XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025

Scientific advances and innovative approaches Proceedings of the XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference 25-26 September 2025 Tokyo. Japan 2025 UDC 001.1 BBC 1 XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference «Scientific advances and innovative approaches», September 25-26, 2025, Tokyo. Japan. 77 p. ISBN 978-92-44514-69-6 DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17243861 Publisher: «World of Conferences» Main organization: Editor: Tarmo Vesik Layout: Asko Laar The conference materials are in the public domain under the CC BY-NC 4.0 International license. The publisher is not responsible for the materials published in the collection. All materials are provided in the author's edition and express the personal position of the participant of the conference. The sample of the citation for publication is: Fedorov Denis Vladimirovich CHINESE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN THE GLOBAL INVESTMENT MARKET // Scientific advances and innovative approaches. Proceedings of the XIX International Scientific and Practical Conference. Tokyo, Japan. 2025. Pp. 25-27. URL: https://conference-w.com/ Contact information Website: https://conference-w.com/ E-mail: [email protected] Content Agricultural sciences Yessimseitova Аssel, Kakimzhanova Аlmagul SCREENING TOMATO GENOTYPES FOR EARLY BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN KAZAKHSTAN 4 Biological sciences U.A. Orifjonova, H.A. Ubaidullaeva CRISPR/CAS9 TECHNOLOGY BASED ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A VECTOR FOR THE PHYA1 GENE 6 Chemical sciences Aren Tenizbayev, Meruyert Tolegenkyzy, Nurbol Appazov OBTAINING HