Microintervenir para cohabitar la ciudad posthumana. Hacia un metabolismo verde, multiespecie, resiliente, autosuficiente, no especializado y colaborativo

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Apuntes para un necesario debate sobre el paradigma ecológico en arquitectura y urbanismo.” Revista Urban, núm. 3 (1999). !"#$"%&'"%"()&$*+#*&("%,+%-.%,$/0.'$1-+ !"#$%"&'($)(&"$*+,$,*#%&-'$."$* /,*#".0,0*+%-'1.2,&,3* 4,#",*.&*2(',5%/"-2%* )($0(6*2./'"(-+(#"(6* $(-"/"(&'(6*,.'%-.7"(#"(&'(6*&%* (-+(#",/"8,0%*9*#%/,5%$,'")% Nekane Azpiazu Lejardi e Iñigo García Odiaga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l término Antropoceno se generalizó en 2002 por el premio nobel Paul Crutzen para denominar la etapa actual en la que el ser humano está causando daños irreversibles en el medio ambiente. C;*Clara Benito, ed., La condición postnatural: Glosario de ecologías para otros mundos, 1.ª ed. (Madrid: Cthulhu Books, 2024), 50. D;*El posthumanismo sugiere lo posterior a lo humano. Esta visión pretende descentralizar al ser humano en la planifi cación y el diseño para proporcionar otras maneras de existir. E;*Donna J. Haraway, Seguir con el problema: Generar parentesco en el Chthuluceno (Bilbao: Consonni, 2019), 63. F;*El postnaturalismo rompe con la naturaleza idealizada por el ser humano dando lugar a una naturaleza que ya no se relaciona con la belleza y busca desplegar nuevas ecologías. G;*Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics (Londres: Williams, 1915). H;*Abel Wolman, «The Metabolism of Cities», Scientifi c American 213, n.o 3 (septiembre de 1965): 178-90, https://doi.org/10.1038/scientifi camerican0965-178. I;*Herbert Girardet, Ciudades: Alternativas para una vida sostenible (Madrid: Celeste Ediciones, 1992), 23. J;*Stefano Mancuso, Fitópolis. La ciudad viva (Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, 2024). BA;*Ibid., 63. BB;*Sim Van der Ryn y Stuart Cowan, Ecological Design, 10th anniversary ed. (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2007), 24. BC;*Mancuso, Fitópolis: la ciudad viva, 86. 92@,AC;* T$C7"#%*0(*4($5($'*T"$,$0('6*0%&0(*-(*%5-($),*/,*#%2+,$,#"<&*(&'$(*(/*2(',5%/"-2%*/"&(,/*9*(/*2(',5%/"-2%*#"$#./,$*/ Herbert Girardet’s graphic, showing the comparison between linear metabolism and circular metabolism [O.(&'(\*E/,5%$,#"<&*+$%+",*[*Source: Created by the authors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enno Schilthuizen y Eduardo Jordá, Darwin viene a la ciudad: La evolución de las especies urbanas (Madrid: Turner Publicaciones S.L., 2020), 8. BE;*La estabilidad del ecosistema urbano es fundamental, ya que el creciente contacto entre humanos y animales conlleva serios riesgos para la salud, como las zoonosis. BF;*Pablo Gallego Picard, «Editorial», BAc Boletín Académico. Revista de investigación y arquitectura contemporánea 12 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 8-33, https://doi.org/10.17979/ bac.2022.12.0.9461. BG;*:1%2*a,&*Y%%$(&6*:'(3A#+B$C)<+=(7"+$.5+=&))+$#+#A"+D53"+&7+D1#(.0#(&.*gf(I* h%$S\*B%/.25",*Z&")($-"'9*L$(--6*^iPWj6*dk3 BH;*Donna Haraway recomienda la utilización de la palabra urgencia en lugar de emergencia. Este último referencia algo cercano al apocalipsis mientras que las urgencias marcan una temporalidad que pertenece al presente. (Haraway, Seguir con el problema: Generar parentesco en el Chthuluceno.) BI;*Josep Lluís Sert, ‘‘Biology of Cities,’’ Time, 30 de noviembre de 1942, consultado el 19 de noviembre de 2024, https://time.com/archive/6766065/art-biology-ofcities. BJ;*Mancuso, Fitópolis: la ciudad viva, 125. CA;*Jaime Lerner, Acupuntura urbana (Barcelona: Institut d’Arquitectura Avançada de Catalunya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i*,*PR*2^*0(*-.+($7"#"(-*)($0(-*+%$* 1,5"',&'(6*.&*(-'C&0,$*"&,/#,&8,5/(*(&*+$C#'"#,2(&'(* #.,/>."($*#".0,03*A,-*+/,&',-*9*/%-*C$5%/(-*#,+'.$,&* (/*#,$5%&%*0(/*,25"(&'(*#%&'$"5.9(&0%*,*$(2(0",$*/%-* (7(#'%-*0(/*#,25"%*#/"2C'"#%6*9*-%&*7.&0,2(&',/(-*+,$,* >.(*+%0,2%-*$(-+"$,$*(/*$(-'%*0(*-($(-*)")%-3*E-*1%$,*0(* CB;*Mancuso, Fitópolis: la ciudad viva, 27. CC;*Relaciones de parentesco entre especies. En el texto se alude al término fi logénesis para referirse a la relación de las distintas especies de microintervenciones arquitectónicas desarrolladas en la investigación. 