Анатолий Павлович Непокупный и Латвия

ILGA JANSONE Institute of the Latvian Language, University of Latvia Field of research: lexicology, dialectology, onomastics, history of language and linguistics. ANATOLY PAVLOVICH NEPOKUPNY AND LATVIA Anatolijus Nepokupnas and Latvia ANNOTATION The article is dedicated to the Ukrainian linguist and outstanding Balticist Anatoly Pavlovich Nepokupny, who maintained the closest contacts with Latvia over the past 40 years. His cooperation with Latvian colleagues can be divided into several periods connected with different topics: the interinstitutional project Linguistic Relations of the Peoples of the Baltic Sea Area and the Territories Adjacent to It (mid-1960s – early 1980s); the project Lesya Ukrainka’s Riga Address (the 1990s); and activities connected with the election of A. P. Nepokupny as a foreign member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences (the beginning of the XXI century). In parallel with these activities, beginning in the 1960s, A. P. Nepokupny actively participated in scientific conferences in various cities of Latvia. KEYWORDS: relations between Ukrainian and Latvian linguists, Balticist and Slavist Anatoly Pavlovich Nepokupny. ANNOTATION The article deals with Anatoly Nepokupny, a Ukrainian linguist and a famous scholar in the Baltic studies. The last 40 years of his professional career were closely connected with Latvia. His cooperation with Latvian colleagues can be divided into several stages linked to specific activities – an interinstitutional project “Baltic Sea Area and Its Contacts with Neighbouring Peoples’ Languages” (the mid-1960s till the beginning of the 1980s); the project “Rīga Address of Lesja Ukrajinka” (the 1990s); the activities relating to his election as a foreign member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences (the beginning of the 21st century). In Įžvalgos / Insights 245 ИЛГА ЯНСОНЕ addition to the above-mentioned activities. Nepokupny also actively participated in various scientific conferences in different cities of Latvia since the 1960s. KEYWORDS: contacts between Ukrainian and Latvian linguists, Balticist and Slavist Anatoly Nepokupny. Anatoly Pavlovich Nepokupny was the Ukrainian linguist who maintained the closest contacts with Latvia over the past 40 years. At scientific conferences dedicated to Academician Jānis Endzelīns, A. P. Nepokupny repeatedly stated that he was J. Endzelīns’s academic grandson. What does this mean? From 1955 to 1958, Anatoly Pavlovich Nepokupny studied as a postgraduate in the Department of Russian and Slavic Linguistics of the Faculty of Philology at Kyiv University, where his dissertation supervisor was J. Endzelīns’s student L. A. Bulakhovsky, who at that time held both the position of director of the Institute of Linguistics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and that of professor at Kyiv University. L. A. Bulakhovsky introduced his young colleague to J. Endzelīns’s scholarly work and advised him to take up Baltic studies. From then on, the object of A. P. Nepokupny’s research became Baltic and Slavic linguistic relations. After L. A. Bulakhovsky’s death in 1961, he became a research fellow at the Institute of Linguistics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Thus, L. A. Bulakhovsky can confidently be called A. P. Nepokupny’s academic father. In turn, L. A. Bulakhovsky was both a student and colleague of J. Endzelīns at Kharkiv University. In 1908, Kharkiv University invited J. Endzelīns to join it and elected him a non-staff professor, but since the minister of education did not approve the appointment, in 1909 J. Endzelīns began working as a non-staff associate professor, from 1911 as a non-staff professor, and from 1912 to 1920 as a staff professor. From 1909 to 1920, J. Endzelīns lectured in Kharkiv on the following courses: introduction to linguistics, comparative linguistics, comparative grammar of the Indo-European languages, comparative grammar of the Germanic languages, theoretical and practical courses in Lithuanian and Old Prussian (according to G. Akhvlediani, also Latvian), Old Armenian, Old Persian, Gothic, Old Icelandic, and Old Irish, the language of the Avesta, classes in reading Avesta and Rigveda texts, as well as Ancient Greek and Persian texts (Grīsle 2007: 33). L. A. Bulakhovsky, for his part, was already a student of the Faculty of History and Philology at Kharkiv University in 1908; he graduated in 1910, but from 1911 to 1914 he trained there at the Department of Slavic Philology for the title of professor, and from 1916 to 1917 he was a non-staff associate professor at the Department of Slavic Philology of Kharkiv University. 