion of Lielvārde parish, Bučauska’s private mansion of Cesvaine parish, and also in Alūksne manor house. Another designation for a pigeon – dūve had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language (cf. Duhwe, duhwiņa, eine zahme Taube Lange 1773: 93). If housenames with the lexeme dūja can definitely relate to the semantic group of fauna, the housenames with a parallel lexeme tūja pose difficulties. Only orthographically these housenames can be related to the semantic group of flora; however, in the colloquial speech the name dzīvībaskoks (in Latin Thuja occidentalis) appears more frequently. And if we consider the name of Tūja’s mansion of Liepupe parish, we may conclude that the name of the mansion Tūja is not of the flora semantics, but it is a name of the fauna semantics. The German name Taubenhof (German Taube ʻpigeonʼ, Hof ʻmansionʼ) is the reason for the etymological explanation and can be related to the name of a pidgeon – dūja where t : d shift could have been influenced by German Taube. The authors of “Baltisches historisches Ortslexikon” (see Ortslexikon II 637) indicate such an etymology. The German name of the Tūja mansion Kragenhof in Alūksne parish does not provide an answer, but its Latvian name is also related to the name of dūja, namely, from 1631 till 1791 the owners of the the Tūja mansion were representatives of von Taub family (see Ortslexikon II 298). Etymologically, the lexeme dūja is a borrowing from MLG dūve, and hence Latvian dūve which turned into dūja as a result of the deminutive dūviņa > dūjiņa (ME I 524, Sehwers 1953: 178). The ornitholexeme ūbele appears in four housenames where it is both in the principal form (Ubel, Uhbels/ Uhbel/ Uhbele) and in word groups (Ubel Krug, Uhbel Gesinde). The appellative ūbele had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Turteltaube/Ubele Phras. Lettica 1638: 279; Uhbele ta, eine Turteltaube Lange 1773: 362). This is an onomatopoeic word originating from the sound verb ūbuôt (ME IV 403, LEV II 448). Straipsniai / Articles 147 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE FALCONIFORMES ORDER Bird names of the falconiformes order used to be actively used in the nomination of Vidzeme housenames; they make up the total of 32 units or 6.3 per cent of all the bird names in motivated housenames. The most popular names are from the accipitridae family and two bird names of this family were used; the following ornitholexemes are vanags ʻhawkʼ and ērglis ʻeagleʼ. The appellative vanags appears in the nomination of 30 housenames, and together with the appellative dzenis it shares the second place in the use of ornitholexemes. The lexeme vanags appears in housenames both in the principal form (Wanag, Wannag, Wannags, Waagge), in derivative forms (Wannadſen), in compounds (Pollowannag), and in word groups (Kalne Vannag, Leies Vannag, Leijes Wannag, Purre Wannag, Ogelneck Wannag). The appellative vanags had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Habich/Wannags Lettus 1638,82; ein Habicht/Wannags Phras. Lettica 1638, 277; Wannags tas, der Habicht Lange 1773, 377). A. Sabaliauskas relates Latv. vanags together with Lith. vãnagas, Prus. sperglavanagis to the common lexical stratum of the Baltic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 152). The further word etymology is not clear enough (possible variants of etymolgy discussed in LEW 1194 and LEV II 481–482; ME IV 468). Only one housename contains the lexeme ērglis, and it is only in the principal form of the feminine gender (Ergle). The appellative ērglis had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Adler/Ehrghle Lettus 1638, 18; ein Adler/Ehrgliß Phras. Lettica 1638, 277; Ehrglis tas, der Adler Lange 1773, 110); it has retained the old root *he/orin all the Baltic languages from which