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CF;*La fauna y fl ora sinantrópica son especies que se han adaptado a las condiciones ambientales del medio urbano antropizado. CG;*Sarah Gunawan, ‘’Synanthropic Suburbia’’ (Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Waterloo, 2015), 3. CH;*Maiju Suomi y Maarit Mäkelä, ‘‘Exploring Ecological Relationality Through Architectural Practice,’’ Research in Arts and Education 2024, no. 1 (3 de mayo de 2024): 220, https://doi.org/10.54916/rae.142537. CI;*Reparar, subsanar o poner remedio al daño, en este contexto a las afecciones ocasionadas al medio ambiente. CJ;*Las Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza (SBN) son enfoques, acciones o procesos que utilizan los principios de la naturaleza para dar solución a distintos problemas relacionados con la gestión territorial y urbana como la adaptación al cambio climático, la gestión de los recursos, o la seguridad alimentaria. 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[O%'%=$,7?,*[ Photography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b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e&'($)(&"$*,* .&,*(-#,/,*2"#$%*+,$,*.&,*&.(),*'(%$?,*.$5,&,*2C-J>.(J 1.2,&,6*9,*>.(*(/*-"2+/(*1(#1%*0(*(G"-'"$*#%&//(),*#%(G"-'"$* #%&*(/*$(-'%3*B%2%*(G+/"#,*K&&,*:-"&=6*M+,$,*-%5$()")"$* &(#(-"',2%-*,9.0,6*9*/,*,9.0,*(-*-"(2+$(*(/*-($)"#"%*0(* %'$%6*#%&*%*-"&*"&'(&#"<&N##3 DD;*Anna Tsing, La seta del fi n del mundo (Madrid: Capitán Swing Libros, 2021), 2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":" $" $# W*#3+(-3 :$,&-7%$2"&=*'1(*#"'9*2%0(/*"-*'1(*%&/9*+%--"5/(* #1%"#(*'%*$(2(09*#.$$(&'*.$=(&#"(-6*,-*I(*#,&&%'* ,r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r*($(&'*&%&J-+(#",/"-(0* ,$#1"'(#'.$,/*2"#$%J,#'"%&-3* ]"X^4+5#/ J-%$.+*"#$%&'()*/+*,'#()2"0(")+0&"1()#".0"/+,-%$.+ "0&'&3C/+2&)#.$#,-$'+5")(3./+2AC'&3".")()9 0Y@*Introduction The triangle of the Anthropocene! formed by capitalism, industry and technology has generated signifi cant eff ects, evidenced in the exploitation and depletion of mineral resources, in the health of the environment, as well as in the accumulation of waste. The large number of operations carried out in the territory due to the advances of modernity, show the hybrid condition of the landscape, which, between natural and artifi cial, demands a new approach from which to cohabit" . Thinking about the future implies starting by changing the present and the way we relate to other beings. A change of direction that decentralises all that human activity entails is essential to incite a relevant change in ecology, and to begin a new posthuman era# that enables “other ways of regenerating the world, reimagining, reviving and reconnecting reciprocally in a multi-species wellbeing”$. Moving the human being away from the centre of all design and including the morethan-human is the basis for transforming cities capable of remedying the environmental crisis. This entails thinking about new ecologies and refl ecting on the relationship that humans have maintained with nature, dismantling their idealised cultural thinking to create habitats that blur the boundaries between natural and artifi cial, so that a new post-natural thinking% can cultivate new ecological alternatives in the built environment. Urban metabolism In the context of facing growing planetary crises, it is essential to reconsider the functioning of today’s urban metabolism, an essential concept for understanding how cities function in terms of fl ows of energy, materials and waste, and how these processes impact on living things, animals, plants and landscapes. The city has not changed the way it functions even though Patrick Geddes warned of its ineffi ciency and imbalance in 1885. By analysing the fl ows of energy and materials in and out of urban areas, he obtained a record of the resources needed for their output that warned of the signifi cant disproportion between the fi nal product and the materials needed for its production. These measurements showed that urban operation was having an unsustainable impact on the environment in the long term, due to the solid waste, sewage and air pollution that resulted&. B;*The term Anthropocene was generalised in 2002 by Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen to denote the current stage in which humans are causing irreversible damage to the environment. C;*Clara Benito, ed., La condición postnatural: Glosario de ecologías para otros mundos, 1.