246 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII Анатолий Павлович Непокупный и Латвия The distinguished school formed over several generations gave A. P. Nepokupny the opportunity to engage seriously in Baltic studies. Initially, this was accompanied by contacts with Lithuanian colleagues, and from the mid-1960s onward, with Latvia as well. A. P. Nepokupny’s cooperation with Latvian colleagues can be divided into several periods associated with different topics. The first period – the mid-1960s to the beginning of the 1980s: the interinstitutional project Linguistic Relations of the Peoples of the Baltic Sea Area and the Territories Adjacent to It. The idea for this project arose during a conversation at a conference on the toponymy of the northwestern zone of the USSR in 1966. The authors of the idea were the young A. P. Nepokupny, who had defended his dissertation the previous year, and Rudolf Grabis, head of the Latvian Language Sector of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. The project was included in the plans of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR as early as 1968 (leaders – head of the Latvian Language Sector of the Institute of Language and Literature R. Grabis and research fellow of the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR A. P. Nepokupny; executor B. Laumane), and in the plans of the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in 1975. The areas of cooperation were identified as follows: preparation of joint publications, participation in all-Union and international conferences, and A. P. Nepokupny’s work as consultant for the dissertation of a candidate of philological sciences being prepared by B. Laumane and defended in 1973. A letter from A. P. Nepokupny’s personal archive addressed to the director of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Latvian Academy of Sciences bears witness to the beginning of the cooperation: September 18, 1968 To Professor J. Kalniņš, Director of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR, and Professor R. Grabis, Head of the Institute’s Linguistic Problems The Directorate of the A. A. Potebnya Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR considers the establishment of closer forms of cooperation between our institutes in the field of research on Baltic-Slavic linguistic relations a positive development. We agree that an employee of our Institute, Candidate of Philological Sciences A. P. Nepokupny, should participate as co-supervisor and co-executor in developing the topic of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR, “Language Contacts of the Peoples of the Baltic Sea Area,” and should also serve as supervisor-consultant (in a voluntary capacity) of the dissertation work of Comrade Įžvalgos / Insights 247 ИЛГА ЯНСОНЕ B. Laumane on the topic “The Reflection of Linguistic Relations in the Fishing Vocabulary of the Latvian Language.” The inclusion of the topic “East Slavic–Baltic Linguistic Relations” in the research program of the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR will be addressed during the preparation of the thematic plan for 1970. With sincere respect Director of the A. A. Potebnya Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (I. K. Beloded). The results of the cooperation were, first, B. Laumane’s dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Philological Sciences, defended in 1973, Fish Names in the Latvian Language; second, the joint articles by A. P. Nepokupny and B. Laumane, “Baltic-Slavic-Finnish Parallels in the Field of Navigation and Fishing” (Laumane, Nepokupny 1970: 189–202); third, A. P. Nepokupny’s