Witness the Arctic - Autumn 2001, Volume 9 Number 1

1 continued on next page Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 Chronicles of the NSF Arctic Sciences Program Autumn 2001, Volume 9 Number 1 ARCTIC SCICEX Sonars Chart New Topographies, New Theories by Margo Edwards, Robert Anderson, Dale Chayes, Bernard Coakley, James Cochran, Martin Jakobsson, Gregory Kurras, Leonid Polyak, and Mark Rognstad In the 1990s, the U.S. Navy and NSF collaborated to develop the Science Ice Exercises (SCICEX), a five-year program to investigate the Arctic Basin using Sturgeon-class nuclear-powered submarines (see Witness Spring 1996, Spring 1998, Spring/Autumn 1999). During the final two deployments of SCICEX in 1998 and 1999, Seafloor Characterization and Mapping Pods (SCAMP) were mounted on the hull of the USS Hawkbill to collect data necessary for producing the first comprehensive high-resolution maps of the surface and shallow subsurface of the arctic seafloor. The SCAMP system incorporated a 12 kHz sidescan bathymetric sonar for imaging and measuring seafloor depths over a swath of up to 10 km, and a chirp subbottom profiler for studying the subsurface. SCAMP succeeded remarkably, acquiring more than 40 million depth soundings; the volume of textural and subbottom data collected exceeds the number of depth soundings by 2–3 orders of magnitude. In combination with the surface texture (sidescan) and subbottom data, SCAMP bathymetry data are providing a new three-dimensional perspective of the Arctic Basin seafloor that is enabling geologists to challenge widely held theories in diverse subjects. Recent letters published in Nature span the scientific spectrum from fire to ice, using SCAMP data to present new ideas about mid-ocean ridge volcanism and paleoclimatology. Three bathymetric representations of the same area along the western Gakkel Ridge. The uppermost chart shows the best data publicly available for the Gakkel Ridge in 1999 (ETOPO-5); the middle chart depicts data from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) released in 2000; the lowest chart shows data collected by the USS Hawkbill using the Seafloor Characterization and Mapping Pods (SCAMP) in 1999. Top: The ETOPO-5 Earth topography dataset was created by combining the Digital Bathymetry Database-5 (DBDB5) for the oceans with several different topographic datasets for the continents (Loughridge, 1986). Grid cell size is 5 minutes x 5 minutes; data density, however, is highly variable within the bathymetric dataset (continued on next page). 2 Feature Article Edwards et al. (2001) report the discovery of two large, relatively young volcanoes on the ultra-slow-spreading Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge commonly referred to as the Gakkel Ridge. Prevailing models of mid-ocean ridge systems predict that as spreading rate decreases, the influence of volcanism also decreases; it has been unclear if significant volcanism occurred at all at ultra-low spreading rates (<1.5 cm/ year). SCAMP data clearly demonstrate that significant volcanism does occur along the slowest spreading mid-ocean ridge on Earth. SCAMP sidescan maps for the eastern Gakkel Ridge show two volcanoes that are acoustically very reflective compared to the surrounding terrain, which SCAMP subbottom data confirm to be covered by thick sediments. The morphology of the reflective regions is consistent with that of submarine lava flows observed at other mid-ocean ridges. The location of one volcano imaged by SCAMP coincides with the average location of epicenters for more than 250 earthquakes that the global seismic network detected from January through September 1999. The USS Hawkbill passed directly over the volcano, at a safe altitude of approximately two miles above the seafloor, on 6 May 1999. Edwards et al. (2001) suggest that the submarine mapped an underwater eruption in the Arctic as, or shortly after, it occurred. Polyak et al. (2001) use SCAMP sidescan and chirp data to present compelling evidence that floating ice sheets (ice shelves) as thick as one kilometer covered large parts, or perhaps all, of the Arctic Ocean at least once during the Pleistocene ice ages (from 1.6 million to 10,000 years ago). Just as glaciers alter the land beneath them, ice shelves once modified the arctic sea-floor, leaving telltale signs of how they moved across submarine ridges and plateaus. The USS Hawkbill and SCAMP mapped lineations and ridges that appear to have been formed at the bottom of moving glaciers and at glacier margins, respectively, in water depths ranging from 400 to nearly 1,000 m on the Chukchi Borderland, Alaska Margin, Lomonosov Ridge, and Yermak Plateau. At shallower depths, the seafloor was found to be gouged extensively by icebergs. Because stratigraphic models for Arctic Ocean sediments are controversial, assigning precise ages to the presence of the ice shelves will require further research. The deepest glacial erosion at almost 1,000 m depth on Lomonosov Ridge appears to have occurred at either 150,000 or 600,000+ years ago. Most current paleoclimate models assume Arctic Ocean ice cover was thin during the Pleistocene ice ages, attaining just several meters at its maximum thickness. Polyak et al.’s (2001) report will stimulate major revisions in our understanding of the Earth’s climatic history and should improve predictions of Earth’s past and present climate changes. Proof that thick ice once covered the Arctic also poses an intriguing question for biologists: how did life survive under a thick ice cap in an almost isolated Arctic Ocean? The two reports described above are the first results from the SCICEX/SCAMP database. Extended articles detailing the findings are due to be submitted before the end of this year. Additional projects using the SCICEX/SCAMP dataset focus on the Lomonosov Ridge, Alaska Margin, Northwind Ridge, and Yermak Plateau. SCAMP data are being used to support this autumn’s joint U.S./European icebreaker cruise to the Gakkel Ridge (see page 17), and are included in the Ocean Drilling Project’s database to support arctic drilling (see Witness Spring 1998). At the present, dedicated science missions are not feasible for the Navy’s nuclear submarine force; the success and broad impact of the 1998 and 1999 collaboration, however, and the fact that only a small fraction of the Arctic Basin has been mapped in this level of detail, keeps arctic scientists alert for an opportunity to collaborate again in a future submarine deployment (see page 18). The NSF Arctic Natural Sciences Program (see pages 10–11), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University, Palisades Geophysical Institution, and the governments of Canada, Norway, and Sweden funded SCAMP. For more information about the SCICEX program and SCAMP instrumentation, see the LDEO web site (www. ldeo.columbia.edu/SCICEX/), or contact Margo Edwards in Honolulu, HI (808/ 956-5232; fax 808/956-6530; margo@ soest.hawaii.edu). To view examples of bathymetry and sidescan charts produced from SCICEX/SCAMP, see www.soest. hawaii.edu/HMRG/. The IBCAO data are available at www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ bathymetry/arctic/arctic.html. References Edwards, M.H., G.J. Kurras, M. Tolstoy, D.R. Bohnenstiehl, B.J. Coakley, and J.R. Cochran. 2001. Evidence of recent volcanic activity on the ultra-slow spreading Gakkel Ridge. Nature 409, 808–812. Jakobsson, M., N.Z. Cherkis, J. Woodward, R. Macnab, and B. Coakley. 2000. New grid of Arctic bathymetry aids scientists and mapmakers. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 81, 89–96. Loughridge, M. 1986. Relief map of the Earth’s surface. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 67, 121-122. Polyak, L., M.H. Edwards, B.J. Coakley and M. Jakobsson. 2001. Existence of Arctic ice shelves during the Pleistocene inferred from deep-sea glaciogenic bedforms. Nature 410, 453–456. M. Edwards is an Associate Researcher, R. Anderson is an Acoustician, G. Kurras is a doctoral candidate, and M. Rognstad is a Sonar Design Specialist, all at the University of Hawaii; D. Chayes is a Senior Staff Associate and J. Cochran is a Senior Research Scientist, both at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University; B. Coakley is an Assistant Professor at Tulane University; M. Jakobsson is a Research Scientist at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center, University of New Hampshire; and L. Polyak is a Research Scientist at the Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University. Caption (continued from page 1). Center: The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO; see Witness Spring 2000) dataset was derived from approximately 1.5 million single-beam soundings and digitized bathymetric maps compiled from myriad expeditions to produce a grid with 2.5 x 2.5 km cells (Jakobsson et al. 2000). In the central Arctic Ocean, a nearly empty database was significantly enriched by the addition of historic and modern observations collected by U.S. and British submarines, Swedish and German icebreakers, and by depths derived from a new contour map prepared by the Russian Navy. The IBCAO dataset contains single-beam profiles collected by U.S. Navy submarines from 1958 until 1988 and also during the 1995–99 SCICEX missions. Bottom: In the SCAMP data, it is possible to distinguish individual abyssal hills, valleys, seamounts, and ridges and thus evaluate which processes formed the topography. The SCAMP data shown were collected over approximately three days in 1999. Swath width is approximately 10 km; bathymetric data were gridded in 250 m x 250 m cells. The dataset will be made publicly available in 2002 (figure by Gregory Kurras and Margo Edwards). 3 The Interagency Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) SEARCH Develops Implementation Framework The Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) is an interdisciplinary, multiscale program dedicated to understanding the complex of interrelated changes that have been observed in the arctic environment in the past few decades (see Witness Spring 2000). SEARCH is envisioned as a long-term effort of observations, modeling, process studies, and applications devoted to understanding this complex, its relation to global climate, and its impacts on ecosystems and society. The SEARCH Science Plan, recently completed by the SEARCH Science Steering Committee (SSC) and Interagency Working Group (IWG), is available on the SEARCH web site. The SSC and IWG have been working together and separately to begin implementation of the SEARCH effort (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). Interagency Planning Because the broad SEARCH effort requires a coordinated interagency approach, the IWG is composed of key program managers from agencies that participate in the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC; see box). The IWG is developing an interagency funding method for SEARCH and has completed an implementation framework for SEARCH with funding plans for 2002 and 2003. General agency priorities for 2003 are anticipated in five major thematic areas: • human society, • marine/terrestrial biosphere, • atmosphere and cryosphere, • ocean, and • integrated projects/models/assessment. The implementation framework has been transmitted to IARPC, the IWG’s parent body; IARPC Chair and NSF Director Rita Colwell will use the implementation framework in discussions with the other agencies and the Office of Management and Budget to gain Administration approval for the program. In August 2001, the SSC and IWG held a joint workshop to coalesce investigator and funding agency expectations of SEARCH. The group focused on identifying appropriate priorities and temporal phases for addressing SEARCH science questions. Participants also discussed possible sub-elements of SEARCH, including: • the Arctic/Sub-Arctic Ocean Fluxes program (see Witness Winter 2000/2001); • Arctic Ocean circulation and ice dynamics; • atmospheric and cryospheric change in the Arctic; and • the responses of ecosystems and societies to environmental change. The latter theme was the subject of a June 2001 SEARCH Biocomplexity Incubation Activity workshop (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). Future Plans The IWG-SSC workshop participants also outlined additional planning efforts needed to guide the coordinated implementation of SEARCH. The SSC will produce a draft implementation strategy outlining possible future implementation plans, including science questions and the priority-timing phase diagram developed at the August workshop. The IWG will draft terms of reference for SEARCH operating and funding mechanisms. The SSC and IWG will work together to develop a comprehensive SEARCH implementation plan, which will identify: • the sub-elements necessary to address the science questions, • a target time sequence, • mechanisms for developing individual implementation plans for the subelements of SEARCH, • opportunities for international involvement, and • mechanisms to ensure that the SEARCH effort remains focused. The next joint meeting of the SSC and IWG, tentatively planned for late October 2001, will review and discuss: • the near-final implementation strategy, • a working draft of the SEARCH implementation plan, and • drafts of the terms of reference. The IWG and SSC are hopeful that agency budgets for FY 2002 will be known by late October, so that agencies will be able to be more explicit about SEARCH efforts during 2002. SEARCH will sponsor a workshop in Seattle, 27–29 November 2001, to discuss existing knowledge of large-scale Agencies Contributing to SEARCH National Science Foundation National Aeronautics and Space Administration Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department of Defense Office of Naval Research Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program—North Slope of Alaska/ Adjacent Arctic Ocean Site Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management Fish and Wildlife Service Geological Survey Minerals Management Service National Park Service Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Natural Resource Conservation Service Forest Service Environmental Protection Agency Smithsonian Institution Department of Transportation U.S. Coast Guard atmospheric and cryospheric observing systems in the context of SEARCH. The workshop, which is advisory to the IWG and SSC, will assess how current observations can be best used and enhanced to understand and predict the ongoing changes in the Arctic. A preliminary agenda is available on the SEARCH web site, and more information is available from Jim Overland in Seattle, WA (206/526-6795; fax 206/ 526-6485; [email protected]). For more information, see the SEARCH web site (http://psc.apl.washington/search), or contact SSC Chair Jamie Morison in Seattle, WA (206/543-1394; fax 206/6163142; [email protected]) or IWG Chair John Calder in Silver Spring, MD (301/713-2518 ext. 288; fax 301/ 713-2519; [email protected]). 4 Arctic Upper Atmosphere Research Auroral Studies Shed Light on the Physics of Space Because the upper atmosphere is affected by the topography of the polar magnetic field, the solar wind, the interplanetary magnetic field, and cold mesospheric temperatures, its behavior in the arctic region is relevant to global change and space weather issues and may have implications for arctic system science. In this and following issues of Witness the Arctic, we present overviews of current research efforts on arctic upper atmosphere topics, including studies of the aurora, occurrence and physics of noctilucent clouds, and the polar ionosphere. In 1859, British astronomer Richard Carrington, observing the sun as part of a long-term study of sunspot behavior, noted an enormous brightening in one sunspot group. Seventeen hours later, an intense disruption occurred in the terrestrial magnetic field, accompanied by an aurora that could be seen as far south as Cuba. In noting a possible connection between these events, Carrington marked the birth of space physics—the study of the portion of the space environment that falls within the Sun’s sphere of influence and, consequently, is of direct relevance to life on Earth. The aurora continues to be a central topic in space physics because it provides a unique window into the Earth’s near-space environment. The aurora is produced mainly by electrons precipitating from space. Because the air density in the upper atmosphere is so low, auroral electrons are constrained to move in tight helical orbits along the Earth’s magnetic field lines. This means that auroral arcs can be interpreted as magnetic field structures illuminated by incoming electrons in the same way that images are produced on a television screen. Similarly, auroral motions are a projection of time-dependent dynamics in the remote magnetosphere. Early theories proposed that the aurora resulted from the direct entry of solar wind electrons into the polar atmosphere. Although still prevalent in the popular literature, this explanation was refuted by observational evidence. Auroral particles come from a population of electrons and ions which has built up over time in the stretched anti-sunward tail of Earth’s magnetic cavity. The magnetic field of an approaching solar wind triggers the explosive release of the particles into the atmosphere. This triggering process—referred to as “reconnection”—is fundamental to all plasmas. Reconnection is being studied through programs funded by NSF, the National Atmospheric and Space Administration (NASA), and the Departments of Defense and Energy (DoD and DOE). Research programs supported by several agencies address the aurora’s effects on space weather, global change, and the energy balance of the Earth’s atmosphere. The Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR; see page 5) and Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) programs of the NSF Division of