Witness the Arctic - Spring 2002, Volume 9 Number 2

1 continued on next page Chronicles of the NSF Arctic Sciences Program Spring 2002, Volume 9 Number 2 ARCTIC In November 2001, Ancient Ice, Cool Science: Climate Change in the North opened at the Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. On view until fall 2003, the new exhibit, designed for the general public, presents a broad array of information about contemporary research on climate change in the Arctic. The Arctic Museum’s Russell and Janet Doubleday endowment funded the development and production of Ancient Ice. The idea for an exhibit on climate change grew in part from visitors’ reactions to previous exhibits and programs addressing the relationship of various northern groups to the environment. Local elementary school students, Bowdoin College undergraduates, tourists, and other visitors were often surprised to learn, for example, the extent of past climatic and environmental changes and that not all changes were caused by humans. Museum staff noted that, while media presentations of topics in climate change may oversimplify and sensationalize the issues, more detailed scholarly presentations are less accessible to general audiences. As the staff perceived a need to disseminate information about climate change research, they also recognized the increasing number of Bowdoin faculty teaching and investigating topics related to climatic and environmental change. They saw an opportunity to engage and challenge visitors with a wide array of information about climate change by using threedimensional objects, supported by photographs and other graphics, to tell stories. Ancient Ice tells its complex stories through case studies based on particular issues or specific research projects. Drawing on contributions from museum staff, college faculty, and other colleagues, the exhibit explores how: •weather and climate are related, •past and current climates are studied, •arctic climates have changed in the past and are changing now, •arctic people have adapted to past climate change, and •present and future change may affect northern residents. For thousands of years, Inuit have used sea ice, an integral part of the arctic marine ecosystem, as a hunting platform and a highway. Employing Inuit techniques, explorers such as Robert E. Peary traveled with dogdrawn sleds over the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean in hopes of reaching the North Pole. On his 1906 and 1908 expeditions, Peary, his crews, and Inuit companions ferried dogs, men, and supplies across numerous leads— cracks that open in the ice—using blocks of ice as barges. Ultimately, Peary’s path to the North Pole in April 1906 was blocked by a large expanse of open water and moving ice. Today, travel over sea ice is increasingly difficult and dangerous, as the ice cover is thinning (hand-tinted glass lantern slide by Donald B. MacMillan, 1908–09. Gift of Donald and Miriam MacMillan, © Bowdoin College). Chronicles of the NSF Arctic Sciences Program Spring 2002, Volume 9 Number 2 Ancient Ice, Cool Science Brings the Public Face to Face With Climate Change Research in the North Genevieve LeMoine and Susan A. Kaplan Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 2 Feature Article Setting the Context: Weather and Climate Because most visitors have little background in climate studies, Ancient Ice introduces basic concepts of weather and climate. For the exhibit, Bowdoin College faculty Peter Lea (Geology), Carey Phillips (Biology), and programmer Randall Downer expanded their meteorological study from the college’s Coastal Studies Center on nearby Orr’s Island to the town of Brunswick and prepared a web site so that visitors can observe real-time data from the two locations. They can also explore historic weather trends and, through access to the Weather Underground web site (www.wunderground.com), view weather conditions across the Arctic and Antarctica. Other information that helps visitors connect weather in the short term with climate in the long term includes: •snowfall data from recent decades in Maine (courtesy of Mark Zielinski, University of Maine, Orono); •a comparison of instrumental records and proxy data from England over the past millennium, including information derived from ice cores, coral, lake sediments, and tree rings (prepared by Philip Jones and colleagues, University of East Anglia); and •lake sediment core sections (courtesy of Mike Retelle, Bates College, and Marianne Douglas, University of Toronto). The exhibit uses tree rings to illustrate the links among weather, growth rate, and climate. Even young children frequently are familiar with the concept of annual growth rings and can grasp how this information can be used to reconstruct climate. Visitors are struck by the obvious disparities in growth rates in various species of trees and in specimens from different climatic areas. The exhibit contrasts: •small (15–25 cm diameter) tree cookies taken from Labrador trees that were about 200 years old; the material is from a dendrochronology project run by Susan Kaplan (director of the Arctic Museum) and Rosanne D’Arrigo and Brendan Buckley (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory); with •slabs of wood two feet in diameter from two trees from the Bowdoin campus. One tree, an oak, was about 200 years old when it died, while a similar-sized pine tree was only half that age. Long-term Climate Change Most people are familiar with climate change in the form of ice ages—tokens of Pleistocene ice sheets abound in Maine— but in Ancient Ice, visitors come face to face with prehistoric indicators of tropical climate in the High Arctic. Fossil wood, 45 million years old, from the Eocene forests of Axel Heiburg Island (lent by James Basinger, University of Saskatchewan) and casts of dinosaur bones and footprints from Bylot Island and the North Slope of Alaska (courtesy of Roland Gangloff and Kevin May, University of Alaska Museum) show visitors that the Arctic was once a much warmer place. The records from cores extracted from the Greenland ice sheet in 1992 and 1993 (see Witness Spring 1997) describe 110,000 years of climatic and environmental change in unprecedented detail. In October 1999, as researchers finished collecting and cataloging data from the cores, the National Ice Core Laboratory began making the deaccessioned ice cores available for educational purposes. With the assistance of Mark Twickler (University of New Hampshire), a one-meter section of the 3,029meter ice core obtained by the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) became one of the anchor pieces of the Ancient Ice exhibit (see photo). Visitors drawn to its jewel-like quality are soon engaged in displays that add depth to the exhibit, including: •photographs of researchers at the drill site (courtesy of the Paleoclimatology Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; www. ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/education.html); •a drill bit used in coring glacial ice in Antarctica (loaned by Mark Battle, Bowdoin College); and •a 2.4 m graph of changes in oxygen isotope (18O) ratios, a proxy indicator of temperature, throughout the record provided by the GISP2 ice core, illustrated with images and captions highlighting significant geological and historical events.2 Climate Change and Wildlife Case studies of the effects of climate change on arctic wildlife explore the effects of rapidly warming and cooling temperatures on animals, the importance of both sea ice and polynyas to marine ecosystems, and the dynamics of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Grant Gilchrist and Ian Stirling (Canadian Wildlife Service) and Mike Hammill (Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada) are among the biologists who supplied recent data on arctic species, including eider ducks, ringed seals, polar bears, and reindeer. Animal mounts, carvings, Inuit implements and clothing, photographs, and other graphics help communicate these complex stories and their significance for arctic residents. Climate Change and Human History Other Ancient Ice case studies examine how climate change has affected human societies and demonstrate how paleoclimatic research, archaeology, history, and other paleoscience disciplines can be used to understand cultural responses to climate change. Thomas McGovern (City University of New York-Hunter College) and his colleagues investigated the Greenland Norse, whose cultural inflexibility doomed them to extinction around AD 1350 (see Witness Autumn 1994). This story is illustrated with Greenlandic Norse objects on loan from the National Museum of Denmark. The Norse case study contrasts with that of the Thule people—ancestors of present-day Greenlandic and North American Inuit—who successfully adapted to the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. This story is told with decorative clothing, elaborate weapons used to hunt terrestrial and marine mammals in a variety of environments, and ethnohistoric photographs from the museum’s collections. The case study illustrates how the A section of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) ice core (113–114 m, dating to the 17th century) is one of the stars of the Ancient Ice show. Lit with fiber optics against a background of black velvet, the section is displayed in a customized household freezer with a thermoplane top framed in cherry1. (photo by David Maschino, © Bowdoin College). 3 Feature Article In Maine, the summer of 1816 was both colder and drier than usual. Frosts hit inland farms in every month of the year, and southern Maine experienced the shortest growing season ever recorded—just 68 days. The figure shows daily and monthly mean temperatures for 1816 at Brunswick, on southern Maine’s coast. William R. Baron, Historic Climate Records Office. In: Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816, C. R. Harrington, ed., 1992 (figure courtesy of the author). To adapt successfully to changing conditions in different regions of the Arctic, Thule people and their present-day Inuit descendants have developed a complex array of tools and techniques to hunt a variety of species, depending on availability. In this July 1922 photo, a Baffin Island man holds a fish lure. In his other hand, he grasps a spear to impale fish drawn to the lure (gelatin print by Donald B. MacMillan. Kavavan and Nipatchee fishing, Goding Lake. Gift of Donald and Miriam MacMillan, © Bowdoin College). JF MAMJ JASOND -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Daily and Monthly Average Temperatures at Brunswick, Maine, 1816 Degrees Celsius Month Inuit flourished in conditions that devastated the Norse. Ancient Ice also explores the ramifications of rapid change by focusing on volcanic eruptions. Geological specimens, photographs of eruptions and of cars covered in ash generated by Mount St. Helens, and a canister of tephra from that eruption bring this unit to life. Scientists are not the only people observing and cultivating an in-depth understanding of how northern environments have been changing. Anne Henshaw (director of Bowdoin’s Coastal Studies Center) interviewed Inuit from Baffin Island concerning changing environmental conditions they have witnessed in their lifetimes. Visitors can watch videos of some of these interviews at an Ancient Ice kiosk. Another display devoted to 1816, known as “the year without a summer,” includes the original notebook in which Parker Cleaveland, then president of Bowdoin College, recorded weather conditions three times a day, documenting the unusually cold summer that doomed Maine’s agricultural industry (see figure). Ancient Ice also explores the effects that humans can have on Earth’s environment, using the toxic element lead as an example. This display includes: •a Roman cup and piece of pipe made of lead (on loan from the Museum of Art, Bowdoin College, and Professor James Higginbotham, Classics); •lead ore from the Polaris Mine in Nunavut, Canada (donated by Cominco, Ltd.); •advertisements for “ethyl,” a lead-based additive for gasoline; and •data from the GISP2 ice core3 that document the use of lead by the Romans, the rapid rise in atmospheric lead with the introduction of leaded gasoline, and its precipitous drop since the enactment of the 1970 Clean Air Act. Beyond Museum Walls Ancient Ice is not confined to its display cases. A year before the exhibit opened, the museum collaborated with Mark Battle and the Bowdoin College Physics Department to host a conference, “Unraveling Climate Change.” In April 2002, the museum hosted a second symposium, “Coastal Communities and Climate Change in the North Atlantic,” in collaboration with the Coastal Studies Center and the Environmental Studies Program. The museum also sponsored “Weather Whys,” a morning of family activities about weather, ice, and northern peoples that attracted approximately 250 visitors in April 2002. Dozens of climate researchers around the world contributed to the development and production of Ancient Ice. Individual researchers, archives, and governmental agencies were very generous, helping museum staff obtain, interpret, and customize massive datasets and extensive photographic files. On the strength of this unprecedented generosity, we have been able to increase the public’s understanding of this important research and the role of the Arctic in the Earth’s dynamic history. For more information, see the Arctic Museum web site (http://academic. bowdoin.edu/arcticmuseum), or contact Susan A. Kaplan (207/725-3289; fax 207/ 725-3499; [email protected]). Notes 1. The case was designed and developed by David Maschino, exhibit coordinator at the Arctic Museum. For information on case plans and the challenges of exhibiting ice, please contact the authors. 2. The graph was produced using data from the “Greenland Summit Ice Cores CDROM, GISP2/GRIP,” 1997, produced by the International Ice Core Data Cooperative and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, and the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, National Geophysical Data Center. 3. Hong, S., J. P. Candelone, C. C. Patterson, and C. F. Boutron. 1994. Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations. Science 265:1841–43; Legrand, M. and R. J. Delmas. 1998. Trends recorded in Greenland in relation with Northern Hemisphere anthropogenic pollution. Global Change Newsletter 36:14–17. Genevieve LeMoine is curator/registrar, and Susan A. Kaplan is director of the Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum and Arctic Studies Center, Bowdoin College. 4 This article continues a series on current topics in arctic upper atmospheric research. Studies of noctilucent clouds, their connection to two major greenhouse gases, and the detectable changes expected in the upper atmosphere due to these gases, are highly relevant to climate-change research and to atmospheric science in general. In 1885, observers in northern Germany first reported the appearance of high, thin clouds that seemed to glow at dusk. By 1887, numerous observers had reported night luminous clouds over northern Europe. Data from the past 30 years indicate that the number of noctilucent cloud (NLC) occurrences has nearly doubled, and in the past few years, NLC have been seen over the central United States near 40° N—the lowest latitudes yet recorded. The highest clouds in the Earth’s atmosphere, noctilucent clouds form in the upper mesosphere at an average altitude of 82 km. At most a few kilometers thick, NLC form in both polar regions during their respective summer months— typically from about 3–5 weeks before summer solstice to 7–9 weeks afterward. The general circulation of the global mesosphere is characterized by upward winds in the summer hemisphere that cycle latitudinally to downward winds in the winter hemisphere. The expansion of gases caused by the upward winds results in summer temperatures at high latitudes in the upper mesosphere that are typically below 140 K (-133°C). NLC form as mesospheric water vapor freezes on condensation nuclei in this pool of extreme cold as it spreads from the “summer” pole to 50° latitude by late May and retracts again by late August. The nature of the nuclei is an active research topic; the most likely candidates are meteoric dust particles and proton hydrate ions. The radius of a cloud particle is typically less than 100 nanometers. Particle size distribution and shape are still under investigation. Connections to Global Change The two main factors leading to NLC formation are an increase in water vapor and/or a decrease in the local temperature. Atmospheric methane and carbon Noctilucent Clouds Connected to Greenhouse Gases dioxide levels directly affect NLC formation through these two factors. Methane is an important source of mesospheric water vapor. While tropospheric water vapor is prevented from dispersing into the mesosphere by the cold trap of the tropopause, methane escapes. Once transported into the upper atmosphere, methane can form water vapor by interacting with atomic oxygen and hydroxyl radicals. Roughly speaking, each methane molecule leads to two water molecules. The two-fold increase in methane concentrations over the Industrial era may, therefore, partly explain the increase in NLC observations. The fact that NLC were first reported in 1885—only 117 years ago, a relatively short time, considering that the aurora has been observed for centuries—may also be connected to the massive 1883 eruption of Krakatau. It is possible that a great deal of the water vapor injected into the stratosphere by the volcano was transported to the polar upper mesosphere within two years, rapidly introducing enough new material to bring the developing, but not yet detectable, NLC into visibility. Models indicate