Priesagos „-ietis, -ė“ vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai

Straipsniai / Articles 293 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Research areas include neology, normative linguistics, and sociolinguistics. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 26 to supplement this Regulation by laying down detailed rules for the application of this Regulation. In the work of the VEDINIAI In Lithuanian: NORMA and VARTOSENOS POKYČIAI Derivatives with the Suffix -ietis, -ė in the Lithuanian Language: Norm and Changes in Use of This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. The article examines the common problems of the codification of the Lithuanian language of the prepositions -ietis, -ė vediniai, reveals the relationship of the coded norms with the polynomials of the current use of these vediniai. According to the formal and semantic foundations of the work, the five prepositions -ietis, -ė of the Vedic groups are discussed. The most important moments of the development of the codification of the Vedic precepts are highlighted and the factors determining the instability and direction of changes in these Vedic norms are indicated. Possible changes to the codification are proposed, which would reduce the contradictions between the codified norms and the usage. The article forms the basis for further deepening the research, based on the systematic characteristics of the prepositions -ietis, -ė and highlights the problems of their codification. ESMINIAI WORDS: the common language, the making of words, the oath, the codification, the making of the oath. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. The article addresses problematic (as far as the codification of the standard Lithuanian language is concerned) derivatives with the suffix -ietis, -ė, reveals the relationship between the codified norms and the trends in the contemporary usage of these derivatives. Five of them. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ 294 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV groups of derivatives with the suffix -ietis, -ė are discussed on the basis of the formal and semantic attributes of their derivational base. The key moments in the development of the codification of the derivatives with the suffix -ietis, -ė are identified and the factors The article lays the foundations for further in-depth research that determine the instability of the norms of these derivatives and the course of their transformation are specified. A number of potential solutions to altering the codification are suggested to minimise the resulting contrast between the codified norm and usage. grounded on the structured attributes of the derivatives with the suffix -ietis, -ė and the highlighted problems of codification. KEYWORDS: standard language, word-formation, suffix, codification, and destandardization. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 26 to supplement this Regulation by laying down detailed rules for the application of this Regulation. In recent decades, globalisation has been driven by the post-standardisation processes of common European languages (see Coupland, Kristiansen 2011: 161176; Ghyselen et al. 7591; Ayres-Bennett 2021: 4950) and Lithuanian (see Miliūnaitė 2019: 129). The boundaries between the common language and non-common variants are not always defined. Whichever version of the changes - the "people's displacement" (demotization) of the common languages, the creation of a new standard (restandartization) or the narrowing of the boundaries of the common languages and the spread of non-common changes (destandartization) - is typical of the various languages, the public space undergoes considerable changes. Due to the common Lithuanian language and the substandard (see Miliūnaitė 2019: 816) of interaction in the public space, including the media, the norm of phrases in the common Lithuanian language has increased in the style of chatting or not. At the same time, this has increased the variability of the public discourse, which, being a natural feature of living language and a driver of change (see Aitchison 2013: 99), in turn raises the question of the change of norms. Because of the inertia inherent in codification, there is often a contradiction between it and the real use, so codification sometimes needs to be reconsidered and arguments that push the boundaries of norms need to be weighed anew. Some normative decisions indicate that the codification is becoming more flexible, legitimizing more of what were bendrinę kalbą galima pagrįsti funkciniu tikslingumu ir iš dalies – vidine lietupreviously considered non-normative, but extremely common variants in loose styles. Their inclusion in the language system is evolving1. 1 For example, in jargon, the prefixes -iokas, -ė (in the classrooms, -ė, grupiokas, -ė, etc.) are considered to be codification changes (eKP: Word contract, prefix -iokas, -ė). This is a list of films released in the United States that feature an actor, actress, or group. (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Articles by Articles 295 Priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai The systematic review of the norms for the production of words in the Lithuanian language was essentially carried out as early as the second half of the 20th century, when preparing the Speech Practice Advice (KPP1 1976; KPP2 1985). The State Commission for Lithuanian Language (VLKK) constantly reviews the norms of spelling, lexicon, grammar, spelling, pronunciation and updates their usage recommendations. The subjects of word making have not been consistently reviewed lately. The aim of the article is to discuss the codification of one of the most problematic […] precepts in terms of norms -ietis, -ė and to examine the relationship of the codified norms with the tendencies of the current usage. To achieve this objective, the following objectives are envisaged: 1) to describe the prepositions -ietis, -ė vethat are outside the norm or in the range dinius ir atskleisti svarbiausias jų darybos, funkcionavimo bei kodifikavimo ypatybes; 2) highlight the factors determining the instability and