Atmospheric Sciences examine solar influences on global change, including climate changes linked to long-term variations of the Sun. The Sun Earth Connections Program, a major NASA effort dedicated to understanding the flow of energy from the Sun to the Earth, includes the Living With a Star program, which supports research and space missions to describe the Sun’s effects on space weather and global change. With contributions from NSF, NASA, DoD, DOE, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the interagency National Space Weather Program (NSWP) supports research leading to better predictive capabilities for space weather operational forecasting. This substantial investment in space science reflects the growing numbers of spaceand ground-based technical systems that are vulnerable to adverse conditions in the space environment. Another current research focus concerns the feedback between the arctic upper atmosphere and the distant magnetosphere. Although it is the incoming particles that produce auroral light, electrons are in fact moving into and out of the polar ionosphere in equal numbers. This coupling can influence the efficacy with which the aurora forms. For instance, the fact that the aurora is more likely to occur in nighttime than in daytime is related to the elevated electrical conductance of the sunlit ionosphere. Several new instruments designed to improve daylight observations of the aurora, under development with support from the NSF Division of Atmospheric Sciences, should contribute significantly to elucidating the mechanism by which the increased electrical conductance is communicated to the magnetosphere. In addition, the GEM program recently initiated a multimilliondollar effort to study the coupling between the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Permanent ground-based facilities in the Arctic provide essential observations to complement space-based investigations of the aurora. NSF supports the Søndrestrøm Facility in Greenland and the Polar Cap Observatory in Resolute Bay, Canada, and contributes to the deployment and operation of radiowave and optical instruments throughout the Arctic. While these instruments and facilities are designed to observe the aurora and other manifestations of the interaction between the atmosphere and the magnetosphere, they are also important logistics hubs for other arctic research. For more information, see the following web sites: NSWP (www.spacescience. org/SWOP/NSWP), NSF Atmospheric Sciences (www.geo.nsf.gov/atm), and Søndrestrøm (www.isr.sri.com), or contact Jeff Thayer (650/859-3557; thayer@ sri.com), John Kelly (650/859-3749; [email protected]), or Joshua Semeter (joshua. [email protected]) in Menlo Park, CA (fax for all: 650/322-2318). To produce the observed optical effect, auroral electrons must be accelerated to a velocity of ~50,000 km/s during their journey from the magnetosphere to the atmosphere. An outstanding issue in plasma physics, the mechanism by which this acceleration occurs is the focus of current satellite missions, such as NASA’s POLAR and IMAGE spacecraft (photo courtesy of Craig Heinselman, SRI International). 5 CEDAR Observations Map the Arctic’s Upper Atmosphere The close coalignment of the axis of the Earth’s geomagnetic field and the axis of the Earth’s rotation facilitates the entry of energy and momentum from the solar wind and interplanetary space into polar regions. The aurora, shown here from space, is the most commonly known example of this phenomenon (image from NASA’s Dynamics Explorer satellite, courtesy of Louis Frank, University of Iowa). The Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) program started in 1986 as a community initiative for instrumentation that would enable state-of-the-art investigations of the Earth’s upper atmosphere. Broadened to encompass multiple diagnostic techniques, theory, modeling, and coordinated observational campaigns, CEDAR is currently the dominant national and international research program in terrestrial aeronomy. Part of the Solar Influences Program within the NSF Division of Atmospheric Sciences, CEDAR is devoted to the characterization and understanding of the atmosphere from approximately 60 to 1,000 km above the surface of the Earth (i.e., the mesosphere, exosphere, magnetosphere), with emphasis on the energetic and dynamic processes that determine the basic composition and structure of the atmosphere. Particular attention is given to how these processes are coupled both vertically and horizontally, transferring mass, energy, and momentum, and significantly affecting the global behavior of the Earth’s upper atmosphere. The science agenda of CEDAR Phase III, outlined in 1998, includes the following initiatives: • Coupling with Lower Altitudes—the study of tidal, planetary, and gravity waves, which are forced primarily in the troposphere and stratosphere and have profound influences on the ionospherethermosphere-mesosphere (ITM) system; • Solar-Terrestrial Interactions—investigations of the response of the global ITM system to solar variations and disturbances over many time scales; and • Long-term Variations—exploring the origins of long-term atmospheric variations by building on 10 to 30-year long datasets. Arctic Studies in CEDAR Because limited access to polar regions has prevented a full understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the polar atmosphere, Polar Aeronomy is the fourth CEDAR Phase III initiative. Horizontal transit times are hours to days in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, allowing rapid advection of energy and momentum between the poles and middle latitudes. The distinctive features of the arctic upper atmosphere and ionosphere can thus have major effects on the global behavior of the upper atmosphere. Research in Polar Aeronomy is directed at processes, such as the solar wind, that induce disturbances at high latitudes and in turn drive the energy and dynamics of the ITM system at lower latitudes. Current studies of the arctic upper atmosphere through CEDAR are contributing to the development of a multidimensional view of the chemical, dynamic, thermodynamic, and electrodynamic coupling mechanisms throughout the atmospheric column above both poles. Major issues for future arctic upper atmospheric research in CEDAR include: • energetics and neutral dynamics, • plasma electrodynamics and structure, • neutral and ion composition, • aerosol formation and charging, and • auroral emissions and forms. CEDAR Facilities Beginning in 1986 with the creation of CEDAR “Class one” observatories and the NSF Upper Atmospheric Facilities program, CEDAR scientists have been provided with the best observational tools available. CEDAR observing facilities, spread across the Arctic and shared among the circumpolar nations, are located at: • Svalbard, Norway (see Witness Winter 2000/2001); • Søndrestrømfjord, Greenland; • Poker Flat, Alaska; and • Eureka and Resolute Bay, Canada. The new Polar Cap Observatory at Resolute Bay is slated for further development to house the new Relocatable Atmospheric Observatory in a few years. CEDAR observational programs normally couple radio, optical, and geomagnetic techniques through the co-location of instruments at strategic sites, as well as the use of arrays of automated stations and remote sensing from satellites. Where possible, the sites have an Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR), which can determine atmospheric and ionospheric properties to heights exceeding 1,000 km. Many sites have Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) instruments that probe up to approximately 100 km altitude, obtaining density, temperature, and in some cases, wind measurements as a function of altitude. All-sky imagers, photometers, interferometers, imaging spectrographs, ionosondes, and ionospheric absorption mappers complement these measurements. Arrays of magnetometers and SuperDARN coherent radars (see Witness Spring/Autumn 1999) provide information about ionospheric currents and drift motions. Science Management A science steering committee (SSC) appointed by the directors of the NSF Aeronomy and Upper Atmospheric Facilities program provides guidance to the CEDAR program. CEDAR has attracted many graduate students and international collaborators through its open workshop structure and its cooperative approach, which focuses a wide range of techniques and expertise into comprehensive studies. For more information, see the NSF Solar Influences web site (www.nsf.gov/egch/gc_solar.html#cedar), or contact Roger Smith, chair of the CEDAR SSC, in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-7416; fax 907/474-5882; [email protected]). Arctic Upper Atmosphere Research 6 ARCSS Program ARCSS Plans All-Hands Workshop for February 2002 ARCSS Components to Meet November 2001 In an important contributing step toward the February 2002 ARCSS All-Hands meeting (see article this page), two of the major components of the NSF Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program will hold their annual all-investigator meetings in mid-November 2001 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) and Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) investigators will take advantage of this proximity to meet with representatives from other ARCSS components. OAII All-Hands Meeting The OAII All-Hands Meeting will convene 14–16 November 2001. In addition to poster sessions on general arctic science activities and OAII research and outreach, researchers will present proposals for initiatives dealing with atmospheric and nearshore processes (see page 9). For more information, registration, and the agenda, see the OAII web site (http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu/AllHands/Mtg2001.html), or contact Jane Hawkey in Cambridge, MD (410/221-8416; fax 410/221-8490; [email protected]). LAII All-Hands Meeting The LAII All-Hands Meeting will convene 14–17 November 2001. Investigators in the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX), Arctic Transitions in the LandAtmosphere System (ATLAS), and Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) projects will meet separately for part of the meeting to supplement the plenary and poster sessions (see page 7). For more information and the agenda, see the LAII web site (www.laii.uaf.edu/mtg.htm), or contact Patricia A. Anderson in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-5415; fax 907/474-6722; [email protected]). Joint Meetings for OAII or LAII Registrants A morning plenary session on 15 November 2001, open to registrants from either meeting, will bring together OAII, LAII, RAISE, and PARCS (see page 8) investigators to • update one another on the various components’ activities and initiatives, • foster interdisciplinary discussions, and • identify the contributions needed to facilitate an effective ARCSS All-Hands Meeting in February 2002. The OAII, LAII, and RAISE Science Steering Committees will meet jointly on the afternoon of 16 November 2001 to follow up on the plenary discussions. In addition, the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC) Science Advisory Group will convene an open meeting on the evening of 15 November 2001, followed by an informational session. For more information, see the BASC web site (www.sfos. uaf.edu/basc), or contact Glenn Sheehan in Barrow, AK (907/852-4881; fax 907/ 852-4882; [email protected]). The second Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program All-Hands Workshop will take place 20–23 February 2002 at the Bell Harbor International Conference Center in Seattle, Washington. The first ARCSS All-Hands Workshop was held in 1996 at Snowbird, Utah. The 2002 workshop will provide information and recommendations to guide the ARCSS Program through a major transition from the current disciplinary components organized geographically (terrestrial vs. marine) and temporally (current vs. past) to a broader approach of interdisciplinary issues, questions, and themes. To assist in this transition, the ARCSS Committee (AC) will organize the 2002 All-Hands meeting around the five thematic priorities that formed the basis of the second ARCSS Science Plan, Toward Prediction of the Arctic System (ARCUS 1998). These thematic questions are: • How will the climate of the Arctic change over the next 10 to 100 years? • How will future climate change interact with human activities to affect the sustainability of natural ecosystems and human societies? • How will changes in arctic biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks affect arctic and global systems? • How will changes in arctic hydrological cycles and feedbacks affect arctic and global systems? • Are the predicted changes in the arctic system detectable? The major objective of the meeting is a comprehensive assessment of the ARCSS Program in terms of: • progress to date in addressing these priorities, • identifying gaps in research needed to pursue important questions, • developing opportunities to integrate results and questions across ARCSS research components, and • articulating novel questions arising from this analysis. The AC is working with the ARCSS science steering committees to gather information to begin this assessment, including: • the principal research questions guiding each of the current ARCSS components, • a database of ARCSS-funded projects, and • an outline of results to date. This information will contribute to a broad understanding of the accomplishments of and appropriate future directions for the ARCSS Program. More information and preregistration for the 2002 All-Hands meeting is available on the ARCUS web site (www.arcus. org/ARCSS/allhands2002/). For more information about the ARCSS Program, see the ARCSS web site (www.nsf. gov/od/opp/arctic/system.htm), or contact Program Director Mike Ledbetter in Arlington, VA (703/292-8030; fax 703/292-9082; [email protected]) or AC Chair Jack Kruse in Leverett, MA (413/367-2240; fax 413/ 367-0092; [email protected]). 7 ARCSS Program RAISE Plan Focuses on Ship-Based Research in Russia The Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) has been developing a new science plan with the goal of facilitating ship-based research in the Russian Arctic. Although land-based joint research projects under the RAISE umbrella have moved forward over the past few years, including studies of: • organic material and nutrient fluxes from Russian rivers, • seasonal flooding dynamics along rivers, and • reconstruction of late-Pleistocene glacial and sea-level history on Wrangel Island, research topics in the nearshore waters of the Russian continental shelf have not been adequately addressed. These scientific issues range from: • the biogeochemical fate of organic materials contributed to the Arctic Ocean by shoreline erosion and river runoff, to • the social and biological impacts of changes in sea-ice distributions. Science planning for ship-based research in Russia must address both: • the logistical and political challenge of providing costly ship support in remote areas for groups of researchers, and • government authorities’ concerns about scientific access within the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone (see page 16). It is hoped that the RAISE effort will lead to a joint announcement of opportunity by both NSF and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, promoting joint shipbased research on a variety of topics by Russian and U.S. investigators. Current and past research programs such as the successful Russian-German cooperation of the 1990s, as well as the joint U.S.-Russian Bering and Chukchi Seas Expeditions (BERPAC) program that led to several joint research cruises in the 1970s, ’80s, and ’90s, are being used as successful models of bilateral research. Members of the international research community wishing to contribute to the development of the new science plan are invited to contact Science Steering Committee (SSC) Chair Lee Cooper. Transfer and development of an improved RAISE web site (www.raise.uaf. edu) has been completed, including: • links to current research summaries by RAISE investigators, • links to other arctic research sites, • contact information for Russian and U.S. members of the International Science Steering Committee (ISSC), and • information on past and planned meetings of the ISSC. A Russian language version of the web page is planned. The next meeting of RAISE investigators and the ISSC will be in Salt Lake City, Utah, on 14–17 November 2001 (see box page 6). For more information, contact Lee Cooper in Knoxville, TN (865/974-2990; fax 865/974-7896); [email protected]) or RAISE Project Office Director Vladimir Romanovsky in Fairbanks, AK (907/4747459; fax 907/474-7290; [email protected]). LAII Prepares for All-Hands Meeting, Upgrades Web Site The next Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) All-Hands Meeting will convene 14–17 November 2001 in Salt Lake City, Utah (see box page 6). The goals of the meeting are to: • develop explicit plans for synthesis of the past decade of research on landatmosphere-ice interactions; • meet jointly with the other major ARCSS programs to discuss ways in which LAII research might be better integrated in the future; and • finalize a new science plan that outlines the priorities for arctic terrestrialatmospheric research for the next decade. The draft science plan will be posted on the LAII web site for community review in September 2001. Participants will focus on: • planning and implementation of LAII research synthesis for International Tundra Experiment (ITEX), Arctic Transitions in the Land-Atmosphere System (ATLAS), and Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) projects; • opportunities for integration across LAII, OAII (see page 9), RAISE (see below), and PARCS (see page 8) in both synthesis and future research; and • a discussion of the new LAII science plan as the land-atmosphere contribution to future ARCSS research. More information on meeting arrangements and registration can be found on the LAII web site (www.laii.uaf.edu/). Improvements to the LAII Web Site The LAII Program Science Management Office (SMO) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks has renovated the LAII web site. The site now includes: • current field reports, • direct links to archived LAII data, • links to individual projects’ dedicated web sites, and • online viewing of SMO publications. Site enhancements will ultimately provide users with complete access to all LAIIrelated information and locations of archived data. Plans for additional improvements include: • a community outreach section, • a speakers’ bureau, • a media guide, and • employment and research/funding opportunities. Comments from site visitors and LAII researchers will guide further site improvements. For more information about the LAII web site (www.laii.uaf.edu/), or contact Christopher Shock in Fairbanks, AK (907/ 474-1534; fax 907/474-6251; [email protected]). For more information about the LAII program, contact Patricia A. Anderson at the LAII SMO in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-5415; fax 907/ 474-6722; [email protected]; ). 