Precedent Proper Names and Their Intercultural Transfer

Straipsniai / Articles 119 ROMAN VASKO Kyiv National Linguistic University ORCID id: orcid.org / 0000-0002-6499-2972 Fields of interest: diachronic phonology of the Germanic languages, linguistic processes of semiotization of primary material and spiritual culture artifacts, history of ancient civilizations, history of Sumerian and Akkadian writing, intercultural communication, etc. ALLA KOROLYOVA Kyiv National Linguistic University ORCID id: orcid.org / 0000-0001-5541-5914 Fields of interest: linguistic anthropology, linguoand macrocomparative studies, Indo-European linguistics, combinatorial semantics, intercultural transfer. TETIANA TOLCHEIEVA National Pedagogical Dragomanov University ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0002-9535-9248 Fields of interest: significant artefacts, precedent metaphors, theory of conceptual integration, mythonyms. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/all87-06 PRECEDENT PROPER NAMES AND THEIR INTERCULTURAL TRANSFER Precedentiniai tikriniai vardai ir jų tarpkultūrinis perkėlimas ANNOTATION The article deals with the problem of intercultural transfer of global and precedent proper names as reduced intertexts, which are signs and symbols in an outgoing culture ROMAN VASKO, ALLA KOROLYOVA, TETIANA TOLCHEIEVA 120 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXVII and transmit new senses in perceiving cultures. As a general research idea, we suggest distinguishing the concept of intercultural transfer as a way of transmitting information of a difference in time, nature, and intercultural communication. It involves the study of the specifics of linguistic phenomena in contacting cultures to ensure the effectiveness of communication. Special attention is paid to the study of correlation of the related but not identical concepts – precedent and intertextual. The first is associated with the linguistic form of the embodiment of the stereotype in the form of a proper name, which is a conductor or source of fixing information in a reduced form. The second one is characterized by the ability to accumulate information by reflecting on reality and extracting it from other texts in a broad sense. The primacy of the precedent of a proper name in proto-culture and the secondary nature of its intertextual character with infinite reproducibility of new senses have been established. The origin of precedent proper names and their role as linguocultural sources and intertextual information has been determined. Due to their figurativeness, the main types of proper names are transformed in modern mass culture, which contributes to the formalization of the proper names’ semiotics and actualization of their iconicity. The ultimate goal of the proper name’s form is the pragmatic impact on the recipient of the information in the initial linguoculture and in the process of intercultural transfer. KEYWORDS: precedent proper names, intercultural transfer, intertextuality, reduced intertext, semiotics of proper names, contacting linguocultures. ANOTACIJA Straipsnyje analizuojama tarptautinių ir precedentinių tikrinių vardų, kaip redukuotų intertekstų, kurie yra tam tikros pirminės kultūros ženklai ir simboliai, perduodantys naujas prasmes priimančioms kultūroms, tarpkultūrinio perkėlimo problema. Pagal bendrąją tyrimo idėją, siūlome išskirti tarpkultūrinio perkėlimo sąvoką kaip laiko, pobūdžio ir tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos prasme skirtingos informacijos perdavimo būdą. Tai taip pat apima ir kalbinių reiškinių specifiškumo tyrimą sąveikaujančiose kultūrose tam, kad būtų užtikrintas komunikacijos efektyvumas. Daug dėmesio skiriama susijusių, bet neidentiškų sąvokų – precedentinis ir intertekstualus – koreliacijai. Pirmoji sąvoka yra susijusi su kalbine stereotipo įkūnijimo forma, išreiškiama tikriniu vardu, kuri yra informacijos užfiksavimo redukuota forma laidininkas ar šaltinis. Antroji sąvoka yra apibrėžiama kaip gebėjimas sukaupti informaciją reflektuojant realybę ir surenkant ją iš kitų tekstų plačiąja prasme. Straipsnyje nustatytas tikrinio vardo precedentiškumo pirmumas pirminėje kultūroje ir antrinis jo intertekstualumo pobūdis su neribota naujų prasmių kūrimo galimybe. Straipsniai / Articles 121 Precedent Proper Names and Their Intercultural Transfer Straipsnyje nustatyta precedentinių tikrinių vardų kilmė ir jų, kaip lingvokultūrinių šaltinių ir intertekstinės informacijos, vaidmuo. Pagrindinių tikrinių vardų tipų vaizdingumas leidžia juos transformuoti šiuolaikinėje masinėje kultūroje, o tai prisideda prie tikrinių vardų semiotikos formalizavimo ir jų ikoniškumo aktualizavimo. Galutinis tikrinio vardo formos tikslas yra pragmatinis informacijos poveikis adresatui pirminėje lingvokultūroje ir tarpkultūrinio perdavimo procese. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: precedentiniai tikriniai vardai, tarpkultūrinis perkėlimas, intertekstualumas, redukuotas intertekstas, tikrinių vardų semiotika, sąveikaujančios lingvokultūros. INTRODUCTION Cognitive onomastics (Karpenko 2010, 2015; Jurka 2009) is one of the new branches of cognitive linguistics. The main task of cognitive onomastics is to develop theoretical fundamentals and methodological procedures aimed at studying the mechanisms of mentalization of proper names/onyms (Héois 2020; Vaxelaire 2016) both in the individual and in the collective language consciousness of representatives of a certain linguistic culture. It is the possession of background knowledge that is part of the cognitive base and has an invariant character, it “allows the individual, according to D. B. Gudkov, to navigate in the space of linguoculture and comply with its norms and rules” (2003). The basis of such knowledge in the cognitive base of linguoculture is precedent phenomena (Bahan 2014; Kal’čenko 2014; Saxaruk 2011, etc.). Without going into the history of the development of the theory of the precedent, we will briefly dwell only on those points that correspond to the classification of phenomena related to the precedent. At the same time, we note that the methodology for studying these phenomena began to be actively developed only at the end of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century. In our opinion, the term “precedent text” was most widely used. It rapidly acquired a number of doublets, including the identifier “precedent” in its composition. And the more actively this series was replenished, the more clearly the need for their differentiation matured. Over time, the term “precedent phenomenon” was proposed as a hypernym for all hyponyms with the identifier “precedent”. The review of scientific literature shows that the following hyponyms are the most common ones: 1) “precedent text”, 2) “precedent situation”, 3) “precedent statement” and 4) “precedent proper name”. ROMAN VASKO, ALLA KOROLYOVA, TETIANA TOLCHEIEVA 122 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXVII Recently, we have been witnessing the approbation of the term “precedent world”, for example, in the work of Genadij G. Slyškin’s Linguocultural concepts and metaconcepts (2004: 154). The scientist defines the precedent world as a set of individual precedent phenomena (names, statements, situations), 1) ascending to a single source, 2) perceived by native speakers as interconnected, 3) regularly updated in various combinations with each other (Slyškin 2004: 154). At the same time, G. G. Slyškin believes that an appeal to precedent worlds makes it possible to convey more complex cultural meanings than an appeal to individual precedent phenomena. However, such a statement, in our opinion, is not convincing enough, since each of the above types of precedent phenomena (names, statements, situations) equally meets the above three conditions and contributes to the transmission of a complex semantic content. To argue our point of view, we present the definitions available in the scientific literature for each of the four hyponyms of precedent phenomena, taking into account our correction. A “precedent text” is a complex sign familiar to a representative of the linguoculture, the appeal to which is often resumed in the process of communication with the help of statements and symbols associated with this text. A “precedent situation” is a kind of prototype situation with connotations characteristic of its stereotype. A “precedent statement” is a piece of speech containing a well-known quotation. A “precedent proper name” is an individual name associated either with its widely known quotations and even entire texts that have become precedent or with situations known to representatives of the linguoculture. As for the precedent proper name, it is easy to see that its scientific scope is closely related to the previous three types of precedent phenomena. Let us just point out the fact that today in the works on onomastics one can observe the activation of various options for testing the term “precedent proper names”, such as “precedent onyms” (Naximova 2011), “precedent toponyms” (Berezovič 2009), etc., what we will talk about below in the research part of the article and, in particular, that the theory of precedence is the foundation for the theory of intertextuality. Thus, returning to the question of the essence of the term “precedent world” in the view of G. G. Slyškin, there is every reason to assert that complex meanings do not translate to the actual precedent phenomena, but those that have acquired an intertextual status (both individually and in combination with each other). In connection with such a statement of the problem, the question arises: is every proper name a precedent? The answer to this question is obvious if we consider that the precedence of the onym is due to its cognitive-semiotic function, and subsequently to the potential ability to generate and reproduce intertextual meanings in the space of the original linguoculture. If a proper Straipsniai / Articles 123 Precedent Proper Names and Their Intercultural Transfer name migrates to another linguoculture, then in the process of transferring its intertextual meanings, it acquires an international, i.e. global, character. In the process of transferization, the onyms of the original linguoculture undergo significant changes in the form and meaning in the receiving culture up to their replacement, but at the same time, they do not lose their intertextual links with the donor. Due to these connections, internationalization or globalization of onyms takes place. The scientific idea formulated in the article is relevant and promising for the further development of the theoretical provisions of modern cognitive onomastics whose representatives (Karpenko 2015 and others), on the one hand, convince us that onyms have not only semantics but also conceptual features and even frame structure, on the other hand, special attention is paid to the disclosure