Laimutis Bilkis. Linkmenų bažnyčios XVIII amžiaus metrikų oikonimai, neišlikę iki šių dienų

Recenzijos / Reviews 335 VYTAUTAS KARDELIS Vilniaus universitetas Research areas include dialectology, dialectometry, variation in language, history of language, cognitive semantics. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Not less than € 5 Moving Churches 18th century Metric I don't think I'm going to make it this far. The day Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2023, page 183 This Decision shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. In the same year, at the end of 2023, a senior researcher of the Institute of Lithuanian Language, the Baltic Languages and Vardino Research Center, Dr. Dien, Laimučio Bilkio, profesionalaus ir kruopštaus lietuvių vietovardžių tyrėjo, monografija Linkmenų bažnyčios XVIII amžiaus metrikų oikonimai, neišlikę iki šių was published. The Monograph of the First Mentions in the Sources of History is dedicated to the 650th Anniversary of the First Mentions in the Sources of History. It has been published in electronic form and is available to readers online at: https: lki.lt/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/laimu tisbilkis-linkmenu-oikonimai-monograph-2023.pdf. At the top of the 183-page monograph is a photograph of the […] Liñkmenų church, taken by the author of the monograph himself. In the text itself there are illustrations, for example, an interesting fragment of the map of the parishes of Utenas, Labanor, Suvainiškio, Linkmenų and Kuktiškių (p. 13), the tops of the 1740-1760 baptismal and connective metric books of the Linkmenų church (Lkm II, LJn II) (p. 1812), as well as fragments of the metric books. There are also summaries of supplementary and illustrative statistical diagrams. It is interesting to note that the Metric books of the Church of the Ascension were handed over to the author of the monograph 20 years ago by the researcher of historical toponymy, Vidas Garliauskas. VYTAUTAS KARDELIS 336 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC that the study appeared in the year 2023, when Liñkmenys celebrates the beautiful jubilee […] 650th anniversary of the mention of history in the sources. Therefore, as the author himself says: […][p]ristatomas research, among other things, is also a modest attempt to contribute to the disclosure, analysis and publication of little-known facts of the history of the noble town and its surroundings[…] (p. 9). The monograph consists of the Practice Guide, which provides an overview of the research, explains the importance and motives for choosing the object of the research, and indicates the purpose, tasks, scope and methodology of the work. The most important, analytical and investigative part of the monograph consists of four chapters: "Oikonimai of Vietovardine origin", "Oikonimai of Asmenvardine origin", "Oikonimai of Apeliatyvinė origin" and "Oikonimai of Neaiški origin". The first chapter also divides into such sections: "Oikonimai, named after vanished settlements from the waters", "Oikonimai, named after now existing or former settlements of the interwar period, to be used variably", "Oikonimai, named after the status of the Neaiška waters", "Oikonimai, named after Oronimin". Subdivisions of the second section: Oikonimai, named after disappeared settlements, Variantly used oikonimai, named after existing settlements, Neaiškaus statuso oikonimai. The third chapter is divided into the following sections: Oikonimai, named after disappeared settlements, Variantly used oikonimai, named after existing settlements, Neaiškaus statuso oikonimai. The fourth chapter is not divided into sections. In addition, the first, second and third chapters end with summaries. At the end of the monograph, summaries and specific conclusions are provided. Sources and used literature are also added, there is a list of abbreviations, a summary in English, place names and personal pronouns. The monograph contains the entire scientific apparatus required for such works. The scope of the work meets the requirements of the monograph. The language of the monograph is scientific, fluent and regular. The structure of the monograph is well-defined, clear and consistent: in the first three chapters, the origins are discussed, the extinct settlements are named, the variations of the current settlements are named, and the status of the settlements is unclear. Each chapter ends with a summary, where the aforementioned statistical diagrams are presented for clarity and clarity. The review of the studies is brief, but it is sufficient for a monograph. The aim of the work is to identify the extinct, i.e. the ones that have not survived to the present day, eighteenth-century oikonims of the parishes of Liñkmenai, to reveal the peculiarities of their development and origins, thereby supplementing the inventory of Lithuanian place names with new data (16 p.). In order to implement the monograph, the following tasks are set out: 1) to select the names of settlements in the metric books of the Church of the Crosses covering the specified period, which do not have correspondences between the Lithuanian and Laimutis Bilkis. Linkmenų bažnyčios XVIII amžiaus metrikų oikonimai, neišlikę iki šių dienų Reviews of the book 337 (either the name of the extinct settlement, or a