direction of changes in the norms of the -ietis, -ė prepositions; 3) to raise the most important problems of the codification of the prefix -ietis, -ė and to discuss the possibilities of changing it. At the same time, it is important to systematically cover the whole of the prepositions -ietis, -ė vediniai, so the subject under consideration is broad, and this understanding is limited in the article only to the essential things that can be expanded and specified in further studies. The method of qualitative research applied is the study of a case (with the prefix -ietis, -ė real use and codification condition) in order to present a problem arising from the analysis of the situation. This study covers the analysis of the content of the three main parts of the […] usage, the data descriptions and the language recommendations. The following variables are compared: the structural and functional characteristics of vowels with the prefix -ietis, -ė, the relationship with the common language norm and the argumentation of the norm value; identify their interrelationships and possible directions of change. The data is collected from various digital sources and interneto paieškos įrankį „Google“. Iš itin gausių vartosenos ir knyginės norminamosios literatūros šaltinių šiam straipsniui atrinkti tik esmingiausi faktai ir databases: DVK, RekB, ND, eKP, VLKK, KB2, as well as the use of facts to verify language recommendations. 2 Analyzed information collected from the following sources on the precepts -ietis, -ė vedinius: DVK […] about 100 selected public uses since 1998 facts containing signs of significance for codification); The REC 152 language guidelines have been in place since 1983. […] ND 25 new words; eCP […] 16 vocabulary lizuotų ir 5 bendrosios rekomendacijos iš dviejų kodifikacijos darbų. Konkrečių šaltinių sudarymo principai pateikiami pačių šaltinių aprašuose. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ 296 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXV, also known as the Lithuanian Language Act 1. the normative annexes to the IETIS, […] Other, of circular cross-section The boundaries of the -ietis, -ė Vedic norms are defined by two lines: descriptive grammatical statements describing the normative context, and language pateikiamas nenorminių atvejų vertinimas. Pagrindinėse lietuvių kalbos gramatikose priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai priskirecommendations for the category of personal names according to their origin and place of residence (LKG 1965: 411[…]412; DLKG 2006: 139[…]140). After reviewing the headings of several major Lithuanian-language dictionaries (LKŽe, DLKŽ7, BŽ), it can pamatiniai šių vedinių žodžiai gali būti miestų (Kaunas → kaunietis, -ė), miestebe seen that the names of villages (Gudiškiai → gudiškietis, -ė) or the names of larger objects […] administrative units (villages […] kaimietis, -ė; cities […] mietietis, -ė), regions (Suvalkija […] suvalkietis, - valstijas), continents (Canada […] kanadietis, -ė), continents (Europe […] europietis, -ė), other places […] are used. So the basic word is the semantically well-defined group of verifiable and generic nouns […] the name of the person's origin or place of residence. In loose styles, there are also unusual singular verbs that maintain a semantic connection between the root word and the place name, such as: O repylus penkerius metelius for a bag of flour, a man has gone through such "group of countries" academies that it is not easy to take a "serious business"! (Jurgis) What are you doing? This Decision shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. In addition, the aforementioned grammars indicate the presence of other prepositions of this preposition: Here it is also possible to mention and compare the prepositions -ietis, -ė vedinius (usually novadarus), which indicate not the person's connection with the place (usually said as a real, rather common main object), but his belonging (his own activity, blood, kinship...) to an ideological collective, group of people or group, e.g. -lietis, -ė, -ė, -ė, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē. (Luke 23:34, 35) This is especially true of those who are temporarily imprisoned. The root word can be the compound for the grotto or the moat, although this LKŽ is associated only with the church environment (r. Other, of circular cross-section, of iron or steel The second place is separated from the grottoes: the liuosius and semantic features and belonging to the category of making. According to these characteristics, as well as the Bobnyčios užgrotis). Articles and articles 297 Priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai Atskiresni are those Vedinis (usually newcomers) who mark not a person's connection to a place, but his belonging (his ideology, activities, blood relationship...) to some group of people or so on, e.g. a family member, a family member, a family member, a family member, a family member. (DLKG 2006: 140) Thus, grammar essentially fixes the possibility of other categories of actions, but does not clearly define them, marking the novelty and "diversity" of such Vedas. In today's world, they are much more varied and are no longer new or widespread, but rather plentiful. 2. In the case of fish in the sea - This Agreement, - Other, of a thickness Aprašomuosiuose ir norminamuosiuose veikaluose priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniams daryti pažymimi keli apribojimai5, atsižvelgiant į darybos pamato formaproblematic relationship with the norms of the common language, the prepositions -ietis, -ė vedinus that function in the vortose can be divided into several groups. At the end of the 20th century, the Lithuanian language's vocabulary has developed prepositions -ietis, -ė vedinių, the basis of which is not a grammatical noun, but a noun. There are very few of these Vedas that actually work, but they are widespread, not only in everyday speech, but also in the media: gerietis, -ė (good + -ietis) […]who does good, behaves well[…] and blogietis, -ė (blogas + -ietis) […]who does bad, behaves badly[…]. For example: 4 The term "marriage" is used in this article because the majority of words with the prefix -ietis, -ė are new words that have emerged in a marriage-like manner. The term derivatives is used only Name the mixed words discussed in chapter 2.2. 