“Cimbri” et “Teutoni”

Straipsniai / Articles 27 HARALD BICHLMEIER Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Fields of research: onomastics (toponymy), historical phonology of the Germanic languages, Indo-European linguistics, Aljamiado-texts. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Department of Linguistics and Baltic Studies, Masaryk University, Brno Fields of research: onomastics and historical geography, Indo-European etymology, comparative study of the Afroasiatic, Uralic, Altaic laguages; comparative mythology. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/all83-02 CIMBRI ET TEUTONI Kimbrai ir teutonai ANNOTATION The well-known names Cimbri and Teutoni / Teutones are traditionally said to denominate two different Germanic tribes. Here a new idea is proposed, namely that they originally formed a syntagm consisting of both words, PGmc. *þeuđanōz kumƀriiōn ‘chieftains of tribes’, which later got split up into two tribal names in ancient sources: Teutoni Cimbrique, or Τευτόνοι καὶ Κίμβροι. While PGmc. *kumƀrmust be reconstructed, there are different ways in which the name is rendered in the Latin and Greek sources, where we find a variation u/y – i in the root vowel. This may be due to the fact that there is a certain fluctuation between u and i in inherited words in Latin on the one hand and a fluctuation between all these vowels in loaned words and names in both languages. The original form of the name of the Cimbri, PGmc. *kumƀriia, may continue an obscured compound of the roots PIE *gem- ‘press, squeeze, grab’ and *bher- ‘carry’. PGmc. *þeuđanōz is the regular plural to *þeuđanaz ‘tribal chieftain’, later ‘king’. Its origin from PGmc. *þeuđō ‘tribe’ is generally accepted. Among various etymological attempts to analyze ‘West Indo-European’ *teutā we prefer the idea of de Vries deriving the word from 28 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK the Celto-Germanic isogloss to *teuto- ‘good, friendly’. The Hittite cognates imply the existence of the root *teu- ‘to be kind, friendly’. KEY-WORDS: Germanic ethnonyms, discussion of existing etymologies, new etymological solutions, obscured compounds, semantic typology. ANOTACIJA Tradiciškai manoma, kad gerai žinomi vardai kimbrai ir teutonai įvardija dvi skirtingas germanų gentis. Straipsnyje keliama mintis, kad šie vardai iš pradžių sudarė sintagmą iš abiejų žodžių – PGmc. *þeuđanōz kumƀriiōn ‘genčių vadai’, iš kurios išsirutuliojo jau senuosiuose šaltiniuose paliudyti dviejų genčių vardai: Teutoni Cimbrique, arba Τευτόνοι καὶ Κίμβροι. Nors PGmc. *kumƀrturi būti rekonstruotas, šis vardas lotyniškuose ir graikiškuose šaltiniuose atkurtas pateikiamas įvairiai. Juose randami u/y – i šaknies balsio variantai. Taip galėjo nutikti dėl to, kad paveldėtuose lotynų kalbos žodžiuose, viena vertus, yra tam tikra u ir i kaita ir, kita vertus, abiejų kalbų skolintuose žodžiuose bei varduose yra šių balsių kaita. Pirminė Cimbri vardo forma PGmc. *kumƀriiagalėjo išlaikyti užslėptą šaknų junginį PIE *gem- ‘spausti, slėgti, griebti / pasisavinti’ ir *bher- ‘nešti’. PGmc. *þeuđanōz yra taisyklingoji daugiskaita iš *þeuđanaz ‘genties vadas’, vėliau ‘karalius’. Šio žodžio kilmė iš PGmc. *þeuđō ‘gentis’ nekelia abejonių. Iš įvairių bandymų etimologiškai išnagrinėti „Vakarų indoeuropiečių“ *teutā, straipsnio autoriams labiausiai priimtinas de Vrieso pasiūlytas šio žodžio kildinimas iš keltų-germanų izoglosės *teuto- ‘geras, draugiškas’. Kognatai hetitų kalboje leidžia manyti, kad yra buvusi šaknis *teu- ‘būti maloniam, draugiškam’. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: germanų etnonimai, esamų etimologijų aptarimas, nauji etimologiniai sprendimai, neskaidrios struktūros dariniai, semantinė tipologija. 1. CIMBRI The ethnonym Cimbri has been attested in several variants (cf. Schönfeld 1911: 63f.): Κίμβροι (Posidonius {135–51 BCE} apud Strabo, Geographica 2.3.6, 7.2.2; further Strabo {63 BCE – 23 CE} 4.3.3, 4.4.3, 5.1.8, 7.1.3, 7.2.1, 7.2.3, 7.2.4; Diodorus Siculus {90–30 BCE}, Bibliotheca Historica 5.32.4) Κίμβριοι (Polyaenus {2nd cent. CE}, Strategematum 8.10.1, 8.10.2, 8.10.3) Κύμβροι (Ptolemy {c. 140 CE}, Geographia 2.11.16 in ms. X) Cimbri (Cicero {106–43 BCE}, Tusculanae Disputationes 2.65; De Officiis 1.38; Caesar {100–44 BCE}, De bello Gallico 1.33.3, 1.40.5, 2.4.2, 7.77.12, Straipsniai / Articles 29 Cimbri et Teutoni 7.77.14; Valerius Antias {1st cent. BCE} apud Orosius, Historiae adversum paganos 5.16) Cymbri (Valerius Maximus {wrote between 14–37 CE}, Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 2.11: Cymbrorum in ms. L; 3.6. Cymbricumque in ms. A; Frontinus {30–103 CE}, Strategematon 1.5.3: Cymbris, Cymbri in ms. H; 2.5.8: Cymbrico, Cymbris in ms. HP; Aulus Gellius {125–180 CE}, Noctium Atticarum 16.10.14: Cymbrico in ms. X) Cumbri (Aulus Gellius {125–180 CE}, Noctium Atticarum 16.10.14: Cumbrico in ms. Z) Conbri (Eutropius {finished 364 CE}, Breviarium ab urbe condita 5.1.4: Conbris in ms. G1). 