variant of the surviving name), the beginning of use, the reason for the disappearance, the nature of the change, discuss the most important features of the spelling, analyze the work and describe the links with the basis of the origin with checks and common words […] (16 pages). By not going into the details, it can only be stated that the purpose of the study has been achieved, the tasks set have been fulfilled. The methods of study are as follows: descriptive, reconstruction, statistical analysis is used to support the conclusions. The chosen methods are in principle applied properly. Taking into account the objectives, tasks and methods of the study, as well as the analysis carried out, the summaries of the sections of the monograph and the conclusions of the final study are beyond doubt. Although this is more of a technical detail, it is a very accurate list of place names and personal names, which greatly facilitates the reader's work. It is not enough to say that the analysis was carried out correctly and reasonably, even if there are essential objections or important substantive remarks that might disturb local language researchers or linguists of other specialisations who read the study. It is commendable that the author of the monograph devoted himself to the research of the historical name. It is well known that research into historical terminology requires not only great diligence, care and patience in collecting empirical material, but also appropriate competence in linguistically examining the material. As just mentioned, the author of the monograph essentially settled with these tasks. Another unfortunate circumstance here was that all 18th-century (and later) church metrics were destroyed. In the church of Liñkmen are kept (or preserved) the following books of metrics: 1708-1940 years of baptism (LkmKrI) and 1716-1739 years of baptism (LkmJnI), 1740-1760 years of baptism (LkmKrII) and baptism (LkmJnII), 1760-1795 years of baptism (LkmJnIII) and 1760-1790 years of death (LkmMr 1760-1790). This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. the later oikonimija; 2) […]In terms of the possibilities of establishing their localization, status, the monograph of this colleague Laimutius Bilkio is, in my opinion, important not only in the study of place names and not only in the traditional linguistic context (although one of the objectives, as already mentioned: […]to identify the most important features of the spelling, analyze the work and describe the relationship with the basis of the origin with verifiable and common words[…] (p. 16). It's not just spelling, writing and etymology. It is important and a joy that the monograph is not kept in a room whose interior is only linguistic. More importantly, and to my delight, the monograph, despite its strong structure, clear analysis, and understandable results, is not an exhaustive study of a subject that has been pushed to its limits. The most important and the most exciting thing is that the monograph opens up and leaves research perspectives, raises questions and problems that will still need a lot of attention in the future. For me personally, several aspects of future research perspectives were important and interesting. The first of these is historical sociolinguistics, primarily related to clergymen who filled metric books. I'm going to put a long quote here: […]It's possible that it wasn't written by a single clergyman, because it's reflected in some of the inscriptions. In the 17th century, it was written by Kazimierz Goniecki. VYTAUTAS KARDELIS 338 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC also known as Several other people were baptized later: Antony Rosa (born 1731, Jacob Casimir Sadowski (born 1732); Stepan Wrozbitowicz (born 1738); Franciscus Lassota (born 1738); Peter Pliskin (born 1739); Nicholas Toplick (born 1739) Not only Kazimierz Szukewicz's writings were recorded by LkmKrII. The following is a list of notable people who have been awarded the Order of St. John of the Cross: Gregory the Great, Duke of Milan, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence, Duke of Florence. On the other hand, it cannot be ruled out that in some cases the records may have been made not by the clergy themselves, but by other persons who handled church affairs. (pages 17 and 18). Oikonimai monograph reliably analyzed on the basis of the traditional structural principle: phonetics, morphology, work. It is very important that the variety of place names is shown and emphasised. And the question arises from the variance, how much of the variations of the oikon are determined by structural factors and how much by the writer. This is, in my view, a difficult and not very grateful, but important perspective for the study of historical sociolinguistics. It may be difficult to expect that there would be any data on the education, language proficiency, or biographical data of the people who made the records, but sometimes the archives reveal the most extraordinary surprises. Since the sociolinguistic aspect is interesting and important, I will try to show it with one example: the usual phonetic terms in the monograph are written in brackets, e.g. monoftongization. In the twenty-fourth note, the author gets out of the situation: […][O]ikonim writers' spelling characteristics consider the