Semic Composition Modulations of Quantitatives in the Phrasemes of English (Methodical Practices of Analysis)

Straipsniai / Articles 251 SERHII VASKO The Department of Germanic and Finno-Ugric Philology at Kyiv National Linguistic University ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-0754 Fields of reserch: phrasemic semiosis, cognitive semantics, semantic modulation, phrasemic quantitativity. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/all90-10 SEMIC COMPOSITION MODULATIONS OF QUANTITATIVES IN THE PHRASEMES OF ENGLISH (METHODICAL PRACTICES OF ANALYSIS) Kiekybinių rodiklių seminės kompozicijos moduliacijos anglų kalbos frazėse (analizės metodinės praktikos) ANNOTATION The article examines the process and result of semantic modulation of English quantitatives, which they necessarily undergo when affected by phrasemic context. The definition of the concept of semantic modulation is clarified at the background of the processes of semantic derivation and semantic transposition. A new comprehensive methodology for the analysis of modulation changes in phrasemic quantitatives of the English language is proposed, which, in addition to the traditional methods of decomposing the meaning into its components and detecting semes (integral, differential and gradational), includes automated tools of the computer program “Acrobat Reader” for searching the studied units in the electronic dictionaries of the English language. The expediency of adhering to the methodological principles of anthropocentrism and isomorphism of language and culture to study changes in the semantic structure of phrasemic quantitatives is substantiated. Componential analysis of the semantic structure of quantitatives has been carried out and the nature of the semic components’ redistribution in it under the influence of the phrasemic context has been SERHII VASKO 252 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC revealed. The correlation between the activity of phrasemic quantitatives and the processes of semantic modulation has been established. KEYWORDS: phrasemes of English, quantitative component of semantics, componential analysis technique, seme, semantic modulation of quantitatives, quantitatives with semantics of counting, quantity and measurement. ANOTACIJA Straipsnyje aptariamas anglų kalbos kiekybinių žodžių semantinės moduliacijos, kurią jie neišvengiamai patiria veikiami frazeminio konteksto, procesas ir rezultatas. Semantinės moduliacijos sąvokos apibrėžtis paaiškinama semantinės derivacijos ir semantinio perkėlimo procesų fone. Pristatoma nauja išsami anglų kalbos frazeminių kiekybinių moduliacijos pokyčių analizės metodika, kuri, be tradicinių reikšmės skaidymo į komponentus ir semų (integralinės, diferencinės ir gradacinės) nustatymo metodų, apima automatizuotus kompiuterinės programos „Acrobat Reader“ įrankius, skirtus tiriamų vienetų paieškai elektroniniuose anglų kalbos žodynuose. Pagrindžiamas antropocentrizmo ir kalbos bei kultūros izomorfizmo metodologinių principų laikymosi tikslingumas tiriant frazeminių kiekybinių žodžių semantinės struktūros pokyčius. Atlikta kiekybinių reikšmių semantinės struktūros komponentinė analizė ir atskleistas seminių komponentų persitvarkymo joje pobūdis veikiant frazeminiam kontekstui. Nustatytas frazeminių kiekybinių aktyvumo ir semantinės moduliacijos procesų ryšys. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: anglų kalbos frazemos, kiekybinis semantikos komponentas, komponentinės analizės metodas, sema, kiekybinių reikšmių semantinė moduliacija, skaičiavimo, kiekio ir matavimo semantikos kiekybiniai rodikliai. INTRODUCTION Modern phrasemic semantics continues to search for optimal approaches to the analysis of phrasemic signs (Brenier, Michaelis 2005), the use and application of which will bring scholars closer to building a consistent and efficient classification of these units. Currently available taxonomies of phraseological resources of national languages require significant adjustment, particularly in terms of clarifying the principles and criteria for identifying (Howarth 1998) stable figurative compounds that differ in relation to the sources of linguistic and cultural motivation and chronology of phraseologization. Scientific discussion (Mikola V. Gamziuk (2000), Iryna F. Zavarins’ka (2022), Marija O. Šutova (2016), etc.) about the criteria for identifying phrasemic signs Straipsniai / Articles 253 Semic Composition Modulations of Quantitatives in the Phrasemes of English (Methodical Practices of Analysis) is far from over. It is primarily connected with the need to study combinatorial possibilities of a word within phraseological/phrasemic units (the so-called phraseological unit component) and to reveal the nature of preserving potential relationships with its lexicographic meanings outside phraseological context. Recently, the degree of controversy surrounding the semantic self-sufficiency of the key component of phrasemes has significantly decreased, and the opinion of phraseologists that under the influence of phraseological context, the latent meanings of the key component of phrasemes are necessarily actualized, no longer raises categorical objections. First, it is emphasised that such meanings can be reconstructed by “semantic description of phraseological units through the identification of the invariant of the internal form of their components and fixing this invariant in the model of the idiom’s meaning” (Baranov, Dobrovol’skij 2009: 21). Inner form of the phraseme component encodes potential opportunities for the formation of new meanings, including figurative. As a result of the analysis of changes in the semantics of quantitatives of English, which are associated with the redistribution of semic constituents between the archisemes of counting, quantity and measurement, under the influence of the phrasemic context, it will be possible to confirm the assumption that semantic modulation as a cognitive mechanism reflects the ability of a native English speaker to figuratively reconceptualize these archisemes and generate their variants (LSVs) as components of phraseologically bound meanings. For example, the quantitative component penny in the composition of phrasemic signs e.g., to cost a pretty penny – ‘to cost a lot of money’, ‘to hit the pocket’; ‘not to have a single penny’; turn an honest penny – ‘to make honest extra money’ acquires a new LSV (phraseologically bound meaning), but at the same time it does not lose its connection with its lexicographical meaning ‘a small amount of money’, which is actualized in the archiseme ‘quantity’ and in the integral seme ‘imprecise/indefinite quantity’. For a more convincing proof of the aforementioned assumption, special methods of phrasemic analysis (in this case, a phraseme with a quantitative component of semantics) are required, since until now, according to Stefan Gries (2008: 18), the major problem in this matter remains the lack of unanimity of opinions among phraseologists, in particular, which methods are the most appropriate: classical or new, or their combination. In this regard, there is a need to develop a special relevant complex and comprehensive techniques for the study of semantic shifts in the quantitatives of English, which they undergo falling into the composition of the phrasemes of English under the influence of phrasemic context. SERHII VASKO 254 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC The purpose of the article is to apply the method of componential analysis in combination with the techniques of etymological searches and linguocultural practices to reveal the mechanisms of semic redistribution in the quantitatives of English with the semantics of counting, quantity, and measurement under the influence of the phrasal context. The tasks of the article – to substantiate the expediency of developing a new special method of analysis of semantic changes in the quantitatives of English under the influence of phrasemic context; – to propose a special invariant-variant methodology for the study of semantic modulation of quantitatives in the composition of English phrasemes on the basis of the principles of anthropocentrism and isomorphism of language and culture, which, in addition to the techniques of traditional componential analysis, includes methods of automated search for the studied units in electronic dictionaries, practices of etymological searches and linguocultural procedures; – to prove that the new technique of applying the invariant-variant approach to study shifts in the semantics of quantitatives – from archiseme as an invariant of meaning to integral, differential and gradational semes as its variants, actualized in English phrasemes, is relevant and promising for further research. 1. MODULATION CHANGES ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY IN THE PHRASEMIC QUANTITATIVES OF ENGLISH Semantics of phrasemic signs with quantitatives reflects general human ideas about objects and items that constitute a quantity, and are subject to counting and measurement. These units retain ancient traditions, since they were formed by different generations of representatives of a particular linguoculture. In the process of phraseosemiosis, changes occur in the semantic structures of quantitatives at the level of their meanings, their lexicosemantic variants (hereinafter LSVs), as well as at the level of semic components of their meanings. Semantic shifts at the level of semic components are usually considered through the prism of the theory of semantic modulation, which correlates with the classical theories of semantic derivation, i.e. ways of forming new meanings from the original/primary meaning, or semantic transposition, i.e. metaphor and metonymy formation mechanisms (Demiančuk 2021). Over time all these theories have been enriched with new provisions of the theory of conceptual integration (Fauconnier, Turner 2006). Each of the mentioned theories has its own methodical practices of factual material research, in particular phraseological Straipsniai / Articles 255 Semic Composition Modulations of Quantitatives in the Phrasemes of English (Methodical Practices of Analysis) material, which, in our opinion, can be combined and adapted