that the expected doubling of carbon dioxide in the next 100 years will lead to a 10 K decrease in mesospheric temperature. This will increase the altitudinal region supporting NLC formation and extend the pool of low temperatures in which the clouds form to middle latitudes. Predictions of global change also include increased tropospheric storm activity and the associated buoyancy or gravity waves that transport energy into the mesosphere region. These waves break at mesosphere altitudes, transferring momentum to the wind system that generates the cold temperatures of the summer upper mesosphere. An increase in gravity wave activity could further decrease upper mesosphere temperatures. Science Support A network of ground observers from North America to Asia has recorded NLC behavior on an organized basis for decades, providing invaluable information on NLC occurrence and structure (www.nlcnet.co. uk). Since 1970, satellite-borne optical instrumentation has allowed unobstructed views of NLC, improving knowledge of their global distribution and migration during the summer months. The NSF Upper Atmospheric Research Section (www.geo.nsf.gov/atm/upper.htm) and NASA rocket and satellite programs (http://spacescience.nasa.gov) fund U.S. research on NLC, including novel remotesensing approaches and sophisticated rocket payloads. Ground stations, such as ALOMAR in Norway (www.rocketrange. no/alomar) and Søndrestrøm in Greenland (http://isr.sri.com), use radars, lidars, and other optical instruments to study NLCs. Instrumentation on a NASA satellite known as TIMED, launched in 2001 (www.timed.jhuapl.edu), will provide new insights into NLC and the mesosphere. For more information, see http://lasp. colorado.edu/noctilucent_clouds/, or contact Jeff Thayer in Menlo Park, CA (650/859-3557; fax 650/322-2318; [email protected]). Because noctilucent clouds are optically thin, they can be observed only when the sun is 6–12° below the horizon. Under these conditions, the Earth’s shadow darkens the troposphere, while the sun continues to illuminate the upper mesosphere. In this August 2000 photo taken in Valkeakoski, Finland (24° E, 61° N), the tropospheric clouds are dark bands on the horizon, and the noctilucent clouds are the white clouds above (photo by Tom Eklund). Arctic Upper Atmosphere Research 5 NSF News The Biocomplexity in the Environment (BE) initiative, which NSF began in FY 1999 (see Witness Spring/ Autumn 1999) is a multiyear, agency-wide effort in environmental science, engineering, and education. Biocomplexity refers to phenomena that arise from dynamic interactions within biological systems and between these systems and the physical environment. In the 2000 BE competition, NSF awarded $52.5 million to 16 full-scale projects and 57 incubation activities. In 2001, NSF funded 32 research projects and 41 exploratory projects for a total of $55 million. For the 2002 BE initiative, NSF expects to have $37.5 million available to fund 40–50 projects. Proposals were due earlier this year; awards will be announced this autumn in five interdisciplinary areas: •Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems (CNH), •Coupled Biogeochemical Cycles (CBC), •Materials Use: Science, Engineering, and Society (MUSES), •Genome-Enabled Environmental Science and Engineering (GENEN), and •Instrumentation Development for Environmental Activities (IDEA). In her keynote address to the 2002 Arctic Forum, held in May in Arlington, VA, NSF Director Rita Colwell noted that three of the 2002 BE areas—CNH, CBC, and IDEA—have “direct applications in the Arctic.” Arctic Topics Funded in 2000 and 2001 In 2000 and 2001, the BE initiative awarded five years of funding to two arctic research projects: •investigations of arctic frost-boil ecosystems—Donald (Skip) Walker (University of Alaska Fairbanks); and •the bio-feedback basis of selforganization in planktonic ecosystems —Peter Verity (Skidaway Institute of Oceanography). BE incubation awards relevant to the Arctic include: •assembling resources for studies on the effects of oceanographic variability on marine mammal populations and Native subsistence hunting—Carin Biocomplexity Awards Fund Arctic Research Topics ships and stimulate proposals to investigate the Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC; see Witness Autumn 2001 and page 11)—Henry Huntington (ARCUS); and •workshops to plan research on the impact of arctic environmental change on ecosystems and society (see Witness Autumn 2001 and page 8)—James Morison (University of Washington). For more information, including the complete list of Biocomplexity awards, see www.geo.nsf.gov/ere/ere_becompetitions.html. Ashjian (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute); •multidisciplinary investigations of human-salmon-ecosystem interactions in the Bering Sea—Herbert Maschner (Idaho State University); •reviewing factors known to regulate dimethyl sulfide concentrations in seawater with the goal of developing acomprehensive understanding of biogenic sulfur dynamics and their links to global climate—Patricia Matrai (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences); •workshops to develop research partnerFunds Available to Study Arctic Freshwater Cycle and Land/Ocean Linkages In February 2002, NSF announced that $30 million is expected to be available over five years to fund 20–30 awards that address the physical, chemical, and/or biogeochemical character of the arctic freshwater system and interactions with the subpolar oceans. The program solicitation emphasizes particularly the research planning of three programs: •Arctic/SubArctic Ocean Fluxes (ASOF; see Witness Winter 2000/2001), •Pan-Arctic Community-wide Hydrological Analysis and Monitoring Program (Arctic-CHAMP; see page 9), and •the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH; see Witness Autumn 2001 and page 8). The solicitation does not seek proposals for the full ASOF, CHAMP, or SEARCH projects but instead will focus on the following topics: •implementation of internationally coordinated observation systems that take advantage of innovative technological advances and can serve as prototypes for sustained, long-term efforts to document and understand variability in key freshwater, ice, and chemical tracer fluxes and/or processes within the arctic land, atmosphere, and upper-ocean systems and the teleconnection to the subarctic oceans; •synthesis and integration of available data and modeling studies to reveal processes, linkages, and causes of variability in the arctic terrestrial, atmosphere, and upper-ocean hydrologic cycle; and •documentation and assessment on the decade-to-century timescale of the variability of the arctic hydrologic freshwater cycle and associated changes in oceanic water-mass properties in the Arctic Ocean. The proposed research must contribute to: •a pan-arctic understanding of the freshwater land/ocean system and its influence on regional or global-scale processes, and •the goals of SEARCH. Proposals were due in early June 2002. For more information, contact Neil Swanberg (703/292-8029; fax 703/292-9082; [email protected]) or Robin Muench (703/292-7436; fax 703/292-9082; [email protected]) in Arlington, VA, or see www.nsf.gov/pubs/2002/nsf02071/nsf02071.html for the complete solicitation. 6 ARCSS Program The Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program held its second All-Hands Workshop in Seattle, Washington 20–23 February 2002. More than 300 members of the arctic research community came together to share information and help plan the future of the ARCSS Program. In the weeks before the workshop, investigators considered specific research topics and initiatives in several online discussions. This virtual discussion process allowed participants to reflect on ARCSS priorities before the workshop itself. The opening plenary presentations emphasized the primary goal of the AllHands Workshop—articulating future directions of the ARCSS Program. Jack Kruse, outgoing ARCSS Committee (AC) chair, outlined the program’s structure and objectives for future research. Mike Ledbetter, ARCSS Program director, stressed the integrative, coordinated, and thematic approach to arctic system science that characterizes ARCSS. On behalf of the AC, Amanda Lynch introduced a process for moving from current ARCSS knowledge to future ARCSS research, stressing major discoveries, key uncertainties and readiness for reducing those uncertainties, and priorities for integrative research. The same guidelines structured reviews of each existing ARCSS component: •Paleoenvironmental Arctic Sciences (PARCS; see page 11), •Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII; see page 9), •Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII; see page 9), •Russian-American Initiative on ShelfLand Environments in the Arctic (RAISE; see page 10), and •Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC; see page 11); and of emerging arctic research initiatives: •Pan-Arctic Community-wide Hydrological Analysis and Monitoring Program (Arctic-CHAMP; see page 9), and •Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH; see page 8). A moderated panel evaluated progress on the broad thematic questions outlined in the 1998 ARCSS science plan (see Witness Spring 1998). Four working groups discussed future directions of the emerging ARCSS Program: •Modes of Variability in the Arctic System (see page 8), •The Hydrologic Cycle and its Role in Arctic and Global Environmental Change (Arctic-CHAMP; see page 9), •Land-Shelf Interactions (LSI) initiative (see page 10), and •Pan-Arctic Cycles, Transitions, and Sustainability: Changes in Biophysical, Biogeochemical, and Social Systems (PACTS; see page 10). In addition, an ad hoc working group of students discussed young investigators’ perspectives on the program (see page 8). Each working group identified numerous opportunities for integration and collaboration (see following pages for summaries of the working group discussions). Plenary discussions revealed a broad consensus to continue the deliberately integrated approach to ARCSS research and to coordinate future efforts around science-driven thematic questions and research initiatives, rather than disciplinary components. In the final session, Jack Kruse introduced Jonathan Overpeck of the University of Arizona as the incoming AC chair. For more information on the ARCSS All-Hands Workshop and online discussions, see the ARCUS web site (www. arcus.org/ARCSS/allhands2002), or contact Acting ARCSS Program Director Neil Swanberg or Associate Program Director Luis Tupas in Arlington, VA (703/2928030; fax 703/292-9082; nswanber@ nsf.gov; [email protected]), or AC Chair Jonathan Overpeck in Tucson, AZ (520/622-9065; fax 520/792-8795; [email protected]). ARCSS All-Hands Workshop Shapes Future Directions At the 2002 ARCSS All-Hands Workshop, more than 45 undergraduate and graduate students formed a young investigators’ working group to identify common concerns and share information (photo by Ben Wade). Ledbetter Passes the Torch In May 2002, ARCSS Program Director Mike Ledbetter announced that he will leave NSF in mid-2002 to join the University of Arkansas at Little Rock as dean of the College of Science and Mathematics. Ledbetter began working with the ARCSS research community as the associate program director in 1994 and has been the director of the ARCSS Program since 1995. Neil Swanberg, who has been a program manager in the NSF Arctic Natural Sciences Program since 2000, becomes acting program director for ARCSS beginning 17 June 2002. A biological oceanographer by training, Swanberg served as deputy executive director of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program from 1992–2000 before joining the OPP staff (see Witness Spring 2000). Luis Tupas joined OPP as ARCSS associate program director in November 2001 on an Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) rotation. Tupas is on leave from the Department of Oceanography at the University of Hawaii. In announcing his departure from NSF, Ledbetter praised the ARCSS community, saying, “The researchers, steering committees, data managers, and logistics providers have all worked in concert to produce a truly interdisciplinary research program that has continually increased its profile in arctic research.” For more information, see the ARCSS Program web site (www.nsf.gov/od/opp/ arctic/system.htm). For more information on the NSF IPA program, see www.nsf.gov/oirm/hrm/jobs/rotators/start.htm. 7 ARCSS Program Following the All-Hands Workshop, the ARCSS Committee (AC) met with ARCSS science management office directors and science steering committee chairs to further develop the workshop’s recommendations in the context of the future ARCSS Program. The group revised and refined the five broad thematic questions from the 1998 ARCSS science plan (see previous page), based on the accomplishments and new priorities identified during the workshop. This summary introduces: •the new ARCSS thematic questions, •a tentative plan for the revised organization of the ARCSS Program, and •the currently active or planned ARCSS research initiatives. Thematic Questions The AC recommended that ARCSS Program research be organized according to three thematic questions, which have developed from: •the questions presented in the 1998 ARCSS science plan, •ongoing research and new findings, and •planning discussions within the research community. The revised questions emphasize three interrelated concepts fundamental to an improved understanding of the arctic system as a whole: •sustainability, •predictability, and •feedbacks. An important assumption underlying these questions is that many changes in the global climate system affect the arctic system. Changes in the Arctic may, in turn, feed back on the globe. Sustainability How do human activities interact with changes in the Arctic to affect the sustainability of ecosystems and societies? Since human activities in the Arctic depend closely upon the environment, arctic residents and resource developers are susceptible to arctic change and capable of contributing significantly to it. For example, both human development and a warming climate can thaw permafrost, with implications for arctic engineering and development and for global biogeochemistry and hydrology. Research addressing this question includes: •the emerging Land-Shelf Interactions (LSI; see page 10) and Pan-Arctic Cycles, Transitions, and Sustainability (PACTS; see page 10) initiatives, •the Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC; see page 11), and •research relevant to ARCSS supported by the NSF-wide Biocomplexity in the Environment program (see page 5). Predictability What are the limits of arctic system predictability? Recent data indicate changes to the arctic climate over the past halfcentury that are without precedent over at least the previous three centuries. Although these changes have important repercussions for science and society, their causes, extent, and probable outcomes remain unclear and difficult to predict. For example, observational data suggest that warmer Atlantic waters are penetrating farther into the Arctic Ocean, affecting global weather and climate. Can we develop enough of a predictive understanding of this and many other phenomena to be able to formulate policy responses to these changes? Research related to this question includes: •aspects of long-term observational programs, such as Paleoenvironmental Arctic Sciences (PARCS; see page 11) and the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX; see Witness Winter 2000/2001); •planned programs such as the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH; see page 8); •the modeling components of every aspect of ARCSS research; and •a possible initiative concerning modes of variability in the arctic system (see page 8). Feedbacks How will changes in arctic cycles and feedbacks affect arctic and global systems? The arctic system is linked to the global system through complex, dynamic physical and biogeochemical mechanisms, which will respond to changes in the arctic system and feed back to the global system. For example, global climate models suggest that CO2-induced warming is amplified by declining sea ice in the Arctic, but models return widely variable results on the degree of the amplification. This question, particularly concerning feedbacks within the arctic system, has been the focus of much of the research funded by ARCSS to date, including: •the Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions Project (SBI; see page 18), •the Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE; see page 10), •Arctic Transitions in the LandAtmosphere System (ATLAS; see Witness Autumn 2001), and •Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA; see Witness Autumn 2001). The new Community-wide Hydrological Analysis and Monitoring Program (ArcticCHAMP; see page 9) initiative also addresses this question. Program Organization As the ARCSS Program continues to develop its integrative structure, each of the current and emerging ARCSS research initiatives will contribute primarily to one of the three thematic questions described above. The thematically driven ARCSS Program, however, will not be a restrictive structure; a project or initiative may well address multiple research questions. While science steering committees and science management offices will continue to guide focused research efforts, existing component science steering committees may be replaced gradually by more integrative theme-based oversight committees. The ARCSS Committee, which will rotate and expand its membership, will continue to represent the community of ARCSS researchers and provide oversight and direction to the program. Developing Research Initiatives