Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of the Pyrenean granites

Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a h p://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode= jom20 Download by: [The apeu ic Goods Adminis a ion] Da e: 25 May 2017, A : 05:38 Jou nal o Maps ISSN: (P in ) 1744-5647 (Online) Jou nal homepage: h p://www. and online.com/loi/ jom20 Aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y o he Py enean g ani es Manuel Po que , Emilio L. Pueyo, Te esa Román-Be diel, Philippe Oli ie , Luis A. Longa es, Julia Cue as, Ja ie Ramajo, he Geokin3DPy wo king g oup by alphabe ical o de , Bo ja An olín, Ai o A angu en, Jean Bap is e Au éjac, Jean-Luc Bouchez, An onio M. Casas, Yoann Denèle, Ge a d Gleizes, Asie Hila io, Es he Izquie do-Lla all, Dennis Leblanc, Belén Oli a-U cia, Vicen e San ana, José M. Tubía & Nes o Vegas To ci e his a icle: Manuel Po que , Emilio L. Pueyo, Te esa Román-Be diel, Philippe Oli ie , Luis A. Longa es, Julia Cue as, Ja ie Ramajo, he Geokin3DPy wo king g oup by alphabe ical o de , Bo ja An olín, Ai o A angu en, Jean Bap is e Au éjac, Jean-Luc Bouchez, An onio M. Casas, Yoann Denèle, Ge a d Gleizes, Asie Hila io, Es he Izquie do-Lla all, Dennis Leblanc, Belén Oli a- U cia, Vicen e San ana, José M. Tubía & Nes o Vegas (2017) Aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y o he Py enean g ani es, Jou nal o Maps, 13:2, 438-448, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2017.1302364 To link o his a icle: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1080/17445647.2017.1302364 © 2017 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup on behal o Jou nal o Maps View supplemen a y ma e ial Published online: 25 May 2017. Submi you a icle o his jou nal View ela ed a icles View C ossma k da a SCIENCE Aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y o he Py enean g ani es Manuel Po que a,b , Emilio L. Pueyo a,c , Te esa Román-Be diel c,d , Philippe Oli ie e , Luis A. Longa es b , Julia Cue as , Ja ie Ramajo c,d and he Geokin3DPy wo king g oup by alphabe ical o de ; Bo ja An olín c,d , Ai o A angu en , Jean Bap is e Au éjac e , Jean-Luc Bouchez e , An onio M. Casas c,d , Yoann Denèle e , Ge a d Gleizes e , Asie Hila io , Es he Izquie do-Lla all c,d , Dennis Leblanc e , Belén Oli a-U cia c,d , Vicen e San ana , José M. Tubía , Nes o Vegas a Ins i u o Geológico y Mine o de España (IGME) –Unidad de Za agoza, Za agoza, Spain; b Depa amen o de Geog a ía y O denación del Te i o io, Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Za agoza, Spain; c Unidad Asociada en Ciencias de la Tie a IGME/Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Za agoza, Spain; d Depa amen o de Ciencias de la Tie a, Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Za agoza, Spain; e GET–UMR 5563, Uni e si é de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, OMP, Toulouse, F ance; Depa amen o de Geodinámica, Uni e sidad del Pais Vasco / EHU, Bilbao, Spain. ABSTRACT In his pape , we epo on a compila ion o mo e han 2200 si es (mo e han 10,000 indi idual measu emen s) whe e aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y (AMS) was s udied in g ani es om he Va iscan Py enees. The s anda diza ion and homogeniza ion o his in o ma ion has allowed us o p oduce h ee Main Maps ha syn hesize all he in o ma ion ela ed wi h he AMS o he Py enean g ani es. We also desc ibe he p oblems ound du ing he cons uc ion o he da abase ( a iable geo-posi ioning, di e en published in o ma ion, e c.). The in o ma ion de i ed om 21 g ani e bodies, he da abase, and he syn hesis maps (magne ic suscep ibili y, Km, and he o ien a ion o he magne ic olia ion, plane pe pendicula o k3, and o he magne ic linea ion, k1) allow us o see o he i s ime a comple e image o his impo an kinema ic and pe og aphic