Reconsidering the Change of Verbal Conjugation Systems in Tokunoshima Dialects: Form as Another Proof

S aipsniai / A icles 53 CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA Uni e si y o Niiga a P e ec u e, Japan FIELD OF RESEARCH: dialec geog aphy. RECONSIDERING THE CHANGE OF VERBAL CONJUGATION SYSTEMS IN TOKUNOSHIMA DIALECTS: THE PROHIBITIVE FORM AS ANOTHER PROOF Veiksmažodžio asmena imo sis emų kai a Tokunošimos a mėse: d audimą eiškian i o ma kaip da ienas į odymas ANNOTATION The au ho was in ol ed in he analysis o e bal conjuga ion sys em o a Tokunoshima dialec , which belongs o Ryukyu dialec s o Japanese language. The s udy is pa o he esea ch o making a dialec dic iona y in Tokunoshima. Fukushima (2017) discussed he eo ganiza ion o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in he dialec s on he Tokunoshima Island, by compa ing wo local sys ems and examining geog aphical dis ibu ions o a pa icula e b o m. The ad e bial o m was used as a key o show he on-going change. In his pape , he p ohibi i e o m is used as ano he p oo o show he a ia ion on he island and o desc ibe he eo ganiza ion o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in he dialec s. The eo ganiza ion p ocess o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in Tokunoshima is illus a ed by using linguis ic maps wi h a ocus on he p ohibi i e o m as well as he ad e bial o m. The newly d awn maps based on he 1977 Okamu a su ey da a show clea ly dema ca ed dis ibu ions, which demon- s a e ha he o ms wi h a owel-ending e b s em a e olde han hose wi h an -ending e b s em. KEYWORDS: change o sys ems, e bal conjuga ion, Ryukyu dialec s, p ohibi i- e o m, dialec maps. CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA 54 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX ANOTACIJA S aipsnio au o ė daly a o a liekan japonų kalbos Riūkiū a mėms p iklausančios Tokunošimos a mės eiksmažodžio asmena imo sis emos analizę. Šis da bas – su Tokuno- šimos a mės žodyno engimu susijusio y imo dalis. 2017 m. au o ė ap a ė Tokunošimos salos a mių eiksmažodžio asmena imo sis emos kai ą: lygino d i ie ines sis emas i iš- y ė geog a inį ienos konk ečios eiksmažodžio o mos papli imą. Pa ody i pokyčius bu o siekiama emian is p ie eiksmine o ma. Šiame s aipsnyje kaip da ienas į odymas pasi- elkiama d audimą eiškian i o ma – ja siekiama a skleis i kalbos į ai o ę saloje i ap ašy i a mėse yks ančią eiksmažodžio asmena imo sis emų kai ą. Tokunošimos eiksmažodžio asmena imo sis emų kai os p ocesas ilius uojamas ling is iniais žemėlapiais, dėmesys su- elkiamas į d audimą eiškiančią o mą i p ie eiksminę o mą. 1977 m. Okamu os y imo duomenų pag indu iš naujo suda y i žemėlapiai a skleidžia aki aizdų geog a inį pasiski s- ymą, ku is odo, kad balse besibaigiančių eiksmažodžio kamienų o mos y a senesnės nei besibaigiančio eiksmažodžio kamieno o mos. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: sis emų kai a, eiksmažodžio asmena imas, Riūkiū a mės, d au- dimą eiškian i o ma, a mių žemėlapiai. 1. INTRODUCTION: THE CHANGE IN VERBAL CONJUGATION SYSTEM The au ho epo ed on he change o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in Toku- noshima dialec s wi h he ocus on he ad e bial o m (Fukushima 2017). The p esen pape asse s ha he p ohibi i e o m is also in ol ed in he change. Tokunoshima is an island in he Ryukyu A chipelago (see Figu e 1) and he au ho has been in ol ed in he analysis o he e bal conjuga ion sys em o Asama dialec on he island. This is pa o he esea ch o making a dia- lec dic iona y (Sawaki, Fukushima, Nakajima 2003, 2006, 2012; Fukushima 