articles “Prussian Etymology in the Works of J. Endzelīns and the Vocabulary of Coastal Dialects of the Baltic and East Slavic Languages’ Dialects Belonging to the Area Adjacent to Prussian” (Nepokupny 1973: 76–83), “The Island of Gotland and Scando-Baltica” (Nepokupny 1974: 73–85), “Latvian, Latvia, and Kurzeme in the Anthroponymy of the Ukrainian Cossacks of the XVI–XVII Centuries” (Nepokupny 1977a: 96–108), and “The Finno-Baltic-Belarusian Semantic Isogloss ‘to go to the village’ = ‘to go visiting’” (Nepokupny 1977b: 109–126). Unfortunately, this project ended without the publication of the planned book summarizing the results. A lull of almost 10 years followed. The second period – the 1990s to the beginning of the XXI century: work on the project Lesya Ukrainka’s Riga Address. After Latvia and Ukraine regained independence, A. P. Nepokupny pursued his long-standing dream – to find Lesya Ukrainka’s place of residence in Riga in March 1900. With this initiative supported by Ukraine’s ambassadors to Latvia V. Mykhailovskyi, M. Yankiv, and R. Chilachava, work was carried out both in archives and museums and in institutions of the city of Riga, resulting in publications in Bulletin of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Nepokupny 2006: 75–82) and Latvijas Zinātņu Akadēmijas Vēstis (Nepokupnijs 2006: 43–52). Unfortunately, the house at 90 Dzirnavu Street, where the poet’s aunt lived at the beginning of the XIX century, belonged to a wooden-built area and was demolished at the beginning of the 1990s. When, at the end of the XX century, after painstaking searches, A. P. Nepokupny managed to establish the address where Lesya Ukrainka’s relatives had lived, disappointment awaited him – a parking lot stood on the site of the wooden house. 248 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII Анатолий Павлович Непокупный и Латвия 1 FIG. A. P. Nepokupny at the site where the house at 90 Dzirnavu Street stood An unrealized dream of Anatoly Pavlovich was to install a commemorative plaque at the site of the house at 90 Dzirnavu Street, where Lesya Ukrainka stayed while visiting her aunt. 2 FIG. This is how A. P. Nepokupny depicted the commemorative plaque Įžvalgos / Insights 249 ИЛГА ЯНСОНЕ The third period – the beginning of the XXI century – is connected with A. P. Nepokupny’s election in 2004 as a foreign member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Beginning in 2002, he visited Latvia several times every year and took an active part both in linguistic events and in academic life. Everyone remembers his address before the 2004 elections of LAN members, when he delivered an academic lecture on the Prussian topic with the participation of M. Yankiv, then ambassador of Ukraine to Latvia. The combination in A. P. Nepokupny’s thinking of the poet and the diachronic linguist led not only to an emotional presentation of the subject but also to a profound examination of the problem. In the oldest monument of the Baltic languages – the Elbing Vocabulary – before the names of other birds appears the Prussian ornithonym prestors E 707, whose meaning has so far been deciphered neither by R. Trautmann, nor by J. Endzelīns, nor by V. Mažiulis, nor by other Prussianists. Researchers were puzzled precisely by the presence of this ornithonym – the wren (Troglodytes troglodytes L.), which is one of the smallest representatives of the order Passeriformes. Having encountered ecclesiastical terminology in bird names and found a story about the election of the wren as king of the birds among materials recorded in the Lviv region in 1898, A. P. Nepokupny concluded that the ornithonym prestors E 707 ‘konigelyŋ’ cited in the Elbing Vocabulary is connected with the oldest variant of the German priester ‘priest’ – prêstar, which existed in Old High German and Old Saxon and formed the basis of the Prussian prestors (For more on the etymology of Prussian prestors see Nepokupny 1998: 109–119). The many questions following A. P. Nepokupny’s presentation indicated interest in his approach to the etymology of the Prussian language not only from a linguistic but also from an extralinguistic perspective. Beginning in