terms naming the subjects ([…]monoftongization[…], […]distant assimilation[…], […]assimilation[…], […]hypernormalization[…], […]uniformization[…]) are presented with hooves, because these are not natural phonetic phenomena occurring in living speech[…] (p. 30). But here, I think, is the perspective of the study: Aren't these really the natural phonetic phenomena that occur in living language? If so, then the focus turns to the scribes: what conditions, what motives, what contexts could have caused the variance? Another perspective aspect of historical socioling related to the Slavicisation of place names is directly related to these issues. The author uses this term many times in the text and, it should be understood, does not doubt the process itself, e.g. […][R]constructed Laimutis Bilkis. Linkmenų bažnyčios XVIII amžiaus metrikų oikonimai, neišlikę iki šių dienų Reviews of Reviews 339 Taking into account the ways of glorification, Latinization1 and other distortions of names already highlighted in many Lithuanian historical toponymy and anthroponymics works, specific cases of other names are discussed by analyzing the spelling of individual names. It seems to me that this is not so simple, because glorification is a process, so it is a realistic prospect to look at the natural phonetic phenomena in living language, the spelling, the intentions of the scribes (if possible), the contexts of glorification […] more broadly and the relationships specific to Linkmen […]. The second important aspect, which does not neglect the historical sociolinguistic aspect just discussed, is the variability of place names. I have already mentioned that an important advantage of the monograph is that a lot of attention is paid to variation: not only to varying phonetic or morphological forms, but […] this is especially important […] to varyingly used oikonims. This analysis is useful not only in the local sense, but is important for broader theoretical studies of place names and even for studies of ethnogenesis. Examples: *Kalviai, *Kavoliai ((lit. kálvis, kavõlius, kavõlis) […] now Cijõnai (p. 101[…]102, 134) […] if there were no evidence of such variation, it would be easy to assume that Cijonai is an old, original place name, and its etymology supported by sociolingvist interpretation could lead to misunderstandings. And in general, there are two questions related to the variation of place names: 1) Why did one of the variegated (concurrent?) place names disappear? The author provides the most reasoned and convincing answers to this question in the conclusion. This question, of course, is easier than the second difficult one: 2) Why are there in general competing variants of place names? The author believes that the abundance of […][I]storic variants was most likely due to the fact that they were written in metrics from the language of life (heard from the local inhabitants who participated in the ceremonies), were not normalized, unified, codified. We can agree with the speculation of other researchers that variation could also be found due to the use of separate names of settlement parts (single villages, plots) (p. 133). That's true, but as far as I'm concerned, this is just the tip of the iceberg, because I dare say that the emergence of variance is a very complex phenomenon. The metric fillers can be remembered as one of the additives of this complex. However, it would be possible to see what the current situation is […] whether place names in today's living language also vary? So I see a lot of prospects for future research here. As a technical tool, the following method of analysis might be appropriate: in the part of the monograph being studied, the icons of all books are examined together. Such a choice by the author is entirely possible and understandable. In the future, it might be possible to think of an alternative: to group the oikonimas and their variants according to books and compare them with each other. 1 The Parisian man […] V. K. VYTAUTAS KARDELIS 340 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Ir paskutinė su perspektyvomis susijusi mintis: monografijoje įdėta 1812 mefragments of that parish map. It would be very interesting and valuable to see the whole map, and even more interesting would be a modern map, where you could see the icons that have not survived to this day and their geographical relationship with the current ones […] and all this in digital format! It is not difficult to understand that the topics discussed here are not the ones missing from the monograph. They are like guidelines by which the author of the monograph selflessly marks the future research pathway for himself and other researchers. The monograph of colleague Laimučius Bilkio is undoubtedly valuable and interesting not only for researchers of oikonimi, but also for dialectologists, historians of language, researchers of ethnogenesis, historians. As a layman myself, I am delighted with this work of my colleague and look forward to continuing the successful research on the 18th-century metrics of the Linkmen's Church. Delivered on 6 May 2024 VYTAUTAS KARDELIS Vilniaus universitetas Faculty of Philology The Department of Lithuanian Language of the Institute of Speech and Language at the University of Vilnius, LT-01131 Vilnius, Lithuania vytautas.karde[email protected]