8 ARCSS Program PARCS Develops Two Updated Research Goals HARC Explores Ways to Stimulate Discussion Because human activities in the Arctic depend closely upon the environment, natural or human-caused changes are likely to have far-reaching social, cultural, and economic effects. To address these issues, NSF/ARCSS launched the Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) initiative in 1997 (see Witness Spring 1997, Autumn 1998). In light of the specific disciplinary and cultural challenges that researchers face in assembling research teams and developing appropriately integrated approaches, the recently funded HARC Science Management Office (SMO) is exploring new ways of engaging the scientific community and others in creative discussions. Beginning in fall 2001, a series of Internet-based open workshops will provide opportunities for communication across disciplinary, cultural, and national boundaries, bringing expertise from many perspectives to bear on the critical research questions that HARC was developed to address. Workshop announcements will be disseminated through ArcticInfo (see www.arcus.org) and the HARC web site. For more information, see the HARC web site (www.arcus.org/harc), or contact SMO Director Henry Huntington in Eagle River, AK (907/696-3564; fax 907/6963565; [email protected]). The Paleoenvironmental Arctic Sciences (PARCS) community held its principal investigator meeting in March 2001 at the University of Massachusetts, in conjunction with the annual Arctic Workshop. Two major issues affecting arctic paleo research dominated the agenda: • a recent shift in NSF funding administration, and • a need to revise and renew the PARCS science goals (see Witness Spring 2000) with respect to the ARCSS Program. An important change in the proposalapplication and funding system for arctic paleosciences at NSF will take place in FY 2002. The Earth System History (ESH) program will no longer administer proposals funded by Arctic Natural Sciences (ANS; see page 10) or ARCSS; instead, these programs will deal directly with their respective proposals. Current Status of PARCS Arctic paleo research is currently carried out in many forms that are important in the general context of arctic science. This broad mission is clearly set out in the 1999 PARCS science and implementation plan, The Arctic Paleosciences in the Context of Global Change Research (see Witness Spring/Autumn 1999); the PARCS Science Steering Committee (SSC) intends that PARCS will continue to work toward these goals, both in the U.S. research community and through international organizations and collaborations. Updates on PARCS activities and future directions will be available soon in an edition of the PARCS newsletter PaleoTimes. PARCS Research Goals for ARCSS PARCS also remains an essential ARCSS component. Much of the 2001 PARCS meeting was devoted to developing a focused set of research goals for the next three to five years, consistent both with new directions in the research community and, specifically, with anticipated progress in the ARCSS Program over the next five to ten years. As the ARCSS Program becomes more integrative in its science and structure, paleo research activities will be important to the development of a coherent perspective. With this in mind, meeting participants defined two major research goals. A key area of concern is how much do recent observations of climate change in the Arctic reflect natural climate cycles? The first PARCS goal is, therefore, to describe the spatial and temporal context of 20th-century warming and current observations of climatic change with reference to high-resolution records of the past 2,000 years and the Holocene (the past 10,000 years). Major topics include: • the medieval warm period (approximately AD 1000–1400) and Little Ice Age (approximately AD 1400–1850), • high-amplitude Holocene climate cycles, and • the possible connection of the onset of the neoglacial (a mid-Holocene cooling particularly evident at high northern latitudes) with shifts in the frequency and amplitude of such climate cycles. More and more evidence suggests that the Arctic is shifting to conditions that are warmer than any within living memory. The second PARCS goal is to describe the consequences of very warm arctic climates for marine and terrestrial systems. Very warm past arctic scenarios that can serve as analogues for future warming include: • the early Holocene, when the Arctic experienced high summer insolation anomalies; and • the last interglacial (marine isotope stage 5), which appears as a very strong warming in the paleo record approximately 125,000 years ago. Key topics to investigate in relation to these periods are: • feedbacks and nonlinear changes (surprises) as consequences of strong warming—particularly the role of sea ice, ice sheets, and land-surface cover; • the implications of strong warming for arctic and global carbon budgets. These two goals will contribute to discussions at the February 2002 ARCSS All-Hands meeting (see page 6) and, possibly in modified form, will be the key foci for ARCSS-related paleo research. At the end of 2001, Darrell Kaufman (Northern Arizona University) and FengSheng Hu (University of Illinois) will replace Bruce Finney and Julie BrighamGrette on the PARCS SSC. For more information, see the PARCS web site (www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ parcs), or contact PARCS Co-chairs Glen MacDonald in Los Angeles, CA (310/8252568; fax 310/206-5976; [email protected]) and Mary Edwards in Trondheim, Norway (+47/ 7359-1915; fax +47/7359-1878; mary. [email protected]); or Mike Retelle in Lewiston, ME (207/786-6155; fax 207/ 786-8334; [email protected]). 9 ARCSS Program For one year beginning in October 1997, SHEBA conducted field work from a ship frozen into the arctic ice pack (see Witness Autumn 1998). SHEBA is now in its third and final phase, with 17 projects focused on using the 1997–98 dataset to study processes and mechanisms that affect climate feedback in the arctic system. The goals of SHEBA are: • to improve simulations of the Arctic in global climate models, and • to improve our capability to monitor arctic climate using satellites and autonomous remote platforms. SHEBA’s Phase III principal investigators (PIs) met in Boulder, Colorado, in July 2001 for updates on the Phase III objectives of modeling and in-depth analysis of processes and feedback mechanisms. SHEBA data have been used to evaluate the performance of the global, coupled Community Climate System Model (CCSM), which proved to be simulating more winter cloud cover and incident surface long-wave irradiance than are actually observed. Ongoing SHEBA research is addressing the cloud and radiation problems but has not yet resulted in implemented improvements in the CCSM. The polar physics of the most up-to-date version of the CCSM includes a multicategory ice-thickness-distribution model with a surface albedo parameterization, which tracks the SHEBA observations fairly well. This new model is to be released in approximately January 2002. SHEBA data are also being used to simulate and diagnose the energy and mass budget of the ocean-atmosphere-ice column at the SHEBA experimental site. The initial arctic single-column model (SCM) provides a credible starting point for model improvement, capturing much of the variability in surface temperature, heat budget components, ice thickness, and upper ocean temperature on time scales ranging from a few days to a season. The most notable weakness is that, like the global CCSM, the SCM oversimulates cloud cover during winter and early spring. The Arctic Regional Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ARCMIP; see Witness Winter 2000/2001) is concentrating its initial efforts on simulating SHEBA. ARCMIP results will be applied, in turn, to the SHEBA SCM. The Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS; see page 15) at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research provides data management support to SHEBA. During the final two years of Phase III, JOSS expects to process an estimated 50–100 new, extended, or revised SHEBA datasets, totaling approximately 100 Gbytes. Highest-priority integrated data sets are gridded fields (e.g., surface temperature), a SHEBA column dataset for the entire SHEBA year, and datasets for specific case study periods (see next column). Results of the 2001 SHEBA data questionnaire conducted by JOSS are available at www.joss.ucar.edu/sheba/ phase3/webresponse/. The ARCSS Data Coordination Center (see Witness Winter 2000/2001) has posted satellite reconnaissance imagery of the SHEBA experimental region (5 km2 and 20 megabytes each) on the web at http://arcss.colorado.edu/Projects/Sheba Recon/metadata1.html. Breakout groups at the workshop discussed single-column modeling, ice-albedo feedback and solar energy, atmosphere and ocean boundary-layer modeling, global and regional models, radiative transfer modeling, and model evaluation and feedback analysis. These discussions generated: • a more detailed definition of the SHEBA-column integrated dataset, and identification of the individuals who will oversee completion of the elements within each of 12 categories—top-ofthe-atmosphere radiation, atmospheric structure, atmospheric boundary layer, surface flux forcing, atmospheric advection, cloud properties, surface optical properties, state of the sea-ice and snow cover, ice deformation, ocean structure, ocean turbulence and boundary layer, and miscellaneous; and • updated and more detailed definition of SHEBA’s six case study periods in 1998 (14–20 January; 25–29 April; 20–24 May; 20–24 July; 10–20 June; and 28 July–2 August) as well as associated datasets, model experiments, and case study leaders. These periods are to be analyzed in detail by all Phase III PIs. The Phase III PIs aim to complete the extended, updated, integrated column data set in approximately six months and to meet again within a year to develop first drafts of collaborative, project-wide papers. Renovations of the SHEBA web site include a restructuring into two sections— one for the general public and one for SHEBA Phase III scientists. For more information, see the SHEBA web site (http://sheba.apl.washington. edu), or contact Dick Moritz in Seattle, WA (206/543-8023; fax 206/543-3521; [email protected]). OAII Considers New Initiatives The Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) component of the ARCSS Program has made progress on several fronts in the first half of 2001, including publishing a new science plan, preparing for the OAII All-Hands Meeting in November 2001 (see box on page 6), considering new research initiatives dealing with nearshore and atmospheric processes that will be discussed at the OAII All-Hands meeting, and adding an outreach page to the OAII web site. Phase III of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) program continues to use data from the 1997– 98 field work to study climate feedbacks and processes (see article this page), while Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) researchers have submitted proposals for Phase II field work (see page 10). For more information, see the OAII web site (http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu), or contact Lou Codispoti or Jane Hawkey at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science’s Horn Point Laboratory in Cambridge, MD (410/221-8479; fax 410/221-8490; [email protected], [email protected]). SHEBA Data Helping to Evaluate Performance of Models 16 Arctic Research Support and Logistics Russian Logistics are Challenging, Not Insurmountable VECO Completes Second Arctic Field Season The NSF Arctic Research Logistics Support Services (ARLSS) contractor, VECO Polar Resources (VPR; see Witness Winter 2000/2001) has completed its second arctic field season, collaborating with researchers, other logistics providers, and local organizations to provide high-quality logistics support to NSF investigators. In its second year, VPR has supported more than 70 research projects in Greenland, Alaska, Canada, Russia, near the North Pole, and several vessel-based research cruises. Accomplishments in 2001 include: • doubling the ARLSS satellite telephone inventory and upgrading to newer, more robust models of INMARSAT mini-M and Iridium; • organizing wilderness first aid and safety training for 25 arctic researchers; • providing specifically tailored first aid kits and a remote medical care service (Medical Advisory Systems; see article this page) to 10 field projects; • completing the 2000–01 Summit, Greenland, winter campaign and planning for 2001–02; • installing a new generator system and additional sleeping quarters at Summit Camp; • coordinating more than 600 hours of aircraft support for researchers working in remote locations of Alaska; • supporting a 12-person research team at Cherskii in Siberia (see article this page); and • providing logistics costs estimates for almost a dozen research proposals. Plans for 2002 include further enhancements to field communications capabilities, additional Russia-based projects, offering field training courses at several U.S. universities during the off-season, and continued enhancements to VPR’s web site. For more information, see the VPR web site (www.vecopolar.com), or contact Project Manager Jill Ferris in Englewood, CO (720/344-5619; fax 720/344-6514; [email protected]). The Russian Arctic remains a logistical challenge for American investigators. Although access to colleagues, facilities, and information is now less hampered by security concerns than before, economic and political difficulties can make logistics, permitting, and transportation in the vast Russian Arctic problematic. Advice from Researchers Western investigators who have worked recently in the Russian Arctic offer the following general advice. Collaborating with Russian investigators, rather than institutions, is the most direct way to access appropriate logistic systems, sampling platforms, and field stations. It is vital to begin planning with Russian colleagues at least a year in advance for remote field work. Although foreigners may now establish bank accounts in Russia and transfer funds to remote areas, it remains difficult to arrange permits and transportation and to negotiate customs both entering and leaving the country for personnel, scientific equipment, and chemicals. Arrangements for communications equipment and GPS units are best handled entirely by Russian collaborators. Many scientific field stations have closed, and those that remain are not well supported. The biological field stations associated with nature reserves (zapovedniki), although fairly common, are not much more than shelters. Transportation beyond major cities is a challenge. Many high-arctic towns with rail and air service during the Soviet period are now closed or nearly so. Use of small fixed-wing aircraft is inadvisable because runways are not maintained in many areas. Helicopters, the remaining option for areas not accessible by boat, are expensive and increasingly unreliable. Ship-based investigators face additional barriers to accessing research sites (see page 7). Less rigorous safety standards for everything from sidewalks to availability of life jackets increase the likelihood of accidents. Medical Advisory Systems, Inc. (MAS) and a few other organizations can provide medical advice and evacuations if needed. Office of Polar Programs Efforts The Arctic Section of the NSF Office of Polar Programs (OPP) has taken several steps to aid U.S. investigators working in the Russian Arctic. OPP has tasked VECO Polar Resources (VPR; see box) to provide support to specific projects in Russia. The Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC), through its cooperative agreement with OPP, has developed the Chukotka Science Support Group (CSSG) to provide permitting, customs, and logistical support in Chukotka. Staffed by members of two Native groups—the Yup’ik Eskimo Society and the Naukan Production Cooperative (Chukchi)— CSSG is supporting several U.S.