the second half of the 1960s, A. P. Nepokupny participated in various conferences in Latvia. In the second half of the 1960s, the main topic of his papers was Baltic-Slavic linguistic relations: “Word Formation as a Baltic Element in the Toponymy of Ukrainian Polesia” at the “Conference on the Toponymy of the Northwestern Zone of the USSR,” Riga, 1966; “The Insular Slavic Dialects of the Baltic Region as a Source for the Study of the Surrounding Languages” at the “II Interuniversity Dialectological Conference on the Study of Russian Dialects in the Baltic Republics,” Riga, 1966; “Baltic Elements in the Toponymy of Ukraine” at the Jānis Endzelīns Conference, Riga, 1968; “Dehydronymic Settlement Names in the Baltic and Slavic Languages (Baltic ra- / Slavic no-)” at the A. Ozols Conference, Riga, 1969. 250 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII Анатолий Павлович Непокупный и Латвия 3 FIG. A. P. Nepokupny with the then ambassador of Ukraine to Latvia, M. Yankiv (2004) In the papers of the 1970s, alongside the topics mentioned above, Prussian and Yotvingian themes also appear: “Some Syntactic Features of Baltic Loanwords in a Slavic Dialect Environment” at the A. Ozols Conference, Riga, 1970; “Prepositional-Case Constructions of the Latvian Language Different from Lithuanian Ones and Common to Slavic Languages” at the A. Ozols Conference, Riga, 1971; “Prussian Etymology in the Works of J. Endzelīns and the Vocabulary of Coastal Dialects of Baltic and East Slavic Languages’ Dialects Belonging to the Area Adjacent to Prussian” at the commemorative Jānis Endzelīns Conference, Riga, 1973; “Prussian Etymology in the Works of J. Endzelīns and the Vocabulary of the Belarusian and Ukrainian Languages” at the conference “The Baltic Languages and Their Interrelations with Slavic, Finno-Ugric, and Germanic Languages,” Riga, 1973; “Toward the Study of the Area of Yotvingian Relicts” at the conference “Problems of the Ethnic History of the Balts,” Riga, 1977. Įžvalgos / Insights 251 ИЛГА ЯНСОНЕ 4 FIG. A. P. Nepokupny with members of the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences of LAN and with professors of the University of Latvia (from left: J. Stradiņš, I. Jansone, A. Blinkena, A. Nepokupny, M. Yankiv, T. Jundzis, B. Bushmane, O. Bush, S. Pavidis, I. Koshkin) 5 FIG. A. P. Nepokupny among Latvian and Polish colleagues after the Jānis Endzelīns Conference in 2005 (from left: M. Jankowiak, I. Jansone, M. Ostrówka, E. Kagaine, A. Stafecka, A. Nepokupny) 252 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII Анатолий Павлович Непокупный и Латвия From the 1980s to the mid-1990s, A. P. Nepokupny visited Latvia considerably less often, while the topics of his papers remained the same: “The Yotvingians and Latvia” at the IV All-Union Conference of Balticists, Riga, 1980; “The Western Balts and Slavs in Their Common Onomastic Isoglosses” at the conference “Problems of the Ethnic History of the Balts,” Riga, 1985; “On the Prospects of J. Endzelīns’s ‘Trifles’” at the VII International Congress of Balticists, Riga, 1995. Beginning in the late 1990s, A. P. Nepokupny once again became a frequent visitor to Latvia and a regular speaker at conferences. A significant place in the topics of his presentations was now occupied by the Prussian theme and folklore plots: “On an Image of the Sun in Latvian Poetry, Folklore, and Terminology” at the conference “The Word and Aspects of Its Study,” Liepāja, 1999; “Jānis Endzelīns and Ukraine” at the Jānis Endzelīns conference, Riga, 1999; “On the Baltic-Slavic Border in the Territory of Belarus” at the IX International Congress of Balticists, Riga, 2000; “On the Prussian Etymologies of J. Endzelīns: The Real and the Fabulous in the Semantics of the Names of Two Birds in the Elbing Dictionary” at the Jānis Endzelīns conference, Riga, 2002; “From the External Borders of the Prussian Language to Its Internal Reconstructions” at the conference “Borderland: The Linguistic Aspect,” Daugavpils, 2004; “On Interpreting Prussian dragios E 386 ‘Hefen’ as Corresponding to Latvian dradži ‘rendered residues’” at the Jānis Endzelīns conference, Riga, 2005; “On the Reconstruction of