5 It is not just the prepositions -ietis and -ė vediniai that are associated with the grammatical and semantic limitations of the basis of the work. This is a rare expression of the production of Lithuanian words. For example, a number of such limitations are found in the highly productive adjective-making prefix -inis, -ė (see Kniūkšta 1976: 755 for details). RITA MILIŪNAITĖ 298 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXV [...] rašytojas, pasitelkęs stebuklinės pasakos tradicijas, pamažu ištrina didaktinę „gethe scheme of rivers and marshes. (Lithuanian Aida, 1998-10-17, DVK) […]Is he a drunkard or a liar? my mother used to listen. (Literature and Art, 2007-05-25, DVK) This phobia is very common among men who do not want to be seen as bad by the woman with whom they initially establish intimate contact and then leave and return to their ex. (lrytas.lt, 2011-11-10, DVK) […]But not all viruses are bad. Without a certain type of virus, we would not be able to survive the category […] not of names of persons according to origin and belonging, but of names of people with surname characteristics. Thus, not ti, nes kai kurie naudojami biotechnologijoje vakcinoms kurti“, – aiškina biologijos mokytoja. (delfi.lt, 2020-04-19, DVK) Darybos pamatas šiuo atveju lemia ir tokių vedinių priklausymą kitai daryonly individuals but also some living or coexisting beings can be named. In terms of the work, these prepositions -ietis, -ė vediniai are similar to the normative prepositions -uolis, -ė vedinius (e.g. geruolis, -ė; smarkuolis, -ė, baikštuolis, -ė, etc.). Since the early 1990s, the term "Vocabulary" has been used in a variety of contexts, including in a number of publications and articles on the topic of vocabulary. The reasoning is that the prefix -ietis, -ė is used to name people according to their place of residence or origin, and in order to emphasize the abundance of human goodness or badness, this prefix is not suitable for weddings (RekB 1992, 1999). Mention and limitation of the basis of action: with the prefix -ietis, -ė in the common language, no adverbs are used from adverbs (VLKK KB). The following correspondences are provided: blogietis, -ė ntk. = blogasis, -oji; the blog, -ė; the blog, -ė; the following table is inserted: The good, the good, the good. the geruolis, the -ė; good, -ė; The data from Vartosen shows that these correspondences are attempted to be implemented in the language of edited publications, but not always systematically. There are also variations pačiame tekste: The studio manager, out of desperation, signs a contract with an almost animation classic and turns on the green light not only for the good guys Rocky and Bulbinkle, but also for the bad guys, without whom this movie wouldn't be. This Decision shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Straipsniai / Articles 299 Priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai Unfortunate marriages are still common in free styles (in everyday speech, electronic communication, etc.). One of the reasons for their abundance is that the correspondences provided, especially the badger, the -es, do not always seem appropriate to the users of the language, they sound artificial, for example: Test Gyvenime esate geriukas ar blogiukas? (Lietuvos žinios, 2001-08-18, DVK) for subscribers: do you know at least 9 of the 12 most famous movie […]blogs[…]? (15min.lt, 2021-06-30, DVK) This is a list of people who have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Vedinys blogietis, -ė often has a strong negative semantic load (for example, when naming works for adult actors), and the corresponding blogs, -ė, blogutis, -ė are made with diminutive suffixes; prefixes -uolis, -ė vediniai often mean positive qualities (e.g. worker, craftsman, gracious, and so on). Bad, good, or bad adjectives are also not always appropriate in a sentence. Thus, the weighting indicates that the standard provided is not particularly sustainable. What is the way out of the codification? In order to maintain the systematic nature of the basis and meaning of the spoken Vedas, the common language of such Vedas, which is semantically very limited, should continue to be disregarded as a norm […] to leave them to the substandard. When looking for adequate matches, the possibilities of making words in Lithuanian language should be used more. There are several adjectives with a diminutive meaning (see ZDV): blogūnas, -ė, blogišius, -ė (ND) and kt. In Vartosen, there is a mixture of the adjective "adjective" and the adjective "adjective" in the adjective "adjective" and the adjective "adjective" in the adjective "adjective" in the adjective "adjective" in the adjective "adjective" in the adjective "adjective" in the adjective "adjective" in the adjective "adjective" in the adjective "adjective" in the adjective "adjective". In addition, there is a variant of the same meaning with the prefix -ininkas, -ė: freedman, -ė. 2009: 341). Pavyzdžiui, į ND įtrauktas naujažodis laisvarinkietis, -ė (‘laisvosios RITA MILIŪNAITĖ 300 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXV For example, keturvėjininkas, -ė, pelėkautai and kt. (Keinys 1999: 23), and its "role in the production of Lithuanian words is quite small" (Urbutis 2009: 341). These descriptions reflect the normative 20th-century usage of the Lithuanian language. However, at that time, such works spread […] not without the influence of the Russian language, so there are many corrections in the publications of the practice of the Soviet language. KPP1 includes one recommendation limiting the age limit: person names should be composed of two-word names of residential and workplaces. Typical examples from the Soviet period are the newcomer and the red-starred (KPP1 1976: 88). The same recommendation is repeated for compound words, only the definition is somewhat expanded (KPP1 1976: 255): [Nevart.] 