Latv. ḕrglis, Lith. dial. arẽlis, erẽlis, Prus. arelie (=arelis) originated (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 538; concerning the Prussian arelie see also Топоров A–D 101–102). Only one housename has the ornitholexeme piekūns ʻfalconʼ in the form appropriate to the appellative Peekun from the falconidae family. It is possible that the appellative piekūns was included in Carl Christian Ulmann’s Latvian-German dictionary of 1872 for the first time (cf. peekuhns, ein großer Flake Ullmann 1872: 194). J. Endzelīns mentions the possible Lath. Pieces relation to Gothic figures finger (finger)ʼ and afghan fanged (snatch at, catch, seize)ʼ (ME III 262). ILGA JANSONE 148 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE GALLIFORMES ORDER Names of the galliformes order have been actively used in Vidzeme housenames; they constitute a total of 30 units or 5.9 per cent of all the bird names in motivated housenames. The most popular of this order were two designations from the tetraonidae family represented in the housenames by such ornitholexemes as mednis ʻwood grouseʼ, rubenis ʻblack grouseʼ and teteris ʻheathcockʼ. The appellative mednis appears in the nomination of 11 housenames in Vidzeme. The lexeme mednis appears in housenames in the principal form, usually in the feminine (Medna, Medne), and in word groups (Medne Zenne, Muisches Kripan Mednes). The appellative mednis had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Meddens Mednis, ein Auerhahn Lange 1773: 187). Latv. mednis (with its older form medenis) derived from *medinis, which corresponds to Lith. adj. medinis ʻwooden,’ (ME II 590, LEV I 575–576). Both lexemes of the tetrao tetrix family appear in the housenames of Vidzeme: the appellative rubenis was a motivating word in eight housenames but teteris – in seven housenames. The lexeme rubenis appears in housenames in the principal form (Rubben, Rubbin) and word groups (Grosz Rubben, Klein Rubben, Mas Rubben, Rubben Ansch, Rubben Martz, Tupeſchan Rubben). The appellative rubenis had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Birckhun/Tetteris/Rubbenis Lettus 1638: 35; Birckhan/Tetteris/ Rubbenis Phras. Lettica 1638: 279; Rubbens tas, ein Birkhuhn Lange 1773: 253). J. Endzelīns and E. Fraenkel expressed opposite opinions about Latv. Rubenis: J. Endzelīns thinks that the name of a bird derives from the sound verb rubinât ʻutter mating-callsʼ (ME III 552), whereas E. Fraenkel showed that the sound verb derived from the substantive Latv. rubenis (LEW 744). In the explanation of the etymology a more usual approach is the direction - ʽsound verbʼ → ʻbird nameʼ. The lexeme teteris appears in housenames both in the principal form (Tetter), in derivative form (Teterit), and in word groups (Kaln Tetter, Leijes Tetter). The appellative teteris had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Birckhun/Tetteris/Rubbenis Lettus 1638: 35; Birckhan/Tetteris/Rubbenis Phras. Lettica 1638: 279; Tetteris tas, Birkhahn Lange 1773: 348). The onomatopoeic reduplicated root *t[h]et[h](e)r is Straipsniai / Articles 149 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 frequent in bird names in all the main IDE dialectal groups, e.g., Prus. tatarwis ‘female of the black grouseʼ, Lith. tetervà ʻteterisʼ, Latv. teteris, but the age of the name does not permit to establish the initial meaning and the specific bird species that were designated by the lexemes of the root (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540; see also Būga 1908: 138, ME IV 169, Sabaliauskas 1990: 35, LEW 1084–1085). Bird names of the phasianidae family appear less frequently in the nomination of housenames and they are represented by ornitholexemes irbe ʻpartridgeʼ and paipala ʻquailʼ. Housenames with the lexeme irbe were counted as those belonging to the phasianidae family to which