indica o . ARTICLE HISTORY Recei ed 26 May 2016 Re ised 13 Feb ua y 2017 Accep ed 1 Ma ch 2017 KEYWORDS AMS; Va iscan Py enees; magne ic linea ion; magne ic olia ion; bulk suscep ibili y; g ani oid 1. In oduc ion Aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y (AMS) is a sound and p o en echnique o de e mine he mine al-p e e ed o ien a ion o ock olumes (Bo adaile & Hen y, 1997; G aham, 1954;Pa és, 2015;Ta ling & H ouda, 1993). I is ounded on he pa allelism be ween he c ys allo- g aphic and magne ic ab ics o some pa amagne ic mine als, especially phyllosilica es (Ma ín-He nández & Hi , 2003). As long as some condi ions a e me , AMS is a quick, inexpensi e, e ec i e, and non-des uc- i e way o de e mine ock ab ic, and is able o ob ain he mine al-p e e ed o ien a ion in ocks wi h appa - en ly absen mac oscopic and e en mic oscopic e idence. Compa ed o measu emen s on sedimen a y and me amo phic ocks (G aham, 1954), he applica ion o g ani e s a ed la e (Helle , 1973;King, 1966). AMS in g ani e wi h a calc-alkaline a ini y seems o display a be e cha ac e iza ion o he ock ab ic when com- pa ed o classic echniques such as hose based on ou - c op o mic oscope measu emen s o eldspa and bio i e c ys als, and so on. The eason lies in he o al con en in i on and i s mine al ac ioning, a ac ha p omo ed a classi ica ion o g ani es as ei he magne ic o non-magne ic (Ellwood & Wenne , 1981;Ishiha a, 1977). Fo all hese easons, he applica ion o AMS in calc-alkaline plu ons (non-magne ic; i on is ac ioned mos ly in bio i e) has ep esen ed a u ning poin in he in e p e a ion o he kinema ics o hei emplace- men modes (Bouchez, 1997). Apa om being able o p ecisely de e mine he p e e ed o ien a ion o bio- i es in appa en ly iso opic ocks (a main ma ke o he ock ab ic), AMS also yields a con ol o he de o - ma ion in ensi y ( ela i e di e ences among he AMS ellipsoids) and can be used as a pe ological mapping a iable, being co ela ed wi h i on con en (Gleizes, Nédélec, Bouchez, Au an, & Roche e, 1993). The Geokin3Dpy g oup (Communau é de T a ail des Py énées; INTERREG III p og am) was o med in 2003 and in eg a ed all Py enean uni e si ies and esea ch cen e s in Ea h Sciences. A main goal o his p og am was he de elopmen o elec onic and public da abases including he p elimina y compila ion o AMS da a (López, Oli án, Oli a, & Pueyo, 2008; Pueyo e al., 2006). Recen ly, he AMS da abase o he Py enees has been comple ed and upda ed bo h in sedimen a y ocks (Poco i e al., 2014) and g ani es (Po que , 2014). In his pape , we in oduce he maps ha syn hesize in o ma ion om he la e , whe e AMS da a om 21 di e en g ani es and one gneissic dome (As on) ha e been homogenized and compiled. © 2017 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup on behal o Jou nal o Maps This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. CONTACT Manuel Po que [email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed] Ins i u o Geológico y Mine o de España (IGME) –Unidad de Za agoza, Manuel Lasala 44, 50006 Za agoza, Spain Supplemen al da a o his a icle can be accessed h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/17445647.2017.1302364. JOURNAL OF MAPS, 2017 VOL. 13, NO. 2, 438–448 h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/17445647.2017.1302364 The inal goal o his da abase is o be in eg a ed, in he nea u u e, in he In o ma ion Web Resou ces o he Geological Su eys o Spain and F ance (www.igme.es and www.b gm. , espec i ely). 2. Map speci ica ions The maps included in his pape use he ETRS 1989 da um and he UTM Zone 30 p ojec ed coo dina ed sys ems, al hough he eas e n pa o he map belongs o he 31T zone, i has been con e ed o 30T coo di- na es. All h ee maps ul ill he Mapping S anda ds o A agón (Spain; h p://idea agon.a agon.es/nca/). The geologic map used as a backg ound (Ba nolas e al., 2008) is la ge scale (1:400,000) bu displays enough s uc u al ea u es ( old axes, h us aces, e c.). Howe e , ca og aphic de ail on ock ages and li hologies has been simpli ied conside ably, ollowing he s yle o Chouk oune and Segu e ’s classic s uc u al map (1973) o he Py enees. 