Differences in kinetic characteristics during countermovement jump of football players with cerebral palsy according to impairment profiles

Di e ences in kine ic cha ac e is ics du ing coun e mo emen jump o oo ball playe s wi h ce eb al palsy acco ding o impai men p ofiles Ma ías Hen íquez 1 , 2 *, Ra ael Sabido 1 , Da id Ba bado 1 , 3 , Alba Roldan 1 , Jose L. L. El i a 1 , Ja ie Yanci 4 and Raúl Reina 1 1 Spo s Resea ch Cen e, Depa men o Spo Sciences, Miguel He nández Uni e si y, Elche, Spain, 2 Escuela de Kinesiología, Facul ad de Odon ología y Ciencias de la Rehabili ación, Uni e sidad San Sebas ián, P o idencia, Chile, 3 Alican e Ins i u e o Heal h and Biomedical Resea ch (ISABIAL), Alican e, Spain, 4 Socie y, Spo s, and Physical Exe cise Resea ch G oup (GIKAFIT), Physical Educa ion and Spo Depa men , Facul y o Educa ion and Spo , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU), Vi o ia- Gas eiz, Spain Objec i es: The pu pose o his s udy was 1) o de e mine and compa e kine ic pa ame e s du ing he ealiza ion o a coun e mo emen jump (CMJ) be ween oo balle s wi h ce eb al palsy (CP) and non-impai ed oo balle s, and 2) o analyze he di e ences in his ac ion be ween di e en playe s’impai men p ofiles and a g oup o non-impai ed oo balle s. Me hods: This s udy in ol ed 154 pa icipan s comp ising 121 male oo balle s wi h CP om 11 na ional eams and 33 male non-impai ed oo ball playe s ec ui ed as he con ol g oup (CG). The oo balle s wi h CP we e desc ibed acco ding o he di e en impai men p ofiles (bila e al spas ici y = 10; a he osis o a axia = 16; unila e al spas ici y = 77; minimum impai men = 18). All pa icipan s pe o med h ee CMJs on a o ce pla o m o eco d kine ic pa ame e s du ing he es . Resul s: The g oup o pa a- oo balle s p esen ed significan ly lowe alues han he CG in he jump heigh (p<0.01, d=−1.28), peak powe (p<0.01, d=−0.84), and he ne concen ic impulse (p<0.01, d=−0.86). Conce ning he pai wise compa isons be ween CP p ofiles and he CG, significan di e ences we e ound o he bila e al spas ici y, a he osis o a axia, and unila e al spas ici y subg oups compa ed o he non-impai ed playe s o jump heigh (p<0.01; d=−1.31 o −2.61), powe ou pu (p<0.05; d=−0.77 o −1.66), and concen ic impulse o he CMJ (p<0.01; d=−0.86 o −1.97). When compa ing he minimum impai men subg oup wi h he CG, only significan di e ences we e ound o jump heigh (p= 0.036; d=−0.82). Foo balle s wi h minimum impai men p esen ed highe jumping heigh (p= 0.002; d=−1.32) and concen ic impulse (p= 0.029; d=−1.08) compa ed o hose wi h bila e al spas ici y. Also, he unila e al spas ici y subg oup epo s a highe jump heigh pe o mance han he bila e al g oup (p= 0.012; d=−1.12). Conclusion: These esul s sugges ha he a iables ela ed o powe p oduc ion du ing he concen ic phase o he jump a e c ucial o he pe o mance di e ences be ween g oups wi h and wi hou impai men . This s udy p o ides OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY Giuseppe D’An ona, Uni e si y o Pa ia, I aly REVIEWED BY Debo ah Ellen Tho pe, Uni e si y o No h Ca olina a Chapel Hill, Uni ed S a es Ragab Elnagga , Cai o Uni e si y, Egyp *CORRESPONDENCE Ma ías Hen íquez, [email p o ec ed]mh.es RECEIVED 12 Decembe 2022 ACCEPTED 14 Ap il 2023 PUBLISHED 26 Ap il 2023 CITATION Hen íquez M, Sabido R, Ba bado D, Roldan A, El i a JLL, Yanci J and Reina R (2023), Di e ences in kine ic cha ac e is ics du ing coun e mo emen jump o oo ball playe s wi h ce eb al palsy acco ding o impai men p ofiles. F on . Physiol. 14:1121652. doi: 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652 COPYRIGHT © 2023 Hen íquez, Sabido, Ba bado, Roldan, El i a, Yanci and Reina. This is an open-access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (CC BY). The use, dis ibu ion o ep oduc ion in o he o ums is pe mi ed, p o ided he o iginal au ho (s) and he copy igh owne (s) a e c edi ed and ha he o iginal publica ion in his jou nal is ci ed, in acco dance wi h accep ed academic p ac ice. No use, dis ibu ion o ep oduc ion is pe mi ed which does no comply wi h hese e ms. F on ie s in Physiology on ie sin.o g01 TYPE O iginal Resea ch PUBLISHED 26 Ap il 2023 DOI 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652 a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o kine ic a iables ha would di e en ia e CP and non-impai ed oo balle s. Howe e , mo e s udies a e necessa y o cla i y which pa ame e s be e di e en ia e among di e en p ofiles o CP. The findings could help o p esc ibe e ec i e physical aining p og ams and suppo he classifie ’s decision-making o class alloca ion in his pa a-spo . KEYWORDS o ce, jumping, b ain inju y, concen ic, Pa alympic 1 In oduc ion Ve ical jump assessmen , in he o m o he coun e mo emen jump (CMJ) es , is b oadly used o he measu emen o neu omuscula s a us (Claudino e al., 2017), lowe -limb muscle powe (Co mie e al., 2009), a igue assessmen (B owns ein e al., 2017), aining load op imiza ion (Claudino e al., 2012), and is also conside ed a ele an index o alen iden ifica ion in oo ball playe s (S ølen e al., 2005;Cas agna and Cas ellini, 2013). Foo ball equi es epe i i e ac ions based on s e ch-sho ening cycles in di e en physical and echnical si ua ions such as jumping (Bangsbo, 2014). Hence, he jumping abili y o oo ball playe s is an aspec ha has been ex ensi ely s udied (S ølen e al., 2005). This abili y is equen ly assessed h ough he CMJ es , as i is an easy es o e alua e and can p o ide a high numbe o ele an a iables o pe o mance moni o ing [i.e., powe / o ce de elopmen , a e o o ce de elopmen (RFD), eloci y, eccen ic ime/concen ic ime, jump heigh ]. In ac , some esea che s ha e demons a ed he ela ionship be ween CMJ pa ame e