for the study of semantic changes in phrasemic quantitatives of English. Proposed in this article new special comprehensive methodology for analyzing semic modulations of English quantitatives under the influence of phrasemic context is comprised of optimal methods and procedures and gives reasons for the logic of their sequential and sometimes parallel application. The developed methodology is based on the invariant-variant approach. Practicality of implementing an invariant-variant approach to the identification of a wide range of commonly used phraseological units based on the above-mentioned theories is argued by Marija Omazić (2008: 67–81). The invariant-variant approach implies two fundamental points: while the theory of metaphor makes it possible to differentiate phrasemic signs as a result of semantic transposition of its key component, and in this way to fix a new meaning or a new LSV in the semantic structure of the invariant word, then the theory of conceptual integration operates inter alia with the mechanisms of semantic modulation, reflecting the rearrangement process of semic signs in the semantic structure of the word on retention of the archiseme. The limit for semantic modulation is the change where the archiseme is realized in at least one feature of a certain meaning or its LSV. As for the semantic modulation of quantitatives in the phrasemic context, this issue should be considered in connection with the rearrangement in the semantic structure of the quantitative, e.g., two main features ‘precise quantityt’ and ‘imprecise quantity’, which are allocated to the archiseme ‘quantity’. In this case, the archisemes of quantitative meanings fulfill the role of an invariant, while their semantic modulations act as variants. The initial stage of the special complex methodology involved the automated selection (using the computer program “Acrobat Reader”) of English quantitatives (names of numbers, names of aggregates, names of measurements of quantities, numerals, pronouns, nouns, adverbs, etc. with the semantics of counting, quantity, and measurement) from electronic explanatory dictionaries (POAD 2008; LDOCE 2015) with the subsequent analysis of their meanings and LSVs. For this purpose, the procedure of definition analysis was applied. The number of selected quantitatives for analysis in this article is 100 units. At the second stage, the use of tools of the computer programme “Acrobat Reader” for the automated search of phrases with a quantitative component of semantics in electronic English-language phraseological sources (ODOI 2004) was continued. Hence, highly productive (15 per cent of the total sample), rarely productive phrasemic forming quantitatives, which occasionally participate in the phrasemic formation (60 per cent of the total sample), as well as unproductive/inactive at all (25 per cent of the total sample) were identified. SERHII VASKO 256 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC The third stage is related to the study of the mechanisms of modulatory and semantic changes in the quantitative components of English phrasemes. By applying the method of componential analysis, modulations of invariant archisemes of counting, quantity and measurement in the direction of their rearrangement into integral, differential and gradational semes have been investigated. Componential analysis procedure is traditional, tested in many scientific studies, including contemporary ones (Noricks 2009; Dewiyanti, Suryani 2017). Componential analysis as early as in the middle of the 20th century was described in the writings of representatives of the American school of ethnolinguistics (Ward Hudynaf and Floyd Lounsbury), who substantiated the effectiveness of using this technique for decomposing a polysemous word into semantic components (semes) on the basis of kinship terms in different languages. Since then, componential analysis has become a mandatory technique for studying various aspects of word semantics. Even today, there are studies where terms of kinship, previously worked out by scientists in the same algorithms, are proposed to demonstrate this technique (Widyastuti 2010). We will demonstrate the method of performing componential analysis using the example of decomposing the semantic structure of the quantitative one. The procedure was carried out according to the following scenario. In the electronic explanatory dictionary Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE), using the tools of the “Acrobat Reader” program, all existing definitions of the quantitative one were selected, copied into a separate file, and characteristic semes of their meanings and available LSVs were identified. The next step is to build a matrix with a general list of semes encountered in the definitions of the quantitative one. Further, with the help of the “+” sign in the matrix, the presence in each specific meaning and LSV of the relevant archiseme “quantity”, as well as integral, differential and gradational semes is recorded. Thus, for example, in the electronic explanatory dictionary LDOCE, the following acquired definitions of