laukirbe ʻgrey patridge, Perdix perdixʼ belongs and is the most popular partridge species, whereas savukārt mežirbe ʻhazel grouse, Bonasia bonasiaʼ and baltirbe ʻwillow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus,ʼ according to the last changes in the classification, belong to the tetrao tetrix family. The appellative irbe appears in three Vidzeme housenames. The lexeme irbe appears in housenames only in derivative forms (Irbiht, Irben). The appellative irbe had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Haʃelhun/Irrbe Lettus 1638: 85; Rebhun/Irrbe Lettus 1638: 140; Haʃelhun/Irrbe Phras. Lettica 1638: 278; Irbe ta, ein Feldhuhn Lange 1773: 132). There is no agreement about the etymology of the word. Most etymologists think that Latv. irbe, Lith. jerub (with variants) is the word of the same root as in Latv. rubenis (see ME I 708–709, LEW 193–194); however, there is an attempt to relate Latv. irbe to a colour name (see LEV I 344). The lexeme paipala appears only in one housename where it is mentioned with a different suffix – Paippul. The appellative paipala had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Wachtel/Paipole Phras. Lettica 1638: 278; Paipala ta, eine Wachtel Lange 1773: 225). J. Endzelīns relates Latv. paipala to Lith. píepala, Old Prussian. penpalo and Rus. перепелъ (ME III 34), E. Fraenkel relates the further etymology with the IDE root *pelʻfliegen, flattern, schwimmen (fly, hover, swim)’, also, K. Karulis supports this explanation (LEW 586, LEV II 10). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE CORACIIFORMES FAMILY Bird names of the coraciiformes family also contributed to the choice of housenames – a total of 22 units or 4.4 per cent of all the housenames of the bird semantics. Bird names belonging to the coraciidae family are only used ILGA JANSONE 150 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII in the nomination of housenames and represented by an ornitholexeme vārna ʻcrowʼ. The lexeme vārna appears in housenames both in the principal form (Wahrna, Wahrne, Warne), in derivative forms (Warnen), in compounds (Wahrnakrug, Wahrneporesch), and in word groups (Wahrne Krug, Warnes Krug, Wahrn Krug, Jaun Wahrne, Wezz Wahrne). The appellative vārna had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Kräe/Wahrna Lettus 1638, 106; eine Kräe/Wahrna Phras. Lettica 1638, 279; Wahrns tas, eine Krähe Lange 1773, 371); in one language group (Baltic, Slavic, Tocharian languages) it is a phonetic innovation with an initial sound *- from the proto-root *k[h]or-n-, e.g., Lith. várna, Prus. warne10 (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540). A. Sabaliauskas adds Latv. vãrna, Lith. vanas, várna, Prus. warnis, warne to the common lexical stratum of the Baltic and Slavic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 120). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE ANSERIFORMES ORDER Sometimes, the preference in the nomination of housenames was given to bird names of the picidae order – a total of 20 units or 4 per cent of all the housenames of the avian semantics. Of the picidae order, only birds of the anatidae family are represented by ornitholexemes gulbis ʻswanʼ, gaigala ʻgoldeneye birdʼ, pīle ʻduckʼ and their borrowed analogues in housenames. The appellative gulbis appears in ten housenames. The lexeme gulbis appears in housenames both in the principal form, usually in the feminine Gulbe, in derivative forms (Gulban, Gulbit), and in combined forms (Ans Gulben, Anz Gulben, Jahn Gulben, Marting Gulben). The appellative gulbis had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Schwan/Ghullbis Lettus 1638, 164; ein Schwan/Ghullbis Phras. Lettica 1638, 279; Gulbis tas, ein Schwan Lange 1773, 126). A. Sabaliauskas adds this lexeme to the common lexical stratum of the Baltic and Slavic