2010).1 The su ey o dialec s o elde ly in o man s a Asama and Inu abu (see Figu e 1) e ealed ha hey ha e di e en e bal conjuga ion pa e ns. The e - bal conjuga ion sys em o Asama dialec consis s o h ee conjuga ion pa e ns: egula conjuga ion I (consonan -ending e b s em ype), egula conjuga ion II ( owel-ending e b s em ype), and i egula conjuga ion (see Table 1), whi- le he e bal conjuga ion sys em o Inu abu dialec consis s o wo conjuga ion pa e ns: egula conjuga ion (consonan -ending e b s em ype) and i egula conjuga ion (see Table 2). Based on he compa ison o conjuga ion pa e ns o 1 This esea ch was suppo ed by G an -in-Aid o Scien i ic Resea ch (B) 23320095, (C) 25370487 and (C) 16K02688. S aipsniai / A icles 55 Reconside ing he Change o Ve bal Conjuga ion Sys ems in Tokunoshima Dialec s: The P ohibi i e Fo m as Ano he P oo S anda d Japanese and he wo dialec s, i is conside ed ha he e bs o egula conjuga ion II a e being inco po a ed in o egula conjuga ion I (see Table 3). FIGURE 1. Su eyed a ea and locali ies TABLE 1. Ve bal conjuga ion pa e ns o Asama dialec in Tokunoshima Headwo d Main conjuga ion o ms Equi alen S anda d Japanese basic s em (BS) used s em (FS) euphonic s em (ES) -jui o m ad e bial o m nega i e o m - e o m (euphonic o m) FS + ui BS + i BS + aN ES + I Regula Conjuga ion I (Consonan -ending s em) asobu ‘play’ ’asIb-’asIbj-’asId-’asIbjui ’asIbi: ’asIbaN ’asI:dI kiku ‘hea ’ Kik-Kikj-Kicj-Kikjui Kiki: KikaN KicjI: na u ‘become’ na -naj-na -najui nai na aN na: I Regula Conjuga ion II (Vowel-ending s em) oki u ‘wake up’ ’wI:- ’wI:j-’wI: -’wI:jui ’wI: ’wI: aN ’wI: I I egula Conjuga ion su u ‘do’ s-/sj– sj- sj- sjui sI: sjaN sjI: CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA 56 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX TABLE 2. Ve bal conjuga ion pa e ns o Inu abu dialec in Tokunoshima Headwo d Main conjuga ion o ms Equi alen S anda d Japanese basic s em (BS) used s em (FS) euphonic s em (ES) -jui o m ad e bial o m nega i e o m - e o m (euphonic o m) FS + ui BS + i BS + aN ES + I Regula Conjuga ion (Consonan -ending s em) asobu ‘play’ ’asIb-’asIbj-’asId-’asIbju i ’asIbi ’asIbaN ’asIdI kiku ‘hea ’ Kik-Kikj-Kicj-Kikju i Kiki KikjaN KicjI na u ‘become’ na - na j-na -naju i na i na aN na: I oki u ‘wake up’ ’wI: -’wI: j-’wI: -’wI: ju i ’wI: i ’wI: aN ’wI: I I egula Conjuga ion su u ‘do’ s-/sj sj- sj- sjui sji: sjaN sji: I, E: cen al owels [ï], [ë]; ’: glo al s op [ʔ]; K: glo alizedk [k’]; and N: syllabic nasal TABLE 3. Ve b g oups and conjuga ion pa e ns: Inco po a ion o egula II in o egula I S anda d Japanese Asama dialec Inu abu dialec conjuga ion pa e n ad e bial o m conjuga ion pa e n ad e bial o m conjuga ion pa e n ad e bial o m na u ‘become’ Regula I na i Regula I nai Regula (I) na i ki u ‘wea ’ Regula II ki Regula I Ki I: Regula (I) Ki i iki u ‘li e’ Regula II iki Regula I ’iki i: Regula (I) ’iki i oki u ‘wake up’ Regula II oki Regula II ’wI: Regula (I) ’wI: i de u‘ go ou ’ Regula II de Regula II ’izjI: Regula (I) ’izji i Regula I: - ending s em e bs ad e bial o m: - ending s em + i Regula II: e b ending s em e bs ad e bial o m: owel-ending s em The change om egula conjuga ion pa e n II o egula conjuga ion pa- e n I led o he change o sys ems. Asama dialec has an in-be ween sys em, compa ed wi h he s anda d language and Inu abu dialec . Wha is ac ually happening in his p ocess is he addi ion o he o m - i o he o iginal ad e bial o m. Thus, he expansion o his - i added o m shown below was he ocus o Fukushima (2017). ’wI:>’wI: i an ad e bial o m o oki u ‘wake up’ ’izjI:,’izji:>’izji i an ad e bial o m o de