The initiatives discussed by the working groups at the All-Hands Workshop represent current or potential research efforts that will develop further over the next few years (see previous page and following pages for more details). For more information, see the sources listed on page 6. ARCSS Focuses on Sustainability, Predictability, Feedbacks 8 ARCSS Program Distinguishing natural variability from anthropogenic change in the arctic climate system is challenging because of limitations in: •observational data series, •temporal resolution and spatial extent of many paleoenvironmental datasets, and • theoretical and mechanistic understanding of the structure and evolution of interannual and decadal variability. The issue is further complicated by the increasing evidence that the arctic system, like any system, manifests preferred states that are both persistent and recurrent, referred to as modes of variability. The search for and analysis of such states is fundamental to understanding both natural variability and responses to forcing. At the 2002 All-Hands Workshop, the Modes of Variability working group discussed the relevance of this important new research area to the arctic system and identified some key uncertainties, including: Working Group Discusses Arctic System Variability •What is known about thresholds, abrupt changes, high rates of change, and extreme events? •How do we define the extreme states of the arctic system? •How do we produce useful scenarios of future change? •What are the interactions between global and arctic modes of variability? How might arctic environmental changes affect environments and societies at lower latitudes? Addressing these uncertainties will require improved conceptual models of variability as well as enhanced observational time series and paleoenvironmental data. The working group also identified specific opportunities for collaboration with other research efforts, including: •NSF programs such as Long-Term Ecological Research (see page 15) and Long-Term Observatories (see Witness Spring 2000), as well as programs in other NSF Directorates; and •International programs such as Arctic/ Subarctic Ocean Fluxes (see page 5) and Climate Variability and Predictability (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). For more information, see the ARCUS web site (www.arcus.org/ARCSS/ allhands2002/modes_discussion.html). Modes of Variability and SEARCH The interagency Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH; see Witness Autumn 2001) is a major emerging research initiative, which, like the ARCSS Program, seeks to understand environmental change in the Arctic. Because boundaries between ARCSS and SEARCH are sometimes difficult to define, discussions in the ARCSS Modes of Variability working group encompassed several issues related to SEARCH. Topics related to the developing SEARCH implementation plan included: •establishing the dominant modes of variability of the Arctic Ocean and arctic marine and terrestrial ecosystems; •understanding the interactions of these modes; and •developing a modeling and observation system that will allow predictive understanding of these modes. SEARCH Workshop Report Available In November 2001, 68 investigators met in Seattle for the SEARCH Workshop on Large-Scale Atmosphere/Cryosphere Observations. Participants reviewed existing land, sea ice, and atmospheric observations to determine how current observation systems can best be used and enhanced to understand and anticipate the course of the ongoing changes in the Arctic. The workshop report is available on the NOAA Arctic Theme web site (www.arctic.noaa.gov). For more information, contact Jim Overland in Seattle, WA (206/526-6795; fax 206/526-6485; [email protected]). For more information about SEARCH, see the SEARCH web site (http://psc.apl.washington.edu/search), or contact Jamie Morison in Seattle, WA (206/543-1394; fax 206/616-3142; [email protected]). Young Investigators Share Perspectives Approximately 80 students participated in the ARCSS All-Hands Workshop. An ad hoc student working group formed on the last day of the workshop and developed recommendations in the following categories. They presented their ideas to the ARCSS community in plenary session. Interdisciplinary Science •Networking is especially important in the ARCSS Program, where large interdisciplinary projects are the norm. •Specialists are vital to interdisciplinary projects; they should not be disregarded in the quest for greater integration. •Students must be trained to work effectively with colleagues in other fields. Collaboration •Competition for limited funds cannot override important science questions. •Because of the enormous size of the Arctic, data is sparse. International collaborations could help fill some of these gaps. •Industries with experience working in the Arctic may have useful information for arctic logistics planning. Human Impacts in the Arctic •Arctic residents must have a voice in arctic science as stakeholders and as bearers of accumulated knowledge of the Arctic. •Important issues related to human impacts on the Arctic that are complex or politically charged (e.g., contaminants, bioaccumulation) are relevant to understanding the arctic system and should be explored by ARCSS researchers. Spatial and Temporal Scale in ARCSS Organization •Structure the ARCSS Program in such a way that the global, regional, and local scales are all accounted for, since the scaling issue has the potential to confound many pan-arctic studies. 9 ARCSS Program Following a 1998 recommendation of the ARCSS Committee, the ARCSS Program sponsored a community workshop on pan-arctic hydrologic studies in September 2000 at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis in Santa Barbara, California. More than 30 investigators gathered at the workshop to: •assess the state of the art in arctic systems hydrology, and •identify research priorities for achieving predictive understanding of the role of the arctic water cycle in global change. A major product of the workshop is The Hydrological Cycle and its Role in Arctic and Global Environmental Change, published by ARCUS in 2001. This report: •defines major research and synthesis challenges in arctic systems hydrology, •provides recommendations for investments in arctic systems hydrology, and •outlines the development of a new panArctic Community-wide Hydrological Analysis and Monitoring Program (Arctic-CHAMP). The Arctic-CHAMP program aims to catalyze and coordinate interdisciplinary research and to construct a holistic understanding of arctic hydrology, through: •integration of routine observations, •process-based field studies, and •integrative modeling. Four major goals guide the ArcticCHAMP effort: •to assess and better understand the stocks and fluxes that constitute the arctic hydrologic cycle; •by documenting changes to the arctic water cycle, to contribute a hydrological component to the multiagency Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH; see page 8); •to understand the causes of changes in the arctic water cycle and assess their direct impacts on biological and biogeochemical systems; and •to develop predictive simulations of global and human social responses to feedbacks arising from progressive changes to arctic hydrological systems. All-Hands Workshop Discussions During the working group discussions at the ARCSS All-Hands Workshop, Hydrological Analysis and Monitoring Work Advances participants repeatedly articulated: •the urgent need to maintain long-term hydrological data series, and •the importance of biogeochemical cycling and hydrological process studies in the Arctic-CHAMP effort. Key uncertainties identified during the discussions included: •What is the role of lakes in arctic water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles? •What are the mechanisms for cloud formation and dissipation, and what role do arctic clouds play in the system? •What are the controls on the timing, magnitude, and quality of river inputs into the Arctic Ocean, and what is the fate of this input? •What are the impacts of changes in the hydrological cycle on humans? Addressing these uncertainties will require improvements in the length and quality of data records. Aspects of the system that influence these uncertainties, such as permafrost dynamics, aerosols, snow, and vegetation, also will need study. Further, changes in these cycles will affect not just humans but also vegetation, microbial processes, and macrofauna. The Arctic-CHAMP Science Steering Committee (SSC) is developing a detailed interdisciplinary implementation plan, and some funding has been made available to support research efforts contributing to the objectives of Arctic-CHAMP (see page 5). An online workshop in April 2002 focused on developing a human dimensions component to the Arctic-CHAMP effort (see page 11 and 28). For more information, see www.arcus. org/ARCSS/hydro/index.html, or contact Arctic-CHAMP co-chairs Larry Hinzman in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-7331; fax 907/ 474-7979; [email protected]) or Charles Vörösmarty in Durham, NH (603/8620850; fax 603/862-0587; [email protected]). ARCSS Components Share Results and Plans In November 2001, more than 200 researchers funded by the ARCSS LandAtmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) and Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) components gathered for their respective All-Hands meetings in Salt Lake City, Utah (see Witness Autumn 2001), as well as for joint sessions that included representatives of Paleoenvironmental Arctic Sciences (PARCS; see page 11) and the Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE; see page 10). The group endorsed a developing initiative to address crucial environmental research problems related to the arctic land-sea boundary (see page 10). LAII Update The record of the November LAII meeting is available on the LAII web site. Matthew Sturm of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab replaces Terry Chapin as the chair of the LAII Science Steering Committee (SSC); the SSC is drafting a major new science plan based on discussions at the November 2001 and February 2002 All-Hands meetings (see page 10). The LAII Science Management Office will remain at the University of Alaska Center for Global Change. For more information, see the LAII web site (www.laii.uaf.edu), or contact Patricia Anderson in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-5415; fax 907/474-6722; [email protected]). OAII Update Don Perovich of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab replaces Lou Codispoti as the chair of the OAII Science Steering Committee. The OAII Science Management Office will remain at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. For more information, see the OAII web site (http://arcssoaii.hpl.umces.edu), or contact Jane Hawkey in Cambridge, MD (410/221-8416; fax 410/221-8490; [email protected]). 16 Arctic Natural Sciences Program Svalbard’s Geology Holds Clues to Ancient Climates The geological record indicates that the latter half of the Neoproterozoic period (approximately 750–543 million years ago) was a tumultuous time. Glaciers shed debris on every continent, even on vast tropical shelves where warm-water carbonates had been more common. Several features associated with the Neoproterozoic glacial deposits are notable: •In places, the glacial debris is interbedded with iron formation, which forms only after oceans have been deficient in oxygen. Iron formation is absent from the geological record during the preceding billion years. •Worldwide, the glacial deposits are sharply overlain by warm-water carbonates, signaling a rapid end to the glaciations. •The negative carbon isotope anomalies (low 12C/13C ratios) in the carbonates indicate a major decrease in the global burial of organic matter. The many unusual characteristics of the Neoproterozoic geological record have led several investigators to advance the controversial “Snowball Earth” hypothesis, which postulates that the Neoproterozoic glaciations were so severe that the entire ocean froze over. Such a global deep freeze would occur if the ice line reached about 30° latitude, at which point the ice-albedo feedback would cross the critical threshold of “runaway” glaciation. The “snowball” would have persisted for up to tens of millions of years, until carbon dioxide (CO2) from volcanic sources built up sufficiently to warm the lower atmosphere to the melting point of ice. At that point, the ice-albedo feedback would have reversed, transforming the Earth into a transient ultra-greenhouse until continental weathering could scour much of the CO2 from the atmosphere. These apocalyptic climate swings may have occurred as many as four times during the Neoproterozoic, with the final episode just preceding the first appearance of animals in the fossil record. The NSF Arctic Natural Sciences Program has funded Paul Hoffman (Harvard University), a major proponent of the Snowball Earth hypothesis, to investigate the stratigraphy and geochemistry of the upper Hecla Hoek succession in northeastern Svalbard. The upper part of the Hecla Hoek, known as the Polarisbreen Group, contains two distinct glacial horizons. Preliminary results from these glacial formations suggest very different conditions preceding each glaciation. The older glaciation is presaged by a negative carbon isotope anomaly that is variably truncated beneath an erosional disconformity. The younger glaciation, on the other hand, is preceded by a positive anomaly and appears abruptly in the stratigraphic record, without evidence for erosion. Below the Polarisbreen Group lies the Akadmikerbreen Group, 2000 m of nearly continuous marine carbonates devoid of glacial deposits. Radiometric dates constrain their approximate age to less than 950 million years old, so they may have been deposited entirely during nonglacial times. Earlier work on these rocks, however, revealed large swings in carbon isotope ratios, which may indicate the changes in biological productivity associated with ice ages. Hoffman and graduate student Galen Halverson reasoned that, if these rocks spanned a snowball event, an erosional disconformity overlain by a distinctive cap carbonate sequence would be evident. If the cap carbonate also preserved a negative carbon isotope anomaly, they would have at least circumstantial evidence for glaciation. In 1999, Halverson and fellow graduate student Adam Maloof found a possible cap carbonate in the Grusdievbreen Formation, the lowermost unit in the Akademikerbreen Group. The base of this 30 m thick sequence consists of green, then red, shales overlying a conspicuous erosional surface. The sequence stands out against a background stratigraphy of continuous shallow-water carbonates. Geochemical analyses revealed a large negative carbon isotope anomaly at the exposure surface, confirming a major perturbation to the global carbon cycle. Halverson and Maloof identified this sequence of rocks and documented the carbon isotope anomaly in two other locations. Paleomagnetic analyses show that: •these rocks were deposited in low latitudes, and •the exposure surface represents along hiatus in sedimentation. Without associated glacial deposits or radiometric dates to link this sequence to other cap carbonates, its relation to glaciation remains speculative. Hoffman’s group is pursuing further analytical work to reconstruct other changes in ocean chemistry across this boundary, testing the hypothesis that they have uncovered acryptic glaciation. Several hundred meters above the Grusdievbreen cap carbonate is another major sequence boundary overlain by organic-rich shales, which pass upward into mid-shelf limestones. In contrast to the Grusdievbreen surface, this one corresponds to a positive carbon isotope anomaly, indicating environmental conditions that promoted high biological productivity. By identifying differences between successive glaciations, Hoffman’s group hopes to be able to make correlations with other glacial deposits worldwide and to uncover clues to what actually triggered the glaciations. Ultimately, they also hope to understand what paleogeographical and biogeochemical conditions were responsible for this prolonged period of climatic instability at the close of the Precambrian. For more information, contact Paul Hoffman in Cambridge, MA (617/4953636; fax 617/496-0434; hoffman@ eps.harvard.edu), or see www.sciam.com/ 2000/0100issue/0100hoffman.html. The dramatic carbon isotope anomalies found in the Akademikerbreen Group of the Hecla Hoek succession present an enigma: what environmental conditions drove the apparently abrupt oscillations between extremely high and extremely low rates of organic matter burial in the Neoproterozoic oceans? (photo © Galen Halverson). 