2. ETYMOLOGICAL ATTEMPTS The first attempt to explain the ethnonym appeared already in ancient times. 2.1. Festus {2nd cent. CE}, in De significatione verborum, p. 43, thought that it designated ‘robbers’ in Gaulish: Cimbri lingua Gallica latrones dicuntur “Cimbri are called ‘robbers’ in the Gaulish language.” Sextus Pompeius Festus, De verborum significatu que supersunt cum Pauli epitome, edidit Aemilius Thewrewk de Ponor. Budapest: Academia Litterarum Hungaricae 1889. 2.2. Plutarch {46–119/127 CE}, in Caius Marius 11.3, said the same with the only difference that he proposed the Germanic1 origin of this ethnonym: 1 Already in the middle of the 1st cent. CE Pliny [NH 4.28/40/99] presented the first classification of the Germanic tribes, where he explicitly included both Cimbri & Teutoni among the Inguaeones: germanorum genera quinque: vandili, quorum pars burgodiones, varinnae, charini, gutones. alterum genus inguaeones, quorum pars cimbri, teutoni ac chaucorum gentes. proximi autem rheno istuaeones, quorum ... mediterranei hermiones, quorum suebi, hermunduri, chatti, cherusci. quinta pars peucini, basternae, supra dictis contermini dacis. amnes clari in oceanum defluunt guthalus, visculus sive vistla, albis, visurgis, amisis, rhenus, mosa. introrsus vero nullo inferius nobilitate hercynium iugum praetenditur. Plinius: Naturalis Historia, ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff. Lipsiae: Teubner 1906 “There are five Germanic races; the Vandili, parts of whom are the Burgundiones, the Varini, the Carini, and the Gutones: the Ingævones, forming a second race, a portion of whom are the Cimbri, the Teutoni, and the tribes of the Chauci. The Istævones, who join up to the Rhine, and to whom the Cimbri belong, are the third race; while the Hermiones, forming a fourth, dwell in the interior, and include the Suevi, the Hermunduri, the Chatti, and the Cherusci: the fifth race is that of the Peucini, who are also the Basternæ, adjoining the Daci previously mentioned. The more famous rivers that flow into the ocean are the Guttalus, the Vistillus or Vistula, the Albis, the Visurgis, the 30 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK καὶ μάλιστα μὲν εἰκάζοντο Γερμανικὰ γένη τῶν καθηκόντων ἐπὶ τὸν βόρειον ὠκεανὸν εἶναι τοῖς μεγέθεσι τῶν σωμάτων καὶ τῇ χαροπότητι τῶν ὀμμάτων, καὶ ὅτι Κίμβρους ἐπονομάζουσι Γερμανοὶ τοὺς λῃστάς. “The most prevalent conjecture was that they were some of the German peoples which extended as far as the northern ocean, a conjecture based on their great stature, their light-blue eyes, and the fact that the Germans call robbers Cimbri.” Plutarch, Caius Marius. – Plutarch’s Lives, with an English Translation by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press – London: Heinemann, 1920. It is laconically repeated in the Byzantine lexicon Suda, p. 600 {10th cent. CE}: Κίμβρος ὁ λῃστής. Suidae Lexicon, ex recognitione Immanuelis Bekkeri. Berlin: Reimer 1854 Older authors mentioned only the ambition of the Cimbri to plunder2 (Diodorus Siculus 5.32.4.) or that they were a piratical3 folk (Posidonius apud Strabo 7.2.2.). But it is necessary to verify the possibilities of both the Celtic and Germanic etymologies in this perspective (the attempt to connect the Amisius, the Rhine, and the Mosa. In the interior is the long extent of the Hercynian range, which in grandeur is inferior to none.” Pliny the Elder: The Natural History, translated by J. Bostock, H. T. Riley, London: Taylor & Francis, 1855. 2 Diodorus Siculus {90–30 BCE} 5.32.4. διαβεβοημένης δὲ τῆς τούτων ἀλκῆς καὶ ἀγριότητος, φασί τινες ἐν τοῖς παλαιοῖς χρόνοις τοὺς τὴν Ἀσίαν ἅπασαν καταδραμόντας, ὀνομαζομένους δὲ Κιμμερίους, τούτους εἶναι, βραχὺ τοῦ χρόνου τὴν λέξιν φθείραντος ἐν τῇ τῶν καλουμένων Κίμβρων προσηγορίᾳ. ζηλοῦσι γὰρ ἐκ παλαιοῦ λῃστεύειν ἐπὶ τὰς ἀλλοτρίας χώρας ἐπερχόμενοι καὶ καταφρονεῖν ἁπάντων. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Vol 1–2, ed. by I. Bekker, L. Dindorf, F. Vogel, Leipzig: Teubner, 1888–1890. 5.32.4. “And since the valour of these peoples and their savage ways have been famed abroad, some men say that it was they who in ancient times overran all Asia and were called Cimmerians, time having slightly corrupted the word into the name of Cimbrians, as they are now called. For it has been their ambition from old to plunder, invading for this purpose the lands of others, and to regard all men with contempt.” Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Volume 3: Books 4.59 – 8, translated by C. H. Oldfather, Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 1939 (Loeb Classical Library 340). 3 Posidonius {135-51 BCE} apud Strabo {64/63 BCE – 19/24 CE} 7.2.2. ταῦτά τε δὴ δικαίως ἐπιτιμᾷ συγγραφεῦςι Ποσειδώνιος καὶ οὐ κακῶς εἰκάζει, δίοτι λῃστρικοὶ ὄντες καὶ πλάνητες οἱ Κίμβροι καὶ μέχρι τῶν περὶ τὴν Μαιῶτιν ποιήσαιντο στρατείαν. “ Poseidonius is right in censuring the historians for these assertions, and his conjecture is not a bad one, that the Cimbri, being a piratical and wandering folk, made an expedition even as far as the region of Lake Maeotis.” Straipsniai / Articles 31 Cimbri et Teutoni geographically distant ethnonyms Cimbri and Cimmerii will not be solved here – it is a typical Volksetymologie on the basis of the accidental similarity). 2.3. Müllenhoff (1887: 117) speculated about the Celtic origin from the point of view of the ‘robbery’-interpretation. He sought support in such Old Irish glosses as cim(b) ‘tax, tribute, silver’ (DIL C-186), besides cimbid ‘vinctus’, i.e. ‘captive’, but also ‘anathema’, i.e. ‘victim’, gen.sg. cimbetho ‘of the captive’, nom.pl. cimbidi ‘prisoners’ (DIL C-187). Related can be Gallo-Lat. [Endlicher’s Glossary] cambiāre ‘rem pro re dare’ (first attested in Apuleius), i.e. ‘to change’,4 Bret. kemm ‘change’ (< PCelt. *kambio- < PIE *kBo), if the tribute was paid in changeable silver and the captives were exchanged, too (cf. LEIA C-99f.; de Bernardo Stempel 1987: 96f.; Schrijver 1995: 282f., 289). This solution implies that Cimbri were called ‘robbers’, since they took captives, probably for ransom. Even if it is accepted, there remains a phonological problem: the preceding examples confirm that the expected counterpart of OIr. cimbo is Gaul. *kambo, if they both are derived from *kBo (see Matthias 1904; Much 1905: 2999). 2.4. Zeuss (1837: 142) stressed the belligerent character of the Cimbri, explaining their name with the help of ONor. keppa ‘to demonstrate strength; to fight’, kappi ‘wrestler’, OHG kampf ‘Eifer, Streit, Wettkampf’, kempho ‘pugil’. Already Müllenhoff (1887: 118) rejected it, since these forms were borrowed from Lat. campus ‘Schlachtfeld’ (cf. AnEW: 300f., 306; EWAhd 5: 368–370, 469f.). 2.5. Naturally, it is also legitimate to take into account the possibility that the ethnonym of the tribe, which was dishonorably renowned for robbery, changed into an appellative, as e.g. in the case of the Vandals. This starting-point opens up space for other solutions, which are not connected with aggressiveness. 2.6. Müllenhoff (1887: 116f.) discussed several etymological attempts. Besides a relatively rational Celtic etymology analyzed in §2.3 above, he also rejected the superficial comparison with the ethnonym Cymry ‘Welsh’, Bret. Kenvro proposed by Graff (AhdS IV: 405), since it reflected the Brittonic compound pl. *kom-brogī ‘of the same territory’,5 in opposition to the Gaulish ethnonym Allo-broges [e.g. Cicero, De divin. 1.21; Brutus ad Cic. Epist. 11.13.14] ‘of other territory’ = ‘foreigners’ (ACS 1: 96–105, 1072; DLG1: 34, 77; DLG³: 39, 91) 4 Lat. cambiāre is generally regarded a loan from Celtic, while the Medieval Celtic words mentioned above are sometimes regarded as re-loans from Latin (cf. Walde, Hofmann 1938–1956 1: 145f.; DÉLL: 89). 5 Cf. on this ethnonym in extenso Zimmer 2007 (with older literature). 32 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK or, according to Zimmer (2007: 674) “‘die auf dem Land von anderen (d.h. auf erobertem Land) wohnen’”. 2.7. Müllenhoff (1887: 118) himself also rejected the possibility based on OHG gambar ‘mighty, strong’, Langobardic foremother Gambara, where the expected voiceless *kshould be a result of the strict ‘Zweite Lautverschiebung’. 2.8. Perhaps more promising from the point of view of historical phonetics, but weaker in semantics, is another attempt proposed by Müllenhoff (1887: 118), based on OHG einkimpi ‘funestus’, pikimpôt, pikimbitha ‘funus’, which should be related with kumbalboro ‘Heerzeichenträger’ (EWAhd 5: 861f.), OE cumbol, var. cumbor [Beowulf 1022] ‘Heerzeichen, Banner’ (Holthausen 1963[1934]: 63), ONor. kumbl ‘Grabmal, Helm(zeichen)’ (AnEW: 333f.). The common semantic denominator of these meanings should be ‘decoration’, applied to both the helmet and funeral or grave. Thus, the Cimbri were characterized by their decorated helmets (!). Still less compatible with the terms for ‘grave’, ‘banner’ or ‘helmet’ from a semantic perspective is OHG kumbarra ‘Stamm, Volk, Geschlechtsverband’, cumpurie ‘tribus’ [Vocabularius St. Galli], made by Grimm (1840: 92) and accepted by Müllenhoff (1887: 118) and even in EWAhd 