Benennung und Umbenennung von Fließgewässern. Der Fall Schwappach. Ein Nachtrag zum Deutschen Gewässernamenbuch

Lithuanian Linguistic Acts This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Contents linked to Turinio nuoroda ISSN 2669-218X (online electronically also known as ISSN 2669-218X) Copyright 2025 by Albrecht Greule. This is a copyrighted work. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This is the Lithuanian Language Institute. This article is atviros prieigos, published in accordance with Creative Commons license terms, authorization conditions, non-disclosure conditions, platinti ir atkurti turinį bet kokioje laikmenoje, indicating authors and source. Received by Gauta: 2025-01-12. Accepted on the 12th of March, 2025. 1 Name and renaming of the fluid waste. The It's the fall of Swabia. A Night in German It's called the Water Name Book. It's called upward and perverted. Duomenų apie Schwappach papildymas of the German shipping company Žodyne I'm not going to lie to you. The University of Regensburg The e-mail address is [email protected] This is ORCID ID: – Scientific research areas: text grammar, theolinguistics and spiritual song, onomastics, historical syntax. This is the first time I've seen it. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The annotation When and by whom the rivers were named as they are now, we cannot understand or only guess with the help of etymological hypotheses. Why, for example, was the Rhine first called the Reinos or the Danube the Danube? The problem is related to the high age of the hydronyms and depends on how long or significant a stream is. The situation is different when it comes to renaming a body of water. As the case described in the article shows, we can then follow closely which contemporary players are involved in promoting or hindering a new name change. It is symptomatic that in the case of Bavaria, the Schwappach is a relatively short stream, but an inflow of a large river, the Main. Furthermore, it is interesting and significant that the involvement of two homeland researchers was necessary to initiate a renaming. Their initiatives are linked to issues of geography, settlement history and name transmission. Furthermore, the etymology of the hydronym Schwappach plays an important role and is being discussed anew. SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: name of the river, umor new name, history of the settlement, etymology of the name, phantom The name. 2 This is the abstract. The origins of hydronyms when, by whom, and why the flowing waters were first named as they are today often remain beyond our full understanding. We can only speculate, relying on etymological hypotheses. For example, why was the Rhine called *Reinos, or the Danube *Dānewjos? Such questions are deeply tied to the antiquity of these names and the significance or size of the waterways they denote. The situation, however, changes when it comes to renaming a body of water. As the case examined in this article demonstrates, we can precisely trace the individuals and factors involved in a modern renaming or the obstacles preventing it. A telling example from Bavaria illustrates this dynamic: Schwappach, though a relatively short tributary of the Main, became the focus of a renaming effort. Notably, it took the dedicated involvement of two local historians to initiate the process. Their efforts highlight broader issues related to geogeography, settlement history, and name transmission. Additionally, the etymology of the hydronym Schwappach plays a crucial role and is reexamined in light of these developments. KEYWORDS: river name, renaming, settlement history, name etymology, phantom name. 1. The name of the plant The Swallow A water name Schwappach will be searched in vain in the German Water Name Book (DGNB). The settlement name Schwappach is also hidden among the Composite names of Lower Schwappach and Upper Schwappach. The two churches are: Parts of the municipality of Knetzgau in the district of Haßberge in Lower Franconia (Bavaria). They are both located on the Steinsfelder Mühlbach. Its headwaters, Löhrenbach and Eschenauer Mühlbach, originate in the Steigerwald Nature Park. The Steinsfelder Mühlbach, together with the Löhrenbach, is over 10 km long and flows west from Wonfurt (Landkreis Haßberge, Lower Franconia, Bavaria) from the left into the Seebach, which flows into the Main. In the lower reaches it is also called Schwappach. 