languages and at the same time he admits that Christian Stang relates that to the lexicon of Baltic languages only (Sabaliauskas 1990: 117–118; more about the relation to the forms of the Slavic languages see also ME I 676, LEW 175). However, Anatolij Nepokupnij broadens the area 10 Also Latv. vãrna can be added to the Lithuanian and Prussian language forms, and this fact is not mentioned in Vyacheslav Ivanov’s and Tamaz Gamkrelidze’s study. Straipsniai / Articles 151 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 of use of Baltic gulbis and Slavic kъlpь by establishing correspondences in the whole area around the Baltic Sea (Непокупный 1966: 81–87). Along with the Latvian appellative gulbis in one housename it is possible that an analogous Estonian lexeme luik ʻgulbisʼ appears in a housename in Gaujiena parish in the principal form which ends in the final unified ending of the Latvian -e (Luike). According to Estonian etymologists, luik underlies the Est. sound verb luikama, Finnish luikata (EES 2012: 253). In the nomination of one housename, the lexeme pīle appears in the diminituve form (Pilit). Certainly, taking into consideration that the length of the vowel in this housename is not indicated, the hypothesis that the housename is related to the appellative pils should not be abandoned; however, such a hypothesis is unlikely. The appellative pīle had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Antvogel/Piele Lettus 1638, 21; Ente/Piele Lettus 1638, 53; eine zahme Endte/Piele Phras. Lettica 1638, 277; Ente die, ta pihle Lange 1777: 207). Evidently, Latv. pīle is a lexical innovation that replaced an older lexeme retained in Lithuanian and Old Prussian antis. Pīle is the result of onomatopoeisis (see ME III 232, LEV II 48). Some authors think this word is of Couronian origin, but it was refuted by O. Bušs (Bušs 2008 [1988]: 186). An interesting couple is a housename Ente in Straupe parish and Ante in Opekaln’s parish. The lexeme Ente is a relatively certain borrowing from German Ente ʻduckʼ; having in mind the influence of German landlords and pastors, the borrowings seem obvious; but Ante is similar to Lith. antis ʻduckʼ and its ending is the unified -e. Could a Lithuanian borrowing appear near the Estonian border? Drusku or Korneta castle mound is located not very far from the place, and the dictionary “Placenames of the Latvian SSR” includes the old name of a farmstead that J. Endzelīns compares with the name of the village Drùskiai and a hill name Drùska-kalnis in Lithuania (Lvv I (1) 230). T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov write that at the time when separate IDE dialects had already been established, pīles (ducks) were domesticated poultry, that is why IDE *anḤt[h]- became a designation for a wild duck, and in several languages (including Old Prus. antis ʻduckʼ also Lith. ántis ʻduckʼ, OHG anut, German Ente ʻduckʼ, Rus. ýть, утка, утва ʻduckʼ) retained the relation to the proto-root (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 543). The analogous Russian утка of the lexeme pīle in the nomination of housenames is more popular, and it appears in four housenames mentioned in the appropriate original form (Utke, Uttke). Such housenames appeared in Salaca and Matīšu parishes as well as Opekalna and Tirza parishes. If the latter parishes are located near the border of Russia and belong to the High Latvian ILGA JANSONE 152 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII dialect with a large number of borrowings from the Russian language, then Salaca and Matīšu parishes belong to Vidzeme Livonian dialect and they are located near Estonia so that Slavic words did not find their way to the language. It is possible that another unestablished lexeme appeared in housenames. The ornitholexeme gaigala appears in the