Antecedents of organisational professional conflict faced by professional accountants in different work settings

686 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GESTÃO DE NEGÓCIOS ISSN 1806-4892 e-ISSN 1983-0807 © FECAP RBGN Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios DOI:10.7819/rbgn.v22i3.4068 686 Recebimento: 08/20/2019 Aprovação: 01/21/2020 Editor responsável: Prof. Dr. Leire San-Jose Avaliado pelo sistema: Double Blind Review Antecedents of organisational professional conflict faced by professional accountants in different work settings Itsaso Barrainkua¹ Marcela Espinosa-Pike¹ ¹University of the Basque Country, Department of Financial Economics, Bilbao, Spain Abstract Purpose – The aim of this study is to examine the effects of public interest commitment, professional commitment, organisational commitment, and organisational ethical culture on organisational professional conflict (OPC). The study also tests for the differences in the perception of OPC among professionals in different work settings: (i) professional accountants in business practice, (ii) tax and accounting advisors, and (iii) auditors. Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on a questionnaire distributed among 779 Spanish professional accountants. Findings – The findings show a negative relationship between both individuals’ organisational commitment and OPC and between a strong organisational ethical culture and OPC. Professional accountants working in different settings exhibit differences in their perception of OPC; tax/accounting advisors perceive OPC to a higher extent. Originality/value – This is the first study that analyses the effect of organisational ethical culture, together with professional and organisational commitment, on the perception of pressures arising from OPC among professional accountants in different work settings. Identifying antecedents of the conflicts that professional accountants may face has implications for organisations’ human resource management and for the quality of the services provided. This study emphasizes the need for future studies to examine the differences in the work context of the different professional accountants. Keywords – organisational professional conflict, professional accountants, professional commitment, organisational commitment, organisational ethical culture. 687 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. Antecedents of organisational professional conflict faced by professional accountants in different work settings 1 Introduction In the last three decades, many academics have expressed concern about the commercialisation of the accounting profession (Gendron, Suddaby, & Lam, 2006; Sikka, 2004; Wyatt, 2004). In this regard, the business culture that has permeated accounting practice, both at the firm and professional level, is presumed to be inconsistent with professional accountants’ traditional values. Currently, professional accountants are employed in bureaucratic and commercially oriented workplaces, which expose them to organisational and managerial authority (Muzio & Kirkpatrick, 2011). The context in which the professional practice is carried out may lead accountants to subordinate the values of their profession to meet the goals of the organisation. This empirical research draws on perspectives of social identity theory and sociology of the professions to analyse the potential conflict between competing professional and organisational demands. Social identity theory acknowledges that individuals have both a personal and a social identity (Ashforth & Mael 1989; Brouard, Bujaki, Durocher, & Neilson, 2017) and provides an understanding of the role of the conflict that an individual may experience. Given that professionals belong to a number of different groups (organisation, profession, etc.), their social identity consists of a mix of different identities that may impose inconsistent demands upon the professional. Furthermore, these demands can come into conflict with the professional’s personal identity (Ashforth & Mael, 1989). Based on the perspective of sociology of the professions, this study focuses on accountants’ professional attitudes, such as professional commitment and public interest commitment, which reflect the perception of their professional role and the sources of their identity. Historically, professionalism emphasizes the notion of the social function, in which the professional is described as a guardian of the public interest (Freidson, 2001; Suddaby, Gendron, & Lam, 2009). However, the discussion around professionalism has pointed to the potential problems that arise when accountants work in bureaucratic contexts that emphasize profit at the expense of their professional values (Suddaby et al., 2009; Wyatt, 2004). Previous studies have jointly investigated the organisational and professional commitment of accounting professionals as well as the potential conflict that may arise between the two commitments, referred to as organisational professional conflict (OPC) (Aranya & Ferris, 1984; Shafer, 2009). Therefore, the concept of OPC describes the potential collision between professional values and organisational goals and values (Aranya & Ferris, 1984; Aranya, Pollock, & Amernic, 1981; Shafer, 2009; Shafer, Poon, & Tjosvold, 2013). One of the main reasons for the interest in studying OPC lies in the negative outcomes of this phenomenon. Most studies have found that OPC is associated with dysfunctional consequences, such as a reduction in job satisfaction, an increase in professional as well as organisational turnover intentions (Bamber & Iyer, 2002; Hall, Smith, & Langfield-Smith, 2005; Shafer, Lowe, & Fogarty, 2002), and damage to the quality of job performance (McManus & Subramaniam, 2014). OPC reflects the pressure to compromise professional standards when organisational values or expectations are in conflict with professional values (Shafer, 2002; Shafer, 2009). In the present study, we address OPC by examining the organisational pressures faced by accountants to breach professional standards. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of public interest commitment, professional commitment, organisational commitment, and organisational ethical culture on the perception of OPC. In the study, we also test for the differences in the perception of OPC between professionals in different accounting areas. Studying the pressure that accountants may face is of utmost importance to help 688 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. Itsaso Barrainkua / Marcela Espinosa-Pike reduce dysfunctional outcomes in accounting practice. However, there are relatively few recent empirical studies that examine the professional and organisational commitment of accountants (Shafer, 2009) and the pressures that may arise from a conflict between these two commitments. Therefore, this study makes several contributions to the international accounting literature. The literature in the area has focused mainly on two antecedents of OPC: organisational and professional commitment. However, some researchers (Shafer, 2009; Shafer et al., 2013) call for new empirical studies that place more emphasis on the organisational characteristics of the firms where accountants conduct their work, such as the ethical climate of the organisation. The studies conducted by Shafer (2009) and Shafer et al. (2013) appear to be the first attempts in the accounting literature to investigate the association between organisational ethical climate and organisational-professional conflict. However, these studies were limited to professionals in public accounting firms in Asian contexts. To address this shortcoming of the existing literature and extend previous research (Shafer, 2009; Shafer et al., 2013), the present study analyses the effect of professional and organisational commitment, together with the organisational culture of the firm, on the perception of pressures arising from OPC in the case of professional accountants in different work settings. Moreover, in the scarce literature that exists in this area, hardly any studies have investigated OPC in the case of other accounting professionals besides auditors (Shafer, 2009). This study is one of the first to compare the OPC among professional accountants in different work settings. A few studies (Aranya & Ferris, 1984; Suddaby et al., 2009) have compared the professional values of accountants employed in organisations (professional accountants in business), where these accountants work in firms providing professional services, such as auditing, or tax and accounting consulting (professional accountants in practice). While the collective of professional accountants in practice has usually been studied as a single and homogeneous group, this study differentiates between auditors and accounting and tax advisors. This division is crucial for the case of Spain and most European countries, where the current structure of the accounting profession is noticeably different to the commonly studied Anglo-American contexts (Hall et al., 2005; Shafer, 2009). In common law countries or Anglo-American contexts, all accountants are included in the official professional title of Chartered Accountant or Certified Public Accountant, which includes auditors as well. However, in countries where the legal system is based on Roman law, such as in many European countries, there is a specific official title for auditors. These professionals are differentiated from accounting experts who provide tax and accounting advisory services (Amat & Bové, 2015) and the responsibilities associated with each professional title are different. Therefore, understanding the pressures accountants in different work settings face in different national contexts to the ones commonly studied contributes to the international behavioural accounting literature and is fundamental for establishing mechanisms to strengthen the quality of all the services accountants provide. This study is based on a questionnaire distributed in 2015 among 779 Spanish professional accountants in different work areas: (i) professional accountants in business practice (employees in the financial department of a company), (ii) professional accountants working as tax and accounting consultants and (iii) auditors. The results of the study indicate a negative relationship between individuals’ organisational commitment and their perception of OPC. Moreover, the results reveal a negative relationship between a strong organisational ethical culture and the OPC perceived. This study shows the existence of differences among the pressures perceived by accountants in different work