Category of Repetition in Linguistic Discourse

162 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK Lutsk Human Development Institute of the Open International University Ukraine Fields of research: philology, philosophy, psychology, cultural science, country study. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35321 all81-07 CATEGORY OF REPETITION IN LINGUISTIC DISCOURSE Kartojimosi Kategorie im linguistischen Diskurs ANNOTATION The article deals with the phenomenon of categories, type description of linguistic categories in the structure of the language, as well as the history of their study. Aufgrund des Faktes dass moderne science ist characterized not only by the formation of new concepts, aber auch by enriching the content of long-existing ones, the emphasis is made on the category of repetition. This category is understood as the objective regularity inherent in all objects and phenomena of the material world in order to reproduce the object or phenomenon partially or completely. The categorical status of repetition originates from the ability to abstract and it is transmitted by a system of language means. The usage of this term and the new conceptual scheme of analysis allows us to describe the heterogeneous linguistic phenomena that underlie the repetition. KEYWORDS: category, linguistic categories, category type, repetition, language units, discourse, philosophy, methodology. ANOTATIUM Artikelsnyje analysiert wird kategorijų phänomen, beschrieben werden linguistischen kategorijų Arten und ihre Untersuchungs Geschichte. Seit in der modernen Wissenschaft nicht nur formuliert werden neue Konzepte, sondern und erweitert wird längst sichformwusių Konzepten Inhalt, Akzent wird kartojimosi Kategorie. Diese Kategorie verstanden wird als objektivus dėsningumus, charakteristisch allen materialaus Weltobjekten und Phänomenen und erlaubender jene Objekte oder Phänominen zu wiederherstellen aus Teil oder vollständig. Kartojimosi Kategorie Status beginnt von Möglichkeit, führt abstrahauens hin und ausdrückt Artikeln Articles 163 / Category of Repetition in Linguistic Discourse sich sprachlicher Mittel System. Dieses Begriff vartosena und eine neue konceptuale Analysis schema erlaubt zu beschreiben unterschiedliche sprachliche Ereignisse, die bilden kartojimosi Grundlage. ESMINIAI WORDŽIAI: Kategorie, lingvistischen Kategorien, Kategorien Arten, Kartojimasis, Spracheneinetai, Diskursas, Philosophie, Methodologie. 1. INTRODUCTION In modern philosophical and scientific discourse, an increasing number of ment, signs prove that science is on the eve of a qualitatively new stage of its developwhich, with a certain degree of conventionality, can be called post-neoclassical. One of the most important features of post-neoclassical science is associated with the transition to the knowledge of complexly organized, multi-level systems. Language, being such a system, spiegelt the processes and phenomena that occur both within a single language and beyond it. In general linguistics the scientific concept of language as a set of categories and rules (Будагов 1980: 126), which defined the conceptual sphere for the study of linguistic categories at the beginning of the 21st century, was widely used. Defining the concept and giving a category rank to it is an important step in the study, aimed primarily at establishing the status and place of the category in the system. Categories are ideal entities of human consciousness that acquire meaning and practical realization in language hence their close connection with linguistic forms. Linguistic categories play a significant role in the functioning of the languages over the world, irrespective of their typological structure and origin, and such categories include the category of repetition (hereinauf CR). The problem of studying of repetition as a result of reproduction of a linguistic or speech unit, in whole or partly, has always been relevant to science and has its origins in ancient rhetoric. In modern times, the active study of repetition as a linguistic phenomenon began in the middle of 1950s. The largest number of studies in linguistics, over two hundred, is related to text (Москальчук 2003: 22). Die linguistischen Aspekte of the category of repetition have been and still are one of the central problems of modern linguistics. They do not exhaust their theoretical and practical potential, but encourage a constant search for a new perspective. ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI 164 The main purpose of the article is to present a new conceptual scheme for the analysis of CR. According to this purpose, the main tasks are to describe the types of linguistic categories; to represent the history of their study; to CR define; to name the units of the language system that form the CR; to find out the place of the CR in the language system; to justify the necessity for the use of the term CR for heterogeneous repetitions. 2. CONCEPT OF CATEGORIES IN LINGUISTICS The process of learning linguistic categories began in ancient times. It was based on the logical and semantic principle, because of which objects, processes and their properties were in the focus of attention. In linguistic reality categories of parts of speech were distinguished: noun and adjective, verb and adverb. In the classical tradition, parts of speech began to be considered in a new, onomasiological perspective (content, form, function) and from the standpoint of the theory of nomination (parts of speech with full and incomplete nomination), that implice the dialectic of their cognition. A significant place in the history of science is occupied by the theory of Oleksandr Potebnia about the formation of linguistic categories in the structure of language. The scientist was the first to introduce the concept of grammatical category into Ukrainian grammar, using it in relation to such phenomena as a verb, noun, tense, number, perfect and imperfect form, animateness and inanimateness, 3rd person, instrumental case (Потебня 1958: 3845, 8283). In den works of Lev Shcherba äußerte die Idee that the existence of any grammatical category is determined by the close, inextricable connection of its meaning and all formal markers (Shcherba 1957: 65). Further development of these ideas can be found in Ivan Meshchaninovs works. In Beziehung zu conceptual categories, the researcher concluded that they convey in the language itself the concepts existing in a given social environment (Мещанинов 1978: 238). Jerzy Kuryłowicz bemerkte dass the categories of case (for a noun), time (for a verb), degrees of comparison (for adjectives) can be considered as the most important part of the morphological structure of the language, they form the core of any descriptive grammar and are of primary interest to a philologist (Курилович 1965: 428). Artikeln Articles 165 / Category of Repetition in Linguistic Discourse Aleksandr Bondarko in the book Theory of morphological categories presented the experience of constructing a subtheory of morphological categories on an inductive concrete-linguistic basis. The authorʼs approach to special terminological identification is valuable (Bondarko 1976: 10). One of the most studied types of linguistic categories are grammatical ones, which generalize grammatical meanings that are correlative in content and method of expression and combine them into a single system (Курилович 1962: 14). It is necessary to distinguish grammatical categories from the lexical and grammatical categories, which are groups of words within a certain part of words. They are characterized by a common semantic feature, the presence or absence of a formal morphological expression, the interaction with related grammatical categories, the presence or absence of a series of forms inside the category. Lexico-grammatical categories are forms of thinking that reflect any aspects of objective activity in our minds. Die Bildung von Normen of grammatical categories erfolgte at the same time as the study of conceptual ones, which are identified with semantic norms or regarded as different aspects of the same object. The question remains unclear what exactly should be assigned to semantic categories. Consequently, the classification of the linguistic categories of the three binary types was proposed, which is based on privative oppositions. The first type includes universal categories inherent in all or most languages of the world, and non-universal, to the other formal-semantic categories, divided into four groups: proper grammatical, lexical-grammatical, semantic, lexical-semantic and conceptual; the third type is formed by explicit and implicit categories (Колоїз 2006: 76). The works of foreign scholars were in active use in general linguistics. The brainwaves about the nature of the categories belong to Joseph Vendryes, who affirmed: grammatical categories and logical ones very rarely cover each other; almost never the number of the first and second does not coincide (Вандриес 20012: 112). Leonard Bloomfield considered categories of parts of speech, inflectional forms, syntactic categories characteristic of different languages of the world. Er betonte that, nevertheless, parts of speech should not be studied in relation to different phenomena of the real world, but only in their functions in the syntactic structure of the English language (Блумфилд 1968: 297). Otto Jespersen, in his Philosophy of Grammar, pointed out that non-language categories, which are independent of the random facts of existing languages, are universal because they apply to all languages, although they are ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK 166 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI rarely expressed in these languages in a clear and unambiguous way (Есперсен 20022: 58). In modern Western linguistics, interest in language categorization has intensified after the scientific research of Eleanor Rosch (Rosch 1978). The approach based on the prototypes by Georges Kleiber (Kleiber 2003) and John Taylor (Taylor 20033) is widely used. However, such an approach has been reasonably criticized by William Croft and Alan Cruse (Croft 2004). Researchers at Lawrence Barsalou (Barsalou 2003), William Croft, and Alan Cruse (Croft 2004) have proposed improved categorization models, based on which Jerome Feldman formulated new restrictions that human nature imposes on categorization processes (Feldman 2006). A brief excursion into the history of the study of linguistic categories allows us to make certain that the philosophical base of linguistic methodology is made up of the categories of classical dialectics. In dieser Hinsicht, die wichtigste methodologische Aufgabe ist, solche issues zu lösen, erstens, how the categories are manifested in the functioning and development of the language, and, zweitens, what the language gives for their formation, development and understanding (Alefierenko 2005: 329). Categories, being the ideal morphogenesis of consciousness, have meaning and practical implementation in the language. At first, they are formed unconsciously in human activity and only then are reflected in the language. Der Prozess von formenden Kategorien ist eng verbunden mit the formation and constant development of the human language, and the question of a system of scientific categories in various branches of knowledge, including linguistics, remains essential for science. Category is a key concept in linguistics. On the one hand, a category has a systemic and structural content as a determining component of the horizontal and vertical construction of the interpretive model of a language. On the other hand, this concept is methodological, it is a tool for cognizing and classification of