nomination of two housenames, and it is only in the principal form (Gaigal). The appellative gaigala had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Teucher/Ghaighalis Phras. Lettica 1638, 278; Gaigale ta, ein Fiʃchgeyer Lange 1773, 114). Latv. gaigala, and Lith. gagalas, Prus. gegalis connect with sound verbs of the reduplicated sound imitation *ge-/*ghe-. Such sound verbs and their derivative substantives are well known in Slavic languages, e.g., Old Church Slavonic glagolъ ʻwordʼ, glagolati ʻspeakʼ, Rus. dial. gologolitь ʻchatʼ (ME I 583–584, LEW 128, LEV I 278, Топоров E–H 187–189). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE GRUIFORMES ORDER Sometimes, bird names of the gruiformes order were chosen for housenames – a total of 19 units or 3.8 per cent of all housenames of the avian semantics. Only names of the gruidae family from the gruiformes order were used in the nomination of housenames represented by the ornitholexeme dzērve ʻcraneʼ. The lexeme dzērve in housenames appears both in the principal form (Dserwe, Dſerwe, Dſehrwe), in derivatives (Dſerwit, Dſerwan, Dſerwen), in word groups (Kalna Dſehrwe, Leies Dſehrwe, Leel Dſerwe, Mas Dſerwe, Masſ Dſerwe), and in combined forms (Jaun Dſerweneek Gesinde). The appellative dzērve had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Kranich/Dʃehrwe Lettus 1638, 106; (ein) Kranich/Dʃehrwe Phras. Lettica 1638, 279, 280; Dʃehrwe ta, ein Kranich Lange 1773, 87); it retained the old root *kʼerin all Baltic languages, from which further derivations are Latv. dzẽrve, Lith. gérvė, Prus. gerwe (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540; see also LEW 137–138, ME I 548, LEV I 249, Топоров E–H 223–227). Straipsniai / Articles 153 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE STRIGIFORMES ORDER Bird names of the strigidae family from the strigiformes order were also used in housenames – a total of 15 units or 3 per cent of all the motivated housenames containing bird names and represented by ornitholexemes pūce ʻowlʼ, pelēda ʻtawny owlʼ and apogs ʻlittle owlʼ. The appellative pūce appears in six housenames. The lexeme pūce appears in housenames in the principal form only (Putze, Puhze, Puhtze). The appellative pūce had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. eine Eule/Uhpis/Puhza Phras. Lettica 1638, 280; Puhze ta, eine Eule Lange 1773, 242). J. Endzelīns writes about the onomatopoeic origin of the word (ME III 444; skat. arī LEW 660, LEV II 83, LVDA 1999: 100–101). A dialectal lexeme pelēda appears in four housenames in Ērģeme (2), Limbaži and Suntaži parishes. In the lexical part of “The Dialectal Atlas of Latvian” the word pelēda is popular in Latgale and the East of Vidzeme and Zemgale (LVDA 1999: 100–101; 38th map), but the spread of the mentioned ornitholexeme pelēda is much broader including the northwestern part of Vidzeme. The lexeme pelēda in housenames appears in the principal form (Pellad, Pellehdu) and in word groups (Kalna Pellehd, Leies Pellehd). The appellative pelēda had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Fledermauß/ ickʃpahrni/ Pell=ahd Phras. Lettica 1638, 280), but it relates to an animal name of the vespertilionidae family of the chiroptera order.Etymologically, it is considered to be a compound consisting of Latv. pele, Lith. pel and Latv. êst, Lith. sti (ME III 196, LEW 566, LEV II 35). Besides, E. Fraenkel writes that it originated as a taboo word (LEW 566). The appellative apogs appears in five housenames. The lexeme apogs appears in housenames in the principal form (Appog, Appoga), and in word groups (K[alna] Appog, L[ejas] Appog). The appellative apogs had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Eule/Appohx Lettus 1638, 55; Kautz oder Eul/Apohx Lettus 1638, 100; Appohgs tas, eine Nachteüle Lange 1773, 23); it is common both