17 150˚W 120˚W 90 o W 120 o E 150˚E 180˚W 70˚N 75˚N 80˚N 85˚N Mendeleev Ridge Chukchi Borderland Atlantic Pacific into basin? Hydrographic Mooring Polar Star 2002 lines section Arctic Natural Sciences Program The most important subsurface Arctic Ocean transport system is an anticlockwise boundary current running along the continental slopes and major transarctic ridges. This current distributes waters, contaminants, and tracers from the Atlantic (via Fram Strait and the Barents Sea) and the Pacific (via Bering Strait) around and into the deep arctic basins. On its circumarctic pathway, parts of the topographically steered current are diverted away from the continental margin, generally along oceanic ridges. The most complex obstacle encountered by the boundary current is the Mendeleev Ridge/Chukchi Borderland complex, north of the Pacific entrance to the Arctic. This region is the crossroads for Pacific waters from the south and Atlantic waters carried from the west with the boundary current (see figure). The area’s tortuous bathymetry offers many routes for a topographically steered current. The sparse existing data on the current show: •high spatial variability, reflecting the bathymetric complexity of the region; •significant interannual variability, consistent with the changes observed in the past decade throughout the Arctic; and •possible evidence that the region may divert significant amounts of water into the deep basins. The Chukchi/Mendeleev region is important to shelf-basin exchange, deep basin ventilation, and circumand Atlantic Meets Pacific at an Arctic Crossroads transarctic circulation (with the associated implications for feedbacks to the world ocean). Because of a lack of sufficiently concentrated observations, however, the pathways and exchanges in this area remain unclear, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Under a three-year grant from the NSF Arctic Natural Sciences Program, a team of U.S. and Canadian scientists will investigate the physical and chemical oceanography of this region. The project’s objectives are to: •delineate the pathways of the boundary current carrying the Atlantic water past the Mendeleev Ridge and through the Chukchi Borderland; •ascertain the input from the boundary current and the shelves to the deep Arctic Ocean in the vicinity of the Mendeleev Ridge and the Chukchi Borderland; •understand and quantify the pathways and transformations of the Pacific waters through this region; •describe the horizontal and vertical structure of the boundary current and estimate its transport; and •quantify recent temporal changes in this region by combining the spatially sparse data extending through most of the past decade with new detailed synoptic measurements. In late summer 2002, the USCG icebreaker Polar Star will mount a six-week expedition into the ice-covered Chukchi Borderland and Mendeleev Ridge region (see figure). A high-spatial-resolution hydrographic and tracer survey will be complemented by short-term moored current and CTD measurements. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chlorofluorocarbons, barium, and 18O will be measured on 12 sections that cross both the boundary flow and the Pacific inputs to the region before and after topographic junctions and hypothesized regions of flow diversion. This tracer suite will: •identify the pathways of the boundary current and the Pacific-origin waters; •quantify the different Atlantic and Pacific influences; and •estimate freshwater input from ice melt and different rivers. In addition, three moorings, deployed across the boundary current for the duration of the cruise, will allow quantification of the properties and variability of the boundary current. The entire dataset will be analyzed collectively and in tandem with hydrographic, tracer, and moored time-series data from the past decade. Since the transit time of signals through this region is two to four years, the older data provide a temporal background for the high-spatial-resolution data, while the newer data will supply an essential spatial framework for interpreting the variability of the older surveys. These studies will: •fill a hiatus in hydrographic surveys in the Canadian Basin at a time when the most dramatic changes ever observed in the Arctic are propagating through the Chukchi Borderland region; •provide important background and mechanistic information to the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH; see page 8), Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes (ASOF; see Witness Winter 2000/2001), and Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI; see page 18) programs; and •contribute to validating and improving high-resolution computer and conceptual models of the Arctic. For more information, contact Rebecca Woodgate in Seattle, WA (206/221-3268; fax 206/616-3142; woodgate@apl. washington.edu), or see http://psc.apl. washington.edu/HLD/CBL/CBL.html. A schematic representation of the hypothesized circulation in the Chukchi Borderland/Mendeleev Ridge complex, showing the proposed cruise track and mooring positions (figure courtesy of Rebecca Woodgate). 18 Arctic Research Support and Logistics Healy Supports Tests of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle The new U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Cutter Healy successfully completed a challenging first year of funded science in the eastern Arctic. On her first cruise (July–October 2001), Healy worked with the German icebreaker Polarstern to complete a series of stations in the vicinity of the ultra-slow-spreading Gakkel Ridge (see Witness Autumn 2001) in support of the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition (AMORE; see www.earthscape.org/ frames/news2frame.html). A joint U.S.-German effort, the AMORE project mapped and sampled the deepest and most remote part of the global mid-ocean ridge system. The AMORE project, the U.S. portion of which was funded by NSF, received extensive press coverage for a series of striking results, including: •discovery of 12 new volcanoes, •abundant evidence of hydrothermal vent activity, •unexpectedly successful dredging operations in arctic conditions, and •development of a very detailed map of the ridge using data collected by Healy’s multibeam sonar system. In addition, Healy and Polarstern visited the North Pole and rendezvoused with the Swedish icebreaker Oden to transfer surplus fuel and exchange scientific information. The three vessels took advantage of their meeting to share an ice picnic and international soccer tourney. More than 250 researchers and crew from 17 nations took part in the festivities at 85° N, 15° E. Healy’s second cruise (October– November 2001) tested a new autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) developed at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) for the Atlantic Layer Tracking Experiment (ALTEX): •to help determine what happens to Atlantic water as it enters the Arctic Ocean, and •to demonstrate a safe and economical platform capable of basin-scale surveys. A teacher supported by the NSF Teachers Experiencing Antarctica and the Arctic (TEA) Program (see Witness Winter 2000/2001) accompanied the AMORE cruise. Michele Adams, a seventh-grade science teacher from Bunker Hill, West Virginia, posted an online journal of her experiences, which included packing mud from the North Pole into vials (see http://tea.rice.edu/ tea_adamsfrontpage.html; photo courtesy of TEA). 2002 Cruises In the summer of 2002, Healy will support two main science projects in the western Arctic Ocean: •the first year of fieldwork for the ShelfBasin Interactions project (see http:// utk-biogw.bio.utk.edu/sbi.nsf, and Witness Autumn 2001); and •coring surveys in the Bering and Chukchi seas to develop high-resolution records of the history of sea levels and conditions in the region since the Last Glacial Maximum; this research is led by Lloyd Keigwin (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), Julie BrighamGrette (University of Massachusetts, Amherst), and Neal Driscoll (Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego). The USCG Cutter Polar Star also will support a series of SBI cruises and a physical oceanography cruise in the western Arctic. AICC Post-Cruise Assessments The Arctic Icebreaker Coordinating Committee (AICC; see Witness Autumn 2001) continues its commitment to science facilitation for the three USCG icebreakers. The AICC has developed an assessment procedure for recently completed science missions that includes post-cruise debriefings. These discussions engage representatives from: •the funding agency, •the USCG, •the ship’s crew, •the chief scientist, and •the AICC itself. The debriefing covers some 20 topics ranging from precruise communications and logistics to technical science services, the performance of the crew, and the quality of food on board. This information exchange has generated several valuable suggestions for continued improvement of science operations on USCG icebreakers. For more information on the AICC, see the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System web site (www. unols.org), or contact AICC Chair Lisa Clough in Greenville, NC (252/328-1834; fax 252/328-4178; [email protected]). In late 2001, Healy supported testing of a new autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) being developed at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute for the Atlantic Layer Tracking Experiment to help scientists determine what happens to Atlantic water as it enters the Arctic Ocean (photo by T. Walsh © MBARI 2001). While AUVs have been used for arctic science since the 1970s, their ranges have been limited to approximately 1 km and depths of a few hundred meters. In contrast, the ALTEX AUV is designed to range 1,000 km and to depths of 4,500 meters, navigating and deploying ice-penetrating buoys to relay data via satellite. In waters north of Svalbard, the MBARI team tested sensors, ice-buoy operation, high-latitude navigation, and operational techniques (see www.mbari.org/education/cruises/Altex/ logbook.htm). The ALTEX science experiment is funded through the NSF Office of Polar Programs; the AUV’s development is funded through a National Ocean Partnership Program grant and managed by the Office of Naval Research. Jim Bellingham (MBARI) leads the group developing the ALTEX AUV; collaborators include Fuel Cell Technologies, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, and Scientific Solutions, Inc. 19 Arctic Research Support and Logistics VPR Equipping and Training Safer Field Researchers Greater attention to safety issues was a central recommendation to NSF in Logistics Recommendations for an Improved U.S. Arctic Research Capability, the 1997 report published by ARCUS (see Witness Autumn 1997). To implement this recommendation, VECO Polar Resources (VPR) has made major efforts to ensure that investigators can conduct research safely in the Arctic. VPR has been the NSF Arctic Research Logistics Support Services contractor since November 1999 (see Witness Autumn 2001), supplying safety equipment and services to NSF-funded arctic researchers, including: •satellite telephones, which can support both voice and data communications from the field; •access to a 24/7 medical care hotline for emergency and nonemergency situations; •an online field manual; •extensive medical kits; and •field-safety courses. Free courses in field safety, facilitated by Learn to Return Training Systems (www.survivaltraining.com), are available periodically in various locations. Courses are tailored to meet specific needs and to be relevant to particular areas of the Arctic. Travel assistance is available if the course location is not within driving distance of the participants. In February 2001, VPR offered its first field-training course for arctic researchers in Fairbanks, AK; topics included training in field skills and wilderness medical emergencies. In the spring of 2002, four-day courses in Monterey, CA and Amherst, MA also included coverage of helicopter, bear, and gun safety. An on-site course specifically for Toolik Field Station researchers was offered in June 2002. VPR plans to expand safety course content and offerings further in 2003. In addition to safety equipment and training, VPR offers arctic researchers an In May 2002, survey-grade (dualfrequency) Differential GPS (DGPS) became available to researchers in the Barrow area through the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC). The Trimble 5700 system consists of: •a base station at BASC, and •a rover system for science-survey use. DGPS post-processing software is available on a dedicated computer, and real-time kinematic (RTK) capability is possible within approximately 10 km of BASC, including the 7,466-acre Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO; see Witness Winter 2000/2001). Accuracy is on the scale of centimeters. The University NAVSTAR Consortium (UNAVCO) installed the system as part of its polar support services to OPP. An international organization of more than 90 universities and research institutions using GPS, UNAVCO provides technical support and training to investigators. Researchers intending to use the Barrow system should arrange for training at UNAVCO in Boulder, CO before heading to Barrow, since on-site technical support is often not available. In addition, the University of Alaska Fairbanks and UNAVCO have installed a permanent GPS station for atmospheric and geodetic applications at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/ Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA/CMDL) facility in Barrow. This system is part of the University Corporation for Atmospheric New DGPS Infrastructure Supports Research in Barrow Research (UCAR) SuomiNet project. SuomiNet is an international network of GPS receivers configured and managed to generate near real-time measurements of atmospheric precipitable water vapor and other meterological and geodetic information. The Barrow station uses dual-frequency GPS, and the GPS antenna is on a stable, geodetic-quality monument. Daily RINEX (Receiver Independent Exchange Format) files will be available from the UNAVCO data archive. For more information about the Barrow area DGPS system or SuomiNet, see the UNAVCO web site (www.unavco. ucar.edu), or contact Bjorn Johns in Boulder, CO (303/497-8034; fax 303/ 497-8028; [email protected]). For more information about BASC support for science, see the BASC web site (www.arcticscience.org), or contact Executive Director Glenn Sheehan in Barrow, AK (907/852-4881; fax 907/8524882; [email protected]). As part of the long-term improvements to research infrastructure on Alaska’s North Slope, DGPS is now available in the Barrow area (photo by Bjorn Johns). array of research support and logistics services, including an extensive inventory of field equipment and supplies, transportation assistance, and construction services. For more information, see the VPR web site (www.vecopolar.com), or contact Project Manager Jill Ferris in Englewood, CO (720/344-5619; fax 720/344-6514; [email protected]). Brian Horner of Learn to Return helps a safety course participant escape from an airframe during a crash simulation (photo by Diana Garcia-Novick). 20 Capitol Updates The demands of additional defense and homeland-security funding are constraining the federal budget, including funding for research. In September 2001, Congress passed, and the Administration signed into law, a $40-billion emergency supplemental appropriation for antiterrorism efforts; at least one more large supplemental bill is likely to follow before the end of FY 2002 (30 September 2002). FY 2002 Budget By the end of the FY 2002 budget process in January 2002, the federal budget stood at $718 billion, compared with the $661 billion request submitted by President Bush. This total included a 6.8% increase in discretionary funding, and a 12.7% increase in federal research and development spending—the largest dollar increase in history. Once Congress had completed its budget process, most federal agencies had received budget increases, not the decreases that the President’s budget had proposed. The FY 2002 NSF budget is $4.8 billion, an 8.4% increase over FY 2001, although the President had proposed an increase of only 1.3%. The NSF Office of Polar Programs (OPP) received a 9% increase to $229.7 million. FY 2003 Budget The President’s proposed FY 2003 budget submitted in February 2002 offers decreased or static budgets for nondefense spending, including basic research, in most federal agencies. For NSF, the President has requested an increase of 5% to just over $5 billion. Almost one third of the 5% increase in the FY 2003 NSF budget is actually due to the President’s proposal to move several programs from other agencies to NSF, including: •the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Sea Grant program, •the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) toxic substances hydrology research program, and •the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Environmental Education. Few additional funds are included to support these relocated programs, resulting in net losses to the departments tasked with these new responsibilities. Congress may, however, opt to leave these programs in their original agencies before it returns its revised budget to the President’s desk in late 2002 or early 2003. Within NSF, the proposed budget: •increases the Research and Related Activities budget by 5.1%, to $3.78 billion; •increases the Education and Human Resources budget by 3.8%, to $908 million; and •decreases the Major Research Equipment budget by 9%, to $126 million. President Bush continues to emphasize education in the NSF budget, with a proposed 25% increase for Math and Science Partnerships to $200 million, and a 27% increase in a new NSF initiative called Learning for the 21st Century Workforce. Other priorities in the proposed NSF budget include: •Biocomplexity in the Environment, up 36.3% to $79 million; •continuing increases in numbers and amounts of graduate student stipends, up 21% to $175.8 million; and •establishment of two prototype sites of the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON; see Witness Spring 2000), for a total of $12 million. In early June 2002, the House passed HR 4664, the NSF Authorization Act. The bill, which passed 397–25, authorizes 15% increases in the NSF budgets for FY 2003, 2004, and 2005. This plan puts the agency on track for a doubling of its budget over the course of the next five years. The bill has been referred to the Senate for consideration by the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee. The NSF OPP Budget The President’s FY 2003 budget request for OPP totals $303.81 million, a2% ($6 million) increase over FY 2002. Within the OPP budget, Arctic Program funding would increase 2.9% ($1.06 million) to $37.84 million. The Arctic Research Support and Logistics budget would remain the same ($26 million). The Agency Budgets Reflect Shifting Federal Priorities budget for the U.S. Arctic Research Commission increases 5.9% to $1.08 million. In FY 2002, NSF designated $30 million to be allocated over five years for the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) and related programs (see page 8). In addition, NSF has requested $1 million per year to support SEARCH beginning in FY 2003. Barrow Arctic Research Center Senator Ted Stevens (R-AK) offered an amendment to the Senate version of the Energy Policy Act of 2002 (HR 4), appropriating funds to establish a research center in Barrow, Alaska. Specifically, the amendment would require the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretaries of Energy and the Interior, the Director of NSF, and the Administrator of the EPA, to establish a joint research facility to support climate-change and other scientific research activities in the Arctic. The amendment appropriates $35 million for the planning, design, construction, and support of the center. A conference committee has been named to resolve differences, including Stevens’ amendment, in the House and Senate versions of the bill. Climate Change Research Initiative In a February 2002 address at NOAA headquarters, President Bush outlined the Administration’s new multiagency Global Climate Change Research Initiative, which includes funding for SEARCH and has the potential to fund other arctic-based research. As of press time (June 2002), no legislation has been introduced in Congress that would fund or direct agencies to take the actions put forth in the initiative. For a copy, see the White House web site (www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/ 02/climatechange.html). For more information about the NSF budget, see the NSF web site (www.nsf. gov/od/lpa/congress/start.htm). For information about the President’s proposed budget, see the White House web site (www.whitehouse.gov). For information about the Barrow Arctic Research Center, see the NOAA web site (www.legislative. noaa.gov/informermay1402.html). 