settings. It reveals that professional accountants 689 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. Antecedents of organisational professional conflict faced by professional accountants in different work settings in businesses working as tax and accounting consultants perceive higher OPC than auditors and accountants employed in an organisation. This study has several practical implications for organisations employing accountants as well as for the profession as a whole. Identifying antecedents of the conflicts that accountants may face has important implications for human resource management within organisations providing accounting services, such as audit firms, as well as tax and accounting consulting companies. Personnel shortages and high employee turnover have been highlighted as significant threats to the future of audit firms and the accounting profession. Given that the literature has found that the pressures stemming from OPC are related to accountant retention (Hall et al., 2005; Shafer, 2002), studies analysing the causes of this phenomenon are of primary interest. The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. The next section reviews the previous literature and develops our research hypotheses. The third section addresses our research method, and the fourth section reports our results. Finally, in the fifth section, we present our study’s primary conclusions, as well as the limitations and future lines of research. 2 Literature Review and Hypotheses Development 2.1 Public interest commitment Several studies (Bamber & Iyer, 2002; Davenport & Dellaportas, 2009; Suddaby et al., 2009) have claimed that little attention has been paid to how much accountants accept and acknowledge core professional values and commitments. Most studies that have addressed accountants’ professionalism have been limited to analysing accountants’ professional commitment, without specifically addressing their social obligation. Public interest commitment involves accountants’ willingness to protect the interests of third parties who rely on the opinions and advice delivered by accounting professionals (Davenport & Dellaportas, 2009; Parker, 1987). The functionalist view of professionalism in the literature in the field of sociology of professions indicates that professionals are distinguished from other workers by their commitment to serving the public interest rather than pursuing only their own economic interests (Freidson, 1989; Larson, 1977; Parsons, 1939). We propose that accountants’ public interest commitment will influence the way in which they identify and respond to organisational pressures. If accountants believe their role is to serve the public interest and meet society’s expectations, they could be expected to be more successful in fulfilling their responsibility of ensuring the fair presentation of financial statements. Therefore, these professionals may be more resistant to organisational pressures to breach professional standards. In contrast, if accountants see their principal role as being to serve their firms’ and clients’ interests rather than protecting the interests of other users of financial information, this could influence what they believe are acceptable actions (Cooper & Robson, 2006; Davenport & Dellaportas, 2009), and, therefore, they may not perceive organisational pressures as being in conflict with their professional values. Therefore, we propose the following hypothesis: H1: There is a positive relationship between accountants’ public interest commitment and perceived OPC. 2.2 Professional commitment Professional commitment represents the attachment or loyalty that individuals form with respect to their profession (Gendron, Suddaby, & Qu, 2009; Hall et al., 2015). The professional commitment construct is developed based on that of organisational commitment (Mowday, Steers, & Porter, 1979) and reflects a strong belief in and acceptance of the profession’s goals and values, a 690 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. Itsaso Barrainkua / Marcela Espinosa-Pike willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the profession, and a strong desire to maintain membership of the profession (Aranya & Ferris, 1984; Lord & DeZoort, 2001; Porter, Steers, Mowday, & Boulian, 1974; Suddaby et al., 2009). Based on arguments from social identity theory, accountants who identify with their profession tend to internalize the values and norms of the profession, and therefore, their behaviour is guided by these values (Svanberg & Ohman, 2015). In this regard, high professional commitment has been linked to positive outcomes, such as improved job satisfaction, less likelihood of leaving the profession, and improved job performance (Hall et al., 2005). Prior studies that have analysed the relationship between professional commitment and OPC have presented mixed results. Aranya and Ferris (1984) and Harrell, Chewning and Taylor (1986) found that accountants who are highly committed to both their profession and organisation perceived lower OPC. McGregor, Killough and Brown (1989) reported a positive relationship between OPC and professional commitment for management accountants. However, Meixner and Bline (1989) did not find any relationship between professional commitment and OPC. In a more recent study, Shafer et al. (2002) found