linguistic material. Linguistic categories are a projection of not only the mechanism of cognition, but also human consciousness. There is a wide and narrow understanding of the category in linguistics. In a wide understanding a category is considered as any group of linguistic elements, distinguished on the basis of some general property, and as a certain feature that is fundamental for the division of homogeneous linguistic units into classes, members of which have the same meaning of this feature (Булыгина, Крылов 1990: 385). The differences in the use of the term category in modern concepts of grammatical theory were pointed out by John Lyons. This term is often used Artikeln Articles 167 / Category of Repetition in Linguistic Discourse like the terms class or set to represent any group of elements seen in the description of specific languages (Лайонз 1978: 286). The already cited Zhanna Koloiz suggests to understand a linguistic category as the abstract generic concept, which includes species features and is a form of reflection of the most general laws of objective reality in the minds of people (Колоїз 2006: 74). Since at the present stage of research there is no adequate definition of the term category, there is no generally accepted classification of linguistic categories at the present stage of research. 3. THE PHENOMENON OF REPETITION In recent decades, repetition has been involved in solving categorization problems. Using the term repetition, we thereby recognize the quantitative degree of realization of a phenomenon, action, object, sign, state without restriction. Quantitative determination unterscheidet repetition process from repetition inself on a scale of more less. The theme of repetitions that arose in the ancient world (Античные 1996: 280285) has been enriched over the centuries by empirical material that requires rethinking and systematization. Trotz bedeutender Achievements in der Studie von verschiedenen Aspekten von Wiederholungen, ihre Probleme bleiben relevant und benötigen eine Reihe von theoretischen Probleme solving that would make possible to penetrate the mechanisms of the language functioning. Der kategorical status of repetition, the features of the expression of repetitions, on the one hand, in philosophy and science and, on the other hand, in everyday consciousness and literary works, are formulated in the studies of specialisten from different fields of knowledge. Language, like thinking, reflects the real world by its own means and extra-linguistic reality, which is contained in specific meanings, linguistic abstractions of words and grammatical forms. That is why the language reflects not only objects, but also their inherent connections. Since the connections between the phenomena of reality as it is, have a dialectical dependence, then reality is also characterized by development of dialectics. linguistic Modern linguistics has an understanding of repetition as a process and its result, that is, repetition unit. In oral monologue, there are many repetitions of sounds, syllables, words, phrases and sentences. Mostly they are unintentional and rarely used as a special technique of emphasizing thought. Einige von ihnen sind verbunden mit der unofficial transformation of the internal speech into the external or to the simple ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK 168 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI sounding of the internal speech, if you do not want to find other words for the object of influence. There are many pleonasms and tautological expressions. Speakers, if they do not pay special attention to it, do not hear in their speech the words used with the same root, anaphor or epiphora. The repetitions in the dialogic speech are provoked by spontaneity, the need to respond immediately to the previous utterance of the addressee. Since reflection is minimized, the formation and expression of thought occurs almost simultaneously with the transmission of the addressee. Functional features of dialogical repetitions give the reason to divide them into two groups. The first contains repetitions of narrative sentences that do not cause a speech response; they must be regarded as mechanical, unconscious reproduction of a previous remark. This type of repetition is based on echolalia an unconscious repetition of other persons words, which lacks subjective-modal meanings of the speaker and does not elucidate any information. The second group of dialogic repetitions include such remarks that convey subjective-modal meanings and seek new information. In addition, this group can be divided into two subgroups. The first is a repetition of exclamation, interrogative and narrative sentences that begin with the words yes or no. The sentences of this subgroup do not carry new information, they include objections, doubts, dissatisfaction, etc. The second subgroup is formed by remarks that are dominated by intellectual information. Written speech is more generalized and logical than oral, it is not spontaneous, it can be edited, so the repetitions used in it should be properly evaluated. Unconscious use of repetition leads to their redundancy, is perceived as a speech defect caused by vocabulary poverty, inability to use synonymy. Conscious use allows to use repetition as a stylistic devise. It comes from a folk tradition known to all peoples of the world. An example of the conscious use of derstanding of the multifunctionality of this phenomenon. In spoken language, there is often a repetition of words, due to the lack of speech culture of the speaker. It is difficult to choose the right word and a person does not dare to express opinion repetition is artistic speech, in which the author demonstrates the depth of unclearly, filling the meaningful pauses with units that do not have any meaning: well, yeah, so, that is. Such repetitions are called filler words. Clichés are well-known in everyday speech, because in ordinary communication acts we try to use ready-made etiquette formulas of greetings, wishes, goodbyes, etc. The appearance of the cliché is related to the frequency and repetition of the speech situation. Artikeln Articles 169 / Category of Repetition in Linguistic Discourse High-frequency units in a speech or in a separate text are called key words; they are included in the speakers active vocabulary and are illustrative of important concepts. 