s and sp in pe o mance, kicking eloci y, and maximal s eng h in he lowe ex emi ies, suppo ing he ele ance o ce ain a iables in mechanical powe ou pu (Wislø e al., 2004;Dobbs e al., 2015; Rod íguez-Lo enzo e al., 2016). The e ical jump capaci y is also included in he e alua ion o oo ball playe s wi h ce eb al palsy (CP) as a o m o moni o ing physical aining objec i es (Yanci e al., 2016) and o classifica ion pu poses o define who can compe e in his pa a-spo (Yanci e al., 2016;Reina e al., 2018). CP oo ball is a discipline simila o he egula spo o in e mi en cha ac e is ics, p esen ing some adap a ions (i.e., played 7-a-side, 50 m × 70 m field size, 5 m × 2 m goals, no-o side ule, among o he s) and b inging he possibili y o be p ac iced by people wi h neu ological condi ions (Yanci e al., 2016). Because o he a ie y o mo o impai men s p esen ed by oo ball playe s wi h CP, only hose wi h an eligible impai men o hype onia, a axia, o a he osis a e eligible o p ac ice his pa a-spo (In e na ional Pa alympic Commi ee, 2016). Playe s wi h CP p esen e ifiable physical p oblems ha a ec key ac i i ies o spo s pe o mance, p esen ing di e en se e i y o he impai men s acco ding o he body in ol emen such as hemiplegia, wi h one side o he body a ec ed (e.g., mo e a ec ed uppe limb han he lowe limb); diplegia a ec ing all limbs bu wi h highe impai men s in lowe limbs han in uppe limbs; o quad iplegia, wi h in ol emen in ou limbs and unk (G aham e al., 2016). In CP oo ball, playe s wi h a minimum impai men le el can pa icipa e in CP oo ball compe i ions, being ele an o know he di e ences wi h able-bodied oo balle s and iden i ying i he eligible impai men impac s he spo s pe o mance o high unc ional pa icipan s, which is cons an ly a challenge o he classifica ion p ocess (Tweedy e al., 2018). Some o he p incipal neu ological cha ac e is ics and seconda y consequences o playe s’muscle unc ion a e ela ed o he p esence o o e s e ched sa come e leng hs, inc emen s in he passi e mechanical s i ness, changes in he ex acellula ma ix, and ans o ma ion o fibe ype due o he consequences o he damage in co ical pa hways in he cen al ne ous sys em (Ma hewson and Liebe , 2015;G aham e al., 2016;Dayanidhi and Liebe , 2018) possibly ha ing a di ec e ec on he pe o mance o mo o ac ions ela ed o oo ball demands, like jump pe o mance (Reina e al., 2018;Reina e al., 2019). In his ega d, Yanci e al. (2016) also epo ed a lowe anae obic pe o mance eflec ed in e ical jump capabili y compa ed o compe i i e and ama eu oo balle s wi hou disabili ies. The CMJ es has shown good eliabili y (ICC = 0.88) and alidi y o assessing jump pe o mance in oo balle s wi h CP (Reina e al., 2018). Howe e , s udies ha ha e in es iga ed his issue a e sca ce in CP oo ball and some o he esul s a e inconclusi e. Fo example, Yanci e al. (2016), ound no ela ionship be ween CMJ heigh pe o mance and he classifica ion p ofile o a eam wi h 12 Spanish oo balle s wi h CP. Con e sely, Reina e al. (2018) showed significan di e ences in he same pe o mance a iable be ween unc ional p ofiles in a g oup o 132 in e na ional pa a- oo balle s, e ealing di e ences acco ding o impai men p ofile. Wi h ega d o his app oach, he limi ed analysis o he jump heigh and peak powe pe o mance may o e look he complex na u e o CMJ and he di e en neu omuscula s a egies used by playe s o eligible mo o in ol emen o CP oo ball (Ga he cole e al., 2015). The e o e, a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o he key a iables ha di e en ia e be ween impai men p ofiles and con ibu e o pe o mance in he e ical jump may enable he p esc ip ion o e ec i e physical aining p og ams o imp o ing s eng h and condi ioning p ac ice in he a hle ic popula ion wi h CP. On he o he hand, he iden ifica ion o key jump pa ame e s could po en ially a o he de elopmen o p ac ical implica ions in e idence-based classifica ion, imp o ing he s a egies o suppo he class alloca ion o pa a- oo balle s wi h neu ological impai men s. To he bes o he au ho s’knowledge, he e is limi ed in o ma ion ega ding kine ic a iables in he e ical jump pe o mance o oo balle s wi h CP, wi h s udies gene ally only ocused on jump heigh pe o mance (Reina e al., 2018), peak powe ou pu (Yanci e al., 2016), and e ical g ound eac ion o ce (Cáma a e al., 2013). Howe e , no p e ious esea ch has in es iga ed kine ic a iables du ing CMJ acco ding o he di e en impai men p ofiles p esen ed in oo ball playe s wi h CP. The e o e, his s udy aimed 1) o de e mine and compa e kine ic pa ame e s du ing he ealiza ion o a CMJ be ween F on ie s in Physiology on ie sin.o g02 Hen íquez e al. 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652 in e na ional oo balle s wi h CP and non-impai ed oo balle s, and 2) o analyze he di e ences in his ac ion be ween he di e en playe s’impai men p ofiles [e.g., bila e al spas ici y (BS), a he osis/ a axia (AA), unila e al spas ici y (US), and minimum impai men (MI)] and non-impai ed oo balle s. 2 Me hods 2.1 Pa icipan s A con enience sample o 154 pa icipan s comp ising 121 male in e na ional oo balle s wi h CP om 11 na ional eams and 33 male non-impai ed oo ball playe s [i.e., con ol g oup (CG)] olun ee ed o pa icipa e in his s udy. The pa a- oo balle s we e desc ibed acco ding o he di e en impai men p ofiles, such as BS (i.e., spas ic diplegia), AA (i.e., coo dina ion impai men s), US (i.e., spas ic hemiplegia), and MI (i.e., mild impai men ega ding he o he h ee p ofiles) based on he desc ip ion o eligible impai men s o a ec ed limbs included in he In e na ional Fede a ion o Ce eb al Palsy Foo ball classifica ion ulebook (IFCPF, 2018) and he Ce eb al Palsy In e na ional Spo s and Rec ea ion Associa ion (CPISRA) classifica ion sys em (Reina, 2014) ha s ills applicable in Pa alympic spo s such as Pa a A hle ics (Wo ld Pa a A hle ics, 2022). Playe s o he MI g oup a e hose who p esen ed an eligible impai men o hype onia (i.e., spas ici y g ade 1-2 in a leas one muscle g oup), a axia (i.e., clea signs o ce ebella dys unc ion wi h emo o dysme ia in coo dina ion es s), o dyskinesia (i.e., a he oid o dys onic mo emen s in di e en pa s o he body, a ec ing balance and coo dina ion) ha mee s he minimum impai men se e i y equi emen o be eligible o play CP oo ball (Reina e al., 2021a). All he pa icipan s p esen ed a unc ional p ofile o be ca ego ized in Le el 1 o he G oss Mo o Func ion Classifica ion Sys em (Jahnsen e al., 2006). The inclusion c i e ia o pa icipa ing in he s udy we e o be eligible o compe e in his pa a-spo (i.e., p esen ing he minimum eligible impai men o hype onia, a axia, o a he osis), ha e a alid license om he IFCPF, be a an in e na ional le el compe ing a wo ld championships, and no p esen any inju ies in he 3 mon hs be o e da a collec ion. In he case o he CG, a g oup wi h equi alen yea s o oo ball aining expe ience was selec ed. The gene al cha ac e is ics o he pa icipan s a e desc ibed in Table 1. Be o e he es ing session, playe s ecei ed de ailed e bal ins uc ions and we e ully amilia ized wi h he jumping p ocedu e in which he CMJ es was pa o he spo classifica ion p ocess. The s udy’s cha ac e is ics we e desc ibed o he pa icipan s, de ailed in an o al explana ion and hey p o ided w i en in o med consen in conco dance wi h Helsinki’s decla a ion (2013). The human e hics commi ee o Miguel He nández Uni e si y app o ed all he s udy p ocedu es (Re e ence numbe DPS.RRV.01.14). 2.2 P ocedu es A c oss-sec ional s udy was conduc ed o examine kine ic a iables du ing he CMJ, conside ing he impai men p ofiles o he oo balle s wi h CP and compa ing hem wi h he CG. Be o e he es ing, all he playe s we e equi ed o a oid s enuous physical ac i i y. A s anda dized wa m-up was pe o med, consis ing o a 5- min sel -paced low-in ensi y un, skipping exe cises, s ides, and wo 15-m sp in s wi h and wi hou changes o di ec ion (Reina e al., 2018). The playe s we e asked o pe o m h ee CMJs wi h 30 s o eco e y be ween each ial in a single session. The highes heigh eached in any o he a emp s was conside ed o subsequen analyses o he selec ed kine ic a iables. 2.3 Measu es 2.3.1 Ve ical jump capaci y To pe o m he CMJ, he pa icipan s a ed in an up igh s anding posi ion on he o ce pla o m wi h fixed hands on hips and sus ained ha posi ion du ing he jump execu ion. All pa icipan s pe o med a as flexion downwa d mo emen o each app oxima ely 90°o knee flexion, ollowed by pe o ming a maximum e ical jump wi h hip and knee ex ension and plan a flexion du ing he fligh phase and landing in he s a ing place, ying o each he maximal heigh in e e y ial. Those pa a-a hle es who p esen ed spas ic hemiplegia and di ficul y main aining hei hand on hei hip we e allowed o keep hei hand on one side o hei body, keeping he ex emi y s a ic du ing he jump (Yanci e al., 2016). Pe o mance a iables we e e alua ed on a o ce pla o m (Kis le ™, Swi ze land, Model 9287B) ha eco ded e ical o ces TABLE 1 Pa icipan s’cha ac e is ics da a. Pa icipan g oups n Age (yea s) Body mass (kg) Heigh (cm) BMI (kg·m −2 ) T aining expe ience (yea s) Ce eb al palsy g oup 121 25.7 ± 6.6 72.1 ± 10.3 175.6 ± 7.4 23.4 ± 3.0 10.4 ± 7.5 Bila e al spas ici y 10 25.7 ± 5.9 74.2 ± 8.2 177.3 ± 6.9 23.6 ± 2.5 11.1 ± 5.2 A he osis/A axia 16 26.3 ± 7.4 72.8 ± 9.8 174.9 ± 6.4 23.6 ± 2.8 9.6 ± 4.1 Unila e al spas ici y 77 25.2 ± 6.0 70.6 ± 10.4 175.2 ± 7.5 23.1 ± 3.2 9.3 ± 6.7 Minimum impai men 18 27.7 ± 8.6 76.9 ± 10.2 177.3 ± 8.3 24.5 ± 2.9 15.3 ± 11.4 Con ol g oup 33 19.6 ± 4.0 76.7 ± 8.5 179.1 ± 6.2 24.2 ± 2.3 9.8 ± 5.6 O e all sample 154 24.7 ± 6.6 73.1 ± 10.0 176.1 ± 7.3 23.5 ± 2.9 10.3 ± 7.1 Da a a e exp essed as mean and s anda d de ia ion. BMI, body mass index. F on ie s in Physiology on ie sin.o g03 Hen íquez e al. 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652 wi h a sampling a e o 1,000 Hz. Cus om so wa e designed in LabView ( e sion 12.0, Na ional Ins umen s, Texas, Uni ed S a es) was used o analyze he CMJ es ou come a iables. Fo jump es ing, he jump heigh (JH; uni s: cm) maximum displacemen was calcula ed wi h he ollowing o mula V 2 /2g, whe e V is he eloci y a ake-o (m/s) ins an and gis g a i y accele a ion (9.8 m/s 2 ). The eloci y was ob ained om he in eg al o ce wi h espec o ime using he apezoidal ule (Lin ho ne, 2001), and he highes jump being conside ed o subsequen analyses. The peak powe ou pu (PPO; uni s: W/kg) was calcula ed as he p oduc o he e ical eloci y and o ce da a du ing he CMJ. The eccen ic phase o he jump was conside ed when eloci y was nega i e and included he quie phase, unweigh ing phase, and b aking phase om he s a o he mo emen o ze o eloci y (Co mie e al., 2009). The onse o he mo emen was iden ified 30 ms be o e he ins an when e ical o ce was equal o o mo e han fi e imes he s anda d de ia ion o body weigh which is calcula ed in he weighing phase (McMahon e al., 2018). Va iables assessed in he eccen ic phase we e he peak o ce eccen ic (PFE; uni s: N/kg), he mechanical impulse quan ified as he o al o ce applied du ing he eccen ic phase and no malized by body mass (EIMP; uni s: N·s·kg −1 ), and he ime o peak o he eccen ic o ce (TTPEF; uni s: s). The concen ic phase includes he p opulsi e s age be o e he akeo , whe e he eloci y was posi i e in he o ce- ime cu e. The peak o ce concen ic (PFC; uni s: N/kg) was he maximal o ce achie ed du ing he concen ic phase whe e he change in displacemen was posi i e and e ical, and he ne o ce concen ic impulse (CIMP; uni s: N·s·kg −1 ). Addi ionally, ime o peak concen ic o ce (TTCF; uni s: s) was conside ed. Each jumping phase’s a e o o ce p oduc ion was quan ified using he maximum a e o o ce de elopmen (mRFD; uni s: N/s), which was defined as he la ges o ce inc ease du ing a 20 ms epoch (Wooda d e al., 1999). In addi ion, he ime o he maximum a e o o ce de elopmen (TTmRFD; uni s: s) was also compu ed (Reina e al., 2019). Time o he o al jump du a ion (JD; uni s: s), decele a ion phase (DP; uni s: s), eccen ic phase du a ion (ED; uni s: s), concen ic phase du a ion (CD; uni s: s), and he a e o eccen ic and concen ic impulse (E/C; uni s: a e) we e also egis e ed du ing he CMJ. All he a iables o o ce and powe we e ela i ized by he pa icipan ’s body mass (Co mie e al., 2009). 