of their meanings as precedent phenomena of linguoculture (Bahan 2014: 44‒45). Precedent phenomena are able to play the role of stereotyping knowledge both within the same linguocultural space and in the process of intercultural transfer. The purpose of the article is to consider proper names as precedent phenomena of the original linguoculture and their ability to generate new meanings in the process and as a result of intercultural transfer in the receiving linguocultures. The objectives of the article: – to clarify the relationship between the terms “precedence” and “intertextuality”, “intertextuality” and “intertext”; – to introduce the term “onymic intertext” into the scientific apparatus of cognitive onomastics; – to develop a methodological algorithm for the analysis of the three phases of intercultural transfer of precedent proper names; – based on the examples of the analysis of proper names, to reveal their precedent, intertextual and global nature updated in the process and as a result of intercultural transfer; – to trace new trends associated with the stage of formal semiotization of precedent proper names. 1. RELATIONSHIP OF THE CONCEPTS OF PRECEDENCE, INTERTEXTUALITY AND INTERTEXT The process of globalization of all spheres of life in every society today requires a more thorough study of the national and cultural characteristics ROMAN VASKO, ALLA KOROLYOVA, TETIANA TOLCHEIEVA 124 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXVII of intercultural communication, as well as the process of knowledge transfer, the so-called “transfer” (Proskurin, Proskurina 2017). Usually, two types of intercultural transfer are distinguished: communication itself and knowledge transfer. Communication is always carried out in synchrony, in the same time period, and the transfer of knowledge involves an additional appeal to already accumulated knowledge related to different time periods, events, etc. These statements indicate that both communication and knowledge transfer border on such phenomena as precedent, which is based on the stereotype of ideas about fragments and objects of the surrounding world and their verbalization in national linguocultures, and intertextuality, which is primarily associated with the reflection of cultural contacts between generations. Intertextuality, according to Jurij M. Lotman, is a kind of “semiotic memory of culture”, which is characterized not only by the accumulation of new information through the knowledge of fragments of reality but also by the trajectories of its extraction from existing texts (2001: 213). In this regard, he emphasized (Lotman 2001: 213) that “the text does not exist on its own, but it is necessarily placed in historical, real or conditional contexts […]; thus, the perception of the text outside this background is not possible. Considering intertextuality as a key tool for the transfer of meanings, the origins of which go back to fragments of different times, let us turn to the definition of Vladimir N. Toporov, who called the text as a kind of “diachronic matrix” (Toporov 1987), in the construction of which another text is highlighted. The material embodiment of the process of intertextuality is the intertext containing links with the donor text and its semantic potential/the so-called invariant (Rjabinina 2007). One of the types of such intertext in its folded form is a proper name/onym. Being signs of precedent texts, precedent situations and precedent statements, proper names gain popularity in linguoculture and, thus, become actualizers of new meanings in the structure of ready-made intertexts. In this case, they already perform a cognitive-semiotic function as culturally motivated markers of significant events, facts, and situations, assigning a secondary role to the identification function, i.e. labels. In the process of intercultural transfer, a proper name independently as a folded intertext (to designate it in the article we propose a new term onymic intertext) with already acquired symbolism and semantic load in the outgoing linguoculture or as a component of the intertext in the receiving linguoculture radiates new meanings and acquires an international, so-called global, character due to its original precedence. The onymic intertext, therefore, is “a product of the transformation of another text” (Kristeva 1995: 99), which necessarily goes through the stage of precedence in one of the contacting cultures, which later Straipsniai / Articles 125 Precedent Proper Names and Their Intercultural Transfer serves as a generator of new meanings in a given direction and time. In other words, it is a guideline for the production of new meanings on the basis of a ready-made precedent. Discussing the ontology of intertext and linking it with the environment of existence of cultural concepts, Jurij S. Stepanov (2001: 3) points out that “intertext is only the first language floor of the result of the interaction of texts. The next “floors” consist of unreadable constructs – concepts, images, ideas – “mental worlds” or their components. In other words, acting as markers of prototexts at the language level, intertextual inclusions at the cognitive level appeal to the cognitive base of the creators of meanings. In a broad sense, intertext is a complex sign of the original linguoculture and the frequency reproduction of phrases (winged sayings, statements of famous personalities, quotations, etc.) from the discourses of a particular