u ‘go ou ’ The p ohibi i e o m is in oduced as ano he p oo o explain he change o sys ems in his pape . S aipsniai / A icles 57 Reconside ing he Change o Ve bal Conjuga ion Sys ems in Tokunoshima Dialec s: The P ohibi i e Fo m as Ano he P oo 2. HISTORY OF VERBAL CONJUGATION SYS- TEM IN JAPANESE DIALECTS Kobayashi (2004: 540) summa ized he changes in e bal conjuga ion sys em in he pa icula e b g oup including oki u ‘wake up’ by examining he da a o Japanese dialec s. The changes ha e h ee s ages. On he i s s age, he e a e wo owel g ades such as oku- o oki- in he owel ending e b s em. This s a- ge was obse ed in Classical Japanese and is obse ed in Kyushu dialec s s ill now. On he second s age, he e is jus one owel g ade oki- in he owel end- ing e b s em. This s age is obse ed in S anda d Japanese. On he hi d s age, he e eme ges he - ending e b s em oki -. This s age is obse ed in many Jap anese dialec s. The end- o ms oki u and oku u and he a ibu i e o ms oki u and oku u a e he oldes ype o o ms wi h he - ending s em, which a e used in S anda d Ja- panese and mos dialec s. In addi ion, he e a e many o ms wi h he - ending s em: nega i e o ms oki a-, oke a-, oki ja-, and oke ja-, causa i e o ms oki a- and oke a-, oli ional o ms oki o- and oki a-, hypo he ical o ms oki e-, oke e- and oku e-, and impe a i e o ms oki o, oki e, oke o, and oke e (Kobayashi 2004: 543, 545). Howe e , he use o oki i as an ad e bial o m is a e. This - i added o m oki i is used in Tokunoshima. The e a e also p ohibi i e o ms, oki una and i s a ian s, which a e discussed la e in his pape . 3. ADVERBIAL FORMS: GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN RYUKYU DIALECTS AND GENERATIONAL CHANGES IN TOKUNOSHIMA Acco ding o he map o ad e bial o ms o oki u ‘wake up’ based on he da a om Nakamo o (1988) (see Figu e 2; Fukushima 2017), he - i added ad e bi- al e b o ms (black ci cles) a e ound in a pa o No he n Ryukyu including Main Island o Okinawa, bu no in Sou he n Ryukyu. The adi ional e b o ms wi hou - i (g ey squa es) a e used in a pa o No he n Ryukyu and Sou he n Ryukyu. This geog aphical dis ibu ion con i ms ha he - i added ad e bial e b o ms a e new. Based on he da a om di e en gene a ions in Tokunoshima, he gene a io- nal changes occu ing on he island a e shown (see Figu e 3; Fukushima 2017). The da a include p e ious publica ions, Hi ayama (ed.) (1966) and Nakamo o (1988), and ecen su eys by Fukushima in 2012–2015 and Sawaki e al. in CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA 58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX 2012–2013 (see Figu e 3). T adi ional o ms a e exp essed by g ey squa es and - i added o ms by black ci cles. The changes had occu ed be o e he 1960s and ha e almos comple ed now. The expansion migh ha e s a ed om he sou- he n own o Isen on he island. The ecen su ey o middle-aged in o man s shows ha only h ee ou o 40 in o man s main ained he adi ional o m wi- hou - i. FIGURE 2. Ad e bial o ms o oki u ‘wake up’ om Nakamo o (1988) FIGURE 3. Gene a ional changes o ad e bial o ms shown by a ious da a 4. THE VARIATION OF ADVERBIAL AND PROHIBITIVE FORMS IN TOKUNOSHIMA DIALECTS Geolinguis ic da a o elde ly in o man s su eyed by a na i e-speaking dia- lec ologis , Takahi o Okamu a, in 1977 included he egional da a o ad e bial and p ohibi i e o ms. The linguis ic maps d awn om he Okamu a da a show a clea ly dema ca ed a ia ion wi h 52 locali ies all o e he island.2 2 Figu e 4, 5, and 6 we e made using SEAL e sion 618J de eloped by Fukushima and Fukushima. The Okamu a su ey da a a e impo an because he su eyed a ea includes he