3. Geological se ing The Py enees a e a collision chain o med du ing he La e C e aceous and Eocene epochs, up o he Miocene on he sou he n pa o he ange, due o con e gence be ween he Ibe ian and Eu asian pla es (Muñoz, 1992). They a e loca ed be ween he Gul o Lion in he Medi e anean Sea and he Biscay Bay in he A lan- ic Ocean (Muñoz, 1992;Ve a, 2004). The Axial Zone o he Py enees (backbone o he chain), whe e mos o he He cynian bodies a e loca ed, depic s an an i o mal geome y. I is made up o P ecamb ian and Paleozoic ocks a ec ed by he He cynian ec onic phases, ewo ked, o some ex en , by Alpine de o ma ions. The Py enean He cynian basemen belongs o he sou he n pa o he Eu opean Va iscides (inse Figu e 1), an o ogenic bel mos ly o med du ing La e Ca boni e ous imes and pa ly ewo ked du ing he Alpine o ogeny, and is composed o sedimen a y, me amo phic, and igneous ocks, anging in age om Uppe P o e ozoic o Pe mian epoch. The Alpine o o- geny b ough abou an an i o mal s ack o basemen nappes, and he subsequen exhuma ion o Paleozoic uni s in he co e o he Py enean ange du ing Eocene and Miocene imes (Beamud e al., 2011;Fi zge ald, Muñoz, Coney, & Baldwin, 1999) allowed access o he ac ual ou c op, making obse a ions o he He cy- nian c us possible. Reac i a ion o p e ious Va iscan s uc u es cons i u es an impo an de o ma ion mech- anism in Alpine ec onics, and p ecludes he accu a e ch onological and kinema ic analysis o ec onic phases ela ed o he i s o ogenic e en . The Va iscan s uc u e o he Py enean Axial Zone is he esul o a polyphased s uc u al e olu ion ela ed o an oblique con inen al collision and c us al hicken- ing. Ea ly sou h- e ging h us shee s in ol e Silu ian o Ca boni e ous ocks in he hanging wall and Cam- b o–O do ician ocks in he oo wall (e.g. Bodin & Led u, 1986;Losan os, Sanz, & Palau, 1986;Majes é- Menjoulas, 1982;Raymond, 1986). The Silu ian sla es ac commonly as he de achmen le el be ween he wo uni s. Subsequen sou h- e ging olds and h us s a e ela ed o a widesp ead egional pene a i e clea- age wi h s eep o mode a e dips (Ca e as & Capella, 1994;Soula, Deba , Dé amond, & Pouge , 1986), he so-called D2 phase (Zwa , 1986), which has been cha ac e ized as a comp essional– ansp essional egime wi h dex al shea mo ion a he inal s ages, accompanied by g ani e in usions (e.g. E ans, Gleizes, Figu e 1. Geological ske ch map o he Py enees, showing he si ua ion o he Va iscan g ani e bodies om he Axial and No h- Py enean Zones. 1-Aya, 2-Eaux-Chaudes, 3–4 Cau e e s-Pan icosa, 5-Néou ielle, 6-Bo dè es, 7-Bielsa, 8-Milla es, 9-Pose s, 10-Lys, 11-Malade a, 12-Ma imanha, 13-Lacou , 14-E cé, 15-T ois Seigneu s, 16-Foix, 17-Bassiès, 18-As on Gneiss Dome, 19-Qué igu , 20-Mon -Louis-Ando a, 21-S . A nac, 22-Millas and 23-S Lau en -La Jonque a. JOURNAL OF MAPS 439 Leblanc, & Bouchez, 1997;Gleizes, Leblanc, & Bou- chez, 1998;Leblanc, Gleizes, Roux, & Bouchez, 1996). Pa ial usion due o c us al hickening du ing he Va iscan o ogeny ga e ise o calc-alkaline plu onism. The U–Pb ages published in ecen decades o he Py enean g ani es indica e ha he Va iscan plu onism o he Py enees is essen ially Uppe Ca boni e ous a 301–314 Ma (Denèle, Paque e, Oli ie , & Ba bey, 2011) and syn ec onic (Gleizes, C e on, As a , & Ba - bey, 2006;Gue o , 1998,2001;Mau el, Respau , Monié, A naud, & B unel, 2004;Oli ie , Gleizes, & Paque e, 2004;Paque e, Gleizes, Leblanc, & Bouchez, 1997;Robe s, Pin, Clemens, & Paque e, 2000;Rome & Sole , 1995). A younge plu onism, Pe mian in age (267 ± 1 