21 Capitol Updates The Bush administration is seeking to improve government efficiency and control federal spending related to academic research funding by: •developing new performance-review criteria for federally funded basic research and development (R&D), and •discouraging congressional “earmarking” of funds for specific research programs. Performance Criteria for Basic Research In keeping with President Bush’s charge to “improve the management, performance, and results of the federal government,” the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is developing performance criteria for all federally funded R&D. OMB has drafted a set of performance criteria for federal R&D based on: •results from an FY 2001 pilot program focused on the performance of some applied R&D programs at the Department of Energy (DOE); •contributions from the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP); and •discussions at a February 2002 workshop sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP). The OMB intends for all federal agencies to use these criteria to evaluate their R&D efforts at the program or portfolio level. These criteria would be based on three principles: •quality, ensured primarily through peer-review mechanisms; •relevance, including defining program direction, priorities, and links to identified national and agency goals; and •performance, including demonstrating effective use of resources and progress toward objectives. The OMB envisions that these assessments will involve both: •prospective reviews of the planning, design, and justification of R&D programs; and •retrospective reviews of program quality, relevance, and outcomes, conducted periodically (approximately every three to five years). Federal Agencies Face Review, Earmarking Issues According to David Trinkle of OMB, issues still to be resolved about this evaluation process include: •how to fit all federal R&D efforts into a similar assessment framework; •how to define the differences among types of R&D programs and selectively use the evaluation criteria; •which agencies will begin using the criteria in 2004; •how the criteria will be implemented at each agency; •which programs at those agencies will use the criteria; and •at what level the criteria will be applied. COSEPUP noted in its report that applying performance metrics to basic research will require an approach tailored to the work of each agency. Jeffrey Kieft, the Roger Revelle Fellow in Global Stewardship at OSTP, spoke at the May 2002 ARCUS Annual Meeting in Arlington, VA on these issues; he noted that it is likely that a set of basic criteria will be developed, to which additional criteria appropriate to each agency will be added. In late May 2002, OMB announced that it will create a six-member Performance Measurement Advisory Council to: •provide independent expert advice to OMB regarding measures of program performance, and •make recommendations regarding management and budget decisions. The council, which will exist for nine months unless renewed, will advise OMB on specific processes and means to be used in assessing federal programs and initiatives. Council members will be tasked with: •creating, implementing, and evaluating performance-measurement standards; and •making recommendations on the types and measures of benchmarking systems that departments and agencies can employ most effectively to track program performance. The OMB hopes to name the council by late June 2002. For more information on the proposed basic research performance metrics, see the National Academy of Sciences web site (www7.nationalacademies. org/gpra/Basic%20Research.html) or the Association of American Universities web site (www.aau.edu/research/funding.html). Growing Congressional Earmarks According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, in 2001 Congress directed federal agencies to award a record amount of “earmarked” funds to projects involving specific universities. Earmarking—the practice of designating funds in an appropriations bill for a particular project—has long been used by legislators to “bring home” funding for their constituents. Academic earmarks have grown steadily in recent years from $296 million in 1996 to an estimated $1.67 billion in 2001. For example, earmarks in the Department of Commerce (DOC) budget for FY 2000 were $92 million; in FY 2002, DOC earmarks increased to $202 million. Almost every agency budget includes similar increases in earmarked funds, with the exception of the NSF. The earmarks are also an increasing share of total federal funding to colleges and universities—9.4% in 2001. The 25 states with the largest shares of federal research dollars received 74% of earmarked funds in that funding year. Alaska and West Virginia headed the list. The American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Association of American Universities, the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges, and NAS sponsored a workshop on Earmarking of Science in October 2001. At the workshop, Sarah Horrigan of OMB made a strong appeal to colleges and universities—and their lobbyists—to stop encouraging congressional earmarks. Administration officials, including OMB director Mitch Daniels, contend that the increase in earmarking reduces the R&D funds available for agencies to meet funding priorities and fund peer-reviewed research and that, given current budget conditions, additional funding for priority research will not be forthcoming. Language discouraging earmarking is prominent in nearly every FY 2003 OMB budget document. For more information about congressional earmarking in the federal budget, see the OMB web site (www.whitehouse. gov/omb/budget/fy2003/budget.html), or the Chronicle of Higher Education web site (http://chronicle.com). 22 U.S. Arctic Research Commission PRB Explores Abrupt Climate Change, Polar Biology The technologies and methods of biology are changing dramatically and opening new avenues for research. At the request of the NSF Office of Polar Programs and Directorate for Biological Sciences, the Polar Research Board (PRB) formed a committee to examine opportunities and challenges related to using these tools to conduct research on arctic and Antarctic organisms. The new Committee on Frontiers in Polar Biology will seek to: •identify important research questions for polar regions, and •recommend ways to facilitate and accelerate the transfer and use of genomic technologies to questions about the Arctic and Antarctic. The committee will: •discuss the potential applications of genomic sciences and functional genomics to molecular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, physiology, evolutionary processes, and microbial ecology in polar regions; •note the need for development of new technologies or methods specifically for polar regions; •seek ways to facilitate increased interaction between biological scientists working in polar regions and other biological scientists; and •assess impediments to the conduct of polar genomics research (e.g., issues related to facilities, infrastructure, maintenance of biological sample collections, education needs). William H. Detrich, III (Northeastern University) chairs the nine-member committee, which began meeting in June 2002. The committee will host an information-gathering workshop in September 2002 and then produce a report with findings and recommendations. In other PRB news, the National Academy Press published Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises in May 2002 (see page 27). The report, by the PRB’s Committee on Abrupt Climate Change, describes what is known about abrupt climate changes and their impacts— based on paleoclimate proxies, historical observations, and modeling—and highlights new findings that abrupt climate change can occur when gradual causes push the Earth system across a threshold. The report notes that we do not yet understand abrupt climate changes clearly enough to predict them, and that the models used to project future climate changes and impacts do not simulate the size, speed, and extent of past changes well, complicating assessments of potential future changes. The prepublication release of the report received extensive press coverage, including articles in the New York Times and Washington Post. For more information about the PRB, see the National Academies web site (www.national-academies.org/prb), or contact PRB Director Chris Elfring in Washington, DC (202/334-3479; fax 202/334-1477; [email protected]). Polar Research Board New Deputy Director and Commissioners Join USARC In September 2001, the U.S. Arctic Research Commission (USARC) welcomed Lawson Brigham as its new deputy executive director. Brigham is a former U.S. Coast Guard captain with experience commanding arctic icebreakers, including the Polar Sea. An oceanographer whose research interests include sea ice and ocean processes in the Russian Arctic, Brigham earned his Ph.D. from the Scott Polar Research Institute at Cambridge University. He held the Office of Naval Research Arctic Chair in Marine Science at the Naval Postgraduate School from 1996–97. In late January 2002, the USARC introduced two new commissioners— Mary Jane Fate, an Alaska Native leader from Rampart, Alaska, and Mead Treadwell, managing director of the Institute of the North, based in Anchorage, Alaska. Fate and Treadwell replace Richard Glenn and Walter Parker, respectively. In the past several months, USARC representatives have attended a number of meetings. Highlights include: •the April 2002 Arctic Science Summit Week in Groningen, the Netherlands; •a European Union workshop in Brussels on arctic infrastructure; •a United Nations meeting with Russian, Norwegian, and Canadian representatives to review a Russian claim to arctic territory under Article 76 of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea; the USARC and other federal agencies are planning the conduct of the requisite surveys of the U.S. arctic margin; •a meeting with the North Pacific Research Board, which has agreed upon aschedule for requests for proposals for research in the board’s region of interest (the North Pacific, Bering Sea, and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean); •a meeting of the Polar Research Board at which USARC Executive Director Garry Brass requested help in launching a planning process for the design and management of the next generation of polar icebreakers; •a Marine Technology Society luncheon at which Commander Steven Warren, director of the Navy/National Ice Center, spoke on the issues involved in naval operations in an ice-free Arctic; •an introduction to Canada’s newest province by Paul Okalik, the Premier of Nunavut; and •a meeting with Peter Spotts, reporter for the Christian Science Monitor, to discuss arctic issues. For more information, see the USARC web site (www.uaa.alaska.edu/enri/ arc_web/archome.htm), or contact Garry Brass in Arlington, VA (800/AURORAB or 703/525-0111; fax 703/525-0114; [email protected]). 23 International News Arctic Council Working Groups Launch Initiatives The Senior Arctic Officials (SAOs) of the eight-nation Arctic Council met in November 2001 in Espoo, Finland to review progress on environmental and sustainable development projects. Council Chair Peter Stenlund of Finland, SAOs, Permanent Participant indigenous groups, and observers discussed reorganization plans for the council and how to present an “arctic voice” at the August 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in South Africa. Working Group Activities The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP; see www.amap.no) working group is updating its 1997 contaminant studies. Focused on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, human health, and radioactivity, the updated assessments, including a condensed version for the general public, are to be completed by October 2002. U.S. agencies—including the State Department, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NSF, National Institutes of Health, Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Arctic Research Commission (see page 22)—have contributed more than $100,000 in the past year toward these publications, and many U.S. experts have been involved with research and drafting of the reports. The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF; see www.caff.is) working group recently released two reports: •Seabird Harvest Regimes in the Circumpolar Nations, and •Proceedings of the First CAFF Flora Group Workshop. CAFF’s book Arctic Flora and Fauna: Status and Conservation, published in 2001 (see Witness Autumn 2001), is receiving excellent reviews. This first circumpolar overview of arctic biodiversity and related conservation issues concludes that: •species are showing the effects of overexploitation, habitat loss, and pollution; and •distance has not made the Arctic immune to global environmental issues. Based on the findings, CAFF is developing policy recommendations to be presented at the October 2002 Ministerial meeting. The Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response (EPPR) working group has launched a source-control management project led by the U.S. Department of Energy and Russia’s Emercom. The pilot project will develop and test a methodology for reducing the potential for emergencies at facilities that handle hazardous and radioactive materials. The resulting methodology and overall approach will be applicable to a broad spectrum of at-risk activities in the Arctic. An emergency-response exercise is planned for summer 2002 at the Bilibino nuclear facility in the Chukotka region of Russia. The radiological release scenario will demonstrate capabilities both on-site (e.g., plant response, communications, decision-making) and off-site (e.g., notification procedures, public information dissemination, data gathering from radiation monitoring stations, plume modeling). In December 2001, the Global Environment Facility (see www.gefweb.org) approved $10 million to fund a project of the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) working group—the Russian National Plan of Action for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment from Anthropogenic Pollution (NPA-Arctic). The plan will address both damage and threats to the arctic environment in Russia. Proposed demonstration projects include: •the use of brown algae mats in coastal areas to absorb contaminants; •transfer of two decommissioned military bases to civilian control; and •enhancement of the environmentaland resource-management capacity of indigenous people in Russia. The United States plans to organize a meeting to encourage governments, the private sector, and international financial institutions to invest in the NPA-Arctic. The Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG) held a workshop in Helsinki in November 2001 to begin developing an overall capacity-building strategy for the Arctic Council. Canada is preparing recommendations. Finland is organizing an August 2002 conference on the status of women in the Arctic. The agenda for “Taking Wing” includes sessions on Women and Work, Self-Determination, and Women and Violence. An initiative of the Arctic Council Action Plan to Eliminate Pollution of the Arctic (ACAP)—a project to phase out PCBs in Russia—has received sufficient financial pledges that a contract with the Russian participant can be signed. Three published fact sheets on heavy metals, POPs, and radioactivity will be translated into Russian and reprinted to improve indigenous people’s access to the information. Denmark is preparing a revised work plan for the atmospheric mercury project, which is linked to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) global mercury inventory; the first phase involves data collection in Russia. A project on obsolete pesticides, co-chaired by the United States and Russia, was launched in October 2001 in Moscow; UNEP Chemicals will provide secretariat support. The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA; see Witness Spring 2000) will investigate past and present indicators of changes in climate and UV radiation, possible changes in the future, and potential impacts of these changes (see www.acia. uaf.edu). By 2004, ACIA will publish: •a scientific volume, •a synthesis document, and •a policy document providing recommendations for coping with climate change and variability. NSF and NOAA are major sponsors, and many U.S. experts are contributing. Meetings on the Arctic Horizon The SAO met in May 2002 in Oulu, Finland and will meet again immediately before the third Ministerial meeting, which will convene 9–10 October 2002 in Inari, Finland. The Second AMAP International Symposium on Environmental Pollution of the Arctic will be held 1–4 October 2002 in Rovaniemi. For more information, see the Arctic Council web site (www.arctic-council.org). For more information on U.S. involvement in the Arctic Council, contact Hale VanKoughnett at the Department of State in Washington, DC (202/647-4972; 202/ 647-4353; [email protected]). 