ª ed. (Madrid: Cthulhu Books, 2024), 50. D;*Posthumanism suggests the post-human. This vision aims to decentralise the human in planning and design to provide other ways of existing. E;*Donna Haraway, Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene, Experimental Futures. Technological Lives, Scientifi c Arts, Anthropological Voices (Durham London: Duke University Press, 2016), 63. F;*Post-naturalism breaks with the idealised nature of human beings, giving rise to a nature that no longer relates to beauty and seeks to deploy new ecologies. G;*Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics (Londres: Williams, 1915). >$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'" Although Geddes dealt with issues related to the dynamics of the modern city, it was not until 1965 that the term urban metabolism became popular due to Abel Wolman’s article “The Metabolism of Cities”', where he set out his vision of the city as a machine that transforms resources into waste 896:;<=>. In this way, his work contributed to highlighting the limitations and ineffi ciencies of the metabolic model of the contemporary city and opened the way for new theoretical contributions such as that of Herbert Girardet, who made a distinction between circular metabolism and linear metabolism( 896:;<?>. The former defi nes the functioning of the natural world, in which the waste of one organism is converted into resources for others, as opposed to the latter, which applies to the city, where the raw material introduced becomes waste. In line with these approaches, Stefano Mancuso in his book Fitópolis: The Living City) establishes a comparison between the processes of plants and animals, which can be considered an evolution of the concepts proposed by Girardet from a new, more biological point of view. Circular metabolism is understood through the functioning of plants, autotrophic organisms capable of producing the organic substances necessary to develop their activity, using exclusively inorganic compounds and needing no energy other than sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll. Animals, on the other hand, are heterotrophic organisms that operate in a linear metabolic manner. They consume organic substances previously elaborated by other organisms to produce the organic substances in their bodies, and are therefore dependent on other organisms, both living and dead. In addition, they generate signifi cant waste, as opposed to plants that consume CO2, fi xing carbon and releasing O2 as ‘waste’. The metabolism of a city is much more like that of an animal than that of a plant!*. It uses excessive amounts of resources and creates large accumulations of waste, an imbalance that requires large areas of land for raw materials and the subsequent purifi cation of solids. This methodology highlights how urban planning has impacted the planet in the wrong and unconscionable way, failing to impose limits on the insatiable appetite of the modern city’s metabolism. Global crises must therefore be interpreted as the sum of incalculable linear processes that have stimulated the uncontrolled growth of urban areas, generating and confronting us with today’s ecological problems. From this approach, ecosystemic instability can be understood as a crisis of design, leading to an inadequate confi guration 92@,AI;*?'&#H$#"-(.3%-,33*fEn:*,$#1"'(#'-*/ Vlotwateringbrug. NEXT architects. [O%'%=$,7?,*[ Photography b,92%&0*b.''"&= ] H;*Abel Wolman, “The Metabolism of Cities”, Scientifi c American 213, n. 3 (September 1965): 178-90, https://doi.org/10.1038/scientifi camerican0965-178. I;*Herbert Girardet, Ciudades: Alternativas para una vida sostenible (Madrid: Celeste Ediciones, 1992), 23. J;*Stefano Mancuso, Fitópolis. La ciudad viva (Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, 2024). BA;*Ibid., 63. 2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":" $! $$ of the city. In the words of Sim Van der Ryn and Stuart Cowan: ‘In many ways, the environmental crisis is a crisis of design. It is a consequence of how things are made, how buildings are constructed and how landscapes are used. Design manifests culture, and culture is fi rmly grounded in what we believe to be true about the world. We have used design cleverly in the service of narrowly defi ned human interests, but we have neglected its relationship to our fellow creatures. Such myopic design cannot fail to degrade the living world and, by extension, our own health’!!. The need to understand that only in a city with a circular metabolism will it be possible to build a quality habitat for humans is now an imperative. This implies transforming urban design models, in search of a balance to generate a more diverse and