Ma) has ecen ly been ob ained o he Aya plu on (Denèle e al., 2011). These magma ic bodies a e ound in low-g ade o middle-g ade me amo phic domains, ollowing he dominan end o he Va iscan s uc u es. Some au ho s ha e claimed coe al de elop- men o his magma ism wi h me amo phism and he main Va iscan de o ma ion (e.g. Ca e as & D ugue , 1994;E ans, Gleizes, Leblanc, & Bouchez, 1998; Leblanc e al., 1996). Pionee s udies o AMS in Py enean g ani es ocused on he Pan icosa, Mon -Louis, Foix, and Pose s massi s (Bouchez, Gleizes, Djouadi, & Roch- e e, 1990;Ga cía-Maiz egi, A angu en, & Tubía, 1991;Gleizes & Bouchez, 1989;San ana & Tubía, 1988). These in es iga ions we e led by he Labo a- oi e des Mécanismes de T ans e en Géologie om heUni e si éPaul-Saba ie –Obse a oi e Midi Py - énées (Toulouse), which has ackled 13 ba holi hs in ecen decades. The Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (Ga cía-Maiz egi e al., 1991;Hila io, A angu en, Tubía, & Pino i, 2003;San ana, Bouchez, Gleizes, & Tubía, 1992) and he Uni e si y o Za agoza (Pueyo, Román, Bouchez, Casas, & La asoaña, 2004; Román-Be diel, Casas, Oli a-U cia, Pueyo, & Rillo, 2004) ha e con inued his esea ch, in es iga ing six addi ional massi s. Cu en ly, s udies on AMS ha e been comple ed in 21 plu ons, and co e almos all Py enean massi s (25). These s udies combined ha e p o ided e idence o he syn ec onic cha ac e o he g ani e bodies, and ha e allowed a new emplace- men model unde a dex al ansp essi e egime o be p oposed, ela ed o he D2 Va iscan de o ma ion phase (An olín-Tomás e al., 2009;Au éjac, Gleizes, Dio , & Bouchez, 2004;E ans e al., 1997,1998; Gleizes, Leblanc, & Bouchez, 1998,Gleizes, Leblanc, San ana, Oli ie , & Bouchez, 1998,Gleizes, Leblanc, Oli ie , & Bouchez, 2001;Gleizes e al., 2006; Izquie do-Lla all e al., 2012;Leblanc e al., 1996; Román-Be diel e al., 2004,2006). The main s uc- u es obse ed in he g ani es a e magma ic ab ics and localized shea zones wi h la e-Va iscan and Alpine ages (Ca e as & Ci es, 1986;Román-Be diel e al., 2004). 4. Me hodology The AMS echnique is based on he measu emen o he magne ic suscep ibili y (k) o a s anda d cylind ical sample (25 mm diame e and 22 mm heigh ) in di e - en di ec ions, in o de o calcula e he magne ic ellip- soid o ha sample. This me hod is based on he ela ion be ween he induced magne iza ion (M) wi h he magne ic ield (H), whe e M = kH. The magne ic suscep ibili y kis a hi d-o de enso ha can be g aphically desc ibed by an ellipsoid whose h ee axes k 1 ,k 2 , and k 3 (also called k max ,k in , and k min ) co e- spond o he maximum, in e media e, and minimum suscep ibili ies, espec i ely (Figu e 2). Magne ic ab ic analysis is a powe ul app oach o s udying g ani e bodies, because i may p o ide mag- ma ic in o ma ion a a egional scale, in ocks whe e ab ics a e di icul o measu e op ically o by o he echniques (Bouchez, 2000). P o iding ha he pa a- magne ic con en domina es he bulk suscep ibili y (i.e. bio i e and amphiboli e a e he main ca ie s) and because o he co espondence be ween he c ys al- log aphic and suscep ibili y main di ec ions o phyllo- silica es (Ma ín-He nández & Hi , 2003) hen, a di ec compa ison be ween he magma ic and magne ic ab ics can be es ablished. In hese cases, he AMS can be in e p e ed in e ms o mine al- (phyllosilica e) p e- e ed o ien a ion; he p incipal AMS axis (k1) is hen di ec ly co ela ed o he magma ic linea ion and he minimum axis (k3) can be conside ed as he pole o he magma ic olia ion. Howe e , ecen s udies sugges ha du ing he emplacemen (magma ic con- di ions) some de o ma ion phases may o e p in each o he con ibu ing o he ini e s ain ellipsoid and, hus, he s udy o AMS alone does no necessa ily un a- el he comple e de o ma ional his o y o he g ani e (Schulmann & Ježek, 2012). In addi ion, he co espon- dence be ween de o ma ion axes om elspa and bio- i e is no always uni ocal (K a ino á e al., 2010; Román-Be diel, Pueyo-Mo e , & Casas-Sainz, 1995). In his sense, some wo k in weakly de o med sedimen- a y ocks sugges s he impo ance o magne ic Figu e 2. Concep and a iable o he AMS ellipsoid (modi ied om Bouchez, 1997). 