-funded projects in Chukotka and developing logistical infrastructure in Lavrentiya and Provideniya. At the invitation of Governor Roman Abramovich of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, BASC and CSSG are developing background data to help select sites for environmental observatories and may organize a U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker scientific cruise to Chukotka for 2002. In partnership with the NSF Geosciences Directorate and International Office and the U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF), OPP established a science liaison office in Moscow in 1999. The CRDF can assist researchers with financial and permitting arrangements in Russia. Information about Russia is becoming more available on the Internet, and the OPP-supported Arctic Logistics Information and Support (ALIAS) web site will provide a portal to the most useful sites on logistics issues in Russia. For more information, see these web sites: VPR (www.vecopolar.com), BASC (www.arcticscience.org), CRDF (www.crdf. org), ALIAS (www.arcus.org/alias), MAS (www.mas1.com), or contact Arctic Research Support and Logistics Program Manager Simon Stephenson in Arlington, VA (703/292-7435; fax 703/292-9082; [email protected]). 17 Arctic Research Support and Logistics With Healy Underway, AICC Turns to Science Facilitation With the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Healy safely through science trials and working in the eastern Arctic on her first funded science cruises, the Arctic Icebreaker Coordinating Committee (AICC) is now turning its full attention to science facilitation for the three U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers (Healy, Polar Sea, and Polar Star). On behalf of the UniversityNational Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), the AICC is developing a post-cruise assessment procedure for all funded cruises and continues to work with the Coast Guard and NSF on: • long-range planning, • establishing procedures for ongoing data collection, and • prioritizing science equipment needs for the icebreakers. The Coast Guard is working to standardize equipment (e.g., salinometers, debubblers, CTDs) across all three vessels. The Healy’s maiden science mission is a joint voyage with the German research vessel, Polarstern, to the Gakkel Ridge. From July to October 2001, investigators from five nations are following up on the new evidence, obtained by the 1999 SCICEX cruise, of volcanism at the ultraslow spreading ridge (see page 1). The mission includes petrological, geophysical, hydrothermal, and biological studies of the ridge system. Sponsored by the NSF Teachers Experiencing Antarctica and the Arctic Program (see Witness Winter 2000/ 2001), a seventh-grade science teacher is also participating in the cruise (see http:// tea.rice.edu/tea_adamsfrontpage.html). For more information on the Healy’s cruise to the Gakkel Ridge, see www.earthscape. org/rr1/hea01/hea01.html. Other arctic science missions for 2001 have included: •a Polar Star cruise to the St. Lawrence Island polynya in March, • a second Healy cruise in the eastern Arctic Ocean, and • both funded and opportunistic science to the Bering and Chukchi seas on board the Polar Sea in July and August. Final details are being worked out for a busy year in 2002 as well. NSF proposals to use any of the icebreakers in 2003 are due by 15 February 2002. Critical information for icebreaker cruise planning in general and the Healy in particular can be found on the Coast Guard web site (www.uscg.mil/pacarea/iceops/cpmanual/ cpmanual.htm). The AICC acknowledges the contributions of the members who are cycling off the committee—Joe Coburn (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), Glenn Cota (Old Dominion University), and Dan Lubin (Scripps University). The three new members—Bob Bourke (Naval Postgraduate School), Margo Edwards (University of Hawaii), and Peter Minnett (Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami)— came on board in September 2001 for the AICC meeting in Washington, DC. For more information on the AICC, see the UNOLS web site (www.unols.org), or contact AICC Chair Lisa Clough in Greenville, NC (252/328-1834; fax 252/ 328-4178; [email protected]) or the UNOLS office ([email protected]). In September 2000, the Ship Acquisition and Upgrade Program of the NSF Division of Ocean Sciences provided funding to the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) for a concept design study for an Alaskan Region Research Vessel (ARRV). The vessel will replace the 35-year-old RV Alpha Helix for year-round research in the North Pacific Ocean and sub-arctic waters, as well as serving seasonally in the Arctic (see Witness Spring 2000). The just-completed concept design will have applications to both the ARRV and to the development of future intermediate vessels in the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) fleet. The UNOLS Fleet Improvement Committee developed the science mission requirements and is overseeing development of the ARRV; a joint committee of investigators from UAF and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution collaborated on the design study, which includes: • a technical description of the ship (e.g., expected speed, power, stability, seakeeping, range, endurance), and • a description of the general arrangements, (e.g., inboard and outboard profiles, machinery and science arrangements). The ARRV is expected to be used for a variety of science missions, with an emphasis on general oceanographic and fisheries investigations in high-latitude open seas, nearshore regions, and seasonal sea ice. As part of its strengthening for use in seasonal sea ice, the vessel will have: • a two-foot reamer on each side of the hull to reduce hull pressure and allow efficient turning in ice, and • an ice wedge beneath the keel to push ice sheets aside. Other specifications include: • length of 226 ft. (69 m), • endurance of 45 days, • science berths for 24, • a 1,024 sq. ft. main lab, • a 500 sq. ft. wet lab, • a 220 sq. ft. analytical lab, • a 240 sq. ft. electronics shop, and • a 309 sq. ft. electronics/computer lab. All the labs will be on the main deck. Adaptable laboratory and deck space will accommodate diverse capabilities such as over-the-side fisheries sampling and acoustic procedures. Glosten Associates of Seattle developed the completed concept design, and Arno Keinonen of AKAC, Inc., consulted on the hull features related to sea ice. The design committee, chaired by Vera Alexander (UAF), is seeking additional funding from NSF to develop a more detailed preliminary design for the ARRV. For more information, contact Vera Alexander, Robert Elsner, or Terry Whitledge in Fairbanks (907/474-6824; fax 907/474-7386; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]). UNOLS Develops Design for an Arctic Mid-Sized Vessel 18 Arctic Research Support and Logistics Working Group Outlines New Edition of Logistics Report The Arctic Research Support and Logistics Working Group (RSLWG) is supported by NSF to represent the research community in providing longterm expertise and advice on arctic logistics and science support issues (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). The Working Group organized a session on Arctic Research Support and Logistics (RSL) during the ARCUS 13th annual meeting in May 2001. Presentations included: • an update from NSF Arctic Research Support and Logistics Program Manager Simon Stephenson; • discussion of RSLWG activities and community perspectives on arctic logistics; • a report on 2000 and 2001 field support activities by Jill Ferris, VECO Polar Resources project manager (see page 16); and • an update on the results of the April 2001 workshop on infrastructure support for arctic science in the Barrow region. Members of the RSLWG are drafting an update of Logistics Recommendations for an Improved U.S. Arctic Research Capability (ARCUS 1997), using community input gathered at the May 2001 session and from previous community surveys and town meetings. The update will: • develop recommendations for future arctic logistics investments, in light of emerging science priorities, and • identify new science opportunities made possible by improved research support and logistics capabilities. The report, while not intended to be a comprehensive review of arctic research issues, will outline the scientific priorities driving the updated assessment. This assessment will include discussion and recommendations for specific researchsupport investments needed for investigations of: • variability in the physical environment, • biogeochemical cycling and contaminants, • effects of change on biological resources, • dynamics of human systems, • upper atmosphere and space weather studies, • solid earth issues, and • life in extreme environments. The report also will discuss needed improvements in several general researchsupport areas identified by the science community, including: • field safety, • long-term observing systems, • access to modeling capacity and results to develop a predictive capability, • technology investments, • synthesizing local and research-based knowledge, • interagency cooperation, and • international collaboration and access to key locations. The first draft of the next edition of Logistics Recommendations for an Improved U.S. Arctic Research Capability will be available for community review in spring 2002. For more information, see the ARCUS web site (www.arcus.org/rslwg/), or contact RSLWG co-chairs Peter Schlosser in Palisades, NY (845/365-8707; fax 845/ 365-8155; [email protected]) and Terry Tucker in Hanover, NH (603/6464268; fax 603/646-4644; wtucker@ crrel.usace.army.mil). The Future of SCICEX The USS Hawkbill, the last Sturgeon-class nuclear submarine operated by the U.S. Navy, was inactivated at Pearl Harbor in 1999, ending the first phase of the Science Ice Exercises (SCICEX) program. Five vessels from this class supported SCICEX cruises from 1995 to 1999 (see page 1). The scientific community remains hopeful that opportunities will emerge for future submarine-based research in the Arctic. The U.S. Arctic Research Commission (USARC; see facing page), which fostered the development of the SCICEX program, is tracking six possibilities, most on a relatively distant time scale. The USARC, NSF, the Office of Naval Research, and the operational Navy have concluded a Memorandum of Understanding to continue SCICEX operations on a “Cruises of Opportunity” basis. This will allow short data-collection opportunities but without science riders or special instrument installation. In summer 2001, both the USS Scranton (Los Angeles class) and USS Connecticut (Seawolf class) were deployed to the Arctic, proving the capability of these submarine classes. The Scranton surfaced at the North Pole in June 2001 and obtained temperature and salinity data. New, high-endurance, survey autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), under development at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute and the Navy’s Underwater Warfare Center, appear promising for use in the Arctic. With significant development efforts, these AUVs may be capable of continuing the regional mapping of ice, water, and bottom properties begun with the SCICEX cruises. The USARC is continuing discussions with other navies with nuclear submarines, including: • the Royal Navy, about the possibility of mounting Seafloor Characterization and Mapping Pods (SCAMP; see page 1) on a Royal Navy submarine, and • the Russian government, about the use of a Victor-class submarine for arctic research. At least two nations—Sweden and Germany—are manufacturing conventional submarines with air-independent power systems, which may be capable of extended under-ice operations. The Japanese Nuclear Power Institute has produced a concept paper for a small nuclear submarine with full science capabilities, dedicated to research. The U.S. Navy is considering the construction of a new nuclear research submarine, a successor to the small NR-1, which would have arctic capability. For more information, contact USARC Director Garry Brass (see facing page). 19 Polar Research Board U.S. Arctic Research Commission Throughout the spring and summer of 2001, the U.S. Arctic Research Commission (USARC) has advocated in the U.S. Arctic, in Washington, DC, and abroad for arctic research activities. USARC Chairman George Newton and Executive Director Garry Brass attended the ARCUS Annual Meeting in May 2001, where Brass participated in a panel on arctic research advocacy on Capitol Hill (see page 28). Newton and Brass also discussed several topics with personnel in the Office of Naval Reactors, including the possibility of a new nuclear research submarine with arctic capabilities to replace NR1, a small Navy nuclear submarine currently in service (see facing page). Newton and Brass also testified at a Senate Appropriations Committee hearing in Fairbanks, Alaska, on climate change in the Arctic in May (see page 21). The Commission convened at the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in early June. In Arctic Village and Nuiqsut, Commissioners met with residents who voiced concerns about energy resources, water and waste water, distance education, telemedicine, and housing. The Commission met in mid-June at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, for briefings on NOAA, NSF, and FWS agency activities. Commissioners honored David Garman for his support of the arctic research community while on Senator Frank Murkowski’s (R-AK) staff; Garman is now the Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The USARC traveled to Svalbard, Norway, in late June for a two-day meeting which included a visit to NyÅlesund—the research center on Svalbard (see Witness Winter 2000/2001)—and the British and German research stations. Having observed Norwegian conduct of arctic research support, the Commission will recommend to NSF that the United States establish a station there. Also in June, Brass represented the USARC at the inaugural meeting of the North Pacific Research Board (NPRB), created to oversee the distribution of $10 million per year in federal funds for fisheries and ecosystem research in the North Pacific, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean. For more information about the NPRB, see www.sfos.uaf.edu/npmr/dsands.html. For more information, see the USARC web site (www.uaa.alaska.edu/enri/arc_ web/archome.htm), or contact USARC Director Garry Brass in Arlington, VA (800/AURORAB or 703/525-0111; fax 703/525-0114; [email protected]). Congress asked the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to contribute to its debate about oil development on Alaska’s North Slope. In response, the Polar Research Board (PRB) and the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology have appointed a study committee to “review information about oil and gas activities (including exploration, development, and production) on Alaska’s North Slope.” The committee has been asked to assess the known and probable cumulative impacts on the physical, biological, and human environments of Alaska’s North Slope (including the adjacent marine environment) of oil and gas activities there from the early 1900s to the present. It will also look at potential future cumulative effects and different scenarios of oil development in combination with other human activities such as tourism, fishing, and mining. The 18-member committee has gathered information in Anchorage, Arctic Village (including an overflight of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge), Barrow, Deadhorse and surrounding oil facilities, Fairbanks, Nuiqsut, and Kaktovik. The committee has held public sessions in each community to gain insights into impacts, as well as briefings from academic and oil industry scientists, engineers, and citizens. The committee is chaired by NAS member Gordon Orians (University of Washington); its final report is expected in July 2002. For more information, see “Current Projects” at http://national-academies.org. The PRB’s Committee on Abrupt Climate Change has completed a draft report and submitted it for outside review. The final report is expected in fall 2001. The Committee on the Gulf of Alaska Ecosystem Monitoring Program continues to assist the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council as it develops a long-term plan for research and monitoring in the Prince William Sound area. Finally, a new committee to assist the Oil Spill Recovery Institute by reviewing its research program is expected to get underway in fall 2001. For more information, contact PRB Director Chris Elfring in Washington, DC (202/334-3479; fax 202/334-1477; [email protected]). PRB Members Spring 2001 Donal Manahan, Chair, University of Southern California, Los Angeles • Richard Alley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park • Robin Bell, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY • Akhil Datta-Gupta, Texas A&M University, College Station • Henry Huntington, Eagle River, AK • Amanda Lynch, University of Colorado, Boulder • Robie Macdonald, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, British Columbia • Miles McPhee, Naches, WA • P. Buford Price, Jr., University of California, Berkeley • Carole Seyfrit, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA • Marilyn Walker, University of Alaska, Fairbanks USARC Represents Research from Alaska to Svalbard Committee to Assess Oil and Gas Impacts in Alaska 20 Capitol Updates In response to a request by the president’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB), NSF has begun a major survey of principal investigator and institutional views on grant size and duration. The surveys, the first of their kind for the agency, are being conducted in the fall of 2001. According to Thomas Cooley, NSF Chief Financial Officer and Director of the Office of Budget, Finance, and Award Management, the survey was prompted by word from OMB that budget increases for NSF would follow only demonstrated need, and that OMB was looking closely at grant size and duration as avenues for possible increases. NSF Director Rita Colwell pointed out in her annual Community Budget Briefing in April 2001 that the average annual size of an NSF grant is approximately $100,000, and average duration is less than three years. “This puts our investigators at a disadvantage,” she said. “It forces them to immediately begin applying for a new grant as soon as they’ve gotten the