2.4 S a is ical analysis The esul s a e p esen ed as means and s anda d de ia ion (±). The da a dis ibu ion and homogenei y o a iances we e assessed wi h Kolmogo o –Smi no and Le ene’s es s, espec i ely. The coe ficien o a ia ion [(CV), in %] was calcula ed wi hin g oups using he ollowing o mula: CV= (SD/Mean·100) (A kinson and Ne ill, 1998). An independen o unpai ed S uden ’s - es was used o de e mine he magni ude o di e ences be ween he g oup o oo balle s wi h CP and he CG on he kine ic CMJ es a iables. Conside ing he cha ac e is ics o he da a and he di e en g oups, a one-way analysis o a iance (ANOVA) wi h Tukey’spos hoc analysis was conduc ed o de e mine which kine ic a iables o CMJ pe o mance di e s acco ding o he di e en impai men subg oups o oo balle s wi h CP, including he CG. Cohen’sd index e ec size (ES) was conside ed ollowing he in e p e a ion p oposed by Rhea (2004) o highly ained a hle es: abo e 1.00, be ween 0.50 and 1.00, be ween 0.25 and 0.50, and lowe han 0.25 we e conside ed la ge, mode a e, small, and i ial, espec i ely. In addi ion, he Hedges gindex (Hedges and Olkin, 1985) was used o p o ide an ES es ima ion educing he bias caused by small samples (n <20). The analysis was pe o med wi h he S a is ical Package o Social Science ( e sion 26, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, Uni ed S a es) and G aphPad P ism (P ism 6.0, San Diego, CA, Uni ed S a es). S a is ical significance was se as p<0.05. 3 Resul s 3.1 Compa ison be ween ce eb al palsy g oup and con ol g oup Table 2 p esen s he di e ences in CMJ pa ame e s be ween pa a- oo balle s wi h CP and he CG, including he ES and he CV. The unpai ed - es showed ha JH pe o mance in he g oup o pa a- oo balle s epo ed significan ly lowe alues han he CG (p< 0.01; d=−1.28, la ge). Addi ionally, PPO (p<0.001; d=−0.84, la ge), and CIMP (p<0.001; d=−0.86, la ge), we e also significan ly lowe in he CP oo ball g oup compa ed o he CG. 3.2 Compa ison be ween ce eb al palsy impai men p ofiles Table 3 displays he e ical jump pe o mance a iables o a CMJ acco ding o pa a- oo balle s’impai men p ofiles and he CG. O e all, he one-way ANOVA analysis showed significan di e ences be ween he unc ional p ofiles in he da a a iables o JH,PPO,andCIMP(p<0.01). Howe e , he e we e no significan di e ences in he es o he a iables (p>0.05). The mul iple be ween-subg oups compa isons o he o ce- ime cha ac e is ics’ alues e eal ha he CG showed significan ly highe sco es, wi h mode a e- o-la ge ESs, compa ed o BS, AA, and US impai men p ofiles o he a iables JH (p<0.01; d=−1.31 o −2.61), PPO (p<0.05; d=−0.77 o −1.66), and CIMP (p<0.01; d=−0.86 o −1.97). Table 4 shows he esul s ob ained in he compa ison be ween he g oups o playe s wi h CP and he CG. In JH, pai wise compa isons e ealed ha he BS g oup ob ained lowe alues han he US and MI p ofiles du ing he CMJ es (p<0.012; d=−1.12 o −1.32, la ge). Addi ionally, significan and mode a e ES was ound o he compa ison be ween he MI g oup and he CG (p= 0.036; d=−0.82). Al hough he di e ences ound we e no significan , mode a e o la ge ESs we e ound o JH be ween BS and AA g oups compa isons (p= 0.272; d= 0.78), and o PPO be ween BS and AA (p= 0.344; d=−0.75), he BS and US (p= 0.093; d=−0.81), and BS and MI (p= 0.099; d=−1.01) subg oups. Fo he PFE, he MI and CG subg oups exhibi no significan di e ences wi h mode a e ES compa ed o playe s om he BS subg oup (p>0.791; d=−0.56 o −0.77, mode a e). No significan di e ences we e ob ained in he pai wise compa ison o EIMP and PFC (p>0.05). Howe e , a mode a e ES was ound be ween BS and MI (d=−0.54), BS and CG (d=−0.55), AA and MI (d=−0.67), and AA and CG (d=−0.67) in EIMP. Wi h ega d o CIMP, pai wise F on ie s in Physiology on ie sin.o g04 Hen íquez e al. 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652 compa isons epo ed highe sco es o he pa a- oo balle s o he MI subg oup compa ed o hose o he BS subg oup (p= 0.029; d=−1.08, la ge), and mode a e ES wi hou significan di e ences compa ed o he AA subg oup (p= 0.147; d=−0.76, mode a e). No significan di e ences we e epo ed o he be ween-g oup compa isons in mRFD (p>0.05; d= 0.04 o 0.19, i ial). Du ing b aking o ces, AA and US had highe coe ficien s o a ia ion in he a iables PFE and EIMP. Addi ionally, pa a- oo balle s wi h AA and hemiplegic p ofiles epo ed he highes CV in he du a ion o he eccen ic phase du ing CMJ. The desc ip i e da a ega ding he o ce- ime cu e o he CMJ acco ding o pa a- oo balle s’impai men p ofiles and non- impai ed oo balle s h oughou he mo emen a e desc ibed in Supplemen a y Figu e S1. 