linguoculture. We find a similar definition of intertext in Galina V. Denisova, who also defines this construct as the result of referring to significant events or cultural facts that have become precedent, as well as to quotes from famous personalities (2003: 77). On this occasion, Boris M. Gasparov wrote: “[...] language activity is carried out as a continuous stream of citation, which is extracted from the conglomerate of language memory. This quotation fund is filled with units of varying degrees of completeness – communicative fragments that are stored in memory as its stationary parts and with which the speaker operates when creating and interpreting meanings” (Gasparov 1996: 14). Majkl Riffater (1980) called intertext an invariant of a given structuralsemantic model, the variants of which are primarily constructed in the original linguoculture within the framework of codes characteristic of it. At the same time, linguoculture is considered a space of value meanings created by its representatives in the process of their perception of the world, and its codes as secondary sign systems, where various material means are used for their verbalization (Kovšova 2009: 241). The coded value meaning forms a system of linguoculture codes and, in general, a language worldview, which reflects the worldview of a particular society (Ibid.). As for onymic intertexts, according to our preliminary observations, in their figurative meaning, they represent a transfer of a precedent winged saying with an onymic component of semantics and its inherent linguocultural information to create and translate a new intertextual meaning both within the original linguoculture and in the contacting language worldview. Regarding the presence of precedent characteristics in winged sayings orphraseological units in a broad sense, the discussion is still ongoing. In this regard, the arguments of Viktor P. Grigor’ev (2000: 578‒580) are of special interest, because they are the well-known winged sayings related to the so-called ROMAN VASKO, ALLA KOROLYOVA, TETIANA TOLCHEIEVA 126 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXVII “trans” phraseology which are a new group of candidates for intertexts”. Grigor’ev also notes that “the time for the concept of transnational phraseology may not have come yet, but the prerequisites for discussing its intertextual code have already matured” (2000: 578‒580). And if we follow our assumptions that precedence is a cognitive basis for creating intertextual meanings, and taking into account the above definitions for the four types of precedent phenomena, then the answer is obviously in favour of the precedent status of such a type of onymic intertexts as winged sayings. In addition, since most of the winged sayings/phrases reflect the stereotypes of national consciousness, their precedence is an obligatory propositional phase of intertextuality. In the situation with the precedent proper names of global nature, it is intertextuality that plays the role of a translator of meanings that have passed the test of time and exist throughout the life of many peoples in the form of a special transcultural code. And it is no coincidence that intertextuality is considered a broadcast code of world culture – a system of traditional values for humanity, both material and spiritual (Vasko, Korolyova 2021). To search for the trajectories of the emergence of intertextual meanings on the cognitive basis of precedent proper names and their further analysis with the reconstruction of the primary content in the original linguoculture and its further transfer to the receiving linguocultures, a comprehensive methodological approach, and relevant methods and techniques are proposed, which are described in the next paragraph. 2. METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING THE INTERCULTURAL TRANSFER OF PRECEDENT PROPER NAMES Using the term intercultural communication, researchers understand it as “the process of communication of language personalities who belong to different linguocultural communities and demonstrate differences […]” (Gudkov 2003a: 51), while representatives of the theory of intercultural transfer develop methods for analyzing interferences, hybridizations, transformations that manifest themselves when the meanings of both simultaneous and non-temporal phenomena of contacting cultures come into contact. Based on the theoretical prerequisites for studying the processes and results of intercultural transfer, one should apply those methods and techniques that are aimed primarily at reconstructing the trajectories of the “cultural movement” of meanings. Straipsniai / Articles 127 Precedent Proper Names and Their Intercultural Transfer Today, the discussion continues about the need to improve the methodological procedure for analyzing the ways of transforming those conceptual meanings that arise when they are “imported” and “exported” from one culture to another since it is not so much the national-specific differences of a particular culture (which are given special attention in the theory of intercultural communication), but rather many revealed trajectories of migration of meanings (which are important for the theory of intercultural transfer). The traced directions of the formation of new meanings of precedent proper names in the receiving cultures primarily reflect their intertextual nature, since they are the result of a blending (combination) of fragments