440 M. PORQUET ET AL. sub ab ic sepa a ion (Oli a-U cia e al., 2009) o disen- angle he de o ma ion his o y. This p oblem is beyond he scope o his pape and we simply espec he o ig- inal in e p e a ion o he sou ce pape s o build he o e iew map. S udies o AMS measu emen s in calc- alkaline g ani es we e pionee in he Py enees (Bouchez e al., 1990;Ga cía-Maiz egi e al., 1991; Gleizes & Bouchez, 1989;San ana & Tubía, 1988) and usually assume a simple de o ma ional his o y du ing he emplacemen ; hey hypo hesized ha AMS blocks an in ini esimal de o ma ion ellipsoid coinciden wi h he ini e s ain enso . The a iables ep esen ed on he maps o his pape a e b ie ly desc ibed below; he o ien a ion o he mag- ne ic olia ion (plane pe pendicula o k 3 ), linea ion (k 1 ), and he magne ic bulk suscep ibili y (km). Using he magni ude o he k 1 ,k 2, and k 3 axes, i is possible o ob ain some simple pa ame e s, as he a e age o he magne ic suscep ibili y is ob ained om: km =(k1+k2+k3)/3. 5. Sou ces o da a 5.1 Raw da a Mo e han 20 pape s and PhD heses om di e en au ho s (see Table 1) ha e been compiled o me ge he da a necessa y o build he syn he ic maps. These da a also equi ed a homogeniza ion p ocess in o de o ep esen all he a iables in he same uni s and o - ma s. Un o una ely, he aw da a om he pape s we e mos ly gi en in ables and ep esen ed on la ge-scale maps, wi hou he co esponding geo e e enced in o - ma ion (Figu e 3). In his pape , e e y map and e e y measu emen si e has been geo e e enced and all he in o ma ion has been compiled in o new ables. 5.2 Raw maps Some ca og aphic esou ces o cons uc he maps we e used as backg ound laye s in he GIS p ojec : .The wo main sou ces o geologic maps we e he Geologic and Mining Spanish Ins i u e (IGME) and he F ench Geological Su ey (BRGM). On one side, he IGME p o ides he MAGNA maps (1:50,000 scale), on he o he , he BRGM also p o- ides he en i e F ench e i o y a he same scale. As shown in Figu e 4, we combine bo h sou ces depending on loca ion o he g ani e (whe he i is loca ed in F ance o in Spain). On he le side, he igu e shows wo di e en laye s: he Aya plu on shape, laid o e he MAGNA map. On he igh side, he igu e shows Neou ielle plu on d awn on Google Ea h. MAGNA maps a e a ailable online (h p://in o.igme.es/ca og a ia/magna50.asp). .Mo eo e , he e a e e y ew ca og aphic compi- la ions in he Py enees. The ecen map by Ba nolas e al. (2008) has been used as a backg ound map (Figu e 5(a)). Howe e , he simplici y o he s uc- u al map o he Py enees by Chouk oune and Ségu e (1973,Figu e 5(b)) inspi ed o he au ho s (Ramón O iga, 2013) o modi y he Ba nolas map. In his pape , we ha e used he simpli ied e - sion used by Ramón O iga (2013,Figu e 5(c)). Table 1. AMS da a om he Py enees, so ed by alphabe ical o de o he g ani e bodies (modi ied and enla ged om Pueyo e al., 2006). Name (abb e ia ion in maps) Si es Su ace (km 2 ) Si es/km 2 K bulk (10–6 S.I.) Re e ences 1 As on Dome (AS) 247 345 0.7 183 Denèle e al. (2009) 2 Aya (AY) 93 57 1.6 174 Oli ie , Ameglio, Richen, and Vadeboin (1999) 3 Bassiès (BA) 88 90 1.0 172 Gleizes, Leblanc, and Bouchez (1991) 4 Bielsa (BI) 60 58 1.0 180 Román-Be diel e al. (2004) 5 Bo de es (BO) 64 21 3.0 323 Gleizes e al. (2006) 6–7 Cau e e s-Pan icosa (CA, PA) 310 (200 + 110) 252 (210 + 42) 1.2 211 Gleizes, Leblanc, San ana, e al. (1998) and San ana (2001) 8 Eaux-Chaudes (EC) 28 19 1.5 304 Izquie do Lla all (2010) and Izquie do-Lla all e al. (2012) 9 E cé (ER) 46 37 1.2 169 Helle (1992) 10 