plural habitat capable of catering for the non-human. Therefore, in order to address current emergencies eff ectively, it is essential to rethink urban metabolism from a design point of view in order to develop solutions that promote a new urban theory capable of responding to climate, energy, food and health challenges. This new guideline under investigation aims to design the city not as systems of extraction and disposal, but as integrated systems where resources operate in a closed cycle, reused and recycled to reproduce the natural cycles of plant dynamics, without doubt the model on which the growth, development and functioning of cities should be based!". Today, the most biodiverse areas are urban areas. In recent decades, a growing phenomenon has been observed in which diverse species of fauna and fl ora have migrated to urban areas, due to the decrease of resources in their natural habitats. This displacement can be attributed, in part, to the previously mentioned linear metabolism of cities, which centralises the consumption of resources from the countryside, depleting food sources in rural areas. As a result, many species fi nd refuge in urban environments, taking advantage of the waste generated by human activity as a source of food. This process has generated a new ecological dynamic in which biodiversity begins to adapt to human-built environments, reconfi guring the relationships between species and their environment. The idea that our impact on the environment is so signifi cant that ‘wild’ plants and animals are adapting to habitats created by and for humans raises awareness of the irreversibility of some of the changes we are imposing on the Earth!#. The migration of biodiversity from the rural periphery to the urban centre makes us rethink urban planning towards a city model where the urban ecosystem can develop in a balanced way!$. This migration of biodiversity also implies its loss on a global scale, as there are hundreds of species that cannot adapt to the urban ecosystem. The urban ecosystem has a set of attributes that enable it to accommodate more than half of the human population and is considered the ecosystem with the highest growth rate. Human infl uence is already considered part of nature, its dominant anthropic intervention has appropriated the densely urbanised areas where it has caused the whole ecosystem to be dominated by the same species, while pushing the rest to marginal BB;*Sim Van der Ryn y Stuart Cowan, Ecological Design, 10th anniversary ed. (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2007), 24. BC;*Mancuso, Fitópolis: la ciudad viva, 86. BD;*Menno Schilthuizen y Eduardo Jordá, Darwin viene a la ciudad: La evolución de las especies urbanas (Madrid: Turner Publicaciones S.L., 2020), 8. BE;*The stability of the urban ecosystem is crucial, as the increasing contact between humans and animals leads to serious health risks, such as zoonoses. 92@,AJ;* U(##"<&*0(/*I*2',@(,*+5"+D)2',3,")+5"+='&%-"3$#3*l,'//("$%"=*glebj*/ Section of the Impluvium of Esplugues de Llobregat. Batlleiroig (BIR). [e2,=(&*[ Image l,'//("$%"=] >$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'" levels!%. Human activity and its consequences could therefore be considered to shape the natural habitat of many species, “for all the ways in which it helps to harbour or destroy the tangled diversity through which life establishes itself in our world”!&. Micro-intervention as a strategy for metamorphosis The application of the vegetation structure in the design of the city guarantees resilience in the face of today’s urgencies!', and the way to implement this modifi cation in our urban centres must be developed by transforming them. The architect and urban planner Josep Lluís Sert stated in 1942, during the International Congress of Modern Architecture, that urban planning, in its traditional academic conception, was obsolete and should be replaced by urban biology!