first one—time they could be spending doing their research.” At the ARCUS 13th annual meeting in May 2001, Cooley outlined the plan for the agency-wide survey effort: • all researchers who received NSF grants in 2000 will be sent a survey; and • all institutions with researchers on active grants will be sent an institution survey. The survey will ask investigators a range of questions, including: • the history of their grants, • time taken to apply and administer the grants, and • what needs they have for their research. Answers to these questions, along with information gathered from institutions, will be used by NSF administrators to help develop their FY 2003 budget, which will be delivered to OMB sometime in the fall of 2001. Survey results will be available to the public in early 2002. Karl Erb, director of the NSF Office of Polar Programs, reiterated the importance of this survey at the 2001 ARCUS annual meeting. “I encourage all who receive the survey to complete it,” he said. “The results of this survey will help us understand how and whether larger, longer grants would benefit our grantees, including those who conduct remote field research in the Arctic. If the results favor increases in grant size or duration, they will help us make the cases for increased funding in our budget requests.” For more information, contact Thomas Cooley in Arlington, VA (703/292-8200; fax 703/292-9007; [email protected]). Before the month-long August 2001 recess, both the U.S. House and Senate appropriations committees passed their respective versions of the VA-HUD bill, which funds independent federal agencies, including NSF. The two versions of the bill have a wide disparity in their overall funding levels that will have to be settled. The Senate version of the VA-HUD bill provides significantly less money for NSF in FY 2002 than does the House bill (Senate: $4.67 billion, up 5.6% from FY 2001; House: $4.84 billion, up 9.4%). President Bush’s FY 2002 budget request for NSF proposed an increase of 1.3% (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). For more information about either bill, see House Report 107-159 and Senate Report 107-43. Although Senators Kit Bond (R–MO) and Barbara Mikulski (D–MD), co-chairs of the VA-HUD subcommittee, advocate a doubling of the NSF budget over five years, the proposed funding would provide approximately one third of the amount required to move forward with this strategy. Bond and Mikulski cited the allocation from the Senate budget committee as Senate Proposes 5.6% Increase in NSF Budget the reason for their smaller-than-expected offering for NSF. Following the 11 September attacks, the White House and members of Congress agreed to new funding levels to accelerate completion of the FY 2002 appropriations bills. President Bush has acknowledged to Congress the need for $25 billion more in discretionary spending than the levels in the FY 2002 budget resolution. At press time, appropriations staff are resolving differences in the House and Senate versions of already passed bills, and both the House and Senate have named members to the VA-HUD conference committee. Specific Funding Areas For Research and Related Activities (RRA), the Senate bill provides an increase of 4.9% from FY 2001, to $3.515 billion. The House bill provides an 8.7% increase to $3.642 billion. Within RRA, House appropriations committee report language specifies funding for the Office of Polar Programs (OPP) of $299 million, 9.4% over the amount in the president’s budget. The Senate bill traditionally does not stipulate an amount for OPP or any other directorate. The Senate Report does, however, specifically designate two items to be administered by OPP: • continued funding of the International Arctic Research Center (IARC; see page 24), under a recent three-year $15 million cooperative agreement with NSF, citing the importance of climate change research (see facing page); and • consultation with NOAA to determine the feasibility of establishing an Arctic Research Center in Barrow, Alaska. Within Education and Human Resources, the Senate bill increases the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) budget by $10 million to $85 million; an additional $25 million in co-funding through the RRA account brings the total EPSCoR budget to $110 million. The House bill proposes a level EPSCoR budget. For more information, see the following web sites: the Library of Congress (http://thomas.loc.gov), American Institute of Physics (www.aip.org), U.S. Senate (www.senate.gov), U.S. House of Representatives (www.house.gov). NSF will Survey Grant Recipients on Funding Needs 21 Capitol Updates This past May I chaired the Senate Appropriations Committee’s field hearing on global climate change at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Representatives from NSF, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Geological Survey, and professors from the nation’s top research institutions attended the hearing. This was a valuable discussion on the status of scientific research on climate change, particularly in the arctic region, and how climate change is impacting our area. Testimony from researchers at this hearing underscored an important message—the Arctic has been affected by climate change more than any other area on planet Earth. Understanding what has taken place here may be key to unlocking the uncertainties of global climate change. Many witnesses at the hearing noted that recent climate change activity likely stems from a number of factors, including natural variances and human activity. Regardless of cause, many changes predicted worldwide appear to be happening first and with greater severity in arctic regions, including Alaska. For instance, the pack ice that protects our state’s coastal villages formed later in the year and was much softer, allowing storms to batter and erode the coastline. Forests have gradually moved farther north and west in Alaska as permafrost has receded. The Northwest Passage has been seasonally ice free for the past three years, generating increased interest from commercial shippers to use this route. In addition, recent studies show the world has increased in temperature by one degree, but the arctic temperature has increased by seven degrees. We are not sure whether the changes taking place in the Arctic are part of a natural climatic cycle in our region or the beginning of a long-term, possibly irreversible, trend. Ironically, the Arctic is among the least studied regions in the world, yet it is experiencing the greatest immediate impacts of a noticeable warming climate change. The changes to the arctic region are not just theoretical prognostications of what future climate change may bring to our planet; the effects of change are real and occurring now. Undoubtedly, the hearing in Fairbanks accentuated the need to better understand climate change; it also revealed the shortcomings of our nation’s current efforts to address this issue. Although several different federal agencies have programs related to climate change, federal funding for relevant research and development has steadily declined over the past 10 years. The resources for coordination and over-arching organization among the different agencies have been inadequate, resulting in unnecessary duplication of effort and the ultimate failure to address the singular issue of climate change. Consequently, areas like the arctic region have gone without adequate climate change observation and data compilation. I have co-sponsored, with Senator Byrd of West Virginia, legislation to create a process for the United States to seriously address climate change. Our bill, titled “The Climate Change Strategy and Technology Innovation Act of 2001,” would not interfere with or replace existing efforts of federal agencies related to climate change. Rather it would complement current agency programs by coordinating our nation’s approach to global climate change. This would be accomplished through the implementation of a national strategy based on emission mitigation measures, investments in energy-efficient technologies, expanded research into climate adaptation, and resolving remaining scientific and economic uncertainties regarding climate change. Paramount to this effort, the bill authorizes new funding for research and development to create the next generation of innovative energy technologies, with the goal of greatly reducing emissions from the use of fossil fuels. The eventual result will Climate Change in the Arctic and the 107th Congress by Senator Ted Stevens be to achieve the goal of lowering or leveling off of concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere. On 18 July the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee held a hearing on the Climate Change Strategy and Technology Innovation Act of 2001 (SB 1008). I invited the members of the committee to visit Alaska and witness first-hand the effects that climate change has had on the arctic environment. The bill received thoughtful discussion, and, shortly thereafter, the committee approved it by unanimous consent. Presently, the bill is on the Senate calendar and awaits further debate before its ultimate disposition. There is an immediate need to stimulate our nation’s research and development in innovative energy technologies. Through this regimen our country can develop the necessary tools for the entire world to employ in decreasing the base of pollution we collectively generate and put into the atmosphere. The ongoing climate change taking place in the Arctic has put the world on notice of what global warming may look like. It is our job to take heed and make responsible decisions now. For more information, see the Senator’s web site (http://stevens. senate.gov/), or contact him in Washington, DC (202/224-3004; fax 202/224-2354; senator.stevens@ stevens.senate.gov). On 29 May 2001, Senator Ted Stevens convened a field hearing of the Senate Appropriations Committee in Fairbanks, AK, to discuss global climate change. A member of the U.S. Senate since 1968, Stevens chaired the Appropriations Committee from 1997 to 2001; he currently serves as the Committee’s ranking member (photo by Eric Engman). 22 Arctic Council Marks Culmination of its First Ten Years International News Delegates to the 10th anniversary celebration of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) met in June 2001 in Rovaniemi, Finland. The AEPS, first proposed by Finland, evolved into the Arctic Council in 1996. Finnish Environment Minister Satu Hassi and Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen both spoke at the commemoration. U.S. State Department Assistant Secretary for Oceans and Fisheries Mary Beth West described the Council as a model for regional cooperation on environmental and sustainable development issues. Iceland announced officially that it is willing to take over the chair of the Council from Finland in 2002. The AEPS commemoration was followed by the semiannual meeting of the Senior Arctic Officials (SAOs). The meeting included status reports from Arctic Council working group chairs and presentations on the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (see Witness Winter 2000/ 2001), arctic transportation, and the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Five of the six indigenous groups attended, as well as many observer nations and nongovernmental organizations. The European Commission attended as invited guest of the Finnish chair. Working Group Activities Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP): Fact sheets on radioactivity and heavy metals in the Arctic were released in Rovaniemi. Updates of the pollution studies published in 1997 are expected to be completed by the next Ministerial meeting in September 2002. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF): Arctic Flora and Fauna: Status and Conservation, the first truly circumpolar overview of arctic biodiversity and related conservation issues (see Publications, page 27), was released in Rovaniemi. The study concludes that species are showing the effects of overexploitation, habitat loss, and pollution, and that distance has not made the Arctic immune to global environmental issues. CAFF will develop policy recommendations for governments based on these findings. Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response (EPPR): The release of the Circumpolar Map of Resources at Risk from Oil Spills in the Arctic is expected in time for the November 2001 SAO meeting. Finland is coordinating a new project— a survey on major accidents and natural disasters in the Arctic over the past decade. Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME): The Russian National Plan of Action for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment from Anthropogenic Pollution has been approved by the Russian Duma. The U.S. chair of PAME is organizing a meeting in Washington, DC, in 2001 to encourage governmental, private sector, and international financing for the program. The next PAME meeting, scheduled for 9–11 October 2001 in Moscow, will include a halfday seminar on offshore oil and gas issues. Sustainable Development Working Group: The children and youth project is collecting data on maternal and infant health, suicide prevention, and infectious diseases. The United States and Finland have presented proposals for a circumpolar transportation and infrastructure project. Joint workshops are scheduled for September 2001. Arctic Council Action Plan to Eliminate Pollution of the Arctic: The SAOs approved three project proposals for further development: • Reduction of Atmospheric Mercury Releases from Arctic States, • Environmentally Sound Management of Stocks of Obsolete Pesticides in Russia, • Outspread and Implementation of Cleaner Production Methodology in the Russian Arctic. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA): Scientists from all eight arctic nations and Europe have begun drafting the scientific impact assessment chapters (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). The ACIA steering group and lead authors have agreed on the baseline climate change scenario to be used—SRES B-2. Meetings on the Arctic Horizon The next SAO meeting will take place in Espoo, Finland, 6–7 November 2001. The next Ministerial-level meeting of the Arctic Council will be held in September 2002 in Inari (Saariselka), Finland. For more information, see the Arctic Council web site (http://arctic-council. org), or contact Hale VanKoughnett at the Department of State in Washington, DC (202/647-4972; fax 202/647-4353; [email protected]). Arctic Science Summit Week 2001 Draws Researchers to Iqaluit Approximately 300 people participated in the third Arctic Science Summit Week (ASSW) in April 2001 in Iqaluit, Nunavut. Several international and regional arctic science organizations also convened meetings in Iqaluit, offering participants opportunities for both formal and informal interactions during the week. Leading arctic scientists contributed to a Science Day on “Science and Technology for Sustainable Communities” and enjoyed the demonstration of a novel way to share the findings of scientists with northern residents. Anders Karlqvist, DirectorGeneral of the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, conceived and wrote an arctic theatre play as a forum for reporting about current research findings. The play, which revolves around both the historic Franklin Expedition and a contemporary Swedish tundra expedition, was originally performed by professional artists at a major theater in Stockholm. The Iqaluit mini-version was performed by two professional actors, a jazz musician, a Native drummer from Iqaluit, and five scientists. The ASSW is convened annually by the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC). ASSW 2002 will be held 21–26 April 2002 in Groningen, The Netherlands. For more information about IASC and ASSW, see the IASC web site (www. iasc.no), or contact Odd Rogne in Oslo, Norway (+47/2295-9900; fax +47/22959901; [email protected]). 