4 Discussion The p esen s udy aimed o de e mine and compa e kine ic pa ame e s du ing he ealiza ion o a CMJ in oo ball playe s wi h and wi hou b ain impai men s and o analyze he di e ences among playe s wi h di e en p ofiles/se e i y o impai men and non-impai ed oo balle s. This s udy showed ha powe ou pu in concen ic a iables associa ed wi h o ce and eloci y capabili ies o he lowe limbs disc imina e be ween oo balle s wi h CP and non- impai ed oo balle s (i.e., JH, PPO, and CIMP a iables). Rega ding he di e ences among impai men p ofiles and CG, he heigh s eached du ing he e ical jump, peak powe alues, and concen ic impulse we e significan ly di e en compa ed o BS, AA, and US; bu he MI subg oup only pe o med lowe JH compa ed o non- impai ed playe s. Mo eo e , hose playe s wi h highe unc ionali y p esen ed highe alues compa ed o hose wi h BS in JH and CIMP a iables. Addi ionally, a hle es wi h a hemiplegic p ofile (US) p esen ed highe jump heigh pe o mance han he BS subg oup. 4.1 Compa isons be ween ce eb al palsy g oup and con ol g oup Di e ences in he JH pe o mance be ween oo balle s wi h CP and he CG could be explained by he ac ha his a iable is p ima ily a ec ed by he ne e ical impulse du ing he concen ic phase, pe mi ing he body mass displacemen a a highe eloci y (Ki by e al., 2011;McMahon e al., 2017). P e ious esea ch on non- impai ed pa icipan s has e ealed ha he mechanical powe ou pu and ne e ical p opulsi e a iable we e di e en ia ing ac o s o CMJ heigh be ween sexes (McMahon e al., 2017), spo -specific p ac ice (La aye e al., 2014), and age (Loude e al., 2018;Al e o-C uz e al., 2021). The esul s o his s udy a e consis en wi h he s udy o Yanci e al. (2016) on a small g oup o pa a- oo balle s, who p esen ed lowe peak powe compa ed o ama eu and eli e playe s wi hou b ain damage. Simila ly, Reina TABLE 2 Pe o mance a iables o a coun e mo emen jump o ce eb al palsy oo ball playe s and con ol g oup. CMJ a iables O e all sample CP g oup Con ol g oup pd M±SD CV (%) M ±SD CV (%) M ±SD CV (%) Jump heigh (cm) 27.4 ± 6.4 23.4 25.8 ± 5.9 22.9 33.1 ± 4.9 14.8 <0.001** −1.28 Jump du a ion (s) 0.99 ± 0.33 33.3 1.00 ± 0.36 36.0 0.96 ± 0.16 16.7 0.513 0.12 Time o he maximum RFD (s) 0.68 ± 0.35 51.5 0.69 ± 0.38 55.1 0.64 ± 0.21 32.8 0.400 0.14 Maximum RFD (N/s) 8,475 ± 4,018 47.4 8,445 ± 4,161 49.3 8,587 ± 3,501 40.8 0.858 −0.04 Peak powe ou pu (W/kg) 23.35 ± 5.10 21.8 22.48 ± 4.90 21.8 26.54 ± 4.61 17.4 <0.001** −0.84 Eccen ic/Concen ic impulse a e 0.24 ± 0.08 33.3 0.24 ± 0.08 33.3 0.24 ± 0.06 25.0 0.872 0 Eccen ic phase Decele a ion phase (s) 0.68 ± 0.22 32.4 0.68 ± 0.23 33.8 0.68 ± 0.14 20.6 0.864 0 Eccen ic du a ion (s) 0.43 ± 0.13 30.2 0.42 ± 0.13 31.0 0.45 ± 0.13 28.9 0.338 −0.23 Time o peak eccen ic o ce (s) 0.26 ± 0.09 34.6 0.26 ± 0.10 38.5 0.25 ± 0.09 36.0 0.922 0.1 Peak o ce eccen ic (N/kg) 3.60 ± 1.90 52.8 3.58 ± 2.01 56.1 3.68 ± 1.44 39.1 0.806 0.05 Eccen ic impulse (N·s·kg −1 ) 0.76 ± 0.31 40.8 0.74 ± 0.32 43.4 0.83 ± 0.26 30.8 0.130 −0.29 Concen ic Phase Concen ic du a ion (s) 0.56 ± 0.32 57.1 0.58 ± 0.35 60.3 0.51 ± 0.13 25.5 0.283 0.22 Time o peak concen ic o ce (s) 0.82 ± 0.34 41.5 0.82 ± 0.37 45.1 0.79 ± 0.16 20.3 0.678 0.09 Peak o ce concen ic (N/kg) 13.09 ± 2.75 21.0 13.03 ± 2.93 22.5 13.28 ± 1.96 14.8 0.655 −0.09 Concen ic Impulse (N·s·kg −1 ) 3.06 ± 0.49 15.9 2.98 ± 0.49 16.3 3.38 ± 0.34 10.1 <0.001** −0.86 The S uden ’s - es o independen measu es. CMJ, coun e mo emen jump; CP, ce eb al palsy, M, mean; SD, s anda d de ia ion; CV, coe ficien o a ia ion; ES, e ec size; RFD, a e o o ce de elopmen . Significan di e ences be ween playe s g oups in CMJ a iables (**p<0.01). F on ie s in Physiology on ie sin.o g05 Hen íquez e al. 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652 e al. (2018) ound ha mains eam oo ball playe s ealized highe e ical jumps in compa ison o playe s wi h CP wi h di e en unc ional p ofiles, ca ego ized acco ding o hei impai men se e i y and body in ol emen . Mo eo e , Flee on e al. (2022) epo ed a significan ela ionship be ween he achie ed heigh and he concen ic ela i e impulse in a hle es wi h CP, suppo ing he ele ance o he o e all pe o mance in he CMJ. Thus, pe o mance di e ences be ween pa a- oo balle s’ subg oups could be a ibu ed o he cha ac e is ics p esen ed in he popula ion wi h CP, such as diminished muscle size (O’B ien e al., 2021), impai ed neu omuscula ac i a ion (Rose and McGill, 2005), o highe coac i a ion pa e ns (Hussain e al., 2014), impac ing on he pe o mance o unc ional ac i i ies. The eccen ic con ac ion du ing he CMJ is an essen ial componen ha con ibu es o p opulsi e o ces in he s e ch- sho ening cycle (McB ide e al., 2008;Tu ne and Je eys, 2010; Ga he cole e al., 2015). Du ing he eccen ic phase o he jump, he unweigh ing componen impac s he o ce p oduc ion du ing he b aking and p opulsi e phases, which is also condi ioned by mo emen pa e ns and pa a- oo balle s’s a egies o decele a e he body (McMahon e al., 2018). This s udy ound no significan di e ences be ween g oups in a iables ela ed o he eccen ic phase, p obably because he CP showed g ea a iabili y o unc ional pa e ns due o he na u e o he diagnosis i sel (G aham e al., 2016). Ou esul s ein o ce he idea ha he concen ic o ce gene a ion was mo e c i ical in achie ing heigh du ing he e ical jump. Pa a- oo balle s wi h CP could use di e en s a egies du ing he jump descending phase acco ding o each indi idual’s neu ological impai men , maybe eflec ing he consequences o muscle weakness, al e ed coo dina ion, muscula co-con ac ion, and/o muscula spas ici y du ing downwa d mo emen s in he CMJ (Reina e al., 2018). I should be no ed ha in p e ious s udies, he RFD was iden ified as an index o ele an explosi e s eng h due o he significan unc ional implica ions in mo o unc ion and he influence du ing he e ical jump p oficiency in conjunc ion wi h he neu omuscula coo dina ion o he lowe ex emi ies (Rodacki e al., 2002;McLellan e al., 2011;Ma fiule i e al., 2016). Howe