the quantitative one were determined: a) the actual numeral (one1) – 3 meanings without LSVs, where the archiseme “quantity” and the integral seme “small/a small amount” were identified; b) as a pronoun (one2, plural ones) – 24 meanings, their LSVs with network connections for the archiseme “quantity”; for 4 integral semes (“indication of a large quantity”, “indication of an already known quantity”, “indication of the sequence of actions, events, objects”, “indication of the aggregate as a multiplicity”); for 9 differential semes; and for 3 gradational semes (“indication of the degree of manifestation of a large quantity” (the presence of the graduator one too many); “indication of the uncertainty degree of a large number quality manifestation” (the presence of the graduator a difficult one); “indication on the Straipsniai / Articles 257 Semic Composition Modulations of Quantitatives in the Phrasemes of English (Methodical Practices of Analysis) degree of manifestation of the age characteristic” (of young children) (presence of the little ones) graduator). At the final stage, changes were attested in the semic composition of the quantitative one, discovered on the basis of the meanings and LSVs recorded in the LDOCE, as well as in the composition of phrasemes selected from the electronic dictionary The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms (ODOI). The obtained results are described in paragraph 3 of this article. At the same time, the techniques of linguocultural analysis were applied to explain the mechanisms of figurative reinterpretation of meanings and LSVs of quantitatives, which influenced the process of semic redistribution. If considered necessary, it is worth appealing to etymological versions. The effectiveness of etymological search practices is argued in paragraph 2 of this article. 2. METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF STUDYING SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF QUANTITATIVES IN THE PHRASEMIC CONTEXT The category of quantity, first highlighted by Aristotle as a universal form of thinking, is the result of human cognition of the quantitative understanding of the phenomena of existence, expressed in all languages of the world (Akulenko 1982; Ivčenko 1955; Taranec’ 1999; etc.). Based on review of the research papers devoted to the development of general methodology for studying quantitativity in general (category of quantity, category of number, ways and means of their nomination, etc.) and phraseological quantitativity in particular, we will provide comments for the main cognitive principles underlying it. 1. The key principle of anthropocentrism is focused on the study of the linguistic world model and its fragments, one of which is quantitative. Following this principle, the researcher’s obligatory methodological technique is to analyze symbolically loaded units in correlation to a person, consciousness, thinking, and various types of human activity. Since the image of number is the basic symbol used by humans, the category of quantity and closely related category of quantitativeness are considered to be peculiar cognitive structures objectified in the lexical and grammatical systems of the world languages (Talmi 2000). According to Svetlana A. Žabotinskaja’s (1992), the most characteristic function of numbers, according to which cognitive components of the category of quantitativeness are SERHII VASKO 258 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC fully revealed, is the function of quantity. The presence of this function in the cognitive category of quantitativity allows us to distinguish among its structures the concepts of QUANTITY, COUNT, MEASURE, verbalized in various combinations of phrasemic contexts by the articles a/an, the, demonstrative pronouns this, these, that, those, measures some, several, many, few, etc., nouns denoting aggregates such as group, herd, couple, etc, parametric adjectives big, small, long, short, etc., adverbs-graders more, most, less, least, etc., recursive terms like father, grandfather, great grandfather, and numerals (see Žabotinskaja 1992: 263). Another important methodological principle that is directly related to the epistemology of the problem under study in this article is the principle of isomorphism of language and culture, according to which phrases with quantitative semantic components are defined as verbal signs of culture and involve reference to etymological data, to reconstructed archetypes and codes of culture. Interesting methodological practices are offered by the students and followers of the school of quantitative phraseology in Ukraine (Anochina 2018; Baranova, Kobiakova, Švačko 2007, and others), founded by Professor Svitlana O. Švačko (2008). As a result of long-term observations, the researchers concluded that semantic modifications of quantitative elements in the phraseological context with full or partial preservation of the general quantitative content, as well as content related to counting and measurement, realize both general cultural and national cultural meanings. The process of modification of the