23 International News Cold Water Flux from Nordic Seas has Decreased The main source for the deep water of the North Atlantic is the overflow of cold, dense water from the Nordic seas across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge and into the Atlantic Ocean; this overflow helps drive the inflow of warm, salty surface water into the Nordic seas. The Faroe Bank Channel (FBC; see figure) is the deepest passage (approximately 840 m deep) across the ridge, and the deep flow through the FBC has been estimated to carry approximately 33% of the total overflow of cold water from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic. A report in the 21 June 2001 Nature presents evidence that the overflow of cold water through the FBC has weakened since 1950. The investigation was funded by the Nordic Environmental Research Programme and the VEINS project of the European Community. Bogi Hansen, an oceanographer at the Faroese Fisheries Laboratory, describes the flow of cold water over the FBC as a submarine river 15 kilometers wide and 200 meters deep, carrying twice as much water as all the world’s freshwater rivers combined. Since November 1995, Hansen and colleagues Bill Turrell (Scotland) and Svein Østerhus (Norway) have been able to collect nearly continuous measurements of velocity from an upward-looking Doppler current profiler moored at the sill of the channel. Previous work had documented that the water flowing over the FBC had become warmer and less saline over time (Turrell et al. 1999, Hansen et al. 1999). The new instrumentation showed that, in addition, the flow of water colder than 0.3˚C through the FBC decreased 2–4% per year in 1995–2000. The authors argue that the decrease probably also includes warmer components of the overflow. This data, considered in combination with hydrographic observations collected from a weather ship (OWS-M on figure) since 1948, suggests that the flux of cold water (<0.3˚C) flowing over the FBC decreased by at least 20% in the period 1950–2000. Most of the decrease took place after 1970 and apparently accelerated considerably during the last decade of the 20th century. There are no measurements to confirm whether the flow of cold water elsewhere over the Greenland-Scotland Ridge has increased to compensate for the FBC decrease, or has also decreased. If the total overflow from the Nordic seas has decreased over the latter half of the 20th century, then the global thermohaline circulation may also have been affected. The cold overflow from the Nordic seas requires a compensating inflow of (warmer) water from the Atlantic to the Nordic seas. Reduced cold-water overflow can be expected to lead to reduced Atlantic inflow. Such a reduction could explain why some of the areas most affected by the Atlantic inflow (e.g., the Faroe Islands) have not experienced global warming. The heat and salt transported by the Atlantic inflow is vitally important in maintaining conditions in the Nordic seas and the Arctic Ocean, and far-reaching consequences can be expected if the FBC flux continues to decrease. While the observed decrease in cold water flow from the Arctic to the Atlantic over the FBC may be part of naturally occurring variations, the observations are consistent with predicted consequences of anthropogenic climate change. Increased melting of sea-ice and increased freshwater supply due to global warming would tend to lower the density of surface waters in affected areas, reducing the efficiency of convection and other processes that form and drive the cold arctic water overflow. Thus, the decreased FBC flux may indicate that global warming has affected the global thermohaline circulation and oceanic heat transport toward the Arctic. For more information, contact Bogi Hansen in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (+298/315-092; fax +298/318-264; [email protected]). References Hansen, B., W.R. Turrell, and S. Østerhus. 2001. Decreasing overflow from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel since 1950. Nature 411: 927–930. Hansen, B. and R. Kristiansen. 1999. Variations of the Faroe Bank Channel overflow. Rit Fiskid 16, 13–21. Turrell, W.R., G. Slesser, R.D. Adams, R. Payne, and P.A. Gillibrand. 1999. Decadal variability in the composition of Faroe Shetland Channel bottom water. Deep Sea Research 46, 1–25. The Greenland-Scotland Ridge stretches approximately 1700 kilometers from Greenland in the west to the Shetland Islands, just north of Scotland. Areas shallower than 700 meters are shown as light blue. The four low channels where cold Nordic water flows across the ridge to the Atlantic are indicated by arrows. Approximately 50% of the overflow passes through the Denmark Strait (DS) between Greenland and Iceland. Approximately 33% flows through the Faroe Bank Channel (FBC). The remainder flows across the Iceland-Faroe Ridge (IFR) and the Wyville Thomson Ridge (WTR) (figure prepared by Bogi Hansen). 24 International News Global Change Conference Organizers Call for an Ethical Social Response IARC Outlines Research Contributing to Global Models The International Arctic Research Center (IARC) was established on the campus of the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) in August 1999 for the purpose of integrating and synthesizing global climate change research conducted by arctic scientists from around the world (see Witness Autumn 1997). The National Science Board authorized NSF to negotiate a cooperative agreement with UAF, effective May 2000, funding IARC operations and four major projects: • the Community Arctic Modeling Project (CAMP), • the Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System (NABOS), • the establishment of methane and permafrost database centers, and • the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment project (ACIA; see Witness Winter 2000/2001). Intercomparison Project and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, both coordinated by Lawrence Livermore Lab, the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, and the Arctic Regional Climate Model Intercomparison Project (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). The NABOS project will measure circulation, water-mass transformation, and transformation mechanisms in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. NABOS will deploy 12 moorings in four transects of the continental slope of the Nansen and Amundsen Basins. Data from these moorings will complement data from a set of moorings across Fram Strait operated by European Union programs. The database center for methane research will be coordinated with the International Arctic Science Committee’s Feedbacks and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems project (FATE; see Witness Spring 2000) and the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX; see Witness Winter 2000/2001). The permafrost research center will be coordinated with the International Permafrost Association, the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, Colorado (see page 6), and the Ecosystem Database Center at the National Institute of AgroEnvironmental Science in Japan. The Frontier Research System for Global Change, established in 1997 by the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center and the National Space Development Agency of Japan, also supports research at IARC. Frontier investigators are organized into: • a physics group focused on atmosphere/ ocean/ice interactions, and • a multidisciplinary group emphasizing biogeochemistry. The cooperative agreement that funded IARC also created an Oversight Council to advise both NSF and UAF on IARC. A Science Advisory Board advises the director and staff on the institution’s general research priorities, and national and international collaboration. For more information, see the IARC web site (www.iarc.uaf.edu), or contact IARC Director Syun Akasofu in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-6012; fax 907/ 474-5662; [email protected]). In July 2001, more than 1,600 people from 100 countries gathered in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, for an open science conference on “Challenges of a Changing Earth.” The conference was sponsored by four international global change programs, in part to call attention to the contributions of the first full decade of global change research. The sponsoring organizations—the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, the World Climate Research Programme, and the international biodiversity program DIVERSITAS—drafted “The Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change,” affirming that: • the Earth System is a single, selfregulating system; • in the “Anthropoecene Era,” humandriven changes are now comparable to great forces of nature; • global changes are difficult to predict; • Earth System dynamics are characterized by critical thresholds and abrupt CAMP will develop 21st century scenarios of arctic climate change, using model intercomparisons and experiments designed to identify and improve parameterizations critical to long-term arctic climate simulations (see figure). This work will contribute to the Atmospheric Model changes; and • there are no precedents for the magnitudes and rates of some of the changes observed today. In light of these observations, the authors urge the people of the world—and their governments and NGOs, scientists and policy makers—to reach across customary boundaries to create an ethical framework and deliberate strategies for sustaining the Earth system while meeting social and economic objectives. Three days of presentations and plenary sessions focused on topics such as: • fisheries and food production, • the proliferation of large dams (5,000 in 1950; 45,000 in 2001) and their impacts, • links between biogeochemical cycles, • environmental changes driven by social change in Southeast Asia, and • changes in biodiversity and fire regimes. For more information, see www. sciconf.igbp.kva.se, or contact Will Steffen in Stockholm, Sweden (+46/816-6448; fax +46/816-6405; [email protected]). Variability among eight global climate models’ projections of arctic warming by the late 21st century (figure from J. Walsh and W. Chapman). 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 oC 25 Publications Education News Students Examine Industry in Northwest Russia During the past few decades, mineral and energy industries have expanded in arctic regions. This development has coincided with increasing local empowerment among arctic indigenous people. As home rule areas seek local economic development, the region’s enormous reserves of minerals, oil, and gas are obvious sources of income. In many areas of the Arctic, conflicts over resource exploitation have pitted indigenous populations against newcomers. Conflicts revolve around issues such as: • self government vs. domination by the southern majority, • traditional vs. modern lifestyles, • renewable vs. nonrenewable resources, and • the consequences of transboundary contamination. The sixth annual summer course in the Circumpolar Arctic Social Science (CASS; see Witness Spring 2000) network examined these conflicts regarding industrialization in northwest Russia in September 2001. The course, Industrial Development in the Arctic, places special emphasis on the social, economic, and cultural consequences of the development process. Portions of the course take place in collaboration with the Circumpolar Arctic Environmental Studies (CAES) network’s 2001 course, Industrial Impacts on Natural and Social Environments, enabling students to explore cross-disciplinary approaches to the study of environmental consequences of industrialization. The CAES network, established in 1998, is based on the same principles as CASS and held its first course in 2000. About 40 students and 19 faculty members visited the Kola Peninsula to view first-hand the huge mining sites and mineral processing plants in Nikel, Monchegorsk, and Apatity, as well as the small Sami minority’s cultural and economic center in Lozovero. The group also visited Murmansk and Archangelsk—two major infrastructural and military centers in the Russian Arctic. In addition to the contributions of the faculty and students, local authorities and governmental representatives involved in the development process participated in the course. The 2001 CASS/CAES course focuses on: • social science topics, • environmental science topics, and • an interdisciplinary approach to the interrelations between the social and the environmental consequences of industrialization in the Russian Arctic. As part of the course, small groups of students pursue interdisciplinary research projects on the interrelationships among industry, environment, and society in northwest Russia. More than 60 doctoral students from all arctic nations have participated in the CASS courses since 1996, creating an international interdisciplinary network of arctic social science students and faculty members (see Witness Spring 2000). For more information, see the CASS course web page (www.geo.ruc.dk/nors/ phd_net/nwruss.htm), the CAES network web site (www.caesnetwork.cjb.net), or contact Rasmus Ole Rasmussen in Roskilde, Denmark (+45/467-42137; fax +45/467-43031; [email protected]) or Katja Ruth in Luleå, Sweden(+46/9207-2800; fax +46/9209-1697; [email protected]). This apatite mine in Kirovsk is the world’s largest source of apatite ore, which is crushed and exported to the south as a phosphorus source for fertilizers. The copious dust produced in the mining and crushing processes is a serious health hazard for the 115,000 people living in Kirovsk and Apatity (photo by Rasmus Ole Rasmussen). University of the Arctic Launched In June 2001, after four years of planning by northern institutions in all eight arctic nations, more than 200 northern educators and politicians gathered at the University of Lapland, Finland, to formally launch the University of the Arctic (UArctic). In fall 2001, UArctic offers its first undergraduate course, “The Circumpolar World,” focusing specifically on northern topics and northern needs. The course will be available in traditional classrooms at participating institutions in Russia, Europe, and North America, and also on the Internet. The use of the Internet to facilitate learning, particularly for students in remote areas, is central to the UArctic concept. For more information, see the UArctic web site (www.uarctic.org), or contact Asgeir Brekke in Tromsø, Norway (+47/7764-5151; fax +47/7764-5580; [email protected]). 4 The following are some suggestions on how to make the transition from your research site to the classroom, adapted from The Scientist’s Guide to Making Classroom Visits, with permission from the Alaska Mineral and Energy Resource Education Fund. For a copy of the complete booklet, contact them at 907/276-0700. One of the best tools any classroom teacher can have is a person who knows and understands science. Scientists in the classroom can help students: • understand how science is used in the real world, • see scientists as real people and role models, • develop a sense of how science and other subjects work together, and • understand the role of science in dayto-day living. Before Your Visit Discuss with the teacher: • how your topics can fit in with what the class is currently learning, • how it will be covered both before and after your visit, • background information already covered, and • exactly what you will present to the class. You may want to suggest resources, provide the teacher with background material to introduce before your visit, or develop a worksheet or an activity to follow up on your presentation. Have the teacher get the students to develop two or three questions each about your topic to stimulate discussion. Tailor the length and style of your presentation to the age group of the class: • Kindergarten students: up to 20 minutes. This group especially likes handson items and activities and will ask lots of questions. • Grades 1–3: 20 to 30 minutes. Visuals and hands-on objects or activities always engage students. Expect questions and stories. • Grades 4–6: 45 to 60 minutes. Visuals and activities are more effective for the longer presentation. Consider including a short assignment (worksheet) or question/answer session. If possible, incorporate technology into your presentation. • Grades 7–12: Presentations 50 minutes or longer. The length usually depends on class schedules. As with younger students, the more engaging your activities and items, the more interactive the students will be. “Wiggles” by any grade level indicate a need for a change in pace or activity. Bring along cool gadgets, items that you work with, and pictures. Pictures should be large enough to be seen, and objects for handling by students should be safe. During Your Presentation Introduce yourself. Tell the class why you are visiting. Ask questions to determine what they already know about the topic. Tie your topic into what they have been studying. Tell them what to expect out of your visit. Have the students answer some basic questions before beginning. Examples: “What are the three basic types of rocks?” “What do you think geologists do?” Be sure to discuss why you became a scientist. What makes you excited about the work you do? How does your work affect their lives? Give an example if you can and have them come up with some. Discuss how technology is a part of your work. Review as you go. Make connections about what you said and did by asking questions. Have them make connections. Provide a way for the student to use the information you have presented them. Have them do an experiment, play a game, or do a worksheet that you and/or the teacher developed for that purpose. Actually work directly with the students if they are engaged in an activity. At the end of the presentation, ask the students three or four review questions and have them tie in personal experiences or share stories. Remember to leave contact information so they can send you their worksheets, or contact you for more information. Most of all—remember the enthusiasm and curiosity that drove you to become the scientist you are today. Remember to have fun! The Scientist’s Guide to Making Classroom Visits Executive Director: Wendy K. Warnick This supplement is published by ARCUS with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF. Managing Editor: Alison York Education Editor: Janet Warburton Editor/Designer: Marty Peale Copy Editors: Diane Wallace, Sue Mitchell Contributors: J. Brune, M. McClaren, P. Ongtooguk. Selected Science Education Web Sites www.ankn.uaf.edu The Alaska Native Knowledge Network (ANKN) compiles and exchanges information related to Alaska Native knowledge systems and ways of knowing. The site includes a searchable database of culturally based curriculum resources. www.enc.org The Eisenhower National Clearinghouse for Mathematics and Science Education (ENC) was collects all types of teaching materials for K–12 math and science educators and disseminates information about federally funded programs. www.globe.gov Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) is a worldwide, hands-on, primary and secondary school-based science and education program. Their web site offers on-line student activities and resources for both scientists and educators. www.ericse.org The Educational Resources Information Center, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education, provides access to the best information available for teaching and learning about science, mathematics, and the environment. www.epa.gov/enviro/html/em The EnviroMapper application provides users with interactive Geographic Information System (GIS) functionality using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) spatial data, including air releases, drinking