1 The discrepancy between the name Schwappach as a settlement name on the upper course of the Mühlbach stone field and its appearance as a name variant in the lower course leads experienced water name researchers to conclude that originally the whole river, at least from the union of the headwaters to the mouth, was called Schwappach and the It was named after the lower course. In the series Hydronymia Germaniae, founded by Hans Krahe and published by Wolfgang P. Schmid, a collection of almost all German water names with their historical evidences, one finds the place names Ober-, Unterschwappach under the suffix Schwappacher See, which according to the Messtischblatt (Topographische Karte 1:25000 o.J., Nr. 5934) flows right to the Höckerseegraben (z. Pfaffbach z. Main). Historical evidence is not recorded. According to current knowledge, the localization is incorrect. That is why there is no keyword Schwappach in the DGNB. 2 The brothers Heribert Muser and Ernst Muser, who grew up in Unterschwappach, have set themselves the goal of becoming local experts in different ways, one as a historian, the other as a lawyer, the old uniform name of the Steinsfelder Mühlbach, Schwappach-Wikipedia. See 1 the illustrated description of the flow of the river by Muser 2024a and 2024b and the different names of the flowing water in Cape Town. 2. 2 Sparrows in 1970: 211. 3 I would like to ask the President-in-Office of the Council whether he is prepared to accept the amendments tabled by the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection. Chapter 2 "Attempts at renaming" describes the administrative obstacles that had to be overcome and the success achieved. 2. Attempt to rename The topographical maps (L 6128) issued by the Bavarian State Survey Office in 1980 show that in the Steigerwald and in Horhausen (municipality of Theres, district of Haßberge) in the Main mündende flowing waters still with the name Schwappach. However, in official maps published in 2020, the same water is called Steinsfelder Mühlbach. Within 40 years, the official name was changed without this having been noticed or informed by the municipal administration of Knetzgau and the inhabitants of Oberund Unterschwappach. Contrary to the general assumption that the local inhabitants do not care what the water they live on is officially called and on the maps, the homeland researchers Ernst and Heribert Muser have made it their task to make the connection between the name of the Schwappach stream and the settlement names (Upper, Lower Schwappach) cartographically visible and officially restore it. Heribert Muser explored in an essay the historical depth of the name Schwappach through etymological investigations (see chapter 3), Ernst Muser as a lawyer did not want to accept quietly that the said water "without any recognizable justification" has been leading for some time the official name "Steinsfelder Mühlbach" and should continue to do so in the future. But above all, the oppressive thought in the It is clear that the two Schwappach villages have been deprived of their 'paternity' for the name of their place by the name change. It could not be ruled out that the generally accepted thesis in historical research, according to which settlements formed on waters have generally adopted the older name of the water as a place name, has remained unnoticed. In addition, local residents have not been given the opportunity to express their opinions. Her interests and feelings could have been significantly damaged by this. 3 With the official request for a review of the hydronymic matter and with the suggestion to return the original name Schwappach to the water, Ernst Muser started an official exchange of letters on 9 June 2023, which ended with the announcement of the partial renaming of the water Steinsfelder Mühlbach in Schwappach on 29 July 2024. Previously, the […]Landesamt für Digitalisierung, Breitband und Vermessung[…], the Bad Kissingen Water Management Office, the municipalities involved and the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection were involved. After several briefings rejecting a renaming in the sense of the petitioner, on 29.2.2024 the Bad Kissingen Water Management Office surprisingly announced that a partial renaming had now been decided and only had to be carried out. 3 2024 Muser: 1st year 4 4 What led to the change of heart of the authorities is not known. The final treatment by the Haßberge County Council and the review by the Legal Department led to the following announcement published in the Official Journal of the County: […] […]The section of the […]Steinsfelder Mühlbach[…] waterway is renamed from the confluence of the […]Löhrenbach[…] with the […]Eschenauer Mühlbach[…] in front of Oberschwappach (municipality of Knetzgau) to the mouth of the […]Zabelbach[…] at the Hohenmühle (municipality of Schwappachgau[…]. The efforts of the homeland researchers to officially and officially restore the original overall name Schwappach, presumed based on historical findings, led only to the partial success that the hydronym Schwappach was declared the name of the section of the Steinsfelder Mühlbach that flows through Oberund Unterschwappach. The name Steinsfelder Mühlbach remains as the section name for the lower course. […] On the consequences of the official partial renaming for the name lexicography, see chapter. 5. 3. etymology of the name The desired, only partially successful renaming of the Steinsfelder Mühlbachs was scientifically substantially promoted by the researches of Heribert Muser on Etymology and age of the name Schwappach, published in 2024 in Der Steigerwald. A magazine of a Frankish landscape. This was prompted by the debate over the etymology of 5 the valley of Schwappach in the Homeland Book, which is based on the presumably oldest documentary mention of the name Schwappach. It's called Suabaha, and it's found in the Codex Eberhardi, a 12th-century codex. It is dated to the year 800 A.D. (More information on 6 Suabaha, see chapter 4). The secured names of the name refer to the Schwappach places: 1285 (?) Swapach, 1303 Swopach; In common parlance, the name is Schwabbi. The more recent historical evidence is well derived from the oldest form Suabaha (reads Swab-aha), whereby the change in the spelling of -bin Suabaha to -pin the later evidence can be traced back as a reflex to the Bavarian spelling 7 <p> instead of <b>. Also the second link of the compound Suab-aha, which in Old High German meant "flowing water", regularly appears in South German water names weakened as -ach (as an independent appellative Ach, Ache, etc.). 4 Muser of 2024: 4. 5 Muser is 2024a; 2024b. 6 Wailersbacher 1986: 1219. He is a member of the German national team. 7 Documents according to Muser 2024a: 4; Muser 2024b: 8. The two Schwappach places are listed in the Codex Eberhard I, 177va, as […]Eshinowe ubi est curia sicut Hamelenburg. In quam curiam pertinent, swapach, swapach is localized; Oberschwappach as […]sita iuxta ecclesiam Gangolfi[…]. It is also known as […]sita iuxta ecclesiam Gangolfi[…]. 5 Muser's argumentation is not directed against the phonetic development of the name, but against the interpretation as "Schwaben-bach". Just as Wolf-Armin v. Reitzenstein with reference to the city of Schwabach in Central Franconia at the mouth of the river Schwabach in the Main (called Suabach in annals of the 12th century) refers the determinative word Suab-(ach) to the Alemanni, it is also explained in the homeland book for the valley of the Schwappach that the name Schwappach (< Suabaha) refers to the presence of […]Mainsueben[…] at the turn of the 2nd century. / 1. Jh. The year is A.D. to be attributed. Around 60 B.C.E. The Suebens and others rushed in. 8 9 10 According to archaeological sources, there were solid settlements on the Main and north of it. These so-called […]Mainsueben[…], were built in 10/9 BC. Subjected by Drusus. However, archaeological finds would have to prove that the Suebi really settled on the Main and on the 11 edge of the Steigerwald permanently. It is also questionable whether their name was fixed in a hydronym and could have been handed down until the Middle Ages. 12 Heribert Muser opposes the uncertain etymology of the name Schwappach as […]Schwaben-bach[…] with an alternative based on the […]geographical-hydrological examination of the water, its origin and course in the landscape that shaped it and also shaped it.