4. REPETITION CATEGORY The presence of categorization in the language should be seen in the possibility of abstraction. Die Grundlage von categorization ist die Fähigkeit of the human mind to isolate from the phenomena of the surrounding reality, from the flow of information any common, fairly stable features that are regularly repeated in some background environment (Manerko 2000: 39). In linguistics, the question of CR from aspectological point was considered by Olga Grekova for the first time (Грекова 1979: 3748) and Galina Panova (Панова 1979: 8). The essence of repetition is to convey a degree of measure, quality, action relative to the norm (zero degree of measurement). The linguistic aspects of CR have been and remain one of the central problems of modern linguistics. Linguistic repetition is an extremely wide range of theoretical problems in its spectrum. It covers researches of ontology, epistemology and at the same time the interaction of repetition with other language categories: quantity, intensity, quality, aspectuality. Der entscheidende Komponent for understanding of the essence of repetition in a language is the identification and comprehensive analysis of the features of its formal representation, syntactic implementation, the formation of a semantic scope and influence on the actual division of a sentence. The linguistic aspects of the repetition category were and still are one of the central problems of modern linguistics. Being at the junction of allied and noncontiguous disciplines, the problems of repetition not only do not exhaust their theoretical and practical potential, but, on the contrary, encourage a con1843, the stant search for a new perspective in the study. Itʼs no coincidence as far back as Danish thinker, theologian and philosopher Søren Kierkegaard wrote: Repetition is a new category that remains to be introduced (Керкегор 1997: 30–31). Among the categories that are on the margins of scientific research, for a long time there was a category of repetition. However, now it is one of those language categories, the interest in studying of which is growing, since it is associated with such basic philosophical concepts as quality, quantity, extend, degree, which are essential characteristics of any phenomenon. The essence of repetition is the transfer of extend of degree, quality extend, extend of action compared to the norm (das ist, a reference point or a zero degree of extend). ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK 170 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI The conceptual scope of the category of repetition lies in its ontological nature, because it not only reflects the objective world, but is an integral part of its being (Pakholok 2019: 104113). Process of repetition acts as an objective reality that a person unconsciously assimilates while gaining experience. The ability to repeat can be interpreted in terms of the archetype of human consciousness. The philosophical basis of repetition is the law of the transition of quantitative changes to qualitative ones. In linguistics, it finds display at the level of semantics, since an element repeated twice or several times acquires a new meaning. Die Kategorie of repetition is included in the category of lexical and grammatical categories, das ist, the meaning of the degree extend, quality extend, action extend ist ausgedrückt by lexical and grammatical means, and the functional-semantic repetition category is characterized by the unity of form and content. In modern times the category of repetition, das ist considered as a universal language category that organizes the communication process, deckt the psychological, linguistic and communicative-pragmatic aspects of communicative activity; participates in the implementation of the informative and advertising function of texts; provides their pragmatic-communicative effectiveness. Modern science is characterized not only by the formation of new concepts, but also by enriching the content of long-existing ones, expanding the scope of their application. Am present stage of the linguistics development, new opportunities open up for fruitful researches, both general theoretical, fundamental, and applied, which are at the crossroads of various sciences, in particular, natural and technical, and are related to scientific knowledge as a whole, in all branches. In the category of repetition as a category of consciousness, in addition to the traditional logical form, a perceptual form of categorization is distinguished. The perceptual comprehension of repetition is dominated by logical categorical content, however, it is not exhaustive for the perceptual image of time. The universal characteristics of repetition are recorded in logical categories; in the perceptual vision of time they take the form of subjective being. Perceptual categorization, in contrast to logical categorization, has its own constant content, semantic content and structured subcategory organization, which gives it a full categorical status. Perceptual repetition can be defined as the internal empirical organization of human sensations, in which objective temporal reality is reflected. The categorical nature of perceptual time lies in the fact that, with all the individual variability of the imaginative perception of time, a constant universal content is