e , p e ious s udies showed ha child en and adul s wi h CP p esen ed a educed RFD compa ed o non- impai ed indi iduals, p incipally using lowe limb isome ic es ing o explo e he associa ions wi h impai ed mobili y TABLE 3 One-way analysis o a iance o pe o mance a iables di e ences o a coun e mo emen jump acco ding o ce eb al palsy impai men p ofiles and con ol g oup. CMJ a iables Bila e al spas ici y n=10 A he osis/A axia n=16 Unila e al spas ici y n=77 Minimum impai men n=18 Con ol g oup n=33 M±SD CV (%) M ±SD CV (%) M ±SD CV (%) M ±SD CV (%) M ±SD Jump heigh (cm) 20.2 ± 4.7 23.4** 24.6 ± 6.1 24.6** 26.2 ± 5.4 20.5** † 28.5 ± 6.7 23.6* †† 33.1 ± 4.9 Jump du a ion (s) 0.98 ± 0.13 13.6 0.93 ± 0.29 31.4 1.04 ± 0.42 40.2 0.93 ± 0.17 17.8 0.96 ± 0.16 Time o he maximum RFD (s) 0.71 ± 0.15 20.9 0.63 ± 0.27 42.5 0.71 ± 0.45 62.5 0.66 ± 0.23 35.0 0.64 ± 0.21 Maximum RFD (N/s) 8,085 ± 3,605 44.6 7,954 ± 2,690 33.8 8,546 ± 4,504 52.7 8,648 ± 4,226 48.9 8,587 ± 3,501 Peak powe ou pu (W/kg) 18.75 ± 4.63 24.7** 22.33 ± 4.63 20.7* 22.78 ± 4.95 21.7** 23.43 ± 4.46 19.0 26.54 ± 4.61 Eccen ic/Concen ic impulse a e 0.25 ± 0.05 20.6 0.23 ± 0.06 25.6 0.24 ± 0.09 39.3 0.26 ± 0.06 23.1 0.24 ± 0.06 Eccen ic phase Decele a ion phase (s) 0.70 ± 0.09 13.0 0.67 ± 0.23 34.3 0.69 ± 0.26 37.9 0.66 ± 0.13 20.4 0.68 ± 0.14 Eccen ic du a ion (s) 0.45 ± 0.06 14.2 0.46 ± 0.16 35.83 0.41 ± 0.14 34.8 0.42 ± 0.09 20.3 0.45 ± 0.13 Time o peak eccen ic o ce (s) 0.28 ± 0.07 25.9 0.28 ± 0.14 48.7 0.25 ± 0.10 40.3 0.25 ± 0.10 38.3 0.25 ± 0.09 Peak o ce eccen ic (N/kg) 2.90 ± 1.02 35.2 3.27 ± 1.77 54.3 3.63 ± 2.22 61.1 4.05 ± 1.63 40.4 3.68 ± 1.44 Eccen ic impulse (N·s·kg −1 ) 0.69 ± 0.22 31.6 0.66 ± 0.23 34.8 0.74 ± 0.35 47.5 0.84 ± 0.29 34.4 0.83 ± 0.26 Concen ic phase Concen ic du a ion (s) 0.53 ± 0.12 22.8 0.47 ± 0.18 38.8 0.62 ± 0.42 67.7 0.51 ± 0.12 23.6 0.51 ± 0.13 Time o peak concen ic o ce (s) 0.80 ± 0.13 16.3 0.78 ± 0.30 38.9 0.85 ± 0.43 50.9 0.73 ± 0.19 26.2 0.79 ± 0.16 Peak o ce concen ic (N/kg) 12.33 ± 2.69 21.8 13.40 ± 3.08 23.0 13.04 ± 3.01 23.1 13.06 ± 2.77 21.2 13.28 ± 1.96 Concen ic impulse (N·s·kg −1 ) 2.67 ± 0.40 14.9** 2.83 ± 0.42 14.9** 3.00 ± 0.48 16.1** 3.19 ± 0.50 15.7 † 3.38 ± 0.34 CMJ, coun e mo emen jump; M, mean; SD, s anda d de ia ion; RFD, a e o o ce de elopmen . *p<0.05, **p<0.01, Significan di e ences wi h espec o he con ol g oup. † p<0.05, †† p< 0.01, Significan di e ences wi h espec o he bila e al spas ici y g oup. F on ie s in Physiology on ie sin.o g06 Hen íquez e al. 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652 TABLE 4 Pai wise compa ison in he pe o mance a iables o a coun e mo emen jump acco ding o ce eb al palsy impai men p ofiles and con ol g oup. CMJ a iables BS s. AA BS s. US BS s. MI BS s. CG AA s. US AA s. MI AA s. CG US s. MI US s. CG MI s. CG pdpdpdpdpdpdpdpdpdpd Jump heigh 0.272 0.78 0.012 −1.12 0.002 −1.32 0.001 −2.61 0.829 −0.29 0.232 −0.59 0.001 −1.60 0.481 −0.41 0.001 −1.31 0.036 −0.82 Jump du a ion 0.993 0.20 0.990 −0.15 0.995 0.31 1.000 0.13 0.745 −0.27 1.000 0 0.997 −0.14 0.750 0.28 0.797 0.22 0.999 −0.18 Time o he maximum RFD 0.986 0.33 1.000 0 0.998 0.24 0.983 0.35 0.923 −0.19 0.999 −0.12 1.000 −0.04 0.986 0.12 0.837 0.18 0.999 0.09 Maximum RFD 1.000 0.04 0.997 −0.1 0.997 −0.14 0.997 −0.14 0.984 −0.14 0.988 −0.19 0.986 −0.19 1.000 −0.02 1.000 −0.01 1.000 0.02 Peak powe ou pu 0.344 −0.75 0.093 −0.81 0.099 −1.01 0.001 −1.66 0.997 −0.09 0.961 −0.24 0.034 −0.91 0.985 −0.13 0.002 −0.77 0.176 −0.67 Eccen ic/Concen ic impulse a e 0.921 0.34 0.971 0.11 1.000 −0.17 0.995 0.17 0.991 −0.12 0.793 −0.5 0.967 −0.16 0.856 −0.23 0.997 0 0.967 0.33 Eccen ic phase Decele a ion phase 0.992 0.15 1.000 0.04 0.985 0.33 0.997 0.15 0.991 −0.08 1.000 0.05 0.997 −0.06 0.975 0.12 0.977 0.04 0.998 −0.14 Eccen ic du a ion 1.000 −0.07 0.907 0.3 0.971 0.36 1.000 0 0.786 0.35 0.938 0.31 1.000 0.07 1.000 −0.07 0.720 −0.29 0.949 −0.25 Time o peak eccen ic o ce 1.000 0 0.872 0.31 0.920 0.32 0.937 0.34 0.857 0.28 0.927 0.24 0.942 0.27 1.000 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 Peak o ce eccen ic 0.989 −0.23 0.784 −0.34 0.548 −0.77 0.791 −0.56 0.958 −0.17 0.758 −0.45 0.955 −0.26 0.920 −0.2 1.000 −0.02 0.964 −0.24 Eccen ic impulse 0.999 0.13 0.984 −0.15 0.720 −0.54 0.687 −0.55 0.830 −0.24 0.401 −0.67 0.316 −0.67 0.750 −0.29 0.624 −0.28 1.000 0.04 Concen ic phase Concen ic du a ion 0.990 0.36 0.911 −0.22 1.000 0.16 1.000 0.15 0.417 −0.38 0.995 −0.26 0.994 −0.27 0.680 0.28 0.446 0.31 1.000 0 Time o peak concen ic o ce 1.000 0.08 0.992 −0.12 0.985 0.4 1.000 0.06 0.923 −0.17 0.996 0.2 1.000 −0.05 0.654 0.3 0.914 0.16 0.973 −0.35 Peak o ce concen ic 0.875 −0.35 0.939 −0.24 0.962 −0.26 0.878 −0.44 0.991 0.12 0.997 0.11 1.000 0.05 1.000 −0.01 0.994 −0.09 0.999 −0.10 Concen ic impulse 0.886 −0.38 0.188 −0.7 0.029 −1.08 0.001 −1.97 0.676 −0.36 0.147 −0.76 0.001 −1.47 0.473 −0.39 0.001 −0.86 0.605 −0.46 CMJ, coun e mo emen jump; BS, bila e al spas ici y; AA, a he osis/a axia; US, unila e al spas ici y; MI, minimum impai men ; CG, con ol g oup, d, index e ec size; RFD, a e o o ce de elopmen . F on ie s in Physiology on ie sin.o g07 Hen íquez e al. 