[…] It is striking that the water level of the Schwappach depends on the climatic conditions in the area of origin, the Steigerwald, whose heights intercept the rainy clouds coming from the west, and in the case of longer rainfall there are corresponding water masses, which in the field and 13 meadows, which fall only slightly, lead to significant flooding and flooding of onshore properties. In Unterschwappach and in the steep-sided Steinsfeld, farmers settled near the watercourse and suffered from flooding. […]The tendency of the stream to overflow is also still noticeable in recent times.[…] 14 Normally, a name etymology seeks the appropriate designation motif for a given name. In the present case, it is the other way around: one has a plausible naming motif for the reference object, the Schwappach, but is looking for a suitable appellative. The appellation that best characterized the river coming from the Steigerwald, which tended to flood in the lower reaches, leading to swamping, was the German word schwappen. The DWB, Bd. 15 (DWB XV) and Sp. 2281, gives the following description of the meaning of "swamp": "actually of liquids", presupposes the factual equation of (Old High German) Suāba "the Swabians" with the Alemanni and that the "Mainsueben" called themselves Suāba or were called. 8 9 Reitzenstein 2009: 203. This is the first time I've seen it. 10 Wailersbacher 1986: 18f. This is the first time I've seen it. 11 See also: Wikipedia. 12 For the age of the waters named Schwab, see also Fastnacht 2002: 1318. 13 Muser 2024b: 4 and 7. 14 This is Muser 2024b: 6. 6 It's not like I don't know what I'm doing. I don't know what I'm doing. of unstable, swampy, soft, fat masses, shattering, fluctuating and so on. […] and leads as the oldest evidence: Joh. Barth, Weiberspiegel, 1565: "With the water etc. in carrying the swamp". With this etymological background, the Schwappach joins a group of flowing waters in the catchment area of the Main and the Neckar, such as: Schwabbach and Schwabach, for which similar geological-hydrographic conditions may have applied as those for the Schwappach described above. The historical evidence for all names gives the following picture in sum: 8. Jh. Suabaha, 15 9th century Suabah, 11th century Suapaha, Svaba, in the 12th century. Suaba, 13th century Swapah, Swapach, in the 14th century. Swabach, 15th century It's called Swapach, Schwabach. The changes in the name that can be detected in the writings in the course of history can all be explained by known sound changes. As a starting form for all names, ahd can be used. *Swab-aha, with sound shifting *Swap-aha apply. The first component of the river name *Swab-aha can be etymologically related to the verb stem of nhd. swabb-en, (with sound shift) schwapp-en (s.o.) are associated […] with the difference that the verb stem is doubled compared to the nominal stem *swabim outflow, which is an intensification of the designation of the (iterative) process of overflow intended and onomatopoetic condition (see the interjection schwapp!). The further etymology of Germanic *swab is unclear; It's probably a West Germanic sound-symbolic word creation. Semantically and morphologically, the English word swamp is closely related to the English word 'to put under water, to flood; Swamp, if you're next to germ. The Swabian variant of the germ. *swap takes that around a nasal fix 16 (-m-) has 17 been extended. 