(. It is not viable to build new urban centres that continue to consume unlimited amounts of resources, adaptation is paramount, and for this the city has to assume a series of changes so that circular systems are integrated into the building and public space. Cities cannot run away from problems, they are rooted to the ground like plants, so they have no choice but to learn to adapt to change and solve problems. As Mancuso explains, the secret of the longevity of trees is that they are built in a modular way, without single or double specialised organs.!) The secret is to spread out, rather than specialise’. Plants, unlike animals, do not need major organs to survive; being endowed with innumerable generic organs capable of multiple functions, they can survive despite injury to various organs. The lack of specialisation and the considerable number of functional elements enable the plant organism to adapt, transform and evolve, precisely the properties needed to mark the starting point of a new urban theory. A slow and painstaking metamorphosis towards the exemplary city. The metamorphosis of the city must be carried out through micro-interventions, one-off urban surgeries that implement processes with a functioning similar to the non-specialised organs of the plant organism. Micro-interventions respond to the changing needs of the environment without relying on a centralised structure, addressing challenges in a progressive manner. The micro scale allows for a more agile and adaptive implementation, a revitalisation based on urban acupuncture"*, which through small punctures is able to implement new approaches gradually. As Darwin puts it, “evolution does not act through abrupt changes, but through small gradual alterations”."! In a complementary way, building a new urban fabric based on a mosaic of repairs enables the diversity of the city, leading to designs that can be adapted to coexist with the diff erent challenges we face. Local actions can involve addition, modifi cation and even removal, with the aim of restoring certain adjustments to the city that have been considered by default, and which have turned it into a post-sustainable infrastructure. This method of intervention makes the urban structure a tree. 92@,BA;* B%//,=(*0(*J-%$.+:$-*"-)+K"+F0A('5"3*U+,#(*s*!,''($*/ Collage of Urban Farmers De Schilde. Space & Matter [e2,=(&*[ Image U+,#(* s*!,''($] 92@,BB;* U(##"<&*#%//,=(*0(*/,*'$,&-7%$2,#"<&*0(*/,*#.5"($',*9*0(*/,*-(G',* +/,&',*(&*=$,&@,*.$5,&,3*J-%$.+:$-*"-)+K"+F0A('5"3*U+,#(*s* !,''($*/ Collage section of the transformation of the roof and the sixth fl oor into an urban farm. Urban Farmers De Schilde. Space & Matter [e2,=(&*[ Image U+,#(*s*!,''($] BF;*Pablo Gallego Picard, “Editorial”, BAc Boletín Académico. Revista de investigación y arquitectura contemporánea 12 (31 December 2022): 8-33, https://doi.org/10.17979/ bac.2022.12.0.9461. BG;*Thom Van Dooren, Flight Ways: Life and Loss at the Edge of Extinction (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016), 43. BH;*Donna Haraway recommends the use of the word urgency instead of emergency. The latter refers to something close to the apocalypse while urgencies mark a temporality that belongs to the present. (Donna Haraway, Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene) BI;*Josep Lluís Sert, “Biology of Cities,” Time, November 30, 1942, accessed November 19, 2024, https://time.com/archive/6766065/art-biology-of-cities/. BJ;*Mancuso, Fitópolis: la ciudad viva, 125. CA;*Jaime Lerner, Acupuntura urbana (Barcelona: Institut d’Arquitectura Avançada de Catalunya, 2005), 5. 2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":" $% $& Rethinking the city model The reformulation of urban theory proposes to transform the obsolete system of the city to adapt to current urgencies, and to adapt urbanised areas to constitute a built fabric that allows for multispecies remediation and reconciliation. The principles of this renewed paradigm have been grounded through an inductive methodology based on the in-depth analysis of multiple projects, which has made it possible to root and classify them. The fi rst phase of collecting and selecting examples implementing new metabolic and ecological approaches has allowed the subsequent examination of individual cases to identify the strategies in place and observe their impact. This detailed analysis has allowed the identifi cation of patterns that can be applied on a micro scale in cities, so that the sum of these small surgeries constitutes a correct urban performance, not only focusing on the integration of vegetation, but also on the optimisation of resources and biodiversity. The study concludes in a plant-based classifi cation of smallscale performance species capable of transforming the city through accumulation and repetition. Given the nonspecialised nature of these micro-interventions, the name of each species has a similar root. The possible association of syllables reinforces the concept of non-specialisation. By means of these combinations, the actions previously