that management accountants’ dedication to the profession and demands for autonomy were positively related to OPC. In line with the previous hypothesis, we propose that accountants who are more committed to their profession and have thus internalised its goals and values and feel a strong affiliation should be more wary of the organisational pressures that place them in conflict with these values. H2: There is a positive relationship between accountants’ professional commitment and perceived OPC. 2.3 Organisational commitment According to Mowday et al. (1979), organisational commitment reflects ‘(1) a strong belief in and acceptance of the organisation’s goals and values, (2) a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organisation, and (3) a strong desire to maintain membership in the organisation’. Organisational commitment increases as a result of the socialisation process occurring within the employing organisation (Fogarty, 1992). Early accounting studies that addressed the OPC phenomenon assumed that professional and organisational commitment were inherently incompatible (Hall, 1967; Shafer et al., 2013). However, more recent studies reveal that there is a positive relationship between these two constructs (Hall et al., 2005; Shafer et al., 2013). Therefore, accounting professionals experience no intrinsic conflict between maintaining the commitment to their profession and the commitment to the business organisation where they are employed. Organisational commitment reflects an individual’s identification with their organisation (Aranya & Ferris, 1984) and, accordingly, accountants who strongly identify with their organisation are expected to adopt the perspective of the organisation (Hiller, Mahlendorf, & Weber, 2014). Therefore, accountants with high organisational commitment may ignore the conflict between professional and organisational goals (Aranya & Ferris, 1984). Moreover, professionals tend to show higher commitment to an organisation whose goals match their professional values (Garcia-Falières & Herrbach, 2015). Therefore, a low perception of pressures and a high organisational commitment would be related. In this regard, several studies (Bamber & Iyer, 2002; Shafer et al., 2002) have found a significant negative relationship between organisational identification or commitment and the perception of OPC. Therefore, we propose the following hypothesis: 691 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. Antecedents of organisational professional conflict faced by professional accountants in different work settings H3: There is a negative relationship between accountants’ organisational commitment and perceived OPC. 2.4 Organisational ethical culture Treviño (1990) defines ethical culture as ‘a complex interplay of formal and informal systems that can support either ethical or unethical organisational behaviour’. In firms whose ethical cultures are strong, ethical norms support ethical conduct, organisational leaders encourage ethical behaviour, and this behaviour is rewarded whereas unethical behaviour is punished (Treviño, Butterfield, & McCabe, 1998). Studies in the behavioural accounting literature have adopted both organisational ethical climate and organisational ethical culture to measure the organisational policies or practices that influence employees’ ethical decisions. In this study, we focus on the broader construct of organisational ethical culture. Analysing the influence of organisational ethical culture has practical implications for the profession, as an organisation’s ethical culture can be influenced by the steps taken by the organisation itself (Shafer & Simmons, 2011; Shafer et al., 2013; Treviño et al., 1998). Firms’ managers have more control over their organisational environment than over employees’ values (Treviño et al., 1998). Accordingly, the quality of accountants’ reporting decisions can be improved if audit firms align their organisational values with those of the broader accounting profession (Shafer, 2015). Ethical culture establishes what is considered acceptable behaviour within an organisation (Treviño et al., 1998). Therefore, the presence of a strong ethical environment in the firm induces accountants to act ethically and reduces the tendency to act in self-interest and breach professional standards (Barrainkua & Espinosa-Pike, 2018; Douglas, Davidson, & Schwartz, 2001; Svanberg & Ohman, 2016). Several international studies (Bamber & Iyer, 2009; Shafer, 2009; Shafer et al., 2013) have revealed that accountants employed in public accounting firms whose ethical climates do not support professional values experience conflicts between their organisational and professional goals. Similarly, Shafer and Wang (2010) found that accountants employed in organisations that have a strong ethical culture, which provides support for the ethical norms and values of the accounting profession, perceive lower levels of OPC. We suggest that if a firm has a strong ethical culture, the ethical values that the top management promotes via formal and informal communications will encourage compliance with professional standards. Therefore, accountants who perceive an ethical culture in their organisation will feel less pressure to compromise professional standards. H4: There is a negative relationship between perceived