in Latvian and Lithuanian languages (cf. Lith. apúokas ʻeagle owl; owlʼ) and relates to the common lexical stratum of the Baltic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990, 148). The etymology is not clear enough. The root of the word corresponds to the sound verbs Latv. ūkšuot, ūkšêt ʻseufzen ILGA JANSONE 154 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII (sigh)ʼ, liet. kauti ʻzurufen (to haloo)ʼ (ME I 133, LEW 14), but the problem about the meaning of the prefix apdiscussed by J. Endzelīns remains unsolved (ME I 133, LEV I 73). Despite the uncertainties, the word apogs can be added to the group of words of onomatopoeic origin. TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE CICONIIFORMES ORDER A bird name of the ardeidae family dumpis ʻbitternʼ appears in the nomination of housenames; it is mentioned 9 times, which accounts for 1.8 per cent of all the housenames containing bird names. The lexeme dumpis appears in housenames both in the principal form, usually in the feminine (Dumpe), and in word groups (Dumpe Runtze). The appellative dumpis had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Dumpis, ein Rohrdommel Lange 1773, 95). J. Endzelīns, referring to Johanns Sehwers’ study, argues that the lexeme dumpis is a borrowing from no OHG raredump ʻRohrdommel (bittern)ʼ (ME I 515; skat. arī Sehwers 1953: 29); K. Karulis, referring to Middle Low German raredump (the absence of the first part of the word in Latvian), thinks that Latv. dumpis ʻputnsʼ relates to Latv. dumpis ʻrebellion, insurrectionʼ, thus he conludes that the bird makes a noise (LEV I 240). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE CUCULIFORMES ORDER A bird name of the cuculidae family from the cuculiformes order dzeguze is used in the nomination of housenames; it was mentioned five times and it makes up one per cent of all the bird designations in housenames. The lexeme dzeguze ʻcuckooʼ in housenames appears in the principal form (Dsegus, Dſegus, Dseggus) and in word groups (Kaln Dſeggus, Leis Dſeggus). The appellative dzeguze had already been included in the first dictionaries of the Latvian language of the 17th and 18th centuries (cf. Guckuck/Dʃägguʃe Lettus 1638, 81; der Kuckuck/Dʃägguʃe Phras. Lettica 1638, 279; Dʃegguʃe ta, der Gukkuk Lange 1773, 86). A. Sabaliauskas relates Lith. gegùžė and Latv. dzguze, and also Prus. geguse to the common lexical stratum of the Baltic and Slavic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 117). Also, J. Endzelīns, E. Fraenkel and M. Vasmer indicate the correspondence between Baltic and Slavic forms; however, they do Straipsniai / Articles 161 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 Borrowings from relative and contact languages in the nomination of housenames in Vidzeme are very rare. It is possible that in the corpus of 14,500 housenames some may have remain unnoticed; presently, however, only borrowings from Lithuanian (antis ʻduckʼ), German (Ente ʻduckʼ), Estonian (kajakas ʻgullʼ, subdial. kikas (possibly, Livonian kik) ʻroosterʼ, kukk ʻroosterʼ, luik ʻswanʼ), and Russian (утка ʻduckʼ, курица ʻhenʼ) were established. The appellatives of the Latvian language (dūja, dumpis) were not considered borrowings, but it is likely that they entered Latvian as borrowings from German. The appellatives denoting bird names used in the nomination of housenames are mostly words of derived etymology either connected with sound verbs and/ or designations for bird sounds; most of them have the same etymology in Latvian and Lithuanian. The analysis of bird names in motivated housenames of Vidzeme may provide an insight into the semantics of the mentioned lexicon in the beginning PICTURE 3. The most widespread ornitholexemes in Latvian surnames (the diagram has been prepared on the basis of information provided in P. Balodis’ doctoral thesis (Balodis 2012)) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Rooster Pigeon Lark Hawk Swan Wood grouse Bird, birdie Woodpecker Black grouse Sparrow Raven ILGA JANSONE 162 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII of the 19th century as well as an insight into the criteria for choosing specific housenames. SOURCES LVVA = foundation nr. 199, description nr. 1 – Historical (Souls) revision materials of Vidzeme Guberniya (Vidzemes guberņas dvēseļu revīziju materiāli ) of the Latvian State Historical Archives. ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES Balodis Pauls 2008: Latviešu personvārdu etimoloģiskās semantikas teorētiskais modelis un tā realizācija. Promocijas darbs. Rīga: Latvijas Universitāte. Būga Kazimieras 1908: Aistiški studijai. Tyrinėjimai lygintinjo prūsų, latvjų ir liėtuvjų kalbômoksljo srityję. I-oji dalis. Peterburgas: Imperatoriškosjos mokslų akademijos spaustuve. Bušs Ojārs 2008 [1988]: Literārās valodas kursismi un kvazikursismi. – Bušs Ojārs. No ģermānismiem līdz superlatīvam. Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts, 2008, 185.–191. Bušs Ojārs, Siliņa-Piņķe Renāte 2012: Purgailis – putns, augs vai pārpratums? – Baltistica, VIII priedas. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. BVA 2009: Baltu valodu atlants. Prospekts. Rīga / Vilnius: Latvijas Universitāte, Latviešu valodas institūts, Lietuvių kalbos institutas. EES 2012: Eesti etümoloogia sõnaraamat. Koostanud ja toimetanud Iris Metsmägi, Meeli Sedrik, Sven-Erik Soosaar. Peatoimetaja Iris Metsmägi. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus. ĒIV – Kagaine Elga. Ērģemes izloksnes vārdnīca. 1.–3. sēj. Rīga: Zinātne, 1977–1983. Karaliūnas Simas I: Baltų praeitis istorinuose šaltiniuose I. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2004. Lange Jacob 1773: Lettiʃch-Deutʃcher Theil des volʃtändigen Lettiʃchen Lexici, darinnen nicht nur sämtliche Stammwörter dieʃer Sprache ʃamt ihren Abʃtämlingen, ʃondern auch die ʃeltene, nur in gewißen Gegenden gebräuchliche Wörter, zum Nachʃchlagen, angezeigt werden. Schloß Ober// Pahlen, 1773. Straipsniai / Articles 163 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 Lange Jacob 1777: Vollʃtändiges deutʃchlettiʃches und lettiʃchdeutʃches Lexicon, nach den Hauptdialecten in Lief= und Curland ausgefertigt von Jacob Lange. Mitau: J. Fr. Steffenhagen. Latvijas daba: Latvijas daba. Enciklopēdija. 1. 4. sēj. Rīga: Latvijas enciklopēdija, 1994–1998. Lettus 1638: LETTUS, Das iʃt Wortbuch / Sampt angehegtem täglichem Gebrauch der Lettiʃchen Sprache; / Allen vnd jeden Außheimiʃchen / die in Churland / Semgallen vnd Lettiʃchem Liefflande bleiben / vnd ʃich redlich nehren wollen / zu Nutze verfertigt / Durch / Georgivm Mancelivm Semgall. der H. Schrifft Licentiatum &c. Erster Theil. Gedruckt vnnd verlegt zu Riga / durch Gerhard Schröder / Anno M. DC XXXVIII [1638]. LEV – Konstantīns Karulis. Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca 1–2. Rīga: Avots, 1992. LEW – Fraenkel Ernst. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 1–2. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1955–1962. LVDA 1999: Brigita Bušmane, Benita Laumane, Anna Stafecka. Latviešu valodas dialektu atlants. Leksika. Darba zin. vad. B. Laumane. Rīga: Zinātne, 1999. Lvv I – Endzelīns Jānis. Latvijas PSR vietvārdi 1(2). Rīga: Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmijas izdevniecība, 1961. Mažiulis Vytautas: Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas 1. A–H. Vil nius: Mokslas, 1988; 2. I–K. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993; 3. L–P. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996; 4. R–Ž. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1997. ME – Mülenbachs Kārlis. Latviešu valodas vārdnīca. Rediģējis, papildinājis, turpinājis J. Endzelīns. 