1. compound. names of persons made from two-word and traveller's words alive- (additional -ietis and sudurtin words in namųjų arba darbo vietų, įstaigų, įmonių arba organizacijų pavadinimų“. KPP2 ši rekomendacija kiek koreguota ir taip pat pateikta dviejose vietose articles), to earlier examples added metalconstructionis (KPP2 1985: 89; 283): 1) -ietis […] nevart. for personal names from two-word collective or place names: newcomer (= member of the […]New Life[…] collective), red-starred (= factory worker of […]Red Star[…]). (2) The wording. This is III. The accessories. 3. Persons who are conspicuous. words made up of two or more words from the names of places of residence or work, institutions, enterprises or organisations: newcomer (inhabitant of New Vilnius), newcomer (employee of the […]New Life[…] kolūkietis, […]New Life[…] kolūki member), red-star artist (worker of the […]Red Star[…]), metal-constructionist (worker of the metal factory). Prepositions -ietis, -ė from workplaces, collective names predominate in typical examples. Only one word […] naujavilnietis is corrected from the names of settlements in the travels. In the United States, the term is used to refer to a person or group of people who have been mendacija panaši, tik, be naujavilniečio, pridėti dar du dariniai – iš dvižodžio gyvenamosios vietos pavadinimo ir iš žodžių junginio vaikų namai, kuris reiškia identified by the U.S. Department of State as a member of the armed forces.The term was coined in the 1970s by the Russian-language dictionary, the Red Army, and the Red Army Dictionary. Articles by Articles 301 Priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai 2.3. Neteiktini sudurtiniai žodžiai 2.3.1. Personal pronouns -ietis, -ietė words, made from the names of two or more dwellings, places of work, institutions, companies or organizations, e.g. naujavilnietis (= resident of New Vilnius), kazlųrūdietis (= resident of Kazlų Rūdos, kazlinis), vaiknamietis (= home educator of children). There are doubtful artifacts of this type in the present-day vault. Liutkevičienė 2008: 80 […] 102) was born in the village of 1) Dariniai asmenims pavadinti su priesaga -ietis, -ė sudaromi iš keliažodžių tiek Lietuvos, tiek kitų šalių gyvenamųjų vietų pavadinimų (plačiau žr. Liutkevičienė. It is usually translated in two ways: (a) the names of persons consist only of the second word, so that the prefix -ietis, -ė vedinys does not violate the norm in this case, e.g. Kudirkos Naumiestis – naumiestietis, -ė8 (RekB, DLKŽ); Marshal of the Marshall Islands […] Marshal, -ė (VGP); East Timor […] timorietis, -ė (PGV), also known as East Timor; (b) the limits of the codified norm are violated when the names of persons are composed of both compound words roots or sometimes of the first whole word. VAT fixed at: Kazlų Rūda […] Kazlųrūdietis, -ė10, Naujoji Akmenė […] The new stone, -ė, Naujoji Vilnia […] The new village, -ė New Orleans […] New Orleans, New Zealand […] New Zealand, New Zealand […] New Zealand, New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand 8 The prefixes -iškis, -ė vedinys: naumiestiškis, -ė (DLKŽ) are used to refer to the inhabitants of the lower Naumieski or surrounding area. 9 This case does not cover derivatives composed of traveller's place names, the first of which is unpronounceable, since such a compound name is conditionally treated as a mononym, e.g. This Decision shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Costa Rica […] coastguard, […], San Marino […], Sanmarini, […] and the like (VGP). 10 It is true that the VLKK KB makes an exception for this word: […]siūlomas kazlinis (a monosyllabic name is often needed in Vartoseno) did not come, the inhabitants of Kazlų Rūdas used kazlųrūdietį, so kazlųrūdietis could be regarded as an exception to the rules[…]. [viewed on 27 August 2021] 11 Only the compound name resident of New Zealand is included in the VGP list, but the title of the BZ also includes new Zealanders (until no article), so codification changes can be expected. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ Linguistica Lithuaniana LXXV: The Semantic Field of the Vedic Groups in the pačių vietovardžių sudaromi su priesaga -ietis, -ė (pvz., salantiečiai) (Simonaitytė 1979: 40). Išeinant iš sovietinės sistemos ir ėmus kurtis privatiems ūkiams, šio Twenty-first Century How many names of people belonging to collectives with the prefix -ietis, -ė from place names are relevant today, it seems, has not been studied more widely. 2) personal names made from collective (sports, art, publishing houses, publishing houses, etc.) symbolic names. This subgroup of personal names is very numerous and is constantly being updated. In the Soviet era, such verbs were also promoted by values from Russian, where they have the prefix -ец, and in Lithuanian, for example, other forms of verbs […]užgožia were created, primarily verbs with the prefix -ininkas (Simonaitytė 1979: 41). In the early post-Soviet period, the DVK recorded many similar examples (often as copying names), e.g. (members of the […]Santara-Šviesa[…] organization), actors plekšniečiai (menininkų „Plekšnės“ klubo nariai), hermiečiai (banko „Hermis“ darbuotojai), respublikiečiai – dienraščio „Respublika“ darbuotojai, santariečiai ([…]Vilosaid[…] theater actors) and so on. They are still common in today's world, e.g. pegasiečiai (members of the bookstore network […]Pegasus[…] club, ND), bohemiečiai (opera art troupe […] based on the first opera built […]Bohema[…], ND) and kt. 3) Personal names made from pronouns (rečiau […] adjectives) that are combined into the names of companies and indicate their production; Such marriages in the Soviet era were unusual and often unjustified, e.g. hydraulietis, -ė (hydraulic gear factory) (Simonaitytė 1979: 42 […] 43). For the purposes of this Annex, the following definitions shall apply: After the restoration of independence in Lithuania, companies with non-Lithuanian or hybrid names appeared. As the employees of these companies are called, separate research based on surveys should be carried out. 4) personal names made from personal names, which are used to refer to collectives, movements, etc., e.g. chiurlionieci (educators of the secondary art school of Chiurlion), janonieci (workers of the paper factory of Janonio). According to V. Simonaitytė, this is a "new, unusual expression of language"; can help him spread the Russian language" (Simonaitytė 1979: 42). In the Soviet-era recommendations, it is corrected to kudirkietis, -ė (= kudirkaitis, -ė; kudirkininkas, -ė; kudirkinukas, -ė), maironietis, -ė (= maironaitis, -ė) (RekB 1989) and the like, as well as to the surname-derived patronymics or followers of philosophical schools, e.g. berklietis (= berklininkas) (RekB 1987). After the restoration of independence, various religious associations were revived, and their names were changed: birutietės (= birutininkės), uršulietės (= uršulininkės), zitietės (= zitininkės) (RekB 1994, 1996). There are also personal names derived from personal names in the Shi'a liturgical calendar, e.g. (DVK): daukantiečiai (1. Vilnius Simon Daukanto Gymnasium is located in Vilnius. Straipsniai / Articles 309 Priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai Members of the Simona Daukanto bibliophile club and others, members of the 1st Vyduno Society, teachers of the 2nd Šilutė Vyduno Gymnasium, etc. They also tend to compete with other wedding vows. The DVK fixed pupils (the pupils of the art school of Čurlion), the new pupils (the pupils of the music gymnasium of Kaunas Juozo Naujalio). 5) personal names made from the common names of various collectives and organizations, e.g. kindergarten, -ė (teacher of kindergarten), publisher, -ė (the dyklos darbuotojas), švietimietis, -ė (liaudies švietimo darbuotojas) ir pan. (Simonaitytė 1979: 43). Darželiečiai (greta varianto darželinukai) ir švietimiečiai plačiai paplitę ir šiandieninėje vartosenoje, nors rekomendacijose aiškinta, latter is a Russian-language enlightenment translator (RekB 1990). It is recognized as having legalized exceptions (ansamblietis, tautietis), but the multiplication of such exceptional works is not intended (RekB 1992). Vartosenoe ensembles still compete with the established variants of ensembles. As noted by S. Keinys, the standard variant of railwayman, -e was already provided by the 1926 State Competition Commission, and its terminus railwayman, -e was rejected because in Lithuanian language the term is used for persons according to their field of work or activity, as well as the place, its device, object and place of work. The main Lithuanian-language dictionaries provide the prefix -ininkas, -ė vedinį as the main variant (LKŽe) or as the only norm17, which is the only one provided in the terminology to use, but in the liberal style dictionary these two vediniai are still competing. An unsuccessful attempt was made to correct the words olympietis, -ė (= Olympian, -ė, Olympian, -ė), border, -ė (= border guard, -ė; border guard, -ė) (RekB 1993, 1996, 2000). Olympietis, -ė was not added to DLKŽ, said only Olympiadidininkas, -ė ninkas, -ė, tačiau dabartinėje vartosenoje šių žodžių reikšmės išsiskyrė: olimpiameans "student" or "student", "participant of the scientific Olympiad", and Olympietis, -ė […] "participant of the Olympic Games" and "inhabitant of Mount Olympus in Greece", one of the gods of ancient Greek mythology (BZ). Pasieniet, -ę was initially recommended to be used only for border residents, but in the main tyti abiejų variantų konkurencija ir nusistovintis teikimas šį vedinį vartoti reikšme ‘šalies pasienio sargybos karys’ (DLKŽ7). Dar plg.: klubietis, -ė ‘klubo narys’ vartosenoje dažnesnis už variantą klubininkas, -ė (ND). Tai rodo, kad priesagos dictionaries, ma- -ietis, -ė vediniai is often used to refer to members of various collectives as a stronger competitor. 17 See also : DLKZ from the 3rd edition (1993) provided by: railwayman, -ė ntk. = railwayman. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXV 310 is the first of its kind in Lithuania. 6) The name of the party members is attached to the name of the members of the public movements. In the main dictionaries, only the word partietis is recorded, -ė with the reference žr. The participants of the social movement […] Lithuanian Reform Union […], which emerged on the eve of the restoration of Lithuania's independence, are still often referred to as "sujudists", although this term is often used and competes with the official word "sujudists", and sometimes with the negative connotation "sujudists"18. After the restoration of Lithuanian independence and the simultaneous revival of the enemy's living parties, as well as the establishment of new ones, their members are usually called by the prefix -ietis, -ė vediniai, made from the names of the parties or their separate words, e.g.19: workers (members of the Lithuanian Democratic Labour Party, later members of the Labour Party); members of the Taoist Resurrection Party; administrators (members of the "Tvarka and Justice" party); members of the "Liberation" party (20) and kt. See also: participants of the march […] event […]Great family defense march[…] and its surrounding movement21 In general, the formation of party names, the competition of their variants is a prospective subject of separate studies. The entire service of the married group […] the names of the persons according to the marriage on some common basis […] is the most complicated in terms of norms both due to the acquisition of new married work. jusių išimčių, tiek dėl ribų tarp normos ir klaidos nykimo, tiek dėl nuolatinio ir As written in one recommendation, the prepositions -ietis, -ė and -ininkas, -ė are […]reikšmių sistema suardyta[…] (RekB 1996). Thus, the current year-round marks a long-term process of […] increase in productivity and expansion of production possibilities, while moving away from the codified norm. In the more than one hundred years since the development of the common language norms, in some cases the codification has been smooth, should be assessed in the tačiau keli ryškūs vartosenos polinkiai jai iki šiol prieštarauja. Kodifikacija turėtų atspindėti tik bendruosius realiosios normos polinkius, o konkretūs vediniai light of the competing characteristics of each of them. This Decision shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. 150; 161–162. 