5: 862f. 2.9. Müllenhoff (1887: 118) also speculated about the connection of the ethnonym Cimbri with OE cimbing ‘Kimmung, Fuge, Verbindung’ (Holthausen 1963[1934]: 49). Related are NFris. kimming ‘horizon’, further OE cimb-stān ‘pedestal, socket’, E chimbe, chime ‘edge or rim of a cask or drum’, MDu. kimme ‘edge, chime’, D kim ‘horizon’, dial. ‘edge of a cask, chime’, MLG kimme ‘Rand, Horizon’, G Kimm ‘Horizontlinie’; Swed. kimb ‘Fassdaube’ (Kluge 1999: 442; Holthausen 1963[1934]: 49). These forms derive from PGmc. *kemƀōn- > *kimbōnf. ‘crest, ridge’, which is the ablauted feminine n-stem pertaining to PGmc. *kamƀa- ‘comb’ (EDPG: 287, 279; EWAhd 5: 360–362). This idea was further developed e.g. by Matthias (1904: 40f.; cf. Much 1905: 2999: “Kimber – Leute vom Rand, von der Küste des Meeres”) or by Schönfeld (1911: 64: “Die einfachste und jedenfalls mögliche Deutung ist ‘die Leute vom Rande (kim), von den Küsten des Meeres, von der Waterkant’”). This semantic motivation might be based on stories mediated e.g. by Strabo (with doubts) or Florus about devastating tides, which had destroyed the sea coast of the homeland of the Cimbri: Strabo (63 BCE – 23 CE), Geographica 7.2 Straipsniai / Articles 33 Cimbri et Teutoni περὶ δὲ Κίμβρων τὰ μὲν οὐκ εὖ λέγεται, τὰ δ᾽ ἔχει πιθανότητας οὐ μετρίας. οὔτε γὰρ τὴν τοιαύτην αἰτίαν τοῦ πλάνητας γενέσθαι καὶ λῃστρικοὺς ἀποδέξαιτ᾽ ἄν τις, ὅτι χερρόνησον οἰκοῦντες μεγάλῃ πλημμυρίδι ἐξελαθεῖεν ἐκ τῶν τόπων: καὶ γὰρ νῦν ἔχουσι τὴν χώραν ἣν εἶχον πρότερον, Strabo: Geographica, ed. A. Meineke, Leipzig: Teubner, 1877. “As for the Cimbri, some things that are told about them are incorrect and others are extremely improbable. For instance, one could not accept such a reason for their having become a wandering and piratical folk as this – that while they were dwelling on a Peninsula they were driven out of their habitations by a great flood-tide; for in fact they still hold the country which they held in earlier times.” Strabo: Geography, ed. H. L. Jones. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press – London: Heinemann, 1924. Florus (74–130 CE), Epitome III 3 Cimbri, Teutoni atque Tigurini ab extremis Galliae profugi, cum terras eorum inundasset Oceanus, novas sedes toto orbe quaerebant “The Cimbri, Teutones and Tigurini, fugitives from the extreme parts of Gaul, since the Ocean had inundated their territories, began to seek new settlement throughout the world.” Lucius Annaeus Florus: Epitomae Historiae Romanae, ab E. S. Forster editi apud Loeb Classical Library, Londinio, 1929 A problem arising with this etymology, however, is the question of wordformation. If we accept some Pre-PGmc. *gembā- → PGmc. *kimƀ-ōnwe would have to accept that there was an inner-Germanic ro-derivation from a full-grade root. This would be a very exceptional formation in Germanic. The regular formation to be expected would be a zero-grade formation, which, however would also have to be Pre-Proto-Germanic: PIE *ĝbh-ró- > PGmc. *kumƀra. But the meaning of that formation would be far from clear, originally it would have meant something like ‘biting’, as PIE *ĝembh meant ‘schnappen, (zer-)beißen’ (LIV²: 162f.). As we cannot tell, when the lexeme PIE *ĝómbh-o- ‘Zubiss’ (EWAhd 5: 362) underwent the lexicalization to PGmc. *kamƀa- ‘comb’, we cannot tell either, whether PGmc. *kumƀra might have had any semantic connection with PGmc. *kamƀa- ‘comb’. 2.10. Perhaps only an anecdotal sense has the last attempt quoted by Müllenhoff (1887: 118), namely the explanation on the basis of Icelandic kimbi ‘mocker’, in OIcel. ‘mockingbird’ (!). 34 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 2.11. Matthias devoted his dissertation (1904) to the problem of the ethnonym Cimbri, which was referred to and commented on in detail by Much (1905). Matthias favored two solutions, each excluding the other. The first one was formulated already by Müllenhoff in 1887 (see §2.9.), the second one is new. He connected Cimbri with such Danish place-names as Himmerland, or Himbersyssæl. It would imply that the initial cin the ethnonym represented an imperfect record of Proto-Germanic *χ- (i.e. hin the Old Germanic literary languages) or that the First Lautverschiebung did not operate yet at the time of adoption of the ethnonym into Latin and Greek. Matthias’ idea was accepted by Much (1920: 95), who proposed the Germanic starting-point of the ethnonym as *Himbrōs. And this solution is kept till the present time, e.g. Nedoma (2017: 875) says: “The first Gmc. gentes that came into contact with Rome were the Cimbri and the Teutones, who challenged the Roman empire at the end of the 2nd c. BCE), substitutes for Gmc. *Himƀrōz and *Þeuđanōz, cf. Himbersysæl and Thythæsysæl, two areas in northern Jutland known from 1231 CE).” Matthias (1904) also offered his etymology, which was based on the comparison with ONor. híma ‘in Gedanken versunken sein, trödeln’; cf. further Swed. dial. hima ‘kränkeln’, Norw. hīm ‘Schicht von dünnen Wolken, dünne Reifoder Schneeschicht’, Faer. hím ‘schwaches Licht’, although the semantic motivation and word-formation remained unexplained. Perhaps the probable derivative, ONor. himbrin ‘Eistaucher (Colymbus glacialis)’, Norw. imbre, (h) ymmer, could have given the name to Dan. Himmerland, and Swed. Himbra, Himmerfjärden (cf. de Vries in AnEW: 227 who also did not exclude a relation with the name of Cimbri). 