Foix (FO) 69 45 1.5 172 Bouchez e al. (1990) 11 Lacou (LA) 21 16 1.3 274 Gleizes, Bouchez, Lespinasse, and Roux (1992) 12 Lys (LY) 101 55 1.8 211 Hila io e al. (2003) and Hila io O ús (2004) 13 Malade a (MA) 253 415 0.6 213 Leblanc, Gleizes, Lespinasse, Oli ie , and Bouchez (1994) 14 Ma imanha (MH) 62 32 1.9 203 An olín-Tomás (2006) and An olín-Tomás e al. (2009) 15 Milla es (MI) 54 30 1.8 270 Román-Be diel e al. (2006) 16 Mon -Louis-Ando a (ML) 254 550 0.5 195 Gleizes (1990) and Gleizes e al. (1993) 17 Néou ielle (NE) 132 104 1.3 220 Gleizes e al. (2001) 18 Pose s (PO) 69 21 3.3 270 Ga cía-Maiz egi e al. (1991) and Hila io O ús (2004) 19 Qué igu (QU) 121 200 0.6 227 Au éjac e al. (2004) 20 S Lau en –La Jonque a (LJ) 188 298 0.6 212 Oli ie , D ugue , Cas año, and Gleizes (2016) 21 S A nac (ST) 117 30 3.9 303 Oli ie , Gleizes, Paque e, and Muñoz-Sáez (2008) 22 T ois Seigneu s (TS) 34 10 3.4 237 Leblanc e al. (1996) To al 2157 2340 0.92 231.2 JOURNAL OF MAPS 441 6. Discussion 6.1 Geo e e encing e o s The o iginal maps ha we e con ained in he pape s had e y poo geog aphic in o ma ion (bo h quali y and accu acy). This ac made he geo-posi ioning p ocess di icul , and e o s could no be ully a oided. The ol- lowing able shows he mean e o s ound in each g an- i e. No quan i iable uni s (e.g me e s) a e gi en o he e o s because he o iginal maps (ex ac ed om he pape s) do no supply such in o ma ion (Table 2). 6.2 S anda diza ion o in o ma ion In his pape , when discussing AMS sphe ical in o - ma ion, we had o ace h ee main p oblems: (1) da a we e ep esen ed in scala o ma , hus hey had o be con e ed o di ec ional o ma wi h hund eds o measu emen s; (2) in some cases magne ic olia ion had o be con e ed in o k 3 ; (3) mos o he di ec ion da a needed o be changed in o s e eog aphic space (360°) ins ead o he 180° space used by some au ho s, which mean adding he N–S–E–W. This las s ep was o i al impo ance because, al hough he eade may easily unde s and ha 210° = 30S, he so wa e A cGIS is unable o do so. 6.3 Global da a in o ma ion In o al, 21 di e en ables (one o each g ani ic body) wi h abou 2210 si es and mo e han 12,000 di e en da a we e ob ained. These esul s ha e been syn- hesized in h ee di e en maps: Figu e 3. Example o AMS da a om he pape by Izquie do-Lla all e al. (2012) in he Eaux-Chaudes massi in he wes e nmos pa o he Axial Zone. Le : able o aw da a displaying s anda d in o ma ion. Righ : geological map. This was he only case in which he au ho s p o ided he o iginal UTM coo dina es o he si es aken in he ield wi h a GPS. In he emaining cases, we had o ex ac he geo-posi ioning using his kind o g aphic in o ma ion. Figu e 4. Example o MAGNA (le ) and BRGM (on Google Ea h, igh ) maps o he Aya and Neou ielle Plu ons. The con ac wi h he hos ocks has been highligh ed and used as a main ma ke du ing he geo e e encing p ocess. 442 M. PORQUET ET AL. The bulk suscep ibili y map con ains si e mean alues and a mapping ollowing ixed in e als o sus- cep ibili y o all bodies. This in o ma ion allows us o apidly assess he o al i on dis ibu ion in he Py - enean plu ons, and he e o e an app oach o he pe o- logic acies. These in e als ha e been se acco ding o Gleizes e al. (1993), who p oposes a co espondence be ween bulk suscep ibili y and pe ologic acies. He e, measu es below 100 × 10 −6 SI co espond o leucog ani es; measu es om 100 o 200 × 10 −6 SI co - espond o monzog ani es; measu es om 201 o 300 × 10 −6 SI co espond o g anodio i es; and measu es abo e 300 × 10 −6 SI co espond o qua z dio i es. Figu e 5. The addi ion o (A) he map by Ba nolas e al. (2008) plus (B) he s yle and simplici y o he map by Chouk oune and Ségu e (1973) has gi en ise o (C) ou backg ound map. Taken om (Ramón O iga, 2013). JOURNAL OF MAPS 443 In e es ingly, and apa om he da a o he As on gneissic