Latvian kungs” at the First Congress of “Letonica,” Riga, 2005; “From the Baltic to the Adriatic: A Latgalian Oikonym in an Isogloss across Linguistic Borderlands” at the conference “Borderland: The Linguistic Aspect,” Daugavpils, 2005; “On 6 FIG. A. P. Nepokupny at a section of the First Congress of Letonica (2005) Įžvalgos / Insights 253 ИЛГА ЯНСОНЕ the etymologization of Prussian stroio E 103 ‘Halsader’: J. Endzelīns and Others” at the Jānis Endzelīns Conference, Riga, 2006. Over the last seven years, Anatoly Pavlovich Nepokupny also lectured at the University of Latvia, Liepāja Pedagogical Academy, and Daugavpils University. He popularized Latvia in Ukraine both through his poems and films and through scholarly articles and personal contacts. He expressed all his feelings for Riga and Latvia in verse (Nepokupny 1989: 58): O Riga! To the whole world from your shore – Beyond the boundless sea and across the distant land – Your lofty towers sail through time – Like masts upon your ship. Into the ports of centuries, for joyful feasts, You enter as a caravel of beauty… And gentle winds blow into ancient halls – As into your imperishable sails. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Grīsle Rasma 2007: Spēkildze 21. Rīga, 33. Nepokupnijs Anatolijs 2006: Lesjas Ukrainkas Rīgas adrese. – Latvijas Zinātņu Akadēmijas Vēstis 6, 43–52. Лаумане Бенита, Непокупный Анатолий 1970: Балто-славяно-финские параллели из области мореплавания и рыболовства. – Взаимосвязи балтов и прибалтийских финнов. Рига: Зинатне, 89–202. Непокупный Анатолий 1973: Прусская этимология в трудах Я. Эндзелина и лексика приморских говоров балтийских и ближайших к прусскому ареалу диалектов восточнославянских языков. – Известия АН Латвийской ССР 2, 76 – 83. Непокупный Анатолий 1974: Остров Готланд и Scando-Baltica. – Baltistica 10(1), 73–85. Непокупный Анатолий 1977a: Латыш, Латвия и Курземе в антропонимии украинского казачества XVI–XVII вв. – Контакты латышского языка. Рига: Зинатне, 96–108. Непокупный Анатолий 1977б: Финно-балто-белорусская семантическая изоглосса ‘идти в деревню’ = ‘идти в гости’. – Контакты латышского языка. Рига: Зинатне, 109–126. 254 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXVIII Анатолий Павлович Непокупный и Латвия Непокупный Анатолий 1998: Прусское название христианского священника: prestors EV 707. – Colloquium pruthenicum secundum. Kraków, 109–119. Непокупный Анатолий 1989: Ризькі етюди. – Золото вікон. Київ, 58. Непокупный Анатолий 2006: Ризька адреса Лесі Українки. – Вісник національної академії наук України 1, 75–82. Anatolijus Nepokupnas ir Latvija SANTRAUKA Straipsnis skirtas ukrainiečių kalbininkui, žymiam baltistui Anatolijui Nepokupnui, kuris per paskutiniuosius keturis savo gyvenimo dešimtmečius palaikė glaudžius ryšius su Latvija. Jo bendradarbiavimą su latvių kolegomis galima suskirstyti į keletą etapų, susijusių su konkrečia veikla: 1) tarpinstitucinis projektas „Baltijos jūros regiono ir gretimų teritorijų kalbų kontaktai“ (XX a. 7-ojo dešimtmečio vidurys – XX a. 9-ojo dešimtmečio pradžia); 2) projektas „Lesios Ukrainkos adresas Rygoje“ (XX amžiaus 10-asis dešimtmetis); 3) veikla, susijusi su A. Nepokupno išrinkimu Latvijos mokslų akademijos užsienio nariu (XXI a. pradžia). Pirmajame etape buvo ginama latvių kalbininkės Benitos Laumanės disertacija „Žuvų pavadinimai latvių kalboje“, kurios konsultantas buvo A. Nepokupnas, taip pat paskelbti kolektyviniai ir individualūs straipsniai. Antrajame etape, dirbant Latvijos archyvuose ir muziejuose, buvo išsiaiškinta L. Ukrainkos giminaitės, pas kurią ji gyveno Rygoje, gyvenamoji vieta. Tačiau medinis pastatas Dzirnavų gatvėje 90 XX a. 10-ame dešimtmetyje buvo nugriautas, jo vietoje įrengta automobilių stovėjimo aikštelė. Trečiajame etape sustiprėjo A. Nepokupno ryšiai su Latvija, 2004 m. jis buvo išrinktas Latvijos mokslų akademijos užsienio nariu. Kartu su aptarta veikla A. Nepokupnas, pradedant XX a. 7-uoju dešimtmečiu, aktyviai dalyvavo mokslinėse konferencijose įvairiuose Latvijos miestuose. Įteikta 2018 m. birželio 6 d. ILGA JANSONE LU Latviešu valodas institūts Akadēmijas laukums 1, LV-1050 Rīga, Latvija [email protected] Įžvalgos / Insights 255