studied units reflects evolution of their semantic development, a retrospective movement from the subject to the quantitative meaning, cyclically repeated at a qualitatively new stage, especially in national and cultural conditions. For example, referring to the etymological versions of the English word brace, professor S. O. Švačko in the methodological work The quantitative units of the English language: translation aspects (Švačko 2008: 57–63) reveals exceptional role of the hand that it played in the processes of quantity, counting, and measurement establishments in many linguistic cultures, as evidenced by semantic parallels in Old French brace, brase – “two hands” and Latin brachium, brachia – “hand”, “hands”, from where they came to most European languages, including English, in their original meaning of “two hands”. Later, mostly in the phraseological context, the original semantics was used to develop subject and quantitative meanings. For a long time, the word brace functioned in parallel with the word fathom: They have built a tomber [...] a brace and a half high and was eventually replaced by the latter. In later works, in particular, in the article “Means of expressing the concept of duality in English” (2010), professor S. O. Švačko and Iryna K. Kobiakova, appealing to the same etymological parallels, argue not only their connections with pairing in the process of counting objects but also with duality. Straipsniai / Articles 259 Semic Composition Modulations of Quantitatives in the Phrasemes of English (Methodical Practices of Analysis) Based on the above etymologies, S. O. Švačko suggests that the subject meaning of the word brace was original, primary, based on which secondary meanings were developed (Švačko 2008: 57). The scholar presents semantic derivation of brace in the following scheme: “dog harness” → “dogs in a harness” → “two animals” → “two”. In ancient Rome, the measure of land was Latin jugum. This name arose as a result of associative links between an instrument of labour and a plot of land that was ploughed in a single day. Over time, the word acquired the meaning of ‘two’ (Švačko 2008: 57). A similar way of semantic development: from subject to quantitative meaning is also characteristic of formations like Mod. English yoke; span: cf. Old English ġeoc – ‘contrivance for coupling draught animals by the neck; pair of animals so coupled; fig. subjection, suppression’ (ODOEE 1966: 1020), cf. the genetic material for yoke, which shows close semantic ties with Old Saxon juc, Old High German joh; Old Norse ok; Gothic. juk, Latin jugum, Old Slavic igo; Lithuanian jùngiu – ‘harness’; Sanskrit yoga; Hittite jugan (ibid.). The word span – ‘harness, yoke (e.g. to a vehicle)’ has undergone a similar evolution: the seme of ‘pairing’ is differentiated in Canada, the United States of America, and South Africa when referring to the number of bulls, horses, and elephants. In modern English, this seme is more often distinguished in the meanings of the words couple, pair, since the quantitatives span, yoke, brace are limited in their usage and are considered rarities. The main conclusion drawn by S. O. Švačko (2008) is important for the study of the processes of linguistic semiosis of quantitatives in general. In those cases when words with the meaning of quantity, counting and measurement (quantitatives like mile) are derived from numerals, their semantic structure does not etymologize the subject meaning, if they appeared later (Švačko 2008: 59) than numerals, their evolution can be traced from the subject to the quantitative meaning. 3. COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN DETECTING MODULATION CHANGES IN THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF PHRASEMIC QUANTITATIVES Quantitatives in the phrasemic context balance between two poles of denotative correlation: on the one hand, they reflect a connection with specific objects of counting, quantity, and measurement, which ensures its unambiguity; on the SERHII VASKO 266 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC problems), and the quantitative one in this context actualizes the differential seme ‘saving resources’. In this example, we observe a semantic modulation of the archiseme ‘quantity’ for two quantitatives – one and two. Such examples are not uncommon in the dictionaries of English idioms. It is also worth noting the activity of the quantitative two as an actualisator of the gradational seme in the phrasemes cross as two sticks, as thick as two short planks, where it functions as an intensifier of quality as well as a grademarker of the degree of its manifestation, characterizing the object “as very evil, illnatured, and completely stupid”. The gradational seme is also present in comparative-quantitative phrasemes such as be like as two eggs/like two peas in a pod, where component two enhances the degree of similarity of the objects being compared. High semantic activity of the quantitative three is based on the positive meaning of this number in different cultures. The number three symbolizes the idea of perfection and goodness and realizes