2.12. Rozwadowski (1928: 361; cf. also REW 3: 61f.) and Goląb (1982: 166f.) saw a connection of the ethnonym Cimbri with the Slavic appellative *sębrъ > Old Serbian sebrь ‘participant, companion, partner’, Serbian sȅbar, gen. sȅbra ‘farmer’, Sln. srebǝr, gen. srebra ‘peasant’, ORuss. sębrъ ‘neighbor, a member of the same community’, Russ. dial. sjabër, gen. sjabrá ‘neighbor, companion, partner’, Ukr. sjáber, sjabró ‘participant, companion, partner’, Blr. sjabr ‘relative, companion, brother’, with early borrowings in the Balkan languages, still preserving the nasal: Hung. cimbora ‘companion, friend’, Rom. símbră ‘society, community’, Alb. Tosk sëmbër ‘partner, co-owner of cattle’, MGr. σέμπρος, σεμπρός ‘partner’. If Cimbri reflects PGmc. *χimƀra-, it is indeed compatible with PSl. *sębrъ, and both are derivable from the same protoform Pre-PGmc./ Pre-PSl. *imro-. Related might be PGmc. *χaimam. ‘village, home’ (EDPG: 201; EWAhd 4: 905–907) and PSl. *sěmьja ‘family’, besides Lith. šeimà ‘family, kin, domestic staff’, with the r-extension šeimerỹs ‘companion’, Latv. sàime Straipsniai / Articles 35 Cimbri et Teutoni ‘domestic staff, family {in broader sense}’ (ESJS 13, 804f.) and further OIr. cóim, OBret. cum ‘dear’ (EDPC: 220), all from PIE *ei- ‘to lie down’ or *tei- ‘to dwell’ (LIV²: 320 or 643f. respectively). The problem, however, with this etymology would be that Pre-PGmc./PrePSl. *imrowould have to be segmentized *i-m-ro-, as *i-mwould have to be regarded as the zero-grade of a neo-root *eim, whose m is originally a suffix. If one is willing to accept this, an original meaning ‘belonging / pertaining to the home / family’ might be reconstructed. 3. A NEW SOLUTION A key to a new solution might be sought in OHG kumbar(r)a6 f. ‘Stamm, Volk, Geschlechtsverband’, gl. cumpurie ‘tribus’ [Vocabularius St. Galli], which descends from PGmc. *kumƀariōn- (cf. EWAhd 5: 862f.), with a possible variant PGmc. *kumƀurin-. 3.1. This solution, first mentioned by Graff in 1838 (AhdS IV: 405f.: “Ist cumbirra ‘tribus’ damit {scil. mit Cimbri} zusammen zu halten?”) and accepted e.g. by Laistner (1892: 31), is thinkable, if the original form of the ethnonym was PGmc. *kumƀraor *kumƀriia-. Already Graff (AhdS IV: 405f.) mentioned the male personal name Cumbro together with the appellative kumbar(r)a and the ethnonym Cimbri. The variants of the ethnonym with the back vocalism u/y/o of the first syllable are really attested – see §1. 6 Laistner (1892: 31) tried to add MHG kumber ‘congeries, moles, molestia’, in WGS 37 projected into PGerm. *kumƀra-. But it is usually explained as an adaptation of Gallo-Lat. *comboros ‘Zusammengetragenes’ (Kluge 1999: 493). Neumann et al. (2000: 494) tried to explain even OHG kumbar(r)a from Gallo-Latin, cf. Medieval Lat. confero ‘zusammentragen’. On the other hand, Tacitus [Germania 37] called them civitas ‘community’. It is tempting to see here a hint to the interpretation of the ethnonym: Eundem Germaniae sinum proximi Oceano Cimbri tenent, parva nunc civitas, sed gloria ingens. veterisque famae lata vestigia manent, utraque ripa castra ac spatia, quorum ambitu nunc quoque metiaris molem manusque gentis et tam magni exitus fidem. Cornelius Tacitus: de Origine et Situ Germanorum Liber. In: Opera Minora, ed. by H. Furneaux. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900. “In the same remote corner of Germany, bordering on the ocean dwell the Cimbri, a now insignificant tribe {more exactly ‘community’}, but of great renown. Of their ancient glory widespread traces yet remain; on both sides of the Rhine are encampments of vast extent, and by their circuit you may even now measure the warlike strength of the tribe, and find evidence of that mighty emigration.” Cornelius Tacitus: Germany and its Tribes. In: Complete Works of Tacitus, translated by A. J. Church, W. J. Brodribb, New York: Random House, 1942. 