containing these culturally significant phenomena already in the new linguocultural space. A comprehensive methodology for analyzing precedent proper names in the original linguoculture and generating new intertextual meanings on their cognitive basis in the process of their transfer to the receiving linguoculture includes several mandatory steps using the interpretive-contextual method, the comparative method, the linguopragmatic method, and the component analysis method. Let us present the methodology developed by us for analyzing the trajectories of the emergence of new intertextual meanings for precedent proper names in the process of their intercultural transfer. As it was noted, the mechanism of penetration of artifacts of one culture into another is launched with the participation of the so-called historical and cultural “mediators” (origins, sources) that transfer knowledge/meaning/information to another context of perception. Such intermediaries are, according to the generalized remarks of Elena L. Berezovič (2009), Marija È. Rut (2001; 2008), Irina F. Zavarins’ka (2022), sources of linguocultural motivation with their prototypes, among which a special place is occupied by literary, ancient, religious and biblical proper names, which have become, in our opinion, international precedent phenomena in the process of broad transferization. Their transfer to another cultural system is a dynamic process consisting of three main phases: selection, transfer and reception, which underlie the proposed methodology for studying precedence, intertextuality and internationality of proper names. The first stage is a phase of selection of a precedent proper name in the original linguoculture, which involves the reconstruction of the sources and origins of the linguocultural motivation for the precedence of proper names with the further analysis of their compliance with the criteria of precedent phenomena. As a result of such operational actions, a decision on the motive will be proposed. It serves as the source for the further creation of quotations, allusions, reminiscences as a new type of knowledge and ready-made onymic intertexts. ROMAN VASKO, ALLA KOROLYOVA, TETIANA TOLCHEIEVA 134 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXVII modern intericonicity, the pragmatic potential of onymic intercultural signs is determined not by their meaning and place in protoculture, but by their well-known and effective impact. In this case, the effect of the impact is more important than the meaning of the message. Mass culture exploits only that part of the semantics of an intercultural sign that is associated with a stereotype, simplifying complex and multidimensional phenomena. 5. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we note that proper names are able to act as precedent phenomena and subsequently generate intertextual meanings in their folded form. Gaining wide popularity in linguistic culture, precedent proper names are often used as components of intertexts. To designate this type of intertexts, a new term is proposed – onymic intertext, which is the carrier of linguocultural information, the origins of which go back to various events and facts, and the sources – to literature, mythology, religion, and other texts. The precedent and intertextual nature of proper names ensures their participation in intercultural transfer, as a result of which new meanings arise in the host linguistic culture. At the same time, it is not so much the national and cultural specificity of the onymic intertext as a sign of the original linguistic culture that is significant, but the trajectory of extracting new information from the origins and sources of the receiving linguistic culture. However, as the analyzed data material shows, over time, the linguistic culture information of a precedent proper name may lose its former motivational basis. 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Straipsniai / Articles 139 Precedent Proper Names and Their Intercultural Transfer Precedentiniai tikriniai vardai ir jų tarpkultūrinis perkėlimas SANTRAUKA Straipsnyje analizuojama precedentinių tikrinių vardų, kaip oniminių intertekstų, kurie yra pirminės lingvokultūros ženklai-simboliai, perkeliantys naujas reikšmes į priimančias kultūras, tarpkultūrinio perkėlimo problema. Daug dėmesio skiriama susijusių, bet neidentiškų sąvokų, tokių kaip precedentiškumas, kuris yra siejamas su kalbine stereotipo įkūnijimo forma, šiuo atveju išreiškiama tikriniu vardu, ir intertekstualumas, kuris struktūruoja iš įvairių tekstų ateinančią informaciją, koreliacijai. Straipsnyje nustatytas tikrinio vardo precedentiškumo pirmumas pirminėje kultūroje ir antrinis jo intertekstualumo pobūdis. Straipsnyje apibrėžiamas tikrinių vardų precedentiškumo kilmės ir jų intertekstinės informacijos šaltinių vaidmuo. Iškeliama ši prielaida: šiuolaikinė masinė kultūra pasižymi tikrinių vardų semiotikos formalizavimu, ikoniškumo aktualizavimu ir pragmatine formos įtaka informacijos adresatui tiek pirminėje lingvokultūroje, tiek tarpkultūrinio perkėlimo metu. Įteikta 2022 m. rugsėjo 7 d. ROMAN VASKO Kyiv National Linguistic University 73, Velyka Vasylkivska Str. 03150, Ukraine, Kyiv [email protected] ALLA KOROLYOVA Kyiv National Linguistic University 73, Velyka Vasylkivska Str. 03150, Ukraine, Kyiv [email protected] TETIANA TOLCHEIEVA National Pedagogical Dragomanov University 9, Pyrohova Str. 01601, Ukraine, Kyiv Kreoma.t[email protected]om