actional semantics in the phrases three is the magic number; three is a charm. The phrasemes three in One, three foundations, whose linguistic and cultural sources of motivation are mythology and religion, fix the TRINITY and establish it as the fundamental basis of the universe. Apart from that, the quantitative three does not always actualize positive connotations in phrasemes. For example, in the meaning of the phraseme two is a company, three is a crowd, the archiseme ‘quantity’ and the integral seme ‘precise quantity’ actualize the differential semes ‘destruction of the usual order’, ‘imbalance as opposed to harmony’ encoded in the meanings of the LSV of the quantitative two. Modulation of the integral seme ‘precise number’ into the quantitative three is based on the loss of its basic meaning in the phraseme three may keep a secret if two of them are dead, on the one hand, as a result of which a new integral seme ‘indefinite/imprecise number’ is actualized (several people cannot keep a secret). On the other hand, the precise number is required for the arithmetic operation, the meaning of which is that the secret will remain only if it is known to one person, since the quantitative two, as noted above, with all its equilibrium and balance, provokes the possibility of conflict. The quantitative seven has a high phrasemic activity, which in the naive consciousness of speakers of different languages, as the English material shows, is also associated with magic, eternity, and mysterious knowledge. This explains the redistribution between the integral seme ‘precise quantity’ and the integral seme ‘imprecise/indefinite quantity’: a fool may ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in seven years. Straipsniai / Articles 267 Semic Composition Modulations of Quantitatives in the Phrasemes of English (Methodical Practices of Analysis) Apparently, the ordinal numeral-quantitative seventh should likely be classified as active in the phrasemic context, as it actualizes the gradational seme of ‘higher degree of pleasure/enjoyment’ in its semantic structure: to be in your seventh heaven. In addition to the performance of the integral seme ‘imprecise quantity’ and the gradational seme ‘highest degree of manifestation of a feature’ in the phrasemic context of the quantitatives seven/seventh, attention should be paid to the extra-linguistic factors related to religious and mythological sources of their motivation, where they realize the integral seme ‘precise quantity’: to commit the seventh (commandment); the seven wonders of the world. Other quantitatives of the top ten, starting with four, especially five, six, and nine, demonstrate low phrasemic-forming activity, modelling integral gradational semes in the phrasemic context, in particular, ‘of an inexact amount (many)’: a stitch in time saves nine. The quantitative four in the phrasemic context preserves the integral seme of ‘precise quantity’, actualizing it by cosmogonic ideas about the four corners of the earth, the four elements, etc., in which the real exact meaning of its symbolic perception is preserved. A survey of the selected phrasemes with quantitatives containing the numbers five and six shows their low activity, where they tend to retain a connection with the precise quantity. The number five in the phrasemic context is associated with the symbolism of the hand – the five (five fingers, one’s hand). The identification of this number with the hand is the motivational basis for the phraseme to give smb. five, meaning a handshake. The number six realizes its quantitative semantics with the help of the ordinal numeral sixth in the phrase sixth sense, which is used to denote the heightened supersensual personal ability to intuitively perceive and guess something (as an addition to the five senses). As for the quantitative nine, its phrasemic-forming activity is low and is mainly associated with the actualization of the gradational seme, for example, the phraseme cats have nine lives means a high degree of the feature expression and symbolically emphasizes extraordinary vital endurance of cats. The gradational seme ‘to show exceptional skills’ is also modelled in other phrasemic signs such as to be on cloud nine; to touch it off to the nines. Among various activities of the numbers of the first ten (quantitative and ordinal numerals that serve as quantitative components in phrasemic formation), at this stage of the study, no examples with the number eight were found in the selected material. Nevertheless, the material sampling continues. SERHII VASKO 268 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC CONCLUSIONS To summarize, we note that quantitatives of English are symbolic signs that encode logical, mathematical, and naive comprehension of the world based on the procedures of counting, quantity, and measurement. For the sphere of national culture and naive linguistic consciousness, such operations can be transmitted through the figurative rethinking of irrational properties of an object, subject, substance, space, etc. in phrasemes with a quantitative component of semantics. The