water, hazardous wastes, water discharge permits, and Superfund sites. www.epa.gov/globalwarming/ visitorcenter/educators The Educators' section of this EPA site offers materials on climate change science, potential impacts, and mitigation options. Tools include a Greenhouse Gas Calculator, a Global Warming Wheel Card, case studies, and interactive software to measure energy consumption, impact, and reduction opportunities. Special Science Education Supplement Witness the Arctic, Autumn 2001 3535 College Road, Suite 101 Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 USA Phone: 907/474-1600 Fax: 907/474-1604 [email protected] www.arcus.org Publications NSF Office of Polar Programs Arctic Section Addresses Autumn 2001 Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 Office of Polar Programs (OPP) National Science Foundation (NSF) 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 755 S Arlington, VA 22230 Phone: 703/292-8029 • Fax: 703/292-9082 Thomas E. Pyle, Section Head [email protected] Charles E. Myers, Head of Interagency Arctic Staff [email protected] Robin Muench, Program Officer [email protected] Arctic System Science Program (ARCSS) www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/system.htm Michael T. Ledbetter, Program Manager [email protected] Arctic Social Sciences Program www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/social.htm Fae L. Korsmo, Program Manager [email protected] Arctic Natural Sciences Program www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/natural.htm Jane V. Dionne, Program Manager [email protected] Neil Swanberg, Program Manager [email protected] Research Support & Logistics www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/suplog.htm Simon N. Stephenson, Program Manager [email protected] Arctic Sciences Section • www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/start.htm Arctic System Science Program (ARCSS) Program Addresses ARCSS Committee (AC) www.arcus.org/ARCSS/ARCSS.html Jack Kruse, Chair Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts 117 N. Leverett Road Leverett, MA 01054 Phone: 413/367-2240 • Fax: 413/367-0092 [email protected] F. Stuart (Terry) Chapin, III Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757000 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 Phone: 907/474-7922 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] Rudy J. Dichtl CIRES/National Snow & Ice Data Center University of Colorado Campus Box 449 Boulder, CO 80309-0449 Phone: 303/492-5532 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] Lawrence C. Hamilton Department of Sociology HSSC University of New Hampshire 20 College Road Durham, NH 03824-3509 Phone: 603/862-1859 • Fax: 603/862-3558 [email protected] O. W. (Bill) Heal The Granary - Allerwash - Newbrough - Hexham NE47 5AB Northumberland, UK Phone/Fax: +44/1434-674-715 [email protected] Lloyd D. Keigwin Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/289-2784 • Fax: 508/457-2183 [email protected] ARCSS Committee Coordination www.arcus.org Wendy K. Warnick, Executive Director Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS) 3535 College Road, Suite 101 Fairbanks, AK 99709-3710 Phone: 907/474-1600 • Fax: 907/474-1604 [email protected] • [email protected] ARCSS Data Coordination Center http://arcss.colorado.edu Rudy J. Dichtl, Data Manager Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) National Snow & Ice Data Center University of Colorado Campus Box 449 Boulder, CO 80309-0449 Phone: 303/492-5532 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] Chris McNeave, Data Coordinator address and fax same as Rudy J. Dichtl Phone: 303/492-1390 [email protected] ARCSS Program Coordination Amanda Lynch CIRES/Program in Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado Campus Box 216 Boulder, CO 80309-0216 Phone: 303/492-5847 • Fax: 303/492-1149 [email protected] Jonathan T. Overpeck Institute for the Study of Planet Earth University of Arizona 715 North Park Avenue, 2nd Floor Tucson, AZ 85721 Phone: 520/622-9065 • Fax: 520/792-8795 [email protected] Bruce J. Peterson The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/289-7484 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] Michael J. Retelle Department of Geology Bates College 44 Campus Avenue Lewiston, ME 04240 Phone: 207/786-6155 • Fax: 207/786-8334 [email protected] John Weatherly Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755 Phone: 603/646-4741 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org ARCSS Program Addresses Autumn 2001 LAII Science Steering Committee F. Stuart (Terry) Chapin, III, Chair Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757000 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 Phone: 907/474-7922 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] Jonathan Foley Center for Climatic Research University of Wisconsin - Madison 1225 West Dayton Street Madison, WI 53706-1695 Phone: 608/265-5144 • Fax: 608/262-5964 [email protected] Gail A. Fondahl NRES/Geography University of Northern British Columbia 3333 University Avenue Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada Phone: 250/960-5856 • Fax: 250/960-5539 [email protected] Bernard Hallet Quaternary Research Center University of Washington P.O. Box 351360 Seattle, WA 98195-1360 Phone: 206/685-2409 • Fax: 206/543-3836 [email protected] Henry P. Huntington Huntington Consulting 23834 The Clearing Drive Eagle River, AK 99577 Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 [email protected] Amanda Lynch CIRES/Program in Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado Campus Box 216 Boulder, CO 80309-0216 Phone: 303/492-5847 • Fax: 303/492-1149 [email protected] Roger A. Pielke, Sr. Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Phone: 970/491-8293 • Fax: 970/491-8449 [email protected] Joshua Schimel Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara 507 Mesa Road Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Phone: 805/893-7688 • Fax: 805/893-4724 [email protected] Matthew Sturm Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory PO Box 35170 Ft. Wainwright, AK 99703-0170 Phone: 907/353-5183 • Fax: 907/353-5142 [email protected] Marilyn Walker School of Agriculture & Land Resources Management University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 756780 Fairbanks, AK 99775-6780 Phone: 907/474-2424 • Fax: 907/474-6251 [email protected] Robert G. White Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757000 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 Phone: 907/474-7028 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) • www.laii.uaf.edu LAII Science Management Office F. Stuart (Terry) Chapin, III, Director address, phone & fax same as above [email protected] Patricia A. Anderson, Deputy Director Center for Global Change & Arctic System Research University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757740 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7740 Phone: 907/474-5698 • Fax: 907/474-6722 [email protected] LAII and OAII to Meet November 2001 Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) and Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) investigators will hold their annual all-investigator meetings in mid-November 2001 in Salt Lake City, Utah. OAII All-Hands Meeting The OAII All-Hands Meeting will convene 14–16 November 2001. In addition to poster sessions on general arctic science activities and OAII research and outreach, researchers will present proposals for initiatives dealing with atmospheric and nearshore processes. For more information, registration, and the agenda, see the OAII web site (http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu/AllHands/Mtg2001.html), or contact Jane Hawkey in Cambridge, MD (410/221-8416; fax 410/221-8490; [email protected]). LAII All-Hands Meeting The LAII All-Hands Meeting will convene 14–17 November 2001. Investigators in the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX), Arctic Transitions in the LandAtmosphere System (ATLAS), and Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) projects will meet separately for part of the meeting to supplement the plenary and poster sessions. For more information and the agenda, see the LAII web site (www.laii.uaf.edu/mtg.htm), or contact Patricia A. Anderson in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-5415; fax 907/474-6722; [email protected]). Joint Meetings for OAII or LAII Registrants A morning plenary session on 15 November 2001, open to registrants from either meeting, will bring together OAII, LAII, RAISE, and PARCS investigators to • update one another on the various components’ activities and initiatives, • foster interdisciplinary discussions, and • identify the contributions needed to facilitate an effective ARCSS All-Hands Meeting in February 2002. The OAII, LAII, and RAISE Science Steering Committees will meet jointly on the afternoon of 16 November 2001 to follow up on the plenary discussions. In addition, the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC) Science Advisory Group will convene an open meeting on the evening of 15 November 2001, followed by an informational session. For more information, see the BASC web site (www.sfos. uaf.edu/basc), or contact Glenn Sheehan in Barrow, AK (907/852-4881; fax 907/ 852-4882; [email protected]). Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) • http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 OAII Science Steering Committee Louis A. Codispoti, Chair Center for Environmental Science Horn Point Laboratory University of Maryland PO Box 775 Cambridge, MD 21613-0775 Phone: 410/221-8479 • Fax: 410/221-8490 [email protected] Richard A. Caulfield Dept. of Alaska Native & Rural Development University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 756500 Fairbanks, AK 99775-6500 Phone: 907/474-5573 • Fax: 907/474-6325 [email protected] Dennis A. Darby Dept. of Ocean, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences Old Dominion University 4600 Elkhorn Avenue Norfolk, VA 23529-0276 Phone: 757/683-4701 • Fax: 757/683-5303 [email protected] Thomas L. Delworth Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration PO Box 308 Princeton, NJ 08542-0308 Phone: 609/452-6565 • Fax: 609/987-5063 [email protected] Hajo Eicken Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757320 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 Phone: 907/474-7280 • Fax: 907/474-7290 [email protected] Kelly K. Falkner College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University 104 Ocean Administration Building Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Phone: 541/737-3625 • Fax: 541/737-2064 [email protected] Jacqueline M. Grebmeier Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee 10515 Research Drive, Suite 100, Building A Knoxville, TN 37932 Phone: 865/974-2592 • Fax: 865/974-7896 [email protected] Dan Lubin California Space Institute University of California at San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0221 Phone: 858/534-6369 • Fax: 858/534-7452 [email protected] Robie W. Macdonald Institute of Ocean Sciences Department of Fisheries & Oceans PO Box 6000 Sidney, BC V8L 4B2 Canada Phone: 250/363-6409 • Fax: 250/363-6807 [email protected] Patricia A. Matrai Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences 180 McKown Point Road West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575-0475 Phone: 207/633-9614 • Fax: 207/633-9641 [email protected] Don K. Perovich Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Phone: 603/646-4255 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] Albert J. Semtner Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School 833 Dyer Road, Room 328 Monterey, CA 93943-5122 Phone: 831/656-3267 • Fax: 831/656-2712 [email protected] Paul B. Shepson Departments of Chemistry, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences Purdue University 1393 Brown Building West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393 Phone: 765/494-7441 • Fax: 765/494-0239 [email protected] John Weatherly Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755 Phone: 603/646-4741 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] Andrew Weaver School of Earth & Ocean Sciences University of Victoria PO Box 3055 Victoria, BC V8W 3P6 Canada Phone: 250/472-4001 • Fax: 250/472-4004 [email protected] Thomas Weingartner Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757220 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220 Phone: 907/474-7993 • Fax: 907/474-7204 [email protected] OAII Science Management Office Louis A. Codispoti, Director Address, phone & fax same as above [email protected] Jane Hawkey, SMO Manager address and fax same as Louis A. Codispoti Phone: 410/221-8416 [email protected] ARCSS Program Addresses Autumn 2001 ARCSS Program Addresses ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org PARCS Steering Committee Mary E. Edwards, Co-Chair Geografisk Institutt Norwegian University of Science & Technology N-7034 Trondheim, Norway Phone: +47/7359-1915 • Fax: +47/7359-1878 [email protected] Glen M. MacDonald, Co-Chair Departments of Geography and Organismic Biology, Ecology, & Evolution University of California Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524 Phone: 310/825-2568 • Fax: 310/206-5976 [email protected] Patrick J. Bartlein Department of Geography University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403-1251 Phone: 541/346-4967 • Fax: 541/346-2067 [email protected] Julie Brigham-Grette Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts Morrill Science Center Campus Box 35820 Amherst, MA 01003-5820 Phone: 413/545-4840 • Fax: 413/545-1200 [email protected] Marianne Douglas Department of Geology University of Toronto 22 Russell Street Toronto, ON M5S 3B1 Canada Phone: 416/978-3709 • Fax: 416/978-3938 [email protected] Mathieu Duvall Quaternary Research Center AK-60 University of Washington Box 351360 Seattle, WA 98195 Phone: 206/543-0569 • Fax: 206/543-3836 [email protected] Bruce P. Finney Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757220 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220 Phone: 907/474-7724 • Fax: 907/474-7204 [email protected] Aslaug Geirsdottir Department of Geosciences University of Iceland Jardfraedahus Haskolans IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Phone: +354/5254477 • Fax: +354/5254499 [email protected] Malcolm K. Hughes Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research University of Arizona 105 W. Stadium, Building 58 Tuscon, AZ 85721 Phone: 520/621-6470 • Fax: 520/621-8229 [email protected] Anne Jennings Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research University of Colorado Campus Box 450 Boulder, CO 80309-0450 Phone: 303/492-7621 • Fax: 303/492-6388 [email protected] Anatoly V. Lozhkin Northeast Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute—Far East Branch Russian Academy of Sciences 16 Portovaya Street 685000 Magadan, Russia Phone: +7/413-223-0944 Fax: +7/413-223-0051 [email protected] Gifford H. Miller Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research University of Colorado Campus Box 450 Boulder, CO 80309-0450 Phone: 303/492-6962 • Fax: 303/492-6388 [email protected] Bette L. Otto-Bliesner Climate Change Research National Center for Atmospheric Research PO Box 3000 Boulder, CO 80307 Phone: 303/497-1723 • Fax: 303/497-1348 [email protected] Michael J. Retelle Department of Geology Bates College 44 Campus Avenue Lewiston, ME 04240 Phone: 207/786-6155 • Fax: 207/786-8334 [email protected] Gregory A. Zielinski Institute for Quaternary & Climate Studies University of Maine Orono, ME 04469-5790 Phone: 207/581-3441 • Fax: 207/581-1203 [email protected] Paleoenvironmental Arctic Sciences (PARCS) • www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/parcs HARC Science Management Office Henry P. Huntington, Director Huntington Consulting 23834 The Clearing Drive Eagle River, AK 99577 Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 [email protected] Renée Crain, Project Manager Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS) 3535 College Road, Suite 101 Fairbanks, AK 99709-3710 Phone: 907/474-1600 • Fax: 907/474-1604 [email protected] • [email protected] Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) • www.arcus.org/harc Web-based Workshops for HARC Investigators To facilitate interdisciplinary discussion and development of HARC research themes, the HARC Science Management Office (see page 8) is planning three web-based workshops as an innovative and convenient way for researchers from different disciplines to discuss aspects of human dimensions research. Each workshop will be active around the clock for one week and is open to anyone who wishes to participate: • Arctic Weather: Implications of changing weather patterns in the Arctic 5-9 November 2001 Moderators: John Walsh and Henry Huntington • Northern Treeline: Location of the arctic treeline and its implications for humans 26-30 November 2001 Moderators: Sakari Kankaanpaa and Frans Wielgolaski • Sea Ice: Effects of sea ice changes on coastal communities 3-7 December 2001 Moderators: Jim Maslanik and Igor Krupnik Detailed announcements will be disseminated through Arctic Info (to subscribe, see www.arcus.org/arcticinfo/fr_subscription.html) and on the HARC web site (http:// www.arcus.org/harc). Through these and subsequent workshops, the SMO hopes to help the research community identify important questions about human dimensions in the Arctic and build collaborative and creative approaches to answering them. Publications ARCUS Addresses Autumn 2001 Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 Henry P. Huntington, President Huntington Consulting 23834 The Clearing Drive Eagle River, AK 99577 Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 [email protected] Lilian Alessa Department of Biology University of Alaska Anchorage 3211 Providence Drive Anchorage, AK 99508 