dome (Denèle, Oli ie , Gleizes, & Ba bey, 2009), he magne ic suscep ibili y his og am (Figu e 6( igh )) displays alues simila o hose ound in many sedimen a y ocks (see da a om he co e ocks by Poco i e al., 2014). This obus obse - a ion (>10,000 indi idual measu emen s) con adic s he gene al assump ion on he magne ic na u e o he he cynian basemen ha has been used in many pe o- physical and geophysical s udies. The Folia ion map includes he magne ic olia ion a e e y si e, ha is, he plane pe pendicula o he k 3 (k min ) axis. As he e is no de o ma ion in he solid s a e, i is no possible o commen on pole o he clea age, bu i is ue ha he pole o k 3 and his pole o clea age a e e y simila , which means ha g ani es could ha e su e ed his de o ma ion in a passi e way. I is wo h no ing ha only aw da a ha e been plo ed, and we ha e no pe o med any kind o in e pola ion. Addi ion- ally, we ha e plo ed oge he in he s e eoplo (Ca dozo & Allmendinge , 2013;Allmendinge , Ca dozo, & Fishe , 2013) all mean da a o k 3 o ien a ion (Figu e 7, igh ). He e some obse a ions can be made: .Al hough he s e eoplo lookssligh lynoisy,asmany peculia i ies om e e y plu on a e assembled oge he , he main eigen ec o i ed by Bingham s a is ics (1974) su p isingly esembles he pole o he Py enean clea age (Chouk oune & Ségu e , 1973). This ac likely e lec s, a leas pa ially, a no hwa d il in he plu ons caused by alpine basemen nappes. Bimo- dal subho izon al dis ibu ions indica e ha mos o he bodies a e ba holi es. .As expec ed, he main gi dle is no coaxial o he p esen Py enean ending. The Linea ion map includes he mapping o indi id- ual magne ic linea ions k 1 (k max ) axis. Rega ding he o e iew s e eone , we can highligh some ac s: .Magne ic linea ion seems o display a bimodal dis- ibu ion; ENE–WSW and E–W(Figu e 7, le ). .Simila o he possible ewo king caused by he alpine il ing de ec ed in he magne ic olia ion, he linea ions can be i ed o a gi dle ha could be p oduced by Py enean de o ma ion (passi e mo emen in o he basemen nappes). Table 2. Rela ionship be ween he numbe o benchma ks and he e o ob ained (no de ined uni s) o each g ani e. Name To al benchma ks E o Name To al benchma ks E o As on Gneiss Dome 9 3.5195 Lys 10 3.7007 Aya 15 4.8668 Malade a 10 3.5116 Bassiès 11 3.6300 Ma imanha 7 2.0254 Bielsa 10 2.2151 Milla es 10 1.065 Bo dè es 10 4.1508 Mon -Louis-Ando a 10 3.5666 Cau e e s-Pan icosa 8 2.0196 Néou ielle 8 0.9016 Eaux Chaudes 10 0.7687 Pose s 8 3.1023 E cé 10 1.6677 Qué igu 10 4.6654 Foix 10 3.7587 S A nac 14 4.3911 Lacou 10 4.7548 T ois Seigneu s 9 3.5431 No e: Cau e e s–Pan icosa was geo e e enced as one body. Figu e 6. Suscep ibili y o e iew. Le : densi y o sampling o AMS si es pe plu on. La ge bodies ha e a sligh ly lowe densi y o sampling. Righ : Suscep ibili y dis ibu ion ollowing he same classi ica ion as on he map, and i s co espondence wi h pe ologic acies acco ding o Gleizes e al. (1993). Only si e means we e conside ed in his g aph. The As on dome was no conside ed in hese g aphs. 444 M. PORQUET ET AL. Rega ding he map o e iews, bo h linea ion and olia ionsymbolson hemaps ha e been ep oduced ollowing he s yle used by Román-Be diel e al. (2004), which is simple and easy o ead. In he linea ion case, he op o he a ow indica es he di ec ion, and he e a e h ee di e en le els depending on he azimu h esul s: less han 30°, be ween 30 and 60°, and mo e han 60°. Fo he olia ion, he e a e again h ee le els o dis- play he dip in each case. In he bulk suscep ibili y case, we pick a simple g een scale ollowing 100 10 −6 S.I. s eps, allowing o quick da a in e p e a ion. 7. Conclusions In his pape , we ha e syn hesized in h ee di e en maps he in o ma ion de i ed om mo e han 25 pape s and PhD heses on he aniso opy o he mag- ne ic suscep ibili y o 21 g ani ic bodies, and one