19 The names of parties that were fixed by the DVK and the ND are also given, but the parties themselves have not remained for a long time. There are 20 variants of the party's name: libertarians, libertarians, libertarians. There are 21 variants of the name for the members of this movement: marshal, marshal, marshal, marshal, marshal, marshal. 22 For the productivity of the concept of words in the work, see Urbutis 2009: 309 […] 314. This is the first time that the Commission has been able to obtain information on this matter. In the case of a trial, it is important to be able to make new marriages with this appendix. Articles of the Treaty Articles 311 Priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai (often, the tradition of normalization, the separation of a new meaning or its stylistic-functional shade, etc.). 2.5. Appendices -ietis, -ė vediniai to the names of some persons according to place of residence or origin Normal prepositions -ietis, -ė vediniai are just right for naming people according to their place of residence or origin. In some eastern highlands of the northeast and adjacent slopes, the traditional use is to clean, to clean, to clean, and so on. However, unlike the common language, this appendix is not very characteristic of languages (Norkaitienė, Girdenis 1987: 13). Other prefixes are common in different regions of Lithuania, for example -ėnas, -ė; - I know, I know. - the owner; - and - and - one, - one and kt. For example, the suffixes -škis, -ė vediniai (telšiškis, -ė; salantiškis, -ė; tauragiškis, -ė and kt.) are particularly characteristic of the lowlanders, and the suffix -ėnas, -ė (anykštėnas, -ė; kupiškėnas, -ė; užpalėnas, -ė and kt.) is common in eastern Lithuania. Due to the productivity of the prefix -ietis, -ė and the external factor of […] widespread migration, this diversity of prepositions disappears along with traditional bar dažniausiai ir linkstama daryti tokius pavadinimus (apeinant ir 2.3 skyriuje aptartą formalųjį apribojimą). Todėl vartosenoje atsiranda konkuruojančių vaterminology. With it, for example, the link, the -ė […] link, the -ė, the telšiškis, the -ė […] telšietis, the -ė and so on. Both Soviet and recent decades' language recommendations advise to keep authentic in common language the different precepts or endings of marriages typical of the various regions of Lithuania, which usually also mean the mos šnektos atstovą, pavyzdžiui: 1) -ėnas, -ė: anykštėnas, -ė ‘Anykščių ar jo apylinkių gyventojas’; corresponding ridge, -ė ‘a resident of Biržų or its surroundings; ratnyčėnas, -ė ‘resident of the village of Ratnyčia; 2) -iskis, -ė: speaker, -ė […]resident of Kelmė or its surroundings[…]; skuodiškis, -ė […]resident of Skudo or its surroundings[…]; Nidist, -ė […]old resident of Nidos[…]; "inhabitant of the village of Ventes" It's you. It seems to us that for the time being skaudviliškis, -ė ‘Skaudvilės ar jos apylinkių gyventojas’; 3) -ininkas, -ė: this division would be rather artificial, broken by language through (4) the following: RITA MILIŪNAITĖ 312 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXV linkuvis, -ė "resident of Linkuva or its surroundings" Šeduvis, -ė […]resident of Šeduva or its surroundings[…]; 5) -inis, -ė: old marijampolinis, -ė | marijampolietis, -ė […]resident of Marijampolė or its surroundings[…]; old man, -ė […] shakietis, -ė […] resident of Šakių or its surroundings[…]; f) -is, -ė: baisogalis, -ė […]resident of Baisogalos or its surroundings[…]. In the language recommendations of the second half of the 20th century, there is a tendency to distinguish the traditional names of the aforementioned inhabitants from the names of the inhabitants of cities and other larger settlements. In other words, if we are talking about the inhabitants of a city or town, the prepositions -ietis, -ė vediniai can be used, and if it is necessary to emphasize the origin of the place and the word or phrase, the traditional prepositions of other prepositions are used. Pl. kupiškietis, -ė ‘resident of the city of Kupiškio, -a and kupiškėnas, -ė ‘resident of Kupiškio and its surroundings, studying the local šnektą. Milda Norkaitienė and Aleksas Girdenis wrote in the magazine Our Language (Norkaitienė, Girdenis 1987: 1315): In those stanzas that have more than one prefix, their vowels are tended to be assigned according to meaning. For example, in high-altitude areas, the prefixes -ėnas, -ė vediniai may refer to a person from a particular neighborhood or village, and -iškis, -ė or -ietis, -ė vediniai […] to an inhabitant of the respective town or city [...]. Ką daryti su dvejopų vedinių reikšminio skaidymosi polinkiu, sunku dabar pasakyprievartą – jį galėtume pagrįsti tik tais atsitikimais, kai vienas iš vedinių yra specialus mokslo terminas. So the relationship between these precepts -ietis, -ė vedinių and their variants is not sustainable, it's a long-term process that continues to this day. Clear systems are also not found in standardized dictionaries (DLKŽ, BŽ). The direction of the changes indicates the level of expression and may be as much corrected by codification, while maintaining both authentic local names and reinforcing the names of the verbs as linguistic terms. Other, of a fat content, by weight 1.The normative prepositions -ietis, -ė vediniai in the main grammars of the Lithuanian language assign the names of persons according to their origin and Articles of the Treaty Priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai place of residence to the category of creation, while the sources of codification indicate certain limitations of the basis of creation. The data of the current Lithuanian usage and language recommendations show that the prepositions -ietis, -ė vediniai, which actually function, do not always correspond to the codified norm, so there is a contradiction between codification and usage. 2.The diversity of the present -ietis, -ė vowels reflects the long-term process of expansion of the possibilities of this vowel, i.e. the regularity and abundance of vowels, despite the norms enshrined in the grammar. This process has been reinforced in European countries in the last decade by a particularly strong wave of post-standardization, leading to the "shrinking" of common languages, the disappearance of the boundaries between standard and non-standard changes. 