1.–4. sēj., R., 1923.–1932. Oken Lorenz 1837: Allgemeine Naturgeʃchichte für alle Stände, von Profeʃʃor Oken. Siebenten Bandes erʃte Abtheilung. Stuttgart: Hoffmannʼʃche Verlags=Buchhandlung. Ortslexikon: Baltisches historisches Ortslexikon. II. Lettland. Hrsg. von Hans Feldmann und Heinz von zur Muhlen. Koln—Wien, 1990. Phras. Lettica 1638: Phraseologia Lettica / Das ist: Täglicher Gebrauch der Lettischen Sprache. Verfertigt / durch Georgium Mancelium Semgallum / Der H. Schrifft Licentiatum &c. Ander Theil. Diesem ist beygefüget das Spruchbuch Salomonis. Zu Riga Gedruckt vnnd Verlegt durch Gerhard Schröder / 1638. Sabaliauskas Algirdas 1990 – Sabaliauskas Algirdas. Lietuvių kalbos leksika. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1990. ILGA JANSONE 164 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIII Sehwers Johannes 1953: Sprachlich-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen vornehmlich über den deutschen Einfluβ im Lettischen. Berlin, 1953. Smoczyński Wojciech 2007: Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2007. Thomsen Vilhelm 1890: Beröringer mellem de finske og de baltiske (litauisk-lettiske) Sprog. En sproghistorisk Undersøgelse. København: Bianco Lunos Kgl. Hof-Bogtrykkeri. Ulmann Carl Christian 1872: Lettisches Wörterbuch. Erster Theil. Lettisch-deutsches Wörterbuch von Bischof Dr. Carl Christian Ulmann. Riga: Verlag von H. Brutzer & Co. Zeps Valdis 1962: Latvian and Finnic linguistic convergences. Indiana University. Гамкрелидзе Тамаз В., Иванов Вячеслав В. 1984: Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы 1–2. Тбилиси: Издательство Тбилисского университета, 1984. Непокупный Анатолий Павлович 1966: Лингвои зоогеографические замечания к взаимосвязи балт. gulbis и слав. kъlpь. – Baltistica 2(1). Vilnius: Mintis, 81–87. Сталтмане Велта 1981: Латышская антропонимия. Фамилии. Mосква: Наука. Топоров Владимир Николаевич: Прусский язык. Словарь. A–L. Mосква: Наука, 1975–1990. ЭСРЯ – Фасмер Мaкс. Этимологический словарь русского языка 1–4. Москва: Прогресс, 1964–1973. Vidžemės sodybų pavadinimai, suponuoti ornitonimų (paukščių pavadinimų): 1826 m. Vidžemės gubernijos kadastro duomenys SANTRAUKA Straipsnyje aptariami 505 Vidžemės gubernijos (1826 m. kadastro duomenimis) sodybų pavadinimai, sudaryti iš ornitonimų. Daugelis paukščių pavadinimų, suponavusių Vidžemės sodybų įvardijimus, yra dažni bendrinės latvių kalbos apeliatyvai, pvz.: balodis, bezdelīga, dzenis, kaija, strazds, vārna, vanags, žagata, cīrulis, zvirbulis, vālodze, lakstīgala. Iš viso Vidžemės sodybų pavadinimus suponavusių ortonimų suskaičiuota 43, kurių dauguma – laukinių paukščių įvardijimai, 3 naminių paukščių vardai, hiperonimas putns, dažnas hiponimas gailis, pasitaikantis dūriniuose pur(va)gailis, mež(a)gailis, ezergailis, rudz(u)gailis Straipsniai / Articles 165 Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826 and sil(a)gailis. Kai kurie ornitonimai vartojami retai ir tik pavienėse šnektose, pvz.: pelēda, strads ir strods, žīgurs bei žēgurs. Nustatyta, kad kai kurie minėtų dialektizmų buvo kur kas plačiau vartojami XIX a. pradžioje, plg., pavyzdžiui, sodybų pavadinimus su ornitonimais pelēda ir strazds. Skoliniai iš rytų baltų ar kaimyninių kalbų Vidžemės sodybų pavadinimų daryboje vartojami labai retai, plg. lie. antis „Anas“, vo. Ente „t. p.“, es. kajakas „Larus“, es. dial. kikas „Gallus“ (galbūt ir lyv. kik „t. p.“), kukk „t. p.“, luik „Cycnus“, ru. утка „Anas“, курица „Gallina“. Dauguma latvių sodybų pavadinimų, reflektuojančių apeliatyvinės kilmės ornitonimus, yra onomatopėjinės kilmės. Daugelis šių apeliatyvų, vartojamų latvių ir lietuvių kalbose, yra tos pačios kilmės. Įteikta 2015 m. rugpjūčio 14 d. ILGA JANSONE LU Latviešu valodas institūts Akadēmijas laukums 1, LV-1050 Rīga, Latvija ilgaja[email protected]