organisational ethical culture and perceived OPC. 2.5 The professional accountant’s work area The literature on pressures perceived by accounting professionals (Espinosa-Pike & Barrainkua, 2016; Espinosa-Pike & Barrainkua, 2017; Hatfield, Jackson, & Vandervelde, 2011; Lord & DeZoort, 2001) reveals that most professionals are pressured, both by their superiors and by their clients, to act in a way that compromises their ethical values and professional standards. Although the accounting literature has mainly focused on the case of auditors (Shafer et al., 2013), all professional accountants’ primary role is to serve the public interest (International Federation of Accountants - IFAC, 2016). Given the diversity of professionals acting as professional accountants, it seems reasonable that the intensity and nature of the pressures that arise from OPC will vary among different groups. There are several reasons to speculate that the perceived OPC will be different between accountants in different work settings. 692 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. Itsaso Barrainkua / Marcela Espinosa-Pike Accountants working in industry have a different sense of responsibilities than those working in accounting firms (Cooper & Robson, 2006). Although all professional accountants’ primary obligation is to the public, their particular relationship with their employing firm gives them a different set of responsibilities (Duska, Duska, & Kury, 2018). Auditors, as well as accounting and tax advisors, are employees of accounting service firms and the clients to whom they provide their services are other companies. However, management accountants are employees of the company for whom they prepare financial statements. Consequently, they are also expected to be loyal to their employing organisation, and this situation may result in a conflict of interests. Auditors are employed in audit firms, which are owned and managed by other auditors; therefore, the control of the organisation remains among professionals. Auditing law in Spain, like in many other countries, specifically states that audit firms must belong mostly to licensed auditors. We can presume that these organisations provide more autonomy and that their goals are more aligned with those of the profession compared to management accountants employed in business organisations (Shafer, 2002). Moreover, there is greater homogeneity among the personnel of audit firms, and these personnel have a greater connection to the accounting profession, in terms of training background, work area, and functions, compared to professional accountants in business or those employed as tax and accounting advisors (Gendron et al., 2006). Aranya and Ferris (1984) found that government and industry accountants experienced higher levels of OPC than auditors. The same authors also reported that auditors tended to show higher professional as well as organisational commitment, which suggested greater value congruence in public accounting firms. However, Shafer et al. (2013) compared the perception of OPC among auditors, taxation specialists, consultants, and employees of a firm’s accounting services and did not find significant differences between these different working specialisations. The mixed results reported in both studies could be explained by the change of the work context in public accounting firms. The diversification of services may have weakened the professional goal orientation in these firms and, therefore, the level of OPC among public accountants may have increased (Gendron et al., 2006). A recent study (Espinosa-Pike & Barrainkua, 2019) found that auditors perceived less pressure to breach professional standards compared to accounting and tax consultants as well as accountants working in the financial department of their organisation. In the present study, we aim to investigate the different perceptions of pressures due to conflicting professional and organisational goals between accountants’ work settings. We propose the following hypothesis: H5: The perceived OPC of auditors is statistically lower than that of accountants in other work settings (employees in a company’s financial department and professional accountants working as tax and accounting advisors). 3 Methodology 3.1 Sample and data collection To test the hypotheses stated above, we employed a survey as the research instrument. The survey was distributed to professional accountants who were members of the Spanish professional organisation Consejo General de Economistas. This institution coordinates and represents the Colleges of Economists in Spain and its aims are to organise the profession and defend the professional interests of its members. Before distributing the questionnaire, a pilot test was conducted among various groups of the population under study. First, the questionnaire was sent to a partner of a public accounting firm, who passed it on to a few fellow 693 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. Antecedents of organisational professional conflict faced by professional accountants in different work settings auditors. We then arranged an interview with this contact partner, in order to gain feedback on the questionnaire from the group of respondents. The contact auditor indicated that, overall, neither he nor his colleagues had any trouble