2.1. In the Vartosene, the basis for the creation of the prepositions -ietis, -ė becomes more complex and varied than is indicated in the descriptive grammars: these Vedas are made not only from the creation of a simple syllable, but also from more complex basic words, such as kamien, in one case […] not only from nouns, but also from adjectives. 2.2. Part of the prefix -ietis, -ė vedinių belongs to the category of grammatically indicated names of persons according to their origin and place of residence, and the other to the category of names of persons with […] surname characteristics. 2.3. This process is accompanied by a lot of varied competition, in which the prefixes -ietis, -ė usually tend to take a stronger position and acquire a more prominent position. This is determined by the productivity of the precepts, the principle of the economy of the language (kazlųrūdietis, -ė more convenient than the inhabitant of Kazlų Rūdos, -a), and in some cases the distinctiveness (olympiadininkas, -ė nelygu olimpietis, -ė). 3. on the basis of the formal features and semantics of the basic words, as well as the belonging of the Vedic words to different categories of word production, it is possible to distinguish five problematic prepositions -ietis, -ė Vedic groups in terms of codification. At the same time, given the complexity of the word-making system, the frequency of usage and the direction of changes, several coding review solutions can be proposed. 3.1.Codification is opposed by the formation of personal names from travel associations […] according to the place of residence or belonging to the community of the person (e.g., kazlųrūdietis, -ė, naujazelandietis, -ė). Codification is delicate (and this has already been done in an exceptional way), because the change in the context is natural and functionally targeted due to the economy of language. 3.2.Codification is opposed to the use of names of inhabitants from state names with -ija daryba (kinietis, -ė), whereas the traditional non-native name (kinas, -ė) is available. The current codification structure will be maintained, based on the principle of norm stability. 3.3. the problem, without defining the norms, is the grouping of persons on some basis (profession, field of activity, organisation, collective, etc.) RITA MILIŪNAITĖ 314 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXV pavadinimų daryba (švietimietis, -ė; darželietis, -ė; maironietis, -ė; laisvietis, -ė). Since codification recognizes some exceptions and exceptions, and there are many such Vedas in the world today, a search for clearer criteria to broaden and more clearly define the boundaries of norms is being carried out. 3.4. Additional -ietis, -ė vediniai levels reflect regional differences in the traditional names of persons by place of residence (salantietis, -ė salantiškis, -ė). Traditionally, the other precepts that have become established are the Vedic codifications. where the changes in usage are due to the influence of 4. Per daugiau kaip šimtą bendrinės kalbos normų raidos metų susiklosčiusi priesagos -ietis, -ė vedinių kodifikacija turėtų geriau atliepti natūralius vartosenoje išryškėjančius žodžių darybos polinkius. Kodifikacijos stabilumas išlaikyother languages and do not have a systematic and functional basis in the Lithuanian language itself. ŠALTINIAI BŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, red. kolegija D. Liutkevičienė, D. Murmulaitytė, V. Sakalauskienė, A. Gritėnienė, A. Gaidienė, D. Daugirdienė, L. Jonušys, vyr. red. D. Liutkevičienė. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lki.lt/bendrines-lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas [žiūrėta 2021-09-01–09-30]. DKKS – Didžiųjų kalbos klaidų sąrašas. Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos patvirtintas 1997-12-18. Nr. 68. 2019-01-31 nutarimas atšauktas. Prieiga internete: https:// www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.E6FA99389109. DLKG 2006 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, 4-oji pataisyta laida, red. V. Ambrazas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. DLKŽ6 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vyr. red. S. Keinys, 6-asis (3-iasis e.) leidimas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2006. DLKŽ7 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vyr. red. S. Keinys, 7-asis (4-asis e.) leidimas, atnaujinta versija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2017. Prieiga internete: ekalba.lki.lt/dabartines-lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas. DVK – Dabartinės vartosenos kartoteka, asmeninis e. išteklius. eKP – Kalbos patarimai. Kalbos rekomendacijų duomenynas, sud. R. Miliūnaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2021. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/kalbos-patarimai/ [žiūrėta 2021-09-16]. Straipsniai / Articles 315 Priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai KP 1939 – Kalbos patarėjas, par. L. Dambrauskas, red. A. Salys, P. Skardžius, Kaunas: Lietuvių kalbos draugija. KPP1 1976 – Kalbos praktikos patarimai, sud. A. Pupkis, aut. A. Paulauskienė, V. Labutis, A. Pupkis, J. Šukys, A. Vanagas, J. Žemaitis, Vilnius: Mokslas. KPP2 1985 – Kalbos praktikos patarimai, sud. A. Pupkis, vyr. red. Z. Zinkevičius, aut. A. Paulauskienė, V. Labutis, A. Pupkis, J. Šukys, A. Vanagas, J. Žemaitis, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKG – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 2, vyr. red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (1941–2002), red. kolegija G. Naktinienė, J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, e. variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008 (atnaujinta versija, 2017). Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas. ND – Miliūnaitė R., Aleksaitė A. Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas [Tęstinis internetinis žinynas nuo 2011 m.], sud. R. Miliūnaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/naujazodziai [žiūrėta 2021-10-02]. RekB – Kalbos rekomendacijų kompiuterinė bazė. [Netiražuota kompaktinė plokštelė], Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2006. VGP – Rekomendacija „Dėl valstybių gyventojų pavadinimų“. Patvirtinta Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos 2008-10-02 protokoliniu nutarimu Nr. PN-6; paskutinį kartą keista 20201221, Nr. PN11. Prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/ svetimvardziai/valstybiu-gyventoju-pavadinimai [žiūrėta 2021-09-01]. VLKK KB – Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos kalbos konsultacijų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/konsultacijos. ŽDV – Murmulaitytė D., Aleksaitė A. Žodžių darybos vedlys. [Elektroninis išteklius], Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2021. Prieiga internete: ekalba.lt/zodziu-darybos-vedlys/ [žiūrėta 2021-09-10]. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ The Acta Linguistica 316 Lithuanian LXXXV In the field of literature Aitchison Jean 2013: Language change: progress or decay? This is the fourth edition, Cambridge: This is the Cambridge University Press. Ayres-Bennett, Wendy, 2021: Modeling Language Standardization (MLS) is the first of its kind in the world. The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics), eds. by W. Ayres-Bennett, J. Bellamy, Cambridge: Cambridge University The press, 2764. Balchic's Jewelry (1978) is a collection of short stories. A. Pupkis, Vilnius: Science and technology Coupland Nikolas, Kristiansen Tore 2011: SLICE: Critical Perspectives on Language (De) standardization. This is the first time that this has been done. Standard Languages and Language Standards in a Changing Europe, eds. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Čižik-Prokaševa Veslava 2018: The court of appeal is established in the Lithuanian language. This Decision shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. The study of standard language dynamics in Europe. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the Akcinė „Ryto“ bendrovė, 1935, 147–173. Keinys Stasys 1975: Priesaginė lietuviškų terminų daryba. – Lietuvių kalbotyros European Union. John of Jablonez was born in 1914 in Riga, Russia. It's a matter of speech. […] Annex to the Hope 3, 81[…]94; 4 118[…]128. See also: Jablonski's writings 4. Subjects of speech, ed. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas: Questions 16: Lithuanian terminology, 7 and 56. Keinys Stasys 1999: Lithuanian language word-making company, Šiauliai: Šiauliai University publishing house. The 2000 Keynes Station: Some Answers to Questions. The railway worker, October 16, Kniūkšta Pranas 1976: The characteristics of Priesagos. The work, the meanings, the grammatical synonyms, Vilnius: Science. Liutkevičienė Danutė 2001: About the names of nationalities and inhabitants with the prefix -ietis, -ė. Culture of the language 74, 60[…]64. It is available on the Internet at: http: www.bendrinekalba.lt or at Straipsniai.pdf. Liutkevičienė Danutė 2008: Names and surnames of the inhabitants of the states. Language culture 81, 80 and 102. It is available on the Internet at: http: www.bendrinekalba.lt or at Straipsniai/81://Liutkeviciene_KK_81_straipsnis.pdf. Miliūnaitė Rita 2019: A community of Lithuanian language in the context of post-standardization of European languages. […] The company speaks 92, 1[…]29. It is available on the Internet at: http: www.bendrinekalba.lt/Straipsniai/92/Miliunaite_BK_92_straipsnis.pdf. This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Articles of the Treaty Priesagos -ietis, -ė vediniai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje: norma ir vartosenos pokyčiai Murmulaitytė Daiva 2016: New names of persons in terms of construction and semantic aspect. […] Lithuanian language 10, 1[…]22. It is available on the Internet at: https: www.zurnalai.vu.lt or in Lithuanian at: article/view/22591/21824. Norkaitienė Milda, Girdenis Aleksas 1987: On the naming of persons by gender venamąją vietą. – Mūsų kalba 1, 13–15. Piročkinas Arnoldas 1986: Jono Jablonskio kalbos taisymai, Kaunas: Šviesa. Piročkinas Arnoldas 1990: Administracinės kalbos kultūra, Vilnius: Mintis. Simonaitytė Vida 1979: The -ietis of Priesagos, -ė are adjectives in the spelling of Soviet years. […] Culture of the language 36, 38[…]44. It is available on the Internet at: http: www.bendrinekalba.lt or Straipsniai.html Simonaityte_KK_36_straipsnis.pdf. The book is published by the Institute for the Theory of Word Processing, 2nd edition, Vilnius: Institute for Science and Encyclopedias Publishing. Derivatives with the Suffix -ietis, -ė in the Lithuanian Language: Norm and Changes in Use of Summary The object of the article is the derivatives with the suffix -ietis, -ė, which are problematic as from the point of view of the codification of the standard Lithuanian language. As far their formation is concerned, normative derivatives with this suffix in the mainstream grammars of the Lithuanian language are classified as personal names based on the person's place of origin or residence. Codification sources also point to certain restrictions of the derivational base. The derivatives with the suffix -ietis, -ė that are actually in use in the contemporary Lithuanian language do not always conform to the codified norm. Based on the formal and semantic attributes of the derivative base, there are five groups of derivatives with the suffix -ietis, -ė that fall outside or exist in the margins of the codified norm. The key moments in the development of the codification of derivatives are highlighted and the factors that determine the instability of the norms of these derivatives and the course of their transformation are specified. The usage data have been collected in the databases and other digital resources listed among the references. The variety of derivatives with the suffix -ietis, -ė in use reflects the expansion of the derivational potential of this suffix […] the regularity of derivatives and the increase in their number regardless of the traditional norms rooted in grammars […] a process that has been taking place for years. The derivative base of the derivatives with the suffix