42 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK insigne gentis obliquare crinem nodoque substringere: sic Suebi a ceteris Germanis, sic Sueborum ingenui a servis separantur. in aliis gentibus seu cognatione aliqua Sueborum seu, quod saepius accidit, imitatione, rarum et intra iuventae spatium: apud Suebos usque ad canitiem horrentes capilli retorquentur, ac saepe in ipso vertice religantur. principes et ornatiorem habent: ea cura formae, sed innoxia; neque enim ut ament amenturve, in altitudinem quandam et terrorem adituri bella compti, ut hostium oculis, ornantur. “A national peculiarity with them is to twist their hair back, and fasten it in a knot. This distinguishes the Suebi from the other Germans, as it also does their own freeborn from their slaves. With other tribes, either from some connection with the Suevic race, or, as often happens, from imitation, the practice is an occasional one, and restricted to youth. The Suebi, till their heads are grey, affect the fashion of drawing back their unkempt locks, and often they are knotted on the very top of the head. The chiefs have a more elaborate style; so much do they study appearance, but in perfect innocence, not with any thoughts of love-making; but arranging their hair when they go to battle, to make themselves tall and terrible, they adorn themselves, so to speak, for the eyes of the foe”. Cornelius Tacitus: de Origine et Situ Germanorum Liber. – Opera Minora, ed. H. Furneaux, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900. Cornelius Tacitus: Germany and its Tribes. – Complete Works of Tacitus, translated by A. J. Church, W. J. Brodribb, New York: Random House, 1942. As another example of the role of the hairstyle in the Germanic ethnonymy is the name of the Vandalic tribe Hasdingi, etymologizable with help of ONor. haddr ‘woman’s head-hair’, OE heord ‘hair’ (Schönfeld 1911: 129) 6.1.2. Compound: (iii) *(ĝ)-bhor-/-bhro-; (iv) *(ĝ)bh-bhor-/-bhro-. Already Laistner (1892: 31f.) offered to identify the first component with the IE root *gem- ‘drücken, zusammenpressen; fassen’ (IEW: 368f.; LIV²: 186), cf. Gr. γέμω ‘to be full’, γέντο ‘he grasped’. In Germanic this root is continued in two variants, *gemand *gembh-: ONor. kumla ‘quetschen’, Norw. kumla ‘zusammenpressen, kneten; klumpen’, kumsa ‘Gemisch’ vs. OE cimb(e) ‘Verbindung, Fuge’, ONor. kimbull ‘Bündel’ (IEW: 368). 6.1.3. The suffixal derivation in -ris not too typical among the Germanic ethnonyms (e.g. Sugambri, Tungri), and so we prefer the variant in 6.1.2, where the second component seems to be derived from the IE verb *bher- ‘to carry, bear, bring’ (IEW: 128–132; LIV²: 76f.; cf. PGmc. *ƀeranan ‘to bear, carry; give birth’ [EDPG: 59]). An analogous use of the verb *bhercan be shown e.g. in the compound *oi-bhró- > PGmc. *aiƀra- > OHG eibar, eiver ‘scharf, bitter; heftig, schrecklig’, OE āfor ‘vehement, hateful’ (EWAhd 2: 969f.; NIL: 16). Straipsniai / Articles 43 Cimbri et Teutoni A compound consisting of the continuants of the IE roots *gem- + *bher-, PGmc. *kem(ƀ)-/*kum(ƀ)- + *ƀer-, allows us to propose several semantic interpretations: ‘bearing assembly’, ‘bearing union’, or ‘born in assembly’, ‘born in union’ vel sim. 6.2. PGmc. *þeuđa-/*þeuđō-, together with its Baltic, Italic and Celtic cognates, is derivable from Late PIE *teuto-/*teutā-, introduced above (§3.2.). If the continuants of *teutowere neuters, it seems natural to interpret the form *teutā- < *teuteh2as the pl.ntr. = collective. Probably the most exhaustive list of etymological attempts was compiled in EWAhd 2: 687f. 6.2.1. The most frequent etymology, repeated in most handbooks beginning with Fick (1890: 61), derives the word from the root PIE *teuh2- ‘schwellen, stark werden’ (IEW: 1080f.; LIV²: 639f.). 6.2.2. Beekes (1998: 461–465) rejected the derivation from the root PIE *teuh2- ‘schwellen, stark werden’ for both accentological13 and semantic reasons (unmotivated according to him) casting doubt upon the Indo-European origin of *teutā in general and proposed its adoption from some hypothetical substratum, which was identified with the layer of ‘Old European’ hydronymy already by Hans Krahe. While Krahe had no doubts concerning the Indo-European affiliation of ‘Old European’ hydronyms, Beekes explicitly defined both these hydronyms and the lexeme *teutā as non-Indo-European. 