no he n pa o he island which was no su eyed in Hi ayama (ed.) (1966) and Nakamo o (1988). S aipsniai / A icles 59 Reconside ing he Change o Ve bal Conjuga ion Sys ems in Tokunoshima Dialec s: The P ohibi i e Fo m as Ano he P oo In he map o ad e bial o ms (see Figu e 4), he o ms wi h a owel-ending e b s em (black squa es) a e loca ed a sepa a e a eas while he o ms wi h an -ending e b s em (whi e ci cles) a e co e ing up he island. Thus, he o ms wi h a owel-ending e b s em a e olde han hose wi h an -ending e b s em. The in e p e a ion made in he sec ion abo e is con i med. In he map o p ohibi i e o ms (see Figu e 5), he egional a ia ion looks simila al hough he a ea o a owel-ending e b s em (black squa es) is la ge , compa ed wi h ha o an -ending e b s em in Figu e 4. Thus, he change in he ad e bial o ms is a bi ad anced, compa ed wi h ha o p ohibi i e o ms. FIGURE 4. Ad e bial o ms om 1977 Okamu a su ey FIGURE 5. P ohibi i e o ms om 1977 Okamu a su ey FIGURE 6. P ohibi i e o ms (de ailed) om 1977 Okamu a su ey CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA 60 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX TABLE 4. P ohibi i e o ms used a p esen ASAMA INUTABU Vowel ending e b s em *’wI:na ‘wINna -ending e b s em 1 ’wI: ina ‘wI: iNna -ending e b s em 2 *’wI: una ‘wI: uNna Fused s em ‘wI:juNna ‘wI: juNna In he map o p ohibi i e o ms (de ailed) (see Figu e 6), he dis ibu ion o pa icula o ms is shown, which is use ul o in e p e he cou se o change. The o ms used a p esen in Asama and Inu abu a e shown in Table 4 (in es iga ed by he au ho ). The ollowing cou se o change is ob ained h ough he in e - p e a ion o Figu e 6 and Table 4. FIGURE 7. P ohibi i e o ms om Nakamo o (1998) S aipsniai / A icles 61 Reconside ing he Change o Ve bal Conjuga ion Sys ems in Tokunoshima Dialec s: The P ohibi i e Fo m as Ano he P oo Vowel ending -ending -ending e b s em e b s em 1 e b s em 2 ’ｗI:na →　　 ’ｗI: ina　 　→　 ’ｗI: una ↓ 　　↓ ↓ ’ｗINna　　　　　 ’ｗI: iNna　　　　 ’ｗI: uNna ↓ 　　↓ Fused s em ’ｗI:juNna 　 ’ｗI: juNna Thus, he o m wi h a owel ending e b s em is olde han ha wi h an -en- ding e b s em. This is also con i med by Figu e 7, he map o p ohibi i e o ms in Ryukyu dialec s based on he da a om Nakamo o (1998). 5. CONCLUSIONS The ongoing change o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in Tokunoshima is pa o he end o eo ganize he e b conjuga ion sys ems in Japanese dialec s. This pape in oduces he newly d awn linguis ic maps based on he 1977 Okamu a su ey and claims ha he e is ano he poo o he change, which is he p o- hibi i e o m. The maps o he ad e bial o m and he p ohibi i e o m show simila dis ibu ions in which he o ms wi h an -ending e b s em a e co e- ing up he island while he o ms wi h a owel-ending e b s em a e le sepa- a ed on he island. Thus, he o ms wi h a owel-ending e b s em a e olde han hose wi h an -ending e b s em. This in e p e a ion wo ks well wi h he dis ibu ions o Ryukyu dialec s as well as he his o y o he Japanese language. REFERENCES Fukushima Chi suko 2010: Making pa adigms o e bs and adjec i es using a dia- lec co pus. – Sla ia Cen alis 1, 124–131. Fukushima Chi suko 2017: Reo ganiza ion o e bal conjuga ion sys em in Japa- nese dialec s: A case s udy in Tokunoshima dialec . – VII Cong ess o In e na ional So- cie y o Dialec ology and Geolinguis ics: Selec ed Pape s, 9–18. Hi ayama Te uo (ed.) 1966: Ryukyu Hogen no Sogo- eki Kenkyu. Comp ehensi e s udy o Ryukyu dialec s. Tokyo: Meiji-Shoin. Kobayashi Takashi 2004: Hogen-gaku- eki Nihon-shi no Kenkyu. Dialec ological s udy o Japanese language his o y. Tokyo: Hi suji Shobo.