identifi ed in the analysis of the case studies can be broken down and classifi ed 896:;,<M>. The accumulation of such small transformations results in a city nurtured through microactions that constitute an urban phylogenesis that shows as a result the vital properties of the new urbanised habitats. The model city is therefore defi ned as: green, multispecies, resilient, self-suffi cient, nonspecialised and collaborative. Transversal characteristics that lay the foundations of a phylogenesis"" of microinterventions and defi ne the subspecies of generic actions. Actions are repeated in all the sections, showing the non-specialised nature of the actions and the balanced connection between the properties of the city, promoting the correct functioning of the vegetation that is pursued. Green The fi rst step is to green cities, to give and reserve a large part of the urban area for vegetation. Existence depends by nature on plant life, since photosynthesis is the true engine of life"#. The transformation of the city into green spaces is not simply an aesthetic eff ort, but rather a necessary action for urban ecology and the health of citizens. The World Health Organisation recommends 10 to 15 m2 of green space per inhabitant, an unattainable standard in virtually any city. Plants and trees sequester carbon from the environment, helping to mitigate the eff ects of climate change, and are essential for all other living things to breathe. It is time to re-establish our relationship with the plant world"$. There is a need to let nature act, allowing plants to grow on their own, and to do this we must design suitable surfaces, permeable supports where wild vegetation can grow spontaneously. The distance between nature and artifi ce must be broken in order to make possible cities that are capable of coupling new postnatural ecologies. Let any species that wants to establish its roots in the small oases that make up the microinterventions in the anthropised environment cohabit the city. CB;*Mancuso, Fitópolis: la ciudad viva, 27. CC;*Relationships between species. The term phylogenesis is used in the text to refer to the relationship between the diff erent species of architectural micro-interventions developed in the research. CD;*Mancuso, Fitópolis: la ciudad viva, 5. 92@,BC;* O%'%2%&',@(*0(*LA"+MIN+JO*(&*.&*(-#(&,$"%*1,5"'.,/6*l,@%* !,&1,'',&3*leT*t*l@,$S(*e&=(/-*T$%.+*/ Rendering of The BIG U! in a regular context, Lower Manhattan. BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group [e2,=(&*[ Image BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group] 92@,BD;* O%'%2%&',@(*0(*LA"+MIN+JO*(&*.&*(-#(&,$"%*#,',-'$<7"#%6*l,@%* !,&1,'',&3*leT*t*l@,$S(*e&=(/-*T$%.+*/ Photomontage of The BIG U! in a catastrophic scenario, Lower Manhattan. BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group [e2,=(&*[ Image BIG - Bjarke Ingels Group] >$#(.$'*+(?+'$(%0"("%#.'/*(&$(%-"%#$&,",%0./*@&A"'" A more paradigmatic example of this type of transformation is the one developed by the city of Paris, one of the largest European cities and at the same time one of the least green before the development of these initiatives 896:;,<O>. Végétalisons Paris (Let’s Vegetalise Paris) is a collaborative online project launched at the end of 2018, in which citizens submit green microinterventions. A striking aspect of the initiative is that green spaces are not conceived only as the greening of ground spaces, but Végétalisons Paris has a much broader vision of urban greenery and proposes to residents to green the city through shared gardens, decorating street furniture, installing green roofs on the roofs of buildings, planting new species in the tree wells, installing urban gardens, vertical gardens, decorating terraces, balconies and even creating urban farms, installing green roofs on the roofs of buildings, planting new species in the tree wells, installing urban vegetable gardens, vertical gardens, decorating terraces, balconies and even creating urban farms or installing beehives to increase the number of pollinators in the city. The project has proved to be a great success, with 1,348 diff erent projects implemented throughout the city to date, such as the installation of giant fl owerpots, wooden containers, the setting up of community urban gardens, etc. Multispecies The integration of more green and permeable surfaces makes the city a more welcoming place for diverse forms of life. The greener the city, the more species can make the city their habitat, and