6.2.3. McCone (1987: 103, 111, 115f.) offered a new solution, based on the verb, which is continued in Lat. tueor / tuor, inf. tuērī & tuī ‘to look at, watch over’, ppp. tuitum & tūtum, contuērī & contuī ‘to look at, see’, with nominal derivatives as tūtus ‘safe, protected’, tūtor ‘guardian’, tūtēla ‘guardianship, protection’, Tūtānus ‘deity giving protection’, Tūtilīna ‘goddess giving protection’. He derived *teutā from the aniṭ-root *teu- and interpreted it as the collective *‘Dienerschaft [des Königs]’. It is possible to agree with this grammatical identification, as such a semantic motivation would more probably represent the feudal organisation of society at that time than at the time of the ‘Old European’ unity. In any case, McCone initiated the question of whether the root was aniṭ or seṭ. Kümmel (LIV²: 639) reconstructed the root-final laryngeal with regard to Latin tūtus ‘safe, protected’. De Vaan (EDLIL: 632f.) granted the explanation of -ūfrom 13 Beekes (1998: 463) mentioned that in Baltic the loss of the laryngeal should be reflected as the circumflex intonation, i.e. *teuh2teh2 > Baltic *teũtā and the diphthong au was incomprehensible. It seems necessary to bring to mind that there are really forms in Baltic with the expected circumflex, namely Lith. taũtinti ‘nationalen Charakter geben’, taũsti ‘seinem Volkstum abtrünnig werden’, aptaũtėlis ‘Zwerg’; Latv. dial. (Raipole) taûta, ‘kind, species; kin, people, nation’ (see above). 44 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK the diphthong *-eu- or *-ou- in a non-initial syllable. The high number of productive prefixes allows the acceptance of this solution as a real alternative. 6.2.4. Referring to Trier (1942: 239), de Vries (AnEW: 613) also rejected the ‘strong’-etymology (§6.2.1.) and preferred the semantic starting-point based on the primary meaning ‘Gemeinschaft’. In his lemma þjóð ‘people’ he alluded to ONor. þýðr ‘kind, affectionate, affable’, þýða ‘friendship’. These forms are related to OE geðīede ‘good, decent’, OSax. gi-thiudo adv. ‘in a seemly way’, MDu. ge-diede ‘obliging, benevolent’ (*þeuđia-), besides the derived factitive verb attested in Goth. þiuþjan ‘to bless, pronounce good upon’, ONor. þýða ‘to win over, make friends with’, OE geðīedan ‘to join, connect, associate’ (*þeuđianan). Naturally, these extensions in *-iacannot be the source of PGerm. *þeuđō-. There are more primary forms in Goth. þiuþ n. ‘τὸ ἀγαθόν’, i.e. ‘the good’ (*þeuþa-), e.g. in þiuþ taujan ‘to do good’, besides the extended derivatives þiuþeins ‘goodness, generosity’, þiuþeigs ‘good, just, perfect; blessed, praised’ (Feist 1939: 498; GED: 362f.; EDPG: 539), and Runic OHG (i.e. Thuringian?) þiuþ (*þeuþi-), appearing in the formulation þiuþ:ida:x(x?)exxxxa:hahwar ‘Gutes, Ida! ... Hahwar.’ This text was written on the amber perle found in a graveyard (Nordfriedhof) in Weimar. It is dated to AD 550 (Nedoma 2004: 313f.). The closest non-Germanic cognate can be found in OBret. tut ‘good, favorable; ?magician’, MBret. astut ‘misérable, malheureux, chétif’ < *estut < *eks-teuto-; cf. also MWelsh Morgan(t) Tut ‘chief physician of Arthur’s court’ (Fleuriot 1964: 325; EDPG: 539). This ‘friendly’-etymology may be supported by etymologies of the other ethnonyms. One of the most frequent ethnonyms in Europe, Veneti etc. (see Krahe 1942: 137), has been projected into the protoform *uenHetoi, which has been derived from the verb *uenH- ‘liebgewinnen’ (IEW: 1146f.; LIV²: 682f.). The most convincing continuants appear again in the Celtic and Germanic languages: Germanic *ueni- ‘friend’ > ONor. vinr; OE, OFris. wine, OSax., OHG wini ‘id.’ (EDPG: 579). Celtic *ueniā > OIr. fine f. ‘family’; OBret. guen-ceil gl. ‘cognationem’, coguenou gl. ‘indigena’, MBret. gouen(n), Bret. goenn f. ‘race, kind’; Lepontic Uenia (Fleuriot 1964: 112, 188; Lejeune 1971: 429; EDPC: 413). In the Gaulish onomasticon there are many proper names with the component *ueni-, which can be interpreted as ‘member of the clan’, e.g. Ueni-carus, Ueni-clutius, Ueni-lati, Ueni-marus etc. Very interesting is the compound Ουενι-τοουτα [G106]. This meaning is supported by the Gallo-Greek inscription from Vallauris [G-279] ουενικοι μεδου ‘ceux du clan pour Medos’ (DLG3: 313). It is legitimate to ask, if there are any cognates to the Celto-Germanic isogloss *teuto- ‘good, friendly’, naturally, besides the rather remote Lat. tueor. Neumann (apud HEG Straipsniai / Articles 45 Cimbri et Teutoni T-466) identified it in the Hittite verb tušk(iie/a)-zi ‘to be happy, entertain (oneself), play’, tuškari- ‘happiness’, tuškarattand duškatar / duškarann- ‘id.’, dušgarauuant- ‘happy, glad’, if it is analyzed as containing the root *teu- extended by the ške/o-suffix. Kloekhorst (EDHIL: 901f.), who documented the quoted forms, expressed doubts about Neumann’s etymology, but without any counterargument. On the other hand, Kloekhorst himself (EDHIL: 365) accepted the derivation of the Hittite verb ušk/a-zi ‘to wait for, linger’ from the root *h2eu- ‘to see’, plus the same ške/o-suffix. The continuation of the root *teu- without any suffixal extension was identified by Aixenvaľd, Bajun, Ivanov (1987: 122) in the Hittite reduplicated verb duddu- ‘gnädig behandeln’. Let us mention that Georgiev (1966: 36) directly connected Hittite dudduwith tuzzi- ‘army’ etc. and Goth. þiuda ‘people’. Summing up, there is at our disposal the primary verb *teu- ‘to be kind’, confirming the ‘friendly’-etymology of the term *teutā-. 