Phone: 907/786-1507 • Fax: 907/786-4607 [email protected] • www.uaa.alaska.edu Raymond S. Bradley Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts Morrill Science Center Campus Box 35820 Amherst, MA 01003-5820 Phone: 413/545-2120 • Fax: 413/545-1200 [email protected] • www.umass.edu Harald Gaski Faculty of Humanities–Department of Sámi University of Tromsø N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Phone: +47/7764-4259 • Fax: +47/7764-4239 [email protected] • www.uit.no Taqulik Hepa Department of Wildlife Management North Slope Borough PO Box 69 Barrow, AK 99723 Phone: 907/852-0350 • Fax: 907/852-0351 [email protected] David R. Klein Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757020 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7020 Phone: 907/474-6674 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] • www.uaf.edu Daniel H. Mann, Treasurer Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757000 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 Phone: 907/474-2419 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] • www.uaf.edu Wieslaw Maslowski, Executive Committee Department of Oceanography-Code OC/Ma Naval Postgraduate School 833 Dyer Road, Room 331 Monterey, CA 93943-5122 Phone: 831/656-3162 • Fax: 831/656-2712 [email protected] • www.nps.navy.mil Michael J. Retelle, Secretary Department of Geology Bates College 44 Campus Avenue Lewiston, ME 04240 Phone: 207/786-6155 • Fax: 207/786-8334 [email protected] • www.bates.edu ARCUS Board of Directors Mark C. Serreze CIRES/National Snow & Ice Data Center University of Colorado Boulder Campus Box 216 Boulder, CO 80309-0449 Phone: 303/492-2963 • Fax: 303/492-1149 [email protected] • www.colorado.edu John E. Walsh Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Illinois-Urbana 105 S. Gregory Avenue Urbana, IL 61801 Phone: 217/333-7521 • Fax: 217/244-4393 [email protected] • www.uiuc.edu Patricia A. Wheeler, Executive Committee College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University 104 Ocean Admin Building Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Phone: 541/737-0558 • Fax: 541/737-2064 [email protected] • www.orst.edu Bernard D. Zak Environmental Characterization & Monitoring Systems Department Sandia National Laboratories PO Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0755 Phone: 505/845-8631 • Fax: 505/844-0116 [email protected] • www.sandia.gov ARCUS Member Institutions, Representatives, and Alternates Alaska North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management www.co.north-slope.ak.us Thomas A. Albert Department of Wildlife Management North Slope Borough PO Box 69 Barrow, AK 99723 Phone: 907/852-0350 • Fax: 907/852-0351 [email protected] Arizona State University www.asu.edu Anthony J. Brazel Department of Geography Arizona State University PO Box 870104 Tempe, AZ 85287-0104 Phone: 480/965-6436 • Fax: 480/965-8313 [email protected] Bates College www.bates.edu William G. Ambrose Biology Department Bates College 44 Campus Avenue Lewiston, ME 04240 Phone: 207/786-6114 • Fax: 207/786-6123 [email protected] Brown University www.brown.edu Douglas D. Anderson Department of Anthropology Brown University PO Box 1921 Providence, RI 02912 Phone: 401/863-7060 • Fax: 401/863-7588 [email protected] The Center for Northern Studies Steven Young The Center for Northern Studies 479 Cross Road Wolcott, VT 05680-4088 Phone: 802/888-4331 • Fax: 802/888-3969 [email protected] Steven Cox address same as Steven Young Phone: 802/888-4331 • Fax: 802/888-3969 [email protected] Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory www.crrel.usace.army.mil Debra Meese Snow & Ice Division Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Phone: 603/646-4594 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] Walter (Terry) Tucker, III address same as Debra Meese Phone: 603/646-4268 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] Dartmouth College www.dartmouth.edu Oran R. Young Institute of Arctic Studies Dartmouth College 6214 Fairchild Hanover, NH 03755-3517 Phone: 603/646-1278 • Fax: 603/646-1279 [email protected] Ross A. Virginia Environmental Studies Program Dartmouth College 6182 Steele Hall Hanover, NH 03755-3577 Phone: 603/646-1456 • Fax: 603/646-1682 [email protected] (continued next page) ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org ARCUS Addresses Autumn 2001 ARCUS Member Institutions, Representatives, and Alternates (continued) Desert Research Institute www.dri.edu Randy Borys Storm Peak Laboratory Desert Research Institute PO Box 770799 Steamboat Springs, CO 80477-0799 Phone: 970/879-8796 • Fax: 970/879-7819 [email protected] Joseph R. McConnell Water Resources Division Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, NV 89512 Phone: 775/673-7348 • Fax: 775/673-7363 [email protected] Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University www.erau.edu Gulamabas G. Sivjee Physical Sciences Department Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 600 S. Clyde Morris Boulevard Daytona Beach, FL 32114-3900 Phone: 904/226-6711 • Fax: 904/226-6713 [email protected] John J. Olivero address same as Gulamabas G. Sivjee Phone: 904/226-6709 • Fax: 904/226-6713 [email protected] Iøisaåvik College http://ilisagvik.co.north-slope.ak.us Frank Willingham Iøisaåvik College PO Box 749 Barrow, AK 99723-0749 Phone: 907/852-1818 • Fax: 907/852-1805 [email protected] Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University www.ldeo.columbia.edu William M. Smethie Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University PO Box 1000 Palisades, NY 10964-8000 Phone: 845/365-8566 • Fax: 845/365-8155 [email protected] James R. Cochran address same as William M. Smethie Phone: 845/365-8396 • Fax: 845/365-8179 [email protected] Louisiana State University www.lsu.edu H. Jesse Walker Department of Geography & Anthropology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4105 Phone: 225/388-6130 • Fax: 225/388-4420 [email protected] (continued next column) George M. Strain Research & Graduate Studies Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4105 Phone: 225/388-5833 • Fax: 225/388-5983 [email protected] Marine Biological Laboratory www.mbl.edu Bruce J. Peterson The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/289-7484 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] Knute Nadelhoffer address same as Bruce J. Peterson Phone: 508/289-7493 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] Michigan State University www.msu.edu Patrick J. Webber Department of Botany & Plant Pathology Michigan State University 100 N. Kedzie Hall East Lansing, MI 48824-1031 Phone: 517/355-1284 • Fax: 517/432-2150 [email protected] Robert D. Hollister address same as Patrick J. Webber Phone: 517/432-2399 • Fax: 517/432-2150 [email protected] Northern Illinois University www.niu.edu Ross D. Powell Department of Geology Northern Illinois University 312 Davis Hall DeKalb, IL 60115-2854 Phone: 815/753-7952 • Fax: 815/753-1945 [email protected] The Ohio State University www.acs.ohio-state.edu W. Berry Lyons Byrd Polar Research Center The Ohio State University 1090 Carmack Road Columbus, OH 43210-1002 Phone: 614/688-3241 • Fax: 614/292-4697 [email protected] Oregon State University www.orst.edu Timothy Boyd College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University 104 Ocean Admin Building Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Phone: 541/737-4035 • Fax: 541/737-2064 [email protected] Evelyn B. Sherr address same as Timothy Boyd Phone: 541/737-4369 • Fax: 541/737-2064 [email protected] San Diego State University www.sdsu.edu W. Timothy Hushen San Diego State University Foundation— Research Management San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182 Phone: 619/594-4102 • Fax: 619/582-9164 [email protected] Douglas A. Stow Department of Geography San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-4493 Phone: 619/594-5498 • Fax: 619/594-4938 [email protected] Sandia National Laboratories www.sandia.gov Wayne Einfeld Environmental Characterization & Monitoring Systems Department Sandia National Laboratories PO Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0755 Phone: 505/845-8314 • Fax: 505/844-0116 [email protected] Smithsonian Institution www.si.edu Aron L. Crowell Anchorage Museum of History & Art Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center Smithsonian Institution 121 W. 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Phone: 907/343-6162 • Fax: 907/343-6130 [email protected] SRI International www.sri.com John D. Kelly Ionospheric & Space Physics Group SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, CA 94025 Phone: 650/859-3749 • Fax: 650/322-2318 [email protected] Jeff Thayer Engineering & Systems Division SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Mailstop G-275 Menlo Park, CA 94025 Phone: 650/859-3557 • Fax: 650/322-2318 [email protected] (continued next page) ARCUS Addresses Autumn 2001 Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 ARCUS Member Institutions, Representatives, and Alternates (continued) Texas A&M University www.tamu.edu David A. Brooks College of Geosciences Texas A&M University 3148 CAMPUS College Station, TX 77845-3148 Phone: 979/845-3651 • Fax: 979/845-0056 [email protected] Mahlon C. Kennicutt Geochemical & Environmental Research Group Texas A&M University 833 Graham Road College Station, TX 77845 Phone: 979/862-2323 • Fax: 979/862-2361 [email protected] University of Alaska Anchorage www.uaa.alaska.edu Kim M. Peterson Department of Biological Sciences University of Alaska Anchorage 3211 Providence Drive Anchorage, AK 99508 Phone: 907/786-4772 • Fax: 907/786-4607 [email protected] University of Alaska Fairbanks www.uaf.edu Roger W. Ruess Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757000 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 Phone: 907/474-7153 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] Ted DeLaca Office of Arctic Research University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757560 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7560 Phone: 907/474-7314 • Fax: 907/474-1836 [email protected] University of Colorado www.colorado.edu Rudy J. Dichtl CIRES/NSIDC University of Colorado Campus Box 449 Boulder, CO 80309-0449 Phone: 303/492-5532 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] University of Massachusetts www.umass.edu Julie Brigham-Grette Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts Morrill Science Center Campus Box 35820 Amherst, MA 01003-5820 Phone: 413/545-4840 • Fax: 413/545-1200 [email protected] University of Miami www.miami.edu Peter J. Minnett Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science University of Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 Phone: 305/361-4104 • Fax: 305/361-4622 [email protected] Zafer Top address same as Peter J. Minnett Phone: 305/361-4110 • Fax: 305/361-4911 [email protected] University of Nebraska-Lincoln www.unl.edu Karl C. Kuivinen Snow & Ice Research Group University of Nebraska-Lincoln 2255 W. Street, Suite 101 Lincoln, NE 68583-0850 Phone: 402/472-9833 • Fax: 402/472-9832 [email protected] Clinton M. Rowe Department of Geosciences University of Nebraska-Lincoln Bessey Hall, Room 305C Lincoln, NE 68588-0340 Phone: 402/472-1946 • Fax: 402/472-4917 [email protected] University of New Hampshire www.unh.edu David Bartlett Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, & Space University of New Hampshire Morse Hall 39 College Road Durham, NH 03824-3525 Phone: 603/862-0322 • Fax: 603/862-1915 [email protected] Berrien Moore, III address same as David Bartlett Phone: 603/862-1766 • Fax: 603/862-0188 [email protected] University of Washington www.washington.edu Ronald S. Sletten Quaternary Research Center University of Washington Box 351360 Seattle, WA 98195-1360 Phone: 206/543-0571 • Fax: 206/543-3836 [email protected] Jody W. Deming School of Oceanography University of Washington Box 357940 Seattle, WA 98195 Phone: 206/543-0845 • Fax: 206/543-0275 [email protected] University of Wisconsin-Madison www.wisc.edu James G. Bockheim Department of Soil Science University of Wisconsin-Madison 1525 Observatory Drive Madison, WI 53706-1299 Phone: 608/263-5903 • Fax 608/265-2595 [email protected] Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution www.whoi.edu Andrey Proshutinsky Physical Oceanography Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mail Stop 29 Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/289-2796 • Fax: 508/457-2181 [email protected] Susumu Honjo Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/540-1162 • Fax: 508/540-9439 [email protected] ARCUS International Affiliates Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar & Marine Research www.awi-bremerhaven.de Jörn Thiede Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar & Marine Research Columbusstrasse D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany Phone: +49/471-4831-1100 Fax: +49/471-4831-1102 [email protected] Rainer Paulenz address, phone & fax same as Jörn Thiede [email protected] Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies (ACUNS) http://aix1.uottawa.ca/associations/aucen-acuns Peter G. Johnson Geography Department University of Ottawa PO Box 450, Station A Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada Phone: 613/562-5800 ext. 1061 Fax: 613/562-5145 [email protected] • [email protected] Margaret E. Johnston School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks, & Tourism Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada Phone: 807/343-8377 • Fax: 807/346-7836 [email protected] (continued next page) ARCUS Addresses ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org ARCUS International Affiliates (continued) GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geosciences www.geomar.de Heidemarie Kassens Department of Paleoceanography GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geosciences Wischhofstrasse 1-3, Geb 4 D-24148 Kiel, Germany Phone: +49/431-6002-850 Fax: +49/431-6002-941 [email protected] McGill University www.mcgill.ca Marianne Stenbaek Cultural Studies Department McGill University 853 Sherbrooke Street Montreal, QC H3A 2T6 Canada Phone: 514/398-6579 • Fax: 514/398-8146 [email protected] Norwegian Polar Institute www.npolar.no Olav Orheim Polar Environmental Center Norwegian Polar Institute Polarmiljøsenteret N-9296 Tromsø, Norway Phone: +47/7775-0620 • Fax: +47/7775-0501 [email protected] (continued next column) Pål Prestrud Research Department Norwegian Polar Institute Polarmiljøsenteret N-9296 Tromsø, Norway Phone: +47/7775-0530 • Fax: +47/7775-0501 [email protected] Scott Polar Research Institute www.spri.cam.ac.uk Keith S. Richards Scott Polar Research Institute University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1ER Cambridge UK Phone: +44/1223-336-579 Fax: +44/1223-336-549 [email protected] William J. Mills address same as Keith S. Richards Phone: +44/1223-336-557 Fax: +44/1223-336-549 [email protected] The University Courses on Svalbard www.unis.no Lasse Lønnum The University Courses on Svalbard PO Box 156 N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway Phone: +47/7902-3305 • Fax: +47/7902-3301 [email protected] (continued next column) Trond Dokken Department of Geology address same as Lasse Lønnum Phone: +47/7902-3331 • Fax: +47/7902-3301 [email protected] University of Northern British Columbia www.unbc.ca Kevin Hall Geography Program University of Northern British Columbia 3333 University Way Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada Phone: 250/960-5864 • Fax: 250/960-5538 [email protected] Katherine Parker Forestry Program address same as Kevin Hall Phone: 250/960-5812 • Fax: 250/960-5539 [email protected] University of Tromsø www.uit.no Ingvild Broch Research Department University of Tromsø N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Phone: +47/7764-4262 • Fax: +47/7764-4900 [email protected] Frits N. Jensen Roald Amundsen Centre for Arctic Research address same as Ingvild Broch Phone: +47/7764-5240 • Fax: +47/7767-6672 [email protected] Peter Schlosser, Co-chair Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University PO Box 1000 61 Route 9 W. Palisades, NY 10964-8000 Phone: 914/365-8707 • Fax: 914/365-8155 [email protected] Terry Tucker, Co-chair Snow & Ice Division Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Phone: 603/646-4268 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] Julie Brigham-Grette Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts Morrill Science Center Campus Box 35820 Amherst, MA 01003-5820 Phone: 413/545-4840 • Fax: 413/545-1200 [email protected] Jack Dibb Glacier Research Group University of New Hampshire Morse Hall 39 College Road Durham, NH 03824-3525 Phone: 603/862-3063 • Fax: 603/862-2124 [email protected] Jack Kruse Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts 117 N. Leverett Road Leverett, MA 01054 Phone: 413/367-2240 • Fax: 413/367-0092 [email protected] Miles McPhee 450 Clover Springs Road Naches, WA 98937 Phone: 509/658-2575 • Fax: 509/658-2575 [email protected] Craig Nicolson Department of Natural Resources Conservation University of Massachusetts PO Box 34210 Amherst, MA 01003-4210 Phone: 413/545-3154 • Fax: 413/545-4358 [email protected] ARCUS Arctic Research Support and Logistics Working Group Roger W. Smith Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757320 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 Phone: 907/474-7416 • Fax: 907/474-5882 [email protected] Matthew Sturm Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory PO Box 35170 Ft. Wainwright, AK 99703-0170 Phone: 907/353-5183 • Fax: 907/353-5142 [email protected] Taneil Uttal Department of Radar Meteorology & Oceanography Environmental Research Laboratory National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)—R/E/ET6 325 South Broadway Boulder, CO 80303 Phone: 303/497-6181 • Fax: 303/497-6978 [email protected]