encourage interspecies coexistence in the built environment. The dividing line between city and nature must be blurred, as right now the number of species is greater in urban areas and suburbs than in the rural environment, and there is a type of biodiversity that underpins urban ecology, made up of synanthropic fauna and fl ora"%. The crow and the sparrow are among those species that have adapted to the city and depend on human activity for their survival, and although most people consider their presence a nuisance, they should be seen as a positive development, as they are a sign of biodiversity and their existence contributes to a more stable urban ecosystem. So far, public control has done its best to control non-human species, no room has been given for the other, and everything has been kept in order. However, the pandemic showed us how plants, birds, insects and animals - even the virus itself - were able to take over the city and colonise it. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink the built environment in order to design more inclusive environments from the outset, adapting the urban fabric to promote multispecies cohabitation. In this context, synanthropic architecture could change the perception of urban coexistence"&, strengthening the way in which relationships with other living beings are perceived through its integration into architectural design. The adaptation of the built environment towards multispecies justice requires architectures that off er shelter for all. In Eeestudio and Lys Villalba’s project, Educan: School for dogs, humans and other species in Madrid 896:;,<R>, birds and bats take over elements of the building previously designed to be occupied. The nesting façades and the emerging elements such as the letters are designed for other beings to inhabit them and help in the self-regulation of the ecosystem. In the same way, Harrison Atelier’s proposal, Feral Surface to revitalise and green the rooftops of the city of Barcelona 896:;,<S>, contributes to bringing a greater number of pollinators to urbanised areas. They transform rooftops into environments for both humans and insects by placing porous, monitored surface units capable of collecting information in the form of a façade, arch or wall, while helping to mitigate air pollution and the heat island eff ect. Urban habitats for pollinators can also be created in public space. The Alusta Pavilion by Maiju Suomi and Elina Koivisto functions as a large insect hotel 896:;,<T>. The key to the intervention has been the choice of material, as the use of a perforated and textured component such as brick has allowed bees and other insects to settle in the small cavities, and establish themselves in the built environment. The installation creates an atmosphere that fosters the conditions for interspecies relationships to emerge, “invites non-human animals to return to the space from which they have been expelled by modernity, and lays the groundwork for continued encounters”"'. Therefore, synanthropic design can be integrated into any kind of intervention, even in infrastructures that are diffi cult to imagine, such as the Vlotwateringbrug bat bridge in the Netherlands 896:;,<U>, by NEXT architects. The bridge, which serves cyclists, pedestrians and even occasionally cars, provides habitats for bats in its section, so that a large colony is created around the bridge. This case study shows how an object as functional as a bridge can be used for ecological remediation"(. Resilient Having the capacity to adapt and recover from adverse circumstances, such as natural disasters, declining economies or changing climates, is very important for a city. Resilience is based on an integrity that learns from past experiences and is able to cope with future challenges. Therefore, the design of the city must have the capacity to adapt to the circumstances brought about by the CE;*Ibid. CF;*Synanthropic fauna and fl ora are species that have adapted to the environmental conditions of the anthropised urban environment. CG;*Sarah Gunawan, ‘’Synanthropic Suburbia’’ (PhD diss., University of Waterloo, 2015), 3. CH;*Maiju Suomi and Maarit Mäkelä, ‘’Exploring Ecological Relationality Through Architectural Practice,’’ Research in Arts and Education 2024, no. 1 (May 3, 2024): 220, https:// doi.org/10.54916/rae.142537. CI;*Repairing, remedying or remedying the damage, in this context the damage caused to the environment. 2+3"'+%450$"5&%6+7"(,$%+%89$:.%;"(#<"%=,$":" %' %(