7. CONCLUSION Both ethnonyms discussed here, Teutoni & Cimbri, are analyzed as purely Germanic formations. These names are formed from words of more or less the same meaning, ‘tribe’, and so they might refer to one and the same tribe. But the meaning ‘tribal chieftain’ of the nasal extension PGmc. *þeuđana-, which probably lies at the beginning of the ethnonym Teutoni / Teutones, could be a part of a syntagm consisting of both ethnonyms, *þeuđanōz kumƀrijōn ‘chieftains of tribes’. This solution would also imply that in reality Teutoni & Cimbri represented only one tribe14 or tribal union, perhaps with a leading position among other tribes. 8. POSTSCRIPTUM Morgenstierne (1942: 266) and Szemerényi (1962: 195, fn. 107) extended the comparanda to the following hypothetical Iranian counterparts: Persian toda ‘heap; a rick, stack; a hillock, tumulus; the butt or mark at which arrows are shot’, tod (for toda) ‘hill; top, summit; a heap; a camel’s bunch’ (Steingass 1892: 334) and Sogdian: Buddhist twδ’k, Christian twdy, Manichaean twδyh, ‘heap, 14 In 113 BCE in Noricum happened the first historically documented military conflict between the Romans led by Gnaeus Carbo and Germans, represented just by Cimbri [Strabo 5.1.8; Tacitus, Germania 37]. It must be regarded as rather improbable that the Romans were able to recognize different Germanic tribes from the first moment. 46 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK mass’ (Gharib 1995: n. 9705). Accepting our ‘friendly’-etymology of *teutā, it seems impossible to join them. On the other hand, these Iranian forms could be related to the oronym in Young Avestan Tuδaska- ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’ [Yt. 19.2 .. 4.] (Bartholomae 1904: 655). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The article originated with support of the Research Fund nr. 2817 at Masaryk University, Brno. We are grateful to John Bengtson for his correction of English. We would like to express our thanks to scholars who wrote us their comments, additions and critical remarks, namely Robert Nedoma and Stefan Zimmer. We remain responsible for all mistakes. ABBREVIATIONS acc. – accusative Akk. – Akkadian Alb. – Albanian Alph. Ugar. – Alphabetic Ugaritic Blr. – Belorussian Bret. – Breton Bulg. – Bulgarian Corn. – Cornish CS – Church Slavonic CSlav. – Common Slavic Cz. – Czech Dac. – Dacian Dan. – Danish Du. – Dutch E – English Faer. – Faeroese G – German Gaul. – Gaulish gen. – genitive Goth. – Gothic Gr. – Greek Hebr. – Hebrew Hitt. – Hittite Hung. – Hungarian Icel. – Icelandic inf. – infinitive Lat. – Latin Latv. – Latvian Lith. – Lithuanian Mac. – Macedonian Marruc. – Marrucinian MBret. – Middle Breton MDu. – Middle Dutch Mess. – Messapic MGr. – Middle Greek MHG – Middle High German MLG – Middle Low German MWelsh – Middle Welsh NBret. – New Breton NFris. – North Frisian Norw. – Norwegian OBret. – Old Breton OCS – Old Church Slavonic OCz. – Old Czech OE – Old English OFris. – Old Frisian OHG – Old High German OIcel. – Old Icelandic OIr. – Old Irish OLF – Old Low Franconian OLith. – Old Lithuanian ONor. – Old Norse OPruss. – Old Prussian ORuss. – Old Russian Straipsniai / Articles 47 Cimbri et Teutoni REFERENCES ACS – Holder Alfred 1896–1907: Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz, 3 vols, Leipzig: Teubner. 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Purdy und Roland Schuhmann, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007. Band IV: gâba – hylare, von Albert L. Lloyd und Rosemarie Lühr unter Mitarbeit von Gerlinde Schuhmann, Maria Kozianka, Karen R. Purdy und Roland Schuhmann, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009. Band V: iba – luzzilo, Hrsgg. von Rosemarie Lühr, erarbeitet von Harald Bichlmeier, Maria Kozianka und Roland Schuhmann mit Beiträgen von Albert L. Lloyd unter Mitarbeit von Karen K. Purdy, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014. Band VI: mâda – pûzza, Hrsgg. von Rosemarie Lühr, erarbeitet von Harald Bichlmeier, Maria Kozianka, Roland Schuhmann und Laura Sturm, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2017. Band VII: quaderna – skazzôn, Hrsgg. von Rosemarie Lühr, erarbeitet von Dagmar S. Wodtko (Arbeitsstellenleitung), Harald Bichlmeier, Maria Kozianka und Roland Schuhmann, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020. 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