results of the study show that functioning of quantitatives in the phrasemes of English and their semantic structure are subject to various changes: semantic derivation, semantic transposition, and semantic modulation. The latter is related to the mechanisms of rrearrangement semantic components in the semantic structure of quantitatives – from archisemes to gradational semes. In the process of analyzing modulation of the semantic composition of quantitatives in the phrasemes of English, it has been established that the transitional limit for this phenomenon is the changes where the archiseme is realized in at least one feature (integral, differential or gradational) of the main meaning of the quantitative or its LSV. It has been proved that the phrasemicforming activity of quantitatives, which is actualized by intraand extralinguistic factors, directly affects the stratification of their semantic structure and, as a consequence, redistribution of its semantic components. LEXICOGRAPHIC SOURCES POAD – Pocket Oxford American Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. ODOEE – Oxford Dictionary of English Ethymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. ODOI – The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, ed. by J. Siefring, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. LDOCE – Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, ed. by Ch. Fox, R. Combley, Harlow: Pearson Education, 2015. Available at: https://www.ldoceonline.com/ dictionary/airplane. REFERENCES Akulenko Liudmila G. 1982: Акуленко, Людмила Г. Выражение неопределенно большого и неопределенно малого количества в немецком языке [Vyraženie neopredelenno bol’šogo i neopredelenno malogo količestva v nemeckom jazyke]: диссертация кандидата филолологических наук [dissertacija kandidata filologičeskich Straipsniai / Articles 269 Semic Composition Modulations of Quantitatives in the Phrasemes of English (Methodical Practices of Analysis) nauk], Харьков: Харьковский ордена Трудового Красного Знамени и ордена дружбы народов государственный университет им. А. И. Горького [Char’kov: Char’kovskij ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni i ordena družby narodov gosudarstvennyj universitet im. A. I. Gor’kogo]. Anochina Tetiana O. 2018: Анохіна, Тетяна О. Корпусний лакунікон англомовної та україномовної картин світу [Korpusnyj lakunikon anhlomovnoji ta ukrajinomovnoji kartyn svitu], Суми: Видавництво СумДУ [Sumi: Vydavnyctvo SumDU]. Baranov Anatolij N., Dobrovol’skij Dmitrij O. 2009: Баранов, Анатолий Н., Добровольский, Дмитрий О. Принципы семантического описания фразеологии [Principy semantičeskogo opisanija frazeologii]. ‒ Вопросы языкознания [Voprosy jazykoznanija] 6, 21–34. Baranova Svitlana V., Kobiakova Iryna K., Švačko Svitlana O. 2007: Баранова, Світлана В., Кобякова, Ірина К., Швачко, Світлана О. Засоби квантифікації: лінгвокогнітивні аспекти [Zasobi kvantyfikaciji: linhvokohnityvni aspekty]. Суми: Видавництво СумДУ [Sumy: Vydavnytstvo SumDU]. Brenier Jason M., Michaelis Laura A. 2005: Optimization via syntactic amalgam: Syntax-prosody mismatch and copula doubling. – Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 1(1), 45–88. Cooper Jean C. 1987: An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols, London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. Demiančuk Oleh V. 2021: Демянчук, Олег В. Семантична деривація лексики ментальних девіацій [Semantyčna derivacija leksyky mental’nych deviacij]. ‒ Лінгвістичні студії [Linhvistični studiji] 41, 24–35. Dewiyanti Sri, Suryani Hani 2017: Using Componential Analysis to Evaluate Translation Results. – Jurnal Bahasa Inggris Terapan 3(2), 45–51. Fauconnier Gilles, Turner Mark 2006: Mental Spaces: Conceptual Integration Networks. – Cognitive Linguistics: Basic Readings, ed. by D. Geeraerts, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 303–372. Gak Vladimir G. 1972: Гак, Владимир Г. К проблеме семантической синтагматики [K probleme semantičeskoj sintagmatiki]. – Проблемы структурной лингвистики [Problemy strukturnoj lingvistiki], отв. ред. С. К. Шаумян [otv. red. S. K. Šaumian], 367–395. Gamziuk Mykola V. 2000: Гамзюк, Микола В. Емотивний компонент значення у процесі створення фразеологічних одиниць (на матерiалi німецької мови) [Emotyvnyj SERHII VASKO 270 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC komponent značennia u procesi stvorennia frazeolohičnich odynyc’ (na materiali nimec’koji movy)], Київ: Видавничий центр КНЛУ [Kyjiv: Vydavnyčyj centr KNLU]. Greimas Algirdas J. 1966: Semantiqiue structurale. Recherche de méthode, Paris: Larousse. Gries Stefan Th. 2008: Phraseology and Linguistic Theory: A Brief Survey. – Phraseology: an Interdisciplinary Perspective, eds. by S. Granger, F. Meunier, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 4–25. Hjelmslev Louis 1961: Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, 2nd edition, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Howarth Peter 1998: Phraseology and Second Language Proficiency. – Applied Linguistics 19(1), 24–44. Ivčenko Makar P. 1955: Івченко, Макар П. Числівники української мови [Čislivnyky