24 International News CPC Addresses Global Change, Sovereignty, and Security Education News The Canadian Polar Commission, Canada’s lead agency in the area of polar research, is responsible for promoting the development and dissemination of polar knowledge (see Witness Spring 2000). In January 2002, the CPC cosponsored an international conference on “Sovereignty and Security in the Canadian Arctic” in Ottawa. Global experts addressed important issues, including: •the implications for Canada should the northwest passage become navigable to commercial shipping, and •post-11 September security issues on the open arctic frontier. For more information about the conference, see the Spring/Summer edition of Meridian, the newsletter of the CPC, or see the Canadian Arctic Resources Committee web site (www.carc.org). In 1999, the CPC launched the Indicators Project to provide an assessment of the state of Canadian polar knowledge as abasis for nongovernmental and governmental decision-making and policy formulation. The project has defined 15 quantifiable indicators of the state of Canada’s polar knowledge (e.g., the state of co-management research, incidence of polar matters raised in Canadian Parliament debates, number of Canadian university courses on polar subjects). While such indicators are not considered definitive, they highlight important trends. Thus far, the project has identified key areas of Canadian polar knowledge, identified information useful in refining research methods, and published two reports. The CPC recently established the Polar Science Forum, an online communication center that enables the exchange of information and ideas within the Canadian polar research community, and an online directory that lists Canadian polar specialists by name, specialty, and geographical area in which they work. The directory will soon also list publications and current research projects. For more information, see the commission’s web site (www.polarcom. gc.ca), or contact Communications Manager John Bennett in Ottawa, ON (613/ 943-0716; fax 613/943-8607; bennettj@ polarcom.gc.ca). Education Recommendations Available ARCUS published Arctic Science Education: Recommendations from the Working Group on Arctic Science Education to the National Science Foundation in May 2002. The report resulted from a planning process initiated in March 2000, when a group of scientists, educators, and Alaska Native education specialists met in Fairbanks, AK to develop recommendations to guide the Arctic Section of the NSF Office of Polar Programs (OPP) in its education and outreach efforts. The report is available on the ARCUS web site (www.arcus.org) or as a hard copy. For more information or to request a copy, contact ARCUS Education Project Manager Janet Warburton (907/474-1600; fax 907/474-1604; jane[email protected]; ). In January 2000, ARCUS launched the Arctic Visiting Speakers’ (AVS) Series to provide support for organizations to engage in and foster arctic science education on the local level (see Witness Spring 2000). The program is intended to: •increase communication and collaboration within the dispersed arctic research community; •nurture better communication among arctic researchers and arctic community residents; and Arctic Speakers Share Expertise with Varied Audiences •improve the general public’s appreciation of the importance of arctic research. The series sponsors distinguished scholars and experts on the Arctic to visit academic institutions and community organizations for seminars, lectures, and discussions. Funded by the NSF Office of Polar Programs, the program covers travel costs and a modest honorarium for about 15 speakers each year. Speakers visit academic institutions, schools, and public venues such as libraries or radio broadcasts. Since the program began, 24 speakers from five countries have addressed audiences at 51 institutions in the U.S., Russia, Greenland, and Canada on a broad range of topics, including linguistics, Native ways of knowing, geology, marine law, archeology, and oceanography. Participants have found the program is especially valuable for: •helping scientists communicate directly with arctic communities; •involving representatives of arctic communities with research and education efforts at lower latitudes; •international visits, particularly with Russian researchers or organizations; •science education partnerships involving academic institutions and schools; and •enhancing educational opportunities associated with a meeting or workshop. ARCUS accepts applications for the AVS series year-round. For more information, see the ARCUS web site (www.arcus.org/arctic_speaker/), or contact ARCUS Education Project Manager Janet Warburton (907/474-1600; fax 907/ 474-1604; jane[email protected]). 25 Publications Education News UNIS Outgrows Original Facilities Iceland’s Environmental Research Institute Expands University Courses on Svalbard (UNIS) was established as a beneficial trust in January 1994 by Norway’s four mainland universities (see Witness Spring/Autumn 1999). UNIS has grown steadily throughout its first eight years of operation in terms of the numbers of courses offered, students, research funding and activities, scientific papers published, and projects recognized by the Centres of Outstanding Research. In 2001, UNIS offered 38 courses within four fields of study—Arctic Biology, Arctic Geology, Arctic Geophysics, and Arctic Technology. Of these, fully half were mastersor doctoral-level courses. Of 272 students, 58% were from 21 countries other than Norway. The main UNIS building, completed in 1995, provides inadequate laboratory space and offices for today’s staff, visiting lecturers, researchers, and fellows. In January 1999, representatives from UNIS, the Norwegian Polar Institute (Svalbard), and a government building corporation—the Cultural Heritage Office of the County Governor of Svalbard and Statsbygg Nord—selected a design for a 5,200square-meter Svalbard Science Centre to be developed at Longyearbyen in connection with the existing UNIS building and neighboring plots. The new Svalbard Science Centre, scheduled for completion in December 2005, is designed to accommodate the institution’s growth and to host a wide range of activities and institutions with diverse visions and agendas. Locating academic institutions in Longyearbyen at the same site will provide scientific, logistical, social, and economic benefits. The new centre’s design, submitted by Jarmund & Visnæs of Oslo: •features new offices, a library, lecture rooms, laboratories, a cultural heritage repository, workshops, and storage space; •offers space for international researchers and teams with projects and campaigns on the island of some duration; and •affords UNIS added flexibility in its research activities and student numbers. Construction is to begin in 2003. For more information, see the UNIS web site (www.unis.no), or contact Director Lasse Lønnum in Longyearbyen (+47/7902-3305; fax +47/7902-3301; [email protected]) or Executive Officer Eystein Markusson (+47/79023306; fax +47/7902-3301; [email protected]). The Environmental Research Institute (ERI) at the University of Iceland in Reykjavik has many new opportunities for research scientists and students in environmental sciences. ERI fosters the global exchange of information and ideas to promote environmental awareness and responsibility, applying an interdisciplinary Earth-systems approach to problem solving. ERI welcomes visiting scholars, educational exchange programs, and cooperative research. Iceland’s many resources include arctic and subarctic freshwater and marine ecosystems, active glacial and volcanic processes, and geothermal and hydropower resources. Environmental stresses that warrant careful study include global marine pollution and global warming. Interdisciplinary research projects at ERI include but are not limited to: •using GIS to map natural hazards in Iceland and improve local communities’ capacity to assess risk and plan land use; •analysis of the potential to use renewable energy (e.g., geothermal, hydropower) in Iceland to process recyclables; •analysis of past and present biodiversity and stresses in extreme environments in the North Atlantic and Iceland; and •assessment of coastal-zone processes and ecosystem effects in Iceland. In June–July 2002, ERI will host a two-week field course on “Iceland’s Wilderness, Natural Resources, and Resource Management.” Participants will explore Iceland’s coasts and remote volcanic interior, studying: •unique glacial and volcanic formations; •natural resource management issues (e.g., fisheries and aquaculture; forestry, agriculture, soils, and erosion control; wilderness protection); and •Iceland’s sustainable development initiatives (e.g., ecotourism, geothermal, and hydropower). ERI will begin teaching the University of Iceland’s masters program in environmental sciences in the English language beginning in fall 2002. This program cultivates an interdisciplinary approach to problem solving, emphasizing: •practical aspects of environmental sciences, rather than theoretical analysis; •the interaction of scientific knowledge and policy formulation. Students of all backgrounds are encouraged to apply. Students may do elective course work and thesis research at foreign universities. Applications for the 2003 fall term are due on 15 March 2003. ERI is working with the University of Iceland, the Icelandic government, and governmental and private research and funding organizations in Iceland to establish the International Center for the Environment (ICE) at the University of Iceland. ICE facilities, programs, and services will: •support international collaboration on large-scale interdisciplinary research and monitoring projects; and •create a forum for the international exchange of ideas, research results, and information on environmental issues. For more information, see the ERI web site (www.uhi.hi.is/english), or contact Director Bjorn Gunnarsson in Reykjavik, Iceland (+354/525-5286; fax +354/5255829; [email protected]). The new 56,000-square-foot Svalbard Science Centre is designed to accommodate many educational and research initiatives at Longyearbyen by 2006 (figure by Jarmund & Visnæs). 4 Louisiana State University: ARCUS Member Institution Macroscale variability of the coast is the result of geologic structure, river distribution, oceanic circulation, thermal regime, ice-pack conditions, open-water periods, and wave power. A major difference between the Beaufort and Chukchi coasts is that all of the major rivers of the North Slope drain into the Beaufort Sea—affecting the development of deltas and the introduction of sediment into the Arctic Ocean. Compared to the Beaufort Sea coast, along the Chukchi Sea coast: •breakup was earlier, •open water lasted longer and covered a larger area, and •wave energy was greater. Beach Processes and Responses The CSI team studied beach processresponse interactions in the context of breakup, open water, and freeze-up. Riverice breakup precedes sea-ice breakup, often by weeks. Beach thaw is highly variable; timing and extent depend largely on wave conditions during freeze-up, as ice incorporated into the beach during storms affects beach thaw and beach morphology. A study of ice movement revealed differences seaward and landward of an offshore bar because of the interaction between waves and tides and the bottom topography. Fathometer profiles at Pingok Island revealed four bars with steep shoreward slopes and gentle seaward slopes, intersecting the shoreline at an angle between 8° and 10°. These arctic bars were the first known evidence of outer bars consistently extending to and actively modifying the shoreline in the absence of inner bars. Onshore beach ridges were well preserved compared with similar features in other climates because: •severe storms are rare, •the ridges are frozen 10 months/year, •a gravel pavement on their surface reduces deflation, and •swales full of water during summer undergo little eolian erosion. Subsequent Coastal Research Although the above represents the active field and laboratory phase of CSI’s Alaskan Arctic Coastal Processes and Morphology Study, many of the principals of that group extended their involvement: •Short and Wright identified two major sets of lineaments on the North Slope and suggested that there is a direct association between them and arctic coastal morphology; •Short demonstrated the role of offshore standing waves in controlling the pattern of sand bars; •Harper and Wiseman wrote on the temporal variation of surface roughness on a tundra surface; •Harper completed a dissertation on the physical processes affecting tundra cliff stability; •Douglas Fisher investigated active layer development on a barrier island; and •CSI and Department of Geology personnel, especially Wiseman, Don Lowe, and David Prior, studied slope instabilities in arctic and sub-arctic fjords, which cause some of the most intense currents observed in deep fjords. Arctic Biology Since 1980, a team from LSU’s Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences—Yahya Abdelbaki, Dennis Duffield, Jerrold Haldiman, William Henk, Robert Henry, Daniel Hillmann, and Diana Mullan—has been leading a study to collect baseline data on the anatomy of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) prior to potential environmental alteration. They are studying the anatomy of the lungs, kidneys, eyes, hearts, and brains, and the structure and thickness of the skin of whales harvested by Iñupiat and Yupik Eskimos off at least six coastal villages. This is one of many research projects in arctic Alaska that have involved residents (e.g., whaling captains and crews), and it reflects the Inuit’s concern for their environment. Sponsors have included the U.S. Bureau of Land Management; the NSB, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine. LSU is also involved in long-term research on the population biology of geese at Karrak Lake in Nunavut, Canada. Alan Afton (LSU’s Biological Resources Division) has been a visiting research scientist with the Canadian Wildlife Service since 1993. Along with graduate students, he is focusing on the behavioral aspects, foraging ecology, and nutrition of Ross’s geese (Chen rossii) and lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens). Development of the petroleum industry and modernization of North Slope villages since the 1970s brought large demands for sand and gravel. The NSB opted to use unfrozen deposits beneath deeper rivers, lakes, lagoons, and nearshore ocean waters. Dredging began in 1981 on the Colville River delta. The NSB Public Works Department initiated environmental monitoring, with which Jesse Walker was associated from 1980 to 1994, noting alterations in the tundra surface after runway construction and changes in the dredge channels in the Kokolik, Meade, and Colville rivers. Environmental Geomorphology LSU Comparative Biomedical Sciences researchers collect baseline data on the dimensions of the skull of a bowhead whale harvested by North Slope residents at Barrow, Alaska (photo by Daniel Hillmann). For more information, contact: H. Jesse Walker Dept. of Geography & Anthropology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Phone: 225/578-6130 Fax: 225/578-4420 [email protected] www.lsu.edu An unabridged version of this overview of LSU research in the Arctic is available on the ARCUS web site at: www.arcus. org/Witness_the_Arctic/ Spring_02/Contents.html Publications NSF Office of Polar Programs Arctic Section Addresses Spring 2002 Office of Polar Programs (OPP) National Science Foundation (NSF) 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 755 S Arlington, VA 22230 Phone: 703/292-8029 • Fax: 703/292-9082 Thomas E. Pyle, Section Head [email protected] Charles E. Myers, Head of Interagency Arctic Staff [email protected] Robin Muench, Program Officer [email protected] Renée Crain, Science Assistant [email protected] Arctic System Science Program (ARCSS) www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/system.htm Neil Swanberg, Acting Program Director [email protected] Luis M. Tupas, Associate Program Director [email protected] Arctic Social Sciences Program