understanding the questions. The questionnaire was also reviewed by accounting experts who were members of the Consejo General de Economistas as well as by university lecturers who taught accounting, none of whom exhibited any comprehension difficulties. Only slight changes were made to the initial questionnaire, most of which were attempts to remove minor ambiguities. The final survey was distributed in February 2015 among the approximately 7,500 members of the Consejo General de Economistas. The responses were collected through online survey software. Taking into account that the professionals were questioned about real-life sensitive issues, as well as the strengths associated with online survey studies, such as ensuring anonymity and the possibility of reaching a large population, we considered this method the most feasible for the distribution of the questionnaire. A total of 974 usable responses were obtained, which represents a response rate of 13%. The economists who participated in the study come from different professional settings, such as auditing, accounting, and tax consulting in different company departments (financial, commercial, human resources, etc.) and academia, among others. In order to fulfil the objectives of the study, only the professionals related to the financial area were selected, specifically accounting professionals within the financial department of a company, accounting and tax advisors, and auditors. Therefore, the final sample of this study comprises 778 participants. 3.2 Questionnaire and measurement of variables The first part of the questionnaire contained general questions about the characteristics of the respondents. Following this, the questionnaire included a series of closed-ended questions concerning the variables under study: OPC. This variable captures the perception of the pressures felt by professional accountants due to conflicting professional and organisational values. The participants of the study were asked about eight different pressures they face to breach professional standards. These were selected based on instruments previously used in the academic literature on ethical behaviour in accounting and auditing (Shafer & Simmons, 2011; EspinosaPike & Barrainkua, 2016) and in the International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (IFAC, 2016). The respondents indicated the frequency with which they had perceived eight pressures (see Appendix), on a scale of 1 (never) to 7 (nearly always). A confirmatory factor analysis (not tabulated) revealed that all pressures were loaded in one factor. Public Interest Commitment. This variable assesses the degree to which the respondents believed that serving the public interest is an accountant’s primary role. This variable was used before by Bobek, Hageman, and Radtke (2015). The participants had to indicate how much they agreed or disagreed with a statement (see Appendix) on a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). Professional Commitment. This variable was measured using the instrument developed by Porter et al. (1974) for organisational commitment, adapted to measure professional commitment by Aranya et al. (1981). This scale has been used in many studies in the field (Lord & DeZoort, 2001; Suddaby et al., 2009). The participants had to indicate how much they agreed or disagreed with three statements (see Appendix) on a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). This reduced version of the scale of professional commitment has been used in previous studies, such as the one by McManus and Subramaniam (2014). Organisational Commitment. This variable is based on the instrument developed by Porter et al. (1974), which has been used in many studies in the accounting field (Aranya & Ferris, 1984; 694 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. Itsaso Barrainkua / Marcela Espinosa-Pike Lord & DeZoort, 2001; Suddaby et al., 2009). The participants had to indicate how much they agreed or disagreed with three statements (see Appendix) on a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). This reduced version of the scale has been used in previous studies (McManus & Subramaniam, 2014). Organisational Ethical Culture. An 11-item scale was included in the questionnaire to measure the perceived ethical culture of the respondents’ organisations. This scale was adapted from the ethical environment instrument developed by Treviño et al. (1998), which has been proven to be reliable in accounting settings (Barrainkua & Espinosa-Pike, 2015; Shafer & Wang, 2010; Shafer & Simons, 2011). The ethical environment dimension proposed by Treviño et al. (1998) consisted of 14 items. For the purposes of the present study, only eight items, OEC-1 through to OEC-8, were included. As in the original instrument, these eight items refer to the rewards/ punishments for ethical/unethical actions and to top management role modelling. In addition, two more items that could be relevant in the accounting field were included: ‘Top managers in this organisation are concerned with informing employees about the ethics code’ (OEC-9) and ‘Top managers in this organisation promote the ethical training of employees’ (OEC-10). These items have been employed as proxies for an ethical environment in previous studies (Barrainkua & Espinosa-Pike, 2015; Martinov-Bennie & Pflugrath, 2009). Principal component factor analysis was used to test the dimensionality of the ethical culture scale. The final factor solution is shown in Table 1. The results reveal two factors with eigenvalues greater than one. All items were loaded above 0.5 for each factor, and there were no cross-loadings over 0.3. These two factors explained 75% of the variance, and the first factor included seven items that reflect the general ethical environment of the organisation. Therefore, in accordance with previous authors (Treviño et al., 1998), we refer to this factor as ethical environment, which explains 62% of the variance and has an internal reliability of 0.95. Three items were loaded in factor 2. These were the reverse-scored statements OEC6, OEC 7 and OEC8, the items on the promotion of unethical behaviour. This factor explains 13% of the variance and has an internal reliability of 0.78. Table 1 Summary of factor loadings for organisational ethical culture scale Factor loadings 1 2 The management in this organisation disciplines unethical behaviour when it occurs (OEC-1) 0.843 -0.021 People with integrity are rewarded in this organisation (OEC-2) 0.838 0.025 Top managers of this organisation regularly show that they care about ethics (OEC-3) 0.884 0.062 Ethical behaviour is the norm in this organisation (OEC-4) 0.867 0.102 The top management of this organisation guides decision making in an ethical direction (OEC-5) 0.851 0.088 Employees in this organisation perceive that people who violate the ethics code still get rewards (OEC-6 reverse scored) -0.162 0.910 The ethics code only serves to maintain the organisation’s public image (OEC-7 reverse scored) 0.147 0.751 Top managers in this organisation are models of unethical behaviour (OEC-8 reverse scored) 0.047 0.819 Top managers in this organisation are concerned with informing employees about the ethics code (OEC-9) 0.888 -0.093 Top managers in this organisation promote the ethical training of employees (OEC-10) 0.914 -0.115 Percentage of variance explained 62% 13% Cronbach’s alpha 0.95 0.78 701 Rev. 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Pressures to intentionally lie or mislead the auditors or the regulator 3. Pressures to prepare or review financial statements without having the complete information needed 4. Pressures to omit information that could be relevant for users 5. Pressure to issue misleading financial information to meet investors’, analysts’, or creditors’ expectations. 6. Pressures from superiors to reduce, in an inappropriate way, the amount of work done with the objective of reducing costs 7. Pressures from superiors to perform tasks without having the required skills or competence 8. Pressures from superiors, colleagues, or clients to present information that has been altered to increase their compensation Public interest commitment 1. In the exercise of the accounting profession, public interest must always be above both personal interests and the interests of the client Profesional commitment 1. I am extremely glad that I chose accounting over other professions that I was considering 2. I really care about the fate of the accounting profession 3. I am proud to tell others that I am an accountant Organizational commitment 1. I am willing to put a great deal of effort beyond that normally expected in order to help this firm be successful 2. I talk up this firm to my friends as a great firm to work for 3. I find my values and the firm’s values are very similar Organizational ethical culture 1. Management in this organisation disciplines unethical behaviour when it occurs 2. People of integrity are rewarded in this organisation 3. Top managers of this organisation regularly show that they care about ethics 4. Ethical behaviour is the norm in this organisation 5. Top management of this organisation guides decision making in an ethical direction 6. Employees in this organisation perceive that people who violate the ethics code still get rewards 7. The ethics code serves only to maintain organisation’s public image 8. Top managers in this organisation are models of unethical behaviour 9. Top managers in this organisation are concerned with informing employees about the ethics code 10. Top managers in this organisation promote the ethical training of employees 704 Rev. Bras. Gest. Neg., São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.686-704, Jul/Sep 2020. Itsaso Barrainkua / Marcela Espinosa-Pike Authors: 1. Itsaso Barrainkua, Doctor in Finance and Accounting, Lecturer at the University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID 0000-0001-6118-9837 2. Marcela Espinosa Pike, Doctor in Finance and Accounting, Senior Lecturer at the University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID 0000-0002-2065-391X Contribution of each author Contribution Itsaso Barrainkua Marcela Espinosa-Pike 1. Definition of research problem √ √ 2. Development of hypotheses or research questions (empirical studies) √ √ 3. Development of theoretical propositions (theoretical work) √ √ 4. Theoretical foundation / Literature review √ √ 5. Definition of methodological procedures √ √ 6. Data collection √ √ 7. Statistical analysis √ √ 8. Analysis and interpretation of data √ √ 9. Critical revision of the manuscript √ √ 10. Manuscript writing √ √ 11. Other (please specify which) √ √