gneis- sic dome om he Py enees. The homogenous ca og aphic da a, oge he wi h he s anda dized mag- ne ic in o ma ion, allow us o display a be e cha ac- e iza ion o he egional dis ibu ion o he a iables; bulk suscep ibili y (km), magne ic linea ion (k 1 ) and pole o magne ic olia ion (k 3 ). Speci ically, 22 bodies (21 g ani es and a gneissic dome) ha e been ed awn, in ol ing mo e han 2200 si es wi h mo e han 12,000 o iginal AMS measu emen s. This in o ma ion is now in a da abase which we plan o upload on he webGIS se e s o he IGME and BRGM (Spanish and F ench geological su eys). This pape shows only he h ee inal maps o he en i e Py enees –howe e , 22 di e en maps we e gene a ed, one o each g ani e, wi h hei espec i e able o in o ma ion. So wa e Es i A cGIS 10.2 was used o (1) ga he ing and isua- liza ing he unde lying da a, (2) geo e e encing g ani e bodies and si es, (3) digi izing and edi ing magne ic da a laye s and (4) p oducing he map layou and co - esponding legend. Disclosu e s a emen No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho s. Funding This wo k was ounded by he p ojec s DR3AM (CGL2014– 55118), PmagIGME and GeoPy Da abases (PI165/09) inanced by he MINECO, IGME and he A agonian Go - e nmen , espec i ely. ORCID Manuel Po que h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5127-0153 Re e ences Allmendinge , R. W., Ca dozo, N. C., & Fishe , D. (2013). S uc u al geology algo i hms: Vec o s & enso s: Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. 289 pp. An olín-Tomás, B. (2006). Es udio es uc u al del plu ón de Ma imanha (Pi ineo cen al). Posg ado de Iniciación a la In es igación en Geología. Uni e sidad de Za agoza, 128 pp. An olín-Tomás, B., Román-Be diel, T., Casas-Sainz, A., Gil- Peña, I., Oli a, B., & So o, R. (2009). S uc u al and mag- ne ic ab ic s udy o he Ma imanha g ani e (axial zone o he Py enees). In e na ional Jou nal o Ea h Sciences, 98(2), 427–441. Au éjac, J.-B., Gleizes, G., Dio , H., & Bouchez, J. L. (2004). Le complexe g ani ique de Qué igu (Py énées, F ance) é-examiné pa la echnique de l’ASM: un plu on syn ec- onique de la ansp ession dex e he cynienne. Bulle in de la Socié é Géologique de F ance,175(2), 157–174. Ba nolas, A., Gil-Peña, I., Al ageme, S., Te ne , Y., Baudin, T., & Laumonie , B. (2008). Mapa geológico de los Pi ineos a escala 1:400 000. IGME/BRGM ISBN: 978-2- 7159-2168-9. Beamud, E., Muñoz, J. A., Fi zge ald, P. G., Baldwin, S. L., Ga cés, M., Cab e a, L., & Me cal , J. R. (2011). Magne os a ig aphy and de i al apa i e ission ack he moch onology in syn ec onic conglome a es: Cons ain s on he exhuma ion o he sou h-cen al Py enees. Basin Resea ch,23(3), 309–331. Bingham, C. (1974). An an ipodally symme ic dis ibu ion on he sphe e. Annals o S a is ics,2, 1201–1225. Bodin, J., & Led u, P. (1986). Nappes he cyniennes p écoces à ma é iel dé onien hé é opique dans les Py énées a iégeoises. CRAS Pa is 302,2(15), 969–974. Bo adaile, G. J., & Hen y, B. (1997). Tec onic applica ions o magne ic suscep ibili y and i s aniso opy. Ea h-Science Re iews,42(1–2), 49–93. Bouchez, J. L. (1997). G ani e is ne e iso opic: An in o- duc ion o AMS s udies o g ani ic ocks (pp. 95–112). Ne he lands: Sp inge . Bouchez, J. (2000). Magne ic suscep ibili y aniso opy and ab ics in g ani es. Comp es Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Se ies IIA Ea h and Plane a y Science,330(1), 1–14. Figu e 7. AMS o e iew. Magne ic linea ion (k 1 ) and pole o magne ic olia ion (k 3 ) s e eoplo s. Again, only si e means we e conside ed. Signi icance le el: 4, con ou in e al: 2. Eigen en o s a e also displayed o bo h modulus and o ien- a ion ( end, plunge). Nis he numbe o AMS si es conside ed. E e y do in he s e eone is he mean o a si e (3–8 indi idual measu emen s). Numbe o si es conside ed: 2354. JOURNAL OF MAPS 445