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652 (Mo eau e al., 2012;Gee sen e al., 2015;Goud iaan e al., 2018). The p esen RFD alues showed no significan di e ences, sugges ing ha his pa ame e did no disc imina e be ween he CP g oup and he CG. Resul s indica e ha non-impai ed oo balle s eached a highe JH, p incipally p oducing a g ea e concen ic impulse, i espec i e o he RFD a iable. The in e p e a ion o hese esul s equi es cau ion due o he mul iple ac o s ha a ec RFD p oduc ion (i.e., physiological and me hodological ac o s) (Rod íguez-Rosell e al., 2018) and he high deg ee o esponse a iabili y p esen ed in his s udy. 4.2 Compa ison be ween ce eb al palsy impai men p ofiles Conce ning he kine ic a iables, di e ences we e only ound o JH, PPO, and CIMP when compa ing BS, AA, and US subg oups wi h CG, and o JH when compa ing MI wi h CG. In addi ion, jump heigh pe o mance showed di e ences be ween playe s’p ofiles, which is simila o wha has been epo ed in a p e ious s udy on oo balle s wi h CP and di e en impai men p ofiles (Reina e al., 2018). Coinciding wi h hese esul s, An unes e al. (2017) epo ed ha pa a-a hle es wi h CP and p ofiles o BS and AA p esen ed he smalles pe o mance alues du ing e ical jumps. Those playe s wi h a mo e impai ed p ofile, such as BS, showed he lowes sco e in he JH pe o mance han he mo e unc ional g oups (i.e., US and MI), p obably due o di e ences in muscle powe p oduc ion and he e ical concen ic impulse. The playe s wi h BS o spas ic diplegia p esen clinical cha ac e is ics associa ed wi h mo o diso de s ha a e mo e p onounced in bo h lowe limbs (G aham e al., 2016), limi a ions in he ange o mo emen o ankle do siflexion wi h a iable loss o hams ing leng h (Kilgou e al., 2005), spas ici y p esence as he mos common dominan mo o diso de (Re hle sen e al., 2010), and impai ed muscle s eng h a ibu able o defici s in olun a y ac i a ion associa ed wi h cons ain s in g oss mo o pa ame e s (Ross and Engsbe g, 2007;Eek e al., 2011). These ac o s could p obably a ec he lowe powe ou pu du ing he jump, which depends on eloci y and limi s he olun a y con ac ile capaci y o explosi e muscle o ce p oduc ion (González-Badillo and Ma ques, 2010;Ea p e al., 2011). In his s udy, he pa icipan s wi h AA (i.e., a axia o a he osis) impai men s p esen ed a endency o di e ence wi h mode a e ES in e ms o he a iables o JH (i.e., s. BS and MI), PPO (i.e., s. BS and CG), eccen ic (i.e., s. MI and CG), and concen ic impulse (i.e., s. MI). Playe s wi h AA a e cha ac e ized by p esen ing di ficul ies wi h impai ed olun a y con ol due o a axia o in olun a y con ac ions due o he a he osis, comp omising he o de ly muscula sequencing, and p oblems in ealiza ion o mo emen s wi h abe an o ce, hy hm, and inaccu acy, which impac oo ball-specific skills (Reina e al., 2021b). Possibly, hese coo dina ion impai men s influence he downwa d mo emen equi ed du ing he eccen ic jump phase, whe e mechanical changes in echnique con ibu e o CMJ pe o mance. The CMJ es equi es he capaci y o e ec i ely ans e he s e ch-sho ening cycle inc emen ing he eccen ic o ce- eloci y pa ame e s ansla ing momen um o concen ic o ce, which in ol e complex in e ac ions o mul i-join mo emen s, musculo endinous uni s, and neu omuscula ac o s ha con ibu e o he pe o mance (Co mie e al., 2011;Thomas e al., 2015). In olun a y sus ained o in e mi en con ac ions, emo s, and dysme ia, among o he hype kine ic mo emen diso de s commonly p esen ed in oo balle s wi h CP p ofiles, may influence he ans e momen um be ween jump phases and he con ibu ion o he eccen ic o ce impulse p oduc ion (Sange e al., 2010). Ne e heless, u u e s udies should ocus on iden i ying jumping s a egies and he cons ain s p oduced by hype kine ic mo emen s. When compa ing he playe g oups wi h he pa icipan s who p esen ed a hemiplegic p ofile, significan di e ences and conside able ES we e only ound wi h he BS g oup and CG in he a iables JH, PPO, and he magni ude o concen ic e ical impulse du ing he jump. Acco dingly, pa a- oo balle s wi h hemiplegic p ofiles p esen ma ked asymme ies when pe o ming a e ical jump, as a consequence o muscle weakness and mo o compensa ion s a egies influenced by he impai men cha ac e is ics (Runciman e al., 2016;Reina e al., 2019). Hussain e al. (2014) analyzed he neu omuscula ac o s con ibu ing o muscle weakness in isome ic con ac ions o 11 ac i e spo smen wi h spas ic hemiplegia, showing ha he pa e ic limb p esen s an impai ed neu al ac i a ion in conjunc ion wi h di e ences in he gas ocnemius ana omical c oss- sec ional a ea. The essen ial con ibu ion o neu omuscula ac o s and he s e ch-sho ening cycle capabili ies as de e minan s o e ical jump pe o mance is well known, and i migh be expec ed ha hese cha ac e is ics also impac he e ical jump pe o mance pa ame e s. Howe e , in he case o pa a-a hle es wi h CP, e en ha ing impai ed componen s o hese de e minan s, a highe aining backg ound could p o ide g ea e adap a ions enhancing physical p oficiency (Runciman e al., 2016;McMahon e al., 2018). Playe s wi h MI showed magni ude di e ences and mode a e o la ge e ec sizes compa ed o BS and AA in a iables ela ed o JH, powe ou pu p oduc ion, and o ce/ eloci y pa ame e s du ing bo h phases o he e ical jump. These esul s a e consis en wi h ea ly s udies showing ha playe s wi h mild impai men p ofiles p esen a highe physical capaci y and pe o m be e han hose wi h mo e impai ed p ofiles in di e en ac i i y limi a ion assessmen s (Reina e al., 2018;Reina e al., 2020). The kinema ic jump esul s could be linked due o he cha ac e is ics o his g oup, which include mild mani es a ions o playe s wi h bila e al spas ici y, coo dina ion impai men s, and unila e al spas ici y, cha ac e ized by he p esence o he minimum impai men c i e ia (Peña-González e al., 2021). The MI g oup p esen ed only significan di e ences in he heigh achie ed du ing he e ical jump, howe e , in he es o he a iables, only a mode a e ES was ound in he powe - ela ed pa ame e . This g oup cha ac e is ically p esen s a minimal impac o he neu ological consequences p oduced by CP on ac i i y limi a ion, so i migh appea ha he alues ob ained we e close o hose ob ained by he non-impai ed playe s, sugges ing possible adap a ions due o high-le el aining (Runciman e al., 2016). The esul s o he p esen s udy should be conside ed wi h cau ion due o he unequal numbe o pa icipan s in each subg oup, and he limi ed numbe o di e ences ound be ween impai men p ofiles in he g oup o oo balle s wi h CP. Howe e , i should be no ed he di ficul ies o ec ui pa icipan s wi h hese neu ological cha ac e is ics. Hence, he s udy o he jumping cha ac e is ics in pa icipan s wi h specific in ol emen such as bila e al spas ici y, a axia, and dyskinesia wa an s u he in es iga ion o deepe unde s and he ela ionship be ween impai men and ele an physical ea u es. F on ie s in Physiology on ie sin.o g08 Hen íquez e al. 