www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/social.htm Robin Muench, Acting Program Manager [email protected] Arctic Natural Sciences Program www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/natural.htm Jane V. Dionne, Program Manager [email protected] Robin Muench, Acting Program Manager [email protected] Research Support & Logistics www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/suplog.htm Simon N. Stephenson, Program Manager [email protected] Arctic Sciences Section • www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/start.htm Arctic System Science Program (ARCSS) Program Addresses Jonathan T. Overpeck, Chair Institute for the Study of Planet Earth University of Arizona, Tucson Phone: 520/622-9065 • Fax: 520/792-8795 [email protected] F. Stuart (Terry) Chapin, III Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-7922 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] Rudy J. Dichtl Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) National Snow & Ice Data Center (NSIDC) University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-5532 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] Lawrence C. Hamilton Department of Sociology HSSC University of New Hampshire, Durham Phone: 603/862-1859 • Fax: 603/862-3558 [email protected] Lloyd D. Keigwin Department of Geology & Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA Phone: 508/289-2784 • Fax: 508/457-2183 [email protected] ARCSS Committee Coordination www.arcus.org Wendy K. Warnick, Executive Director Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS) Fairbanks, AK Phone: 907/474-1600 • Fax: 907/474-1604 [email protected] • [email protected] Dan Ferguson, Project Manager ARCUS Phone: 907/474-1600 • Fax: 907/474-1604 [email protected] ARCSS Data Coordination Center http://arcss.colorado.edu Rudy J. Dichtl, Data Manager CIRES/NSIDC University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-5532 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] Chris McNeave, Data Coordinator CIRES/NSIDC University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-1390 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] ARCSS Committee (AC) • www.arcus.org/ARCSS/ARCSS.html Amanda Lynch CIRES Program in Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-5847 • Fax: 303/492-1149 [email protected] Glen M. MacDonald Departments of Geography & Organismic Biology, Ecology & Evolution University of California, Los Angeles Phone: 310/825-2568 • Fax: 310/206-5976 [email protected] Bruce J. Peterson The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) Woods Hole, MA Phone: 508/289-7484 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] John Weatherly Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Hanover, NH Phone: 603/646-4741 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] HARC Science Management Office Henry P. Huntington, Director Huntington Consulting Eagle River, AK Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 [email protected] Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) • www.arcus.org/harc Dan Ferguson, Project Manager ARCUS Fairbanks, AK Phone: 907/474-1600 • Fax: 907/474-1604 [email protected] LAII Science Steering Committee F. Stuart (Terry) Chapin, III, Co-chair Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-7922 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] Matthew Sturm, Co-chair CRREL Ft. Wainwright, AK Phone: 907/353-5183 • Fax: 907/353-5142 [email protected] Mary E. Edwards Geografisk Institutt Norwegian Univ. of Science & Technology Trondheim, Norway Phone: +47/7359-1915 • Fax: +47/7359-1878 [email protected] Brad Griffith Alaska Coop. Fish & Wildlife Research Unit University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-5067 • Fax: 907/474-6716 [email protected] Henry P. Huntington Huntington Consulting Eagle River, AK Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 [email protected] Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) program • www.laii.uaf.edu Gary Kofinas Institute of Arctic Studies Dartmouth College Hanover, NH Phone: 603/646-1278 • Fax: 603/646-1279 [email protected] Andrea H. Lloyd Department of Biology Middlebury College, VT Phone: 802/443-3165 • Fax: 802/443-2072 [email protected] Bruce J. Peterson The Ecosystems Center, MBL Woods Hole, MA Phone: 508/289-7484 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] Joshua Schimel Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Phone: 805/893-7688 • Fax: 805/893-4724 [email protected] ARCSS Program Addresses Spring 2002 Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) program • http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu OAII Science Steering Committee Don Perovich, Chair-Elect Snow & Ice Division CRREL Hanover, NH Phone: 603/646-4255 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] Leonard A. Barrie Atmospheric Sci. & Global Change Resources Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, WA Phone: 509/375-3998 • Fax: 509/372-6153 [email protected] Dennis A. Darby Dept. of Ocean, Earth & Atmospheric Science Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA Phone: 757/683-4701 • Fax: 757/683-5303 [email protected] Thomas L. Delworth Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Princeton, NJ Phone: 609/452-6565 • Fax: 609/987-5063 [email protected] Hajo Eicken Geophysical Institute University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-7280 • Fax: 907/474-7290 [email protected] Rob W. Macdonald Institute of Ocean Sciences Department of Fisheries & Oceans Sidney, BC Canada Phone: 250/363-6409 • Fax: 250/363-6807 [email protected] Patricia A. Matrai Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences West Boothbay Harbor, ME Phone: 207/633-9614 • Fax: 207/633-9641 [email protected] Astrid E. J. Ogilvie Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-6072 • Fax: 303/492-6388 [email protected] Paul B. Shepson Departments of Chemistry, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette, IN Phone: 765/494-7441 • Fax: 765/494-0239 [email protected] Michael Steele Applied Physics Laboratory Polar Science Center (PSC) University of Washington, Seattle Phone: 206/543-6586 • Fax: 206/616-3142 [email protected] David Thompson Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University, Fort Collins Phone: 970/491-3338 • Fax: 970/491-8449 [email protected] Cynthia Tynan NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Seattle, WA Phone: 206/860-6793 • Fax: 206/860-3267 [email protected] John Weatherly (non-OAII Representative) CRREL Hanover, NH Phone: 603/646-4741 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] OAII Science Management Office Louis A. Codispoti, Director Horn Point Laboratory University of Maryland Phone: 410/221-8479 • Fax: 410/221-8490 [email protected] Jane Hawkey, Manager Horn Point Laboratory University of Maryland Phone: 410/221-8416 • Fax: 410/221-8490 [email protected] Mark C. Serreze CIRES/NSIDC University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-2963 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] Gaius Shaver The Ecosystems Center, MBL Woods Hole, MA Phone: 508/289-7492 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] LAII Science Management Office F. Stuart (Terry) Chapin, III, Director Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-7922 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] Patricia A. Anderson, Deputy Director Center for Global Change & Arctic System Research University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-5415 • Fax: 907/474-6722 [email protected] Spring 2002 ARCSS Program Addresses Paleoenvironmental Arctic Sciences (PARCS) • www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/parcs PARCS Science Steering Committee Darrell S. Kaufman, Co-Chair Department of Geology Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff Phone: 928/523-7192 • Fax: 928/523-9220 [email protected] Glen M. MacDonald, Co-Chair Departments of Geography & Organismic Biology, Ecology & Evolution University of California, Los Angeles Phone: 310/825-2568 • Fax: 310/206-5976 [email protected] Marianne Douglas Department of Geology University of Toronto, ON, Canada Phone: 416/978-3709 • Fax: 416/978-3938 [email protected] Mathieu Duvall, Data Manager Department of Geology Bates College, Lewiston, ME Phone: 207/753-6945 • Fax: 207/786-8334 [email protected] Bruce P. Finney Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-7724 • Fax: 907/474-7204 [email protected] Aslaug Geirsdottir Department of Geosciences University of Iceland, Reykjavik Phone: +354/5254477 • Fax: +354/5254499 [email protected] Feng Sheng Hu Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois, Urbana Phone: 217/244-2982 • Fax: 217/244-7246 [email protected] Malcolm K. Hughes Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research University of Arizona, Tucson Phone: 520/621-6470 • Fax: 520/621-8229 [email protected] Anne E. Jennings Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-7621 • Fax: 303/492-6388 [email protected] Anatoly V. Lozhkin Northeast Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute—Far East Branch Russian Academy of Sciences 16 Portovaya Street 685000 Magadan, Russia Phone: +7413/223-0944 Fax: +7413/223-0051 [email protected] Gifford H. Miller, CAPE Representative Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-6962 • Fax: 303/492-6388 [email protected] Bette L. Otto-Bliesner Climate Change Research National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, CO Phone: 303/497-1723 • Fax: 303/497-1348 [email protected] Eric J. Steig Department of Earth & Space Sciences University of Washington, Seattle Phone: 206/685-3715 • Fax: 206/685-3836 [email protected] PARCS Science Management Office Larry Coats, Manager Department of Geology Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff Phone: 928/523-0958 • Fax: 928/556-7500 [email protected] Russian Science Steering Committee Igor Melnikov, Co-chair P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology 36, Nakhimovski Pr. 117997 Moscow, Russia Phone: +7095/124-5996 Fax: +7095/124-5983 [email protected] Sergey Priamikov, Co-chair Arctic & Antarctic Institute 38, Bering Street 199397 St. Petersburg, Russia Phone: +7812/352-0096 Fax: +7812/352-2685 [email protected] • [email protected] Vladimir Pitulko (Pending) Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences 18, Dvortsovaya nab. 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia Phone: +7812/233-6802 Fax: +7812/311-6271 [email protected] Nikolai N. Romanovskii Moscow State University Faculty of Geology Department of Geocryology Vorobyovy Gory 119899 Moscow, Russia Phone: +7095/939-1937 Fax: +7095/932-8889 [email protected] Igor P. Semiletov Pacific Oceanological Institute in Vladivostok through mid-2002: Frontier Research System for Global Change International Arctic Research Center (IARC) University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-6286 • Fax: 907/474-2643 [email protected] • [email protected] Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) • www.raise.uaf.edu U.S. Science Steering Committee Lee Cooper, Chair Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville Phone: 865/974-2990 • Fax: 865/974-3067 [email protected] Steve Forman Department of Geological Sciences University of Illinois, Chicago Phone: 312/413-9404 • Fax: 312/413-2279 [email protected] Richard Lammers Water Systems Analysis Group University of New Hampshire, Durham Phone: 603/862-4699 • Fax: 603/862-0587 [email protected] Bruce Peterson The Ecosystems Center, MBL Woods Hole, MA Phone: 508/548-3705 ext. 7484 Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] Andrey Proshutinsky Department of Physical Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA Phone: 508/289-2796 • Fax: 508/457-2181 [email protected] Vladimir Romanovsky, Project Office Director Geophysical Institute University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-7459 • Fax: 907/474-7290 [email protected] Laurence Smith (Pending) Department of Geography University of California, Los Angeles Phone: 310/825-1071 • Fax: 310/206-5976 [email protected] Larry D. Hinzman, Co-chair Water & Environmental Research Center University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-7331 • Fax: 907/474-7979 [email protected] Charles Vörösmarty, Co-chair Water Systems Analysis Group University of New Hampshire, Durham Phone: 603/862-0850 • Fax: 603/862-0587 [email protected] Henry P. Huntington Huntington Consulting Eagle River, AK Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 [email protected] Rob W. Macdonald Institute of Ocean Sciences Department of Fisheries and Oceans Sidney, BC Canada Phone: 250/363-6409 • Fax: 250/363-6807 [email protected] Kyle C. McDonald Terrestrial Science Research Element Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) California Institute of Technology, Pasadena Phone: 818/354-3263 • Fax: 818/354-9476 [email protected] David A. McGuire Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-6242 • Fax: 907/474-6716 [email protected] Don K. Perovich CRREL Hanover, NH Phone: 603/646-4255 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] Bruce J. Peterson The Ecosystems Center, MBL Woods Hole, MA Phone: 508/289-7484 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] Michael Steele Applied Physics Laboratory, PSC University of Washington, Seattle Phone: 206/543-6586 • Fax: 206/616-3142 [email protected] Matthew Sturm CRREL Ft. Wainwright, AK Phone: 907/353-5183 • Fax: 907/353-5142 [email protected] James Syvitski Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-7909 • Fax: 303/492-6388 [email protected] John E. Walsh Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Illinois, Urbana Phone: 217/333-7521 • Fax: 217/244-4393 [email protected] Robert S. Webb National Geophysical Data Center E/GC NOAA Boulder, CO Phone: 303/497-6967 • Fax: 303/497-7013 [email protected] Pan-Arctic Community-wide Hydrological Analysis & Monitoring Program (Arctic-CHAMP) www.arcus.org/ARCSS/hydro/index.html Spring 2002 ARCSS Program Addresses SEARCH Science Steering Committee Jamie Morison, Chair & Project Office Director Applied Physics Lab, PSC University of Washington, Seattle Phone: 206/543-1394 • Fax: 206/616-3142 [email protected] Vera Alexander School of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-6824 • Fax: 907/474-7386 [email protected] Louis A. Codispoti Center for Environmental Science Horn Point Laboratory University of Maryland Phone: 410/221-8479 • Fax: 410/221-8490 [email protected] Thomas L. Delworth Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory NOAA Princeton, NJ Phone: 609/452-6565 • Fax: 609/987-5063 [email protected] Bob Dickson Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) Suffolk, UK Phone: +44/1502-524282 Fax: +44/1502-513865 [email protected] Hajo Eicken Geophysical Institute University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-7280 • Fax: 907/474-7290 [email protected] Jacqueline M. Grebmeier Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville Phone: 865/974-2592 • Fax: 865/974-7896 [email protected] George Hunt Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of California, Irvine Phone: 949/824-2181 • Fax: 949/824-2181 [email protected] Jack Kruse Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts, Leverett Phone: 413/367-2240 • Fax: 413/367-0092 [email protected] Dennis Lettenmaier Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Washington, Seattle Phone: 206/543-2532 • Fax: 206/685-3836 [email protected] Dave McGuire Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-6242 • Fax: 907/474-6716 [email protected] Jim Overland Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory NOAA, Seattle, WA Phone: 206/526-6795 • Fax: 206/526-6485 [email protected] Jonathan Overpeck Institute for the Study of Planet Earth University of Arizona, Tucson Phone: 520/622-9065 • Fax: 520/792-8795 [email protected] Peter Schlosser Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University, Palisades, NY Phone: 914/365-8707 • Fax: 914/365-8155 Mark C. Serreze CIRES/NSIDC University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-2963 • Fax: 303/492-1149 [email protected] Gus Shaver The Ecosystems Center, MBL Woods Hole, MA Phone: 508/289-7492 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] John Walsh Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Illinois, Urbana Phone: 217/333-7521 • Fax: 217/244-4393 [email protected] Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) http://psc.apl.washington.edu/search Roger G. Barry CIRES/NSIDC University of Colorado, Boulder Phone: 303/492-5488 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] Mark Fahnestock Complex Systems Research Center Inst. for the Study of Earth, Oceans & Space University of New Hampshire, Durham Phone: 603/862-5065 • Fax: 603/862-0188 [email protected] Arctic-CHAMP Science Steering Committee Publications ARCUS Addresses Spring 2002 Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 Henry P. Huntington, President Huntington Consulting 23834 The Clearing Drive Eagle River, AK 99577 Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 [email protected] Lilian Alessa Department of Biology University of Alaska Anchorage 3211 Providence Drive Anchorage, AK 99508 Phone: 907/786-1507 • Fax: 907/786-4607 [email protected] • www.uaa.alaska.edu Raymond S. Bradley Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts Morrill Science Center Campus Box 35820 Amherst, MA 01003-5820 Phone: 413/545-2120 • Fax: 413/545-1200 [email protected] • www.umass.edu Louis A. Codispoti, Secretary Center for Environmental Science Horn Point Laboratory University of Maryland PO Box 775 Cambridge, MD 21601-0775 Phone: 410/221-8479 • Fax: 410/221-8490 [email protected] • www.umd.edu Gregory M. Flato Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling & Analysis–Atmospheric Environment Service University of Victoria PO Box 1700 Victoria, BC V8W2Y2 Canada Phone: 250/363-8233 • Fax: 250/363-8247 [email protected] • www.uvic.ca Harald Gaski Faculty of Humanities–Department of Sámi University of Tromsø N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Phone: +47/7764-4259 • Fax: +47/7764-4239 [email protected] • www.uit.no Taqulik Hepa Department of Wildlife Management North Slope Borough PO Box 69 Barrow, AK 99723 Phone: 907/852-0350 • Fax: 907/852-0351 [email protected] • www.co.north-slope.ak.us David R. Klein, Treasurer Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757020 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7020 Phone: 907/474-6674 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] • www.uaf.edu Daniel H. Mann Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757000 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 Phone: 907/474-2419 • Fax: 907/474-7640 [email protected] • www.uaf.edu ARCUS Board of Directors • www.arcus.org/ARCUS/directors.html Wieslaw Maslowski, Executive Committee Department of Oceanography–Code OC/Ma Naval Postgraduate School 833 Dyer Road, Room 331 Monterey, CA 93943-5122 Phone: 831/656-3162 • Fax: 831/656-2712 [email protected] • www.nps.navy.mil Astrid E. J. Ogilvie Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Campus Box 450 1560 30th Street Boulder, CO 80309-0450 Phone: 303/492-6072 • Fax: 303/492-6388 [email protected] • www.colorado.edu Mark C. Serreze, Executive Committee CIRES/National Snow & Ice Data Center University of Colorado Boulder Campus Box 216 Boulder, CO 80309-0449 Phone: 303/492-2963 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] • www.colorado.edu Bernard D. Zak Environmental Characterization & Monitoring Systems Department Sandia National Laboratories PO Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0755 Phone: 505/845-8631 • Fax: 505/844-0116 [email protected] • www.sandia.gov ARCUS Member Institutions, Representatives, and Alternates Alaska North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management www.co.north-slope.ak.us Robert Suydam Department of Wildlife Management North Slope Borough PO Box 69 Barrow, AK 99723 Phone: 907/852-0350 • Fax: 907/852-0351 [email protected] Todd O’Hara address, phone, & fax same as Robert Suydam [email protected] Arizona State University www.asu.edu Anthony J. Brazel Department of Geography Arizona State University PO Box 870104 Tempe, AZ 85287-0104 Phone: 480/965-6436 • Fax: 480/965-8313 [email protected] Bates College www.bates.edu Michael Retelle Geology Department Bates College 44 Campus Avenue Lewiston, ME 04240 Phone: 207/786-6155 • Fax: 207/786-8334 [email protected] William G. Ambrose Biology Department address same as Michael Retelle Phone: 207/786-6114 • Fax: 207/786-6123 [email protected] Brown University www.brown.edu Douglas D. Anderson Department of Anthropology Brown University PO Box 1921 Providence, RI 02912 Phone: 401/863-7060 • Fax: 401/863-7588 [email protected] The Center for Northern Studies http://community.middlebury.edu/~cns Steven Young The Center for Northern Studies 479 Cross Road Wolcott, VT 05680-4088 Phone: 802/888-4331 • Fax: 802/888-3969 [email protected] Steven Cox contact information same as Steven Young Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) www.crrel.usace.army.mil Debra Meese Snow & Ice Division Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Phone: 603/646-4594 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] Walter (Terry) Tucker, III address same as Debra Meese Phone: 603/646-4268 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] (continued next page) ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org ARCUS Addresses Spring 2002 ARCUS Member Institutions, Representatives, and Alternates (continued) Dartmouth College www.dartmouth.edu Oran R. Young Institute of Arctic Studies Dartmouth College 6214 Fairchild Hanover, NH 03755-3517 Phone: 603/646-1278 • Fax: 603/646-1279 [email protected] Ross A. Virginia Environmental Studies Program Dartmouth College 6182 Steele Hall Hanover, NH 03755-3577 Phone: 603/646-1456 • Fax: 603/646-1682 [email protected] Desert Research Institute www.dri.edu Randy Borys Storm Peak Laboratory Desert Research Institute PO Box 770799 Steamboat Springs, CO 80477-0799 Phone: 970/879-8796 • Fax: 970/879-7819 [email protected] Joseph R. McConnell Division of Hydrologic Sciences Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, NV 89512 Phone: 775/673-7348 • Fax: 775/673-7363 [email protected] Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University www.erau.edu Gulamabas G. Sivjee Physical Sciences Department Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 600 S. Clyde Morris Boulevard Daytona Beach, FL 32114-3900 Phone: 904/226-6711 • Fax: 904/226-6713 [email protected] John J. Olivero address same as Gulamabas G. Sivjee Phone: 904/226-6709 • Fax: 904/226-6713 [email protected] Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research www.mines.uidaho.edu/glacier Maynard M. Miller Foundation for Glacier & Environmental Research University of Idaho 514 East First Street Moscow, ID 83843 Phone: 208/882-1237 • Fax: 208/882-6207 [email protected] Lance D. Miller Foundation for Glacier & Environmental Research 4470 North Douglas Highway Juneau, AK 99801 Phone & Fax: 907/463-5186 [email protected] Iøisaåvik College http://ilisagvik.co.north-slope.ak.us Edna MacLean Iøisaåvik College PO Box 749 Barrow, AK 99723-0749 Phone: 907/852-9101 • Fax: 907/852-9102 [email protected] Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University www.ldeo.columbia.edu William M. Smethie Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory PO Box 1000 Palisades, NY 10964-8000 Phone: 845/365-8566 • Fax: 845/365-8176 [email protected] James R. Cochran address same as William M. Smethie Phone: 845/365-8396 • Fax: 845/365-8179 [email protected] Louisiana State University www.lsu.edu H. Jesse Walker Department of Geography & Anthropology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4105 Phone: 225/578-6130 • Fax: 225/578-4420 [email protected] Robert H. Baumann Center for Energy Studies 120 Energy Center Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Phone: 225/578-4400 • Fax: 225/578-4541 [email protected] Marine Biological Laboratory www.mbl.edu Bruce J. Peterson The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/289-7484 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] Knute Nadelhoffer address same as Bruce J. Peterson Phone: 508/289-7493 • Fax: 508/457-1548 [email protected] Michigan State University www.msu.edu Patrick J. Webber Department of Botany & Plant Pathology Michigan State University 100 N. Kedzie Hall East Lansing, MI 48824-1031 Phone: 517/355-1284 • Fax: 517/432-2150 [email protected] Robert D. Hollister address same as Patrick J. Webber Phone: 517/432-2399 • Fax: 517/432-2150 [email protected] Northern Illinois University www.niu.edu Ross D. Powell Department of Geology Northern Illinois University 312 Davis Hall DeKalb, IL 60115-2854 Phone: 815/753-7952 • Fax: 815/753-1945 [email protected] The Ohio State University www.acs.ohio-state.edu W. Berry Lyons Byrd Polar Research Center The Ohio State University 1090 Carmack Road Columbus, OH 43210-1002 Phone: 614/688-3241 • Fax: 614/292-4697 [email protected] Oregon State University www.orst.edu Timothy Boyd College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University 104 Ocean Administration Building Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Phone: 541/737-4035 • Fax: 541/737-2064 [email protected] Evelyn B. Sherr address same as Timothy Boyd Phone: 541/737-4369 • Fax: 541/737-2064 [email protected] San Diego State University www.sdsu.edu W. Timothy Hushen San Diego State University Foundation— Research Management San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182 Phone: 619/594-4102 • Fax: 619/582-9164 [email protected] Douglas A. Stow Department of Geography San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-4493 Phone: 619/594-5498 • Fax: 619/594-4938 [email protected] Sandia National Laboratories www.sandia.gov Jeffrey Zirzow Sandia National Laboratories PO Box 5800, MS 0755 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0755 Phone: 505/284-4446 • Fax: 505/844-0968 [email protected] ARCUS Addresses Spring 2002 Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 ARCUS Member Institutions, Representatives, and Alternates (continued) Smithsonian Institution www.si.edu Aron L. Crowell Anchorage Museum of History & Art Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center Smithsonian Institution 121 W. 7th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Phone: 907/343-6162 • Fax: 907/343-6130 [email protected] Stephen Loring Arctic Studies Center Department of Anthropology Smithsonian Institution NMNH MRC-112 10th and Constitution NW Washington, DC 20560 Phone: 202/357-4742 • Fax: 202/357-2684 [email protected] SRI International www.sri.com John D. Kelly Ionospheric & Space Physics Group SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, CA 94025 Phone: 650/859-3749 • Fax: 650/322-2318 [email protected] Jeff Thayer Engineering & Systems Division address same as John D. Kelly Phone: 650/859-3557 • Fax: 650/322-2318 [email protected] Texas A&M University www.tamu.edu David A. Brooks College of Geosciences Texas A&M University 3148 CAMPUS College Station, TX 77845-3148 Phone: 979/845-3651 • Fax: 979/845-0056 [email protected] Mahlon C. Kennicutt, II Geochemical & Environmental Research Group Texas A&M University 833 Graham Road College Station, TX 77845 Phone: 979/862-2323 • Fax: 979/862-2361 [email protected] University of Alaska Anchorage www.uaa.alaska.edu Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson Department of Biological Sciences University of Alaska Anchorage 3211 Providence Drive Anchorage, AK 99508 Phone: 907/786-1366 • Fax: 907/786-4607 [email protected] University of Alaska Fairbanks www.uaf.edu Roger W. Ruess Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757000 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 Phone: 907/474-7153 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] Ted DeLaca Office of Arctic Research University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 757560 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7560 Phone: 907/474-7314 • Fax: 907/474-1836 [email protected] University of Alaska Statewide www.alaska.edu Craig E. Dorman University of Alaska Statewide PO Box 755000 Fairbanks, AK 99775-5000 Phone: 907/474-5750 • Fax: 907/474-7570 [email protected] University of Colorado www.colorado.edu Rudy J. Dichtl CIRES/NSIDC University of Colorado Campus Box 449 Boulder, CO 80309-0449 Phone: 303/492-5532 • Fax: 303/492-2468 [email protected] University of Massachusetts www.umass.edu Julie Brigham-Grette Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts Morrill Science Center Campus Box 35820 Amherst, MA 01003-5820 Phone: 413/545-4840 • Fax: 413/545-1200 [email protected] University of Miami www.miami.edu Peter J. Minnett Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science University of Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 Phone: 305/361-4104 • Fax: 305/361-4622 [email protected] Zafer Top address same as Peter J. Minnett Phone: 305/361-4110 • Fax: 305/361-4911 [email protected] University of Nebraska-Lincoln www.unl.edu Clinton M. Rowe Department of Geosciences University of Nebraska–Lincoln Bessey Hall, Room 305C Lincoln, NE 68588-0340 Phone: 402/472-1946 • Fax: 402/472-4917 [email protected] University of New Hampshire www.unh.edu Cameron Wake Climate Change Research Center Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, & Space University of New Hampshire 39 College Road–Morse Hall Durham, NH 03824-3525 Phone: 603/862-2329 • Fax: 603/862-2124 [email protected] Jack Dibb Glacier Research Group address same as Cameron Wake Phone: 603/862-3063 • Fax: 603/862-2124 [email protected] University of Washington www.washington.edu Ronald S. Sletten Quaternary Research Center University of Washington Box 351360 Seattle, WA 98195-1360 Phone: 206/543-0571 • Fax: 206/543-3836 [email protected] Jody W. Deming School of Oceanography University of Washington Box 357940 Seattle, WA 98195 Phone: 206/543-0845 • Fax: 206/543-0275 [email protected] University of Wisconsin-Madison www.wisc.edu James G. Bockheim Department of Soil Science University of Wisconsin–Madison 1525 Observatory Drive Madison, WI 53706-1299 Phone: 608/263-5903 • Fax 608/265-2595 [email protected] Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution www.whoi.edu Andrey Proshutinsky Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS 29 Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/289-2796 • Fax: 508/457-2181 [email protected] Susumu Honjo Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS 23 Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/540-1162 • Fax: 508/540-9439 [email protected] ARCUS Addresses Spring 2002 ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar & Marine Research www.awi-bremerhaven.de Jörn Thiede Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar & Marine Research Columbusstrasse D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany Phone: +49/471-4831-1100 Fax: +49/471-4831-1102 [email protected] Rainer Paulenz address, phone, & fax same as Jörn Thiede [email protected] Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies (ACUNS) www.cyberus.ca/~acuns Robert C. Bailey Department of Zoology & Aquatic Ecology University of Western Ontario Biological and Geological Sciences Building London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada Phone: 519/661-4022 • Fax: 519/661-2014 [email protected] Frances Abele-Kinloch School of Public Administration Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada Phone: 613/520-2600 ext 2553 Fax: 613/520-2551 [email protected] GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geosciences www.geomar.de Heidemarie Kassens Department of Paleoceanography GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geosciences Wischhofstrasse 1-3, Geb 4 D-24148 Kiel, Germany Phone: +49/431-6002-850 Fax: +49/431-6002-941 [email protected] McGill University www.mcgill.ca Marianne Stenbaek Cultural Studies Department McGill University 853 Sherbrooke Street Montreal, QC H3A 2T6 Canada Phone: 514/398-6579 • Fax: 514/398-8146 [email protected] Norwegian Polar Institute www.npolar.no Olav Orheim Polar Environmental Center Norwegian Polar Institute Polarmiljøsenteret N-9296 Tromsø, Norway Phone: +47/7775-0620 • Fax: +47/7775-0501 [email protected] Pål Prestrud Research Department Norwegian Polar Institute Polarmiljøsenteret N-9296 Tromsø, Norway Phone: +47/7775-0530 • Fax: +47/7775-0501 [email protected] Scott Polar Research Institute www.spri.cam.ac.uk Keith S. Richards Scott Polar Research Institute University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1ER Cambridge, UK Phone: +44/1223-336-579 Fax: +44/1223-336-549 [email protected] William J. Mills address same as Keith S. Richards Phone: +44/1223-336-557 Fax: +44/1223-336-549 [email protected] The University Courses on Svalbard www.unis.no Lasse Lønnum The University Courses on Svalbard PO Box 156 N-9170 Longyearbyen, Norway Phone: +47/7902-3305 • Fax: +47/7902-3301 [email protected] Trond Dokken Department of Geology University of Bergen Allégt 55 N-5007 Bergen, Norway Phone: +47/7902-3331 • Fax: +47/7902-3301 [email protected] University of Northern British Columbia www.unbc.ca Kevin Hall Geography Program University of Northern British Columbia 3333 University Way Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada Phone: 250/960-5864 • Fax: 250/960-5538 [email protected] Katherine Parker Forestry Program address same as Kevin Hall Phone: 250/960-5812 • Fax: 250/960-5539 [email protected] University of Tromsø www.uit.no Ingvild Broch Research Department University of Tromsø N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Phone: +47/7764-4262 • Fax: +47/7764-4900 [email protected] Geir Gotaas Roald Amundsen Centre for Arctic Research address same as Ingvild Broch Phone: +47/7764-5241 • Fax: +47/7767-6672 [email protected] ARCUS International Affiliates (continued next column) ARCUS Arctic Research Support and Logistics Working Group • www.arcus.org/Logistics/RSLWG/ working_group.html Peter Schlosser, Co-chair Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Palisades, NY Phone: 845/365-8707 • Fax: 845/365-8155 [email protected] Terry Tucker, Co-chair Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory Hanover, NH Phone: 603/646-4268 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email protected] Julie Brigham-Grette Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts, Amherst Phone: 413/545-4840 • Fax: 413/545-1200 [email protected] Jack Dibb Glacier Research Group University of New Hampshire, Durham Phone: 603/862-3063 • Fax: 603/862-2124 [email protected] Jack Kruse Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts, Amherst Phone: 413/367-2240 • Fax: 413/367-0092 [email protected] Miles McPhee McPhee Research Naches, WA Phone: 509/658-2575 • Fax: 509/658-2575 [email protected] Craig Nicolson Department of Natural Resources Conservation University of Massachusetts, Amherst Phone: 413/545-3154 • Fax: 413/545-4358 [email protected] Roger W. Smith Geophysical Institute University of Alaska, Fairbanks Phone: 907/474-7416 • Fax: 907/474-5882 [email protected] Matthew Sturm Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory Ft. Wainwright, AK Phone: 907/353-5183 • Fax: 907/353-5142 [email protected] Taneil Uttal Environmental Research Laboratory National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Boulder, CO Phone: 303/497-6409 • Fax: 303/497-6978 [email protected]