ukrajins’koji movy], Київ: Видавництво Київського державного університету ім. Т. Г. Шевченка [Kyjiv: Vydavnyctvo Kyjivs’koho deržavnoho universytetu im. T. H. Ševčenka]. Noricks Jay S. 2009: Testing for Cognitive Validity: Componential Analysis and the Question of Extensions. – American Anthropologist 89(2), 424–438. Omazić Marija 2008: Processing of Idioms and Idiom Modifications: A View from Cognitive Linguistics. – Phraseology: an Interdisciplinary Perspective, eds. by S. Granger, F. Meunier, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 67–81. Šutova Marija O. 2016: Шутова, Марія О. Етнокультурні стереотипні портрети англійців і українців (когнітивно-ономасіологічна реконструкція фразеоформул) [Etnokul’turni stereotypni portrety anhlijciv i ukrajinciv (kohnityvno-onomasiolohična rekonstrukcija frazeoformul)], Київ: Видавничий центр КНЛУ [Kyjiv: Vydavnyčyj centr KNLU]. Švačko Svitlana O. 2008: Швачко, Світлана О. Квантитативні одиниці англійської мови: перекладацькі аспекти [Kvantytatyvni odynyci anhlijskoji movy: perekladac’ki aspekty], Вінниця: Нова книга [Vinnycia: Nova knyha]. Švačko Svitlana, Kobiakova Irina 2010: Швачко, Светлана, Кобякова, Ирина. Средства выражения понятия двойственности в английском языке [Sredstva vyraženija poniatija dvojstvennosti v anglijskom jazyke]. – Наукові записки [Naukovi zapysky] 89(3), cер. Філологічні науки [ser. Filolohični nauky], 15–19. Talmy Leonard 2000: Toward a Cognitive Semantics, 2 vols, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Straipsniai / Articles 271 Semic Composition Modulations of Quantitatives in the Phrasemes of English (Methodical Practices of Analysis) Taranec’ Valentyn H. 1999: Таранець, Валентин Г. Походження поняття числа і його мовної реалізації (до витоків індоєвропейської прамови) [Pochoždennia poniattia čysla i joho movnoji realizaciji (do vytokiv ndoèvropejs’koji pramovy)], вид. 2, перероб. і доп. [vyd. 2, pererob. i dop.], Одеса: АстроПринт [Odesa: AstroPrynt]. Tresidder Jack 1997: The Hutchinson dictionary of symbols, Ser. Helicon Arts and Music, Oxford: Helicon. Widyastuti Susana 2010: Componential Analysis of Meaning: Theory and Applications. – Journal of English and Education (JEE) 4(1), 116–128. Zavarins’ka Iryna F. 2022: Заваринська, Ірина Ф. Фразеологiзми з онімним компонентом в англійській, польській та українській мовах: лінгвокультурологічний аспект [Frazeolohizmy z onimnym komponentom v anhlijskij, pol’skij ta ukrajinskij movach: linhvokul’turolohičnij aspekt], Тернопіль: Осадца Ю. В. [Ternopil’: Osadca J. V.]. Žabotinskaja Svetlana A. 1992: Жаботинская, Светлана А. Когнитивные и номинативные аспекты класса числительных (на материале современного английского языка) [Kognitivnye i nominativnye aspekty klassa čislitel’nych (na materiale sovremennogo anglijskogo jazyka)]: диссертация доктора филологических наук [dissertacija doktora filologičeskich nauk], Москвa: Московский государственный лингвистический университет [Moskva: Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj lingvističeskij universitet]. Kiekybinių rodiklių seminės kompozicijos moduliacijos anglų kalbos frazėse (analizės metodinės praktikos) SANTRAUKA Straipsnyje pristatoma speciali invariantų-variantų metodika, skirta anglų kalbos kiekybinių žodžių semantinių pokyčių, kuriuos jie patiria veikiami frazeminio konteksto, analizei. Semantiniai kiekybinių žodžių pokyčiai angliškose frazėse atspindi tokį procesą kaip semantinė moduliacija, kuri siejama su semantinių komponentų pergrupavimo kiekybinėse reikšmėse mechanizmais: nuo archisemų iki gradacinių semų. Pradiniame specialiosios metodikos kūrimo etape automatizuotai (naudojant kompiuterinę programą „Acrobat Reader“) buvo atrenkami anglų kalbos kiekybiniai rodikliai (skaičių pavadinimai, prietaisų pavadinimai, matavimo vienetų pavadinimai, skaitvardžiai, įvardžiai, daiktavardžiai, prieveiksmiai ir kt. su skaičiavimo, kiekio ir matavimo semantika) iš SERHII VASKO 272 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC elektroninių aiškinamųjų žodynų su vėlesne jų reikšmių ir angl. LSV (frazeologiškai susietos reikšmės) analize. Antrajame etape buvo tęsiama automatizuota frazių, turinčių kiekybinį semantikos komponentą, paieška elektroniniuose frazeologijos šaltiniuose ir identifikuoti frazemas formuojantys itin produktyvūs, mažai produktyvūs, kurie tik kartais dalyvauja frazeminėje daryboje, taip pat ir visai neproduktyvūs kiekybiniai vienetai. Remiantis konkrečia faktine medžiaga įrodytas naujos metodologinės praktikos invariantų-variantų požiūrio taikymo kiekybės semantinei moduliacijai tirti – nuo archisemos, kaip kiekybinės reikšmės invarianto, iki integralinės, diferencinės ir gradacinės semos plėtojimo leksiniuose ir semantiniuose variantuose – efektyvumas. Daroma išvada, kad kiekybinių žodžių frazės formavimo procesas, kurį aktualizuoja vidiniai kalbos ir nekalbiniai veiksniai, tiesiogiai veikia jų semantinės struktūros stratifikaciją, taigi ir jos semantinių komponentų persitvarkymą. Įteikta 2024 m. kovo 14 d. SERHII VASKO Kyiv National Linguistic University 73, Velyka Vasylkivska Str. 03150, Ukraine, Kyiv [email protected]