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652 5 Conclusion Based on he au ho s’knowledge, his is he fi s s udy o de e mine di e ences in jump pa ame e s be ween oo balle s wi h CP acco ding o hei impai men p ofiles and aking in o conside a ion he eccen ic/concen ic phases o a e ical jump, sugges ing ha he a iables ela ed o powe p oduc ion du ing he concen ic phase o he jump a e c ucial o he pe o mance di e ences be ween indi iduals’wi h and wi hou impai men . Conside ing he a iable JH, only significan di e ences we e ound be ween BS and US, BS and MI, BS and CG, AA and CG, US and CG, and MI and CG. Mo eo e , ega ding he kine ic a iables and he pai wise compa isons, only significan di e ences we e ound o he powe ou pu be ween BS and CG, AA and CG, US and CG; and o he concen ic impulse in BS and MI, BS and CG, AA and CG, US and CG. Howe e , a limi a ion o his s udy was ha playing posi ions and subg oup analysis h ough CMJ pe o mance a iables (e.g., low- and high-skill jumpe s) o indi idual di e ences we e no conside ed. Addi ionally, he limi ed numbe o pa icipan s in some p ofiles (i.e., BS and AA) and he o e - ep esen a ion o pa icipan s wi h unila e al spas ici y, which is a cha ac e is ic o CP oo ball (Reina e al., 2021a), may educe he s a is ical powe analysis. Fu he s udies should conside inco po a ing a con ol o he downwa d mo emen and a empo al-phase analysis o iden i y di e ences along wi h he en i e CMJ o ce and powe ime pa ame e s and elucida e which ac o s a e mo e de e minan o p o ide a deepe unde s anding o he di e en p ofiles p esen ed in oo balle s wi h CP. In addi ion, he ela ionships be ween he cha ac e is ics o he spas ic muscle s uc u e componen s and ele an s e ch-sho ening cycle mo emen s such as e ical jumps should be conside ed. In e ms o he p ac ical implica ions o his s udy, s eng h and condi ioning coaches should include in hei p og ams aining ou ines ocus on powe muscle ac ions ha imp o e hose pa ame e s o e ical jump pe o mance and eplica e he mos equen challenging ac ions o ma ches o y o compensa e o he nega i e impai men consequences on he mo o ac ions. On he o he hand, classifie s mus conside in he decision-making o he class alloca ion ha lowe -limb concen ic pa ame e s a e he key ac o ha di e en ia es be ween g oups wi h and wi hou impai men du ing CMJ pe o mance, and which depends on he neu omuscula capaci y o playe s wi h CP. In o he wo ds, classifica ion p ocedu es would no be ocused only on he jumping (i.e., jump heigh ); including some a iables ela ed o kine ic and kinema ics may be e eflec he ela ionships be ween eligible impai men and ac i i y limi a ion. Da a a ailabili y s a emen The aw da a suppo ing he conclusion o his a icle will be made a ailable by he au ho s, wi hou undue ese a ion. E hics s a emen The s udies in ol ing human pa icipan s we e e iewed and app o ed by he Ins i u ional Re iew Commi ee o Miguel He nández Uni e si y app o ed he p o ocol s udy (Re e ence no. DPS.RRV.01.14). The pa icipan s p o ided hei w i en in o med consen o pa icipa e in his s udy. Au ho con ibu ions Concep ualiza ion, RR and DB; Me hodology, RR, DB, and MH; Fo mal analysis, RR, JLLE, and DB; In es iga ion, RS, DB, and MH; Resou ces, RR and JY; Da a cu a ion, DB and JLLE; W i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, AR, RR, MH, and JY; W i ing— e iew and edi ing, RR, AR, DB, RS, JY, JLLE, and MH;Visualiza ion,RRandAR;Supe ision,RRandJY;P ojec adminis a ion, RR; Funding acquisi ion, RR and JY. All au ho s ha e eadandag eed o hepublished e siono hemanusc ip . Funding This esea ch has been unded h ough he Uni e si y- Company-Socie y 2020 P ojec con ened by he Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU) en i led “¡MUÉVETE, TU TAMBIÉN PUEDES! ANÁLISIS DE LA IN-CLUSIÓN DE PERSONAS CON DIVERSIDAD FUNCIONAL EN CONTEXTOS DE ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA (code US20/14)”and eques ed in collabo a ion wi h Fundación Gai uzSpo Fundazioa. Acknowledgmen s The au ho s would like o acknowledge he suppo and coope a ion o IFCPF s akeholde s, eams’s a , local o ganizing commi ees, and, especially, he playe s o he na ions in ol ed in his s udy. Conflic o in e es The au ho s decla e ha he esea ch was conduc ed in he absence o any comme cial o financial ela ionships ha could be cons ued as a po en ial conflic o in e es . Publishe ’s no e All claims exp essed in his a icle a e solely hose o he au ho s and do no necessa ily ep esen hose o hei a filia ed o ganiza ions, o hose o he publishe , he edi o s and he e iewe s. Any p oduc ha may be e alua ed in his a icle, o claim ha may be made by i s manu ac u e , is no gua an eed o endo sed by he publishe . Supplemen a y ma e ial The Supplemen a y Ma e ial o his a icle can be ound online a : h ps://www. on ie sin.o g/a icles/10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652/ ull#supplemen a y-ma e ial F on ie s in Physiology on ie sin.o g09 Hen íquez e al. 10.3389/ phys.2023.1121652