4. SUABAHA (KNETZGAU) […] What is the name of a phantom? Does the evidence of Suabaha from the Codex Eberhardi really refer to the ON? Schwappach (municipality of Knetzgau)? A look at the digitized manuscript of the Codex Eberhardi I, 152rb (Digitalized No. 304) shows that Suabaha (without separation point) before Suabheim in the complex of places, including Biergila (Marktbergel, Central Franconia) and Vrbareshei (m) (= Urfersheim, Central Franks) […]in pago Rangewe[…] (= Rangau, Central Franks), which […]the comitissa Reginsuint[…] donated to the monastery of Fulda, is written. The text is a copied excerpt from a traditional document dating back to the 9th century. It is dated and bears the number 93 in the edition of the Codex Eberhardi. 18 15 See also This is DGNB 484 and DONB 573. 16 The DWB XV, Sp. 2198, puts under the keyword Schwamm (ahd. swamp) English swamp, with German schwappen in relation. According to the DWB, the original meaning of "swamp" was "the yielding, fluctuating mass". 17 See also I.E.W. I 1052. What is it? 18 Meyer to Ermgassen in 1995: 259. 7 The question arises as to whether the Syntagma Suabaha Suabheim is two places or just one. The evidence is 9th century. Suabheim is referred to in Wikipedia as Schwebheim (Burgbernheim) in reference to today's Schwebheim (City of Burgbernheim, district of Neustadt an der Aisch-Bad Windsheim, Central Franconia) and not as in Reitzenstein: 205) to Schwebheim (District of Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia). At Schwebheim (Mittelfranken) the fish-rich Aisch is born. It is conceivable that in the template documents for the Codex Eberhardi < suabah heim> was written as the name of a settlement, today's Swebheim (Mittelfranken), and the copyist accidentally or intentionally made two names out of it: Suabaha and Suabheim. I do not consider […]suabah> to be a river name, but an area name referring to the source of the Aisch about a quarter of a mile south of the centre of Schwebheim. The initial form of the area name (ahd.) *Suab-ahi n., later *Swebech, *Swebich, is from germ. * swab- (see chapter 3) with the collective suffix ahd. - derived from. As soon as Suabah with the 19 The basic word home was composed, was *Suabah(i)home haplologically shortened to Suabheim, later also *Suebichheim to Swebheim etc., in the vernacular šwęb. For comparison, the ON. Schwebda (municipality of Meinhard in the northern Hessian Werra-Meißner district), located on the eastern slope of the Meinhard on the Werra, to be used: 9th century. Suebada (document of the imperial abbey of Fulda), 1243 Sueuede, 1269 in Swebede, originally the job title *Swab-idi, from germ. *swab-(s.o.) with the Collective suffix as. - It's derived. So we have a pair of 20 synonymic area names. Swab-ahi (in Central Franconia) next to Swab-idi (in North Hesse), both names are from the same root word germ. *swab-‘the overflowing derived with different suffixes. On the other hand, it is certain that the name Suabaha is not a phantom name, but it does not refer to Schwappach (Unterfranken), but to Schwebheim (Mittelfranken). 5. SWAPE: NIGHT WITH DGNB The following is a summary of the main findings of the review: Even without the evidence of Suabaha in the Codex Eberhardi, the Schwappach can be classified in the group of Schwabach water names and must be included in the DGNB by supplement. The river name Schwappach fits well into the geographical name landscape around Knetzgau. The counterpart to Schwappach is the one on the other side of the Main coming from the Haßbergen and in Haßfurt mündende Nassach (in Haßfurt zum Main). Both names are composites with the root word ahd. Ah, the floodwaters and all that. 21 The term "determination" refers to hydrological peculiarities (overflow tendency, surrounding flora). Because of this way of education, they can be a 19 In 1953, Bach wrote § 193 […] 195, 160 […] 162. 20 From research in general to ahd. swebēn […]wogen, wallen, move, swim[…] placed, see also Udolph , please . 2023: 148. 21 See also Nassach. This is DGNB 370. 8 Water names are attributed to a layer whose designation was made by settlers in the early Middle Ages. Older strata of names belong only to the pre-Germanic name of the Main (Latin Moenus) as well as the names Haßfurt, Hassgau and Hassberge Water name germ. Hasa, the old name of the Nassach. The youngest layer of water 22 names includes the name Löhrenbach, one of the source streams of the Schwappach, which is named after the Lärchen stock (in 23 the Steigerwald). LITERATUR Bach Adolf 1953: Deutsche Namenkunde II: Die deutschen Ortsnamen [German Onomastics II: German Place Names] 1, Heidelberg, Winter. Codex Eberhardi: Digitalisate des Codex Eberhardi [Digital copies of the Codex Eberhardi]: HStAM K 425 und HStAM K 426 . Zugang: https//arcinsys.hessen.de>arcinsys>list.action [Zugriff 20.01.2025]. DGNB: Deutsches Gewässernamenbuch: Etymologie der Gewässernamen und der zugehörigen Gebiets-, Siedlungsund Flurnamen [German Water Name Book: Etymology of Water Names and the Associated Area, Settlement and Field Names], von A. Greule, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2014. DONB: Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch [German Place Name Book], hrsg. von M. Niemeyer, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. Fastnacht Dorothea 2002: Der Ortsname Erlangen. Siedlungsgeschichte von Alterlangen und Erlangen aus namenkundlicher Sicht [The Place Name Erlangen. Settlement History of Alterlangen and Erlangen from an Onomastic Perspective]. – Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforschung 62, [1–20]. Zugang: http://daten.digitalesammlungen.de/bsb00048855/image_15 [Zugriff 03.02.2025]. Greule Albrecht 2016: Gewässernamenschichten im Main-Donau-Raum [Water Name Layers in the Main-Danube Region]. – Römer – Baiern – Franken. Archäologie, Namenforschung, Sprachgeschichte im Main-Donau-Raum [Romans – Bavarians – Franks. Archaeology, Onomastics, Language History in the Main-Danube Region] 7, hrsg. von. R. Bergmann, S. Stricker, Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press, 9–23. IEW I: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] 1, von J. Pokorny, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, 1959. Meyer zu Ermgassen Heinrich, Hrsg., 1995: Der Codex Eberhardi des Klosters Fulda [The Codex Eberhardi of the Fulda Monastery] 1, Marburg: Elwert. Muser Ernst 2024: Teilweise Umbenennung des Fließgewässers „Steinsfelder Mühlbach“ in den früheren amtlichen Namen „Schwappach“. Ablauf des behördlichen Verfahrens. Zusammenfassung [Partial Renaming of the River “Steinsfelder Mühlbach” to Its 22 Zu germ. *Hasa vgl. DGNB 210. 23 Zur chronologischen Schichtung der Gewässernamen in Franken, vgl. Greule 2016. 9 Former Official Name “Schwappach”. Course of the Administrative Procedure. Summary] (persönliche Mitteilung an A. Greule vom 21.10.2024). Muser Heribert 2024a: Die Bedeutung des Ortsund Gewässernamens „Schwappach“ [The Meaning of the Place and Water Name “Schwappach”], Teil 1. – Der Steigerwald 44(1), 3–7. Muser Heribert 2024b: Die Bedeutung des Ortsund Gewässernamens „Schwappach“ [The Meaning of the Place and Water Name “Schwappach”], Teil 2. – Der Steigerwald 44(2), 4–11. Reitzenstein Wolf-Armin Frhr. v. 2009: Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen Herkunft und Bedeutung. Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, Unterfranken [Lexicon of Franconian Place Names: Origin and Meaning. Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia, Lower Franconia], München: C. H. Beck. Sperber Rüdiger, Bearb., 1970: Das Flussgebiet des Mains: Hydronymia Germaniae [The River Basin of the Main: Hydronymia Germaniae], Reihe A, Lieferung 7, begr. von H. Krahe, hrsg. von W. P. Schmid, Wiesbaden: Steiner. Udolph Jürgen 2023: Namen – Zeugen der Geschichte [Names – Witnesses of History], hrsg. von K. Casemir, U. Ohainski, Heidelberg: Winter. Wailersbacher Rainer 1986: 700 Jahre Swapach – Eschenawe – Wunnawe, Ober-, Unterschwappach, Eschenau, Wohnau [700 Years of Swapach – Eschenawe – Wunnawe, Ober-, Unterschwappach, Eschenau, Wohnau], hrsg. von G. Knetzgau, Haßfurt: Tagblatt-Druckerei. ONLINE-TEXTE DWB XV: Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm [German Dictionary by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm] 15, digitale Version. Zugang: https://Wörterbuchnetz.de [Zugriff 28.1.2025]. Schwappach: Wikipedia . Zugang: https://de.wikipedia.org>wiki>Schwappach [Zugriff 10.1.2025]. Schwebheim (Burgbernheim): Wikipedia . Zugang: https://de.wikipedia.org>wiki>Schwebheim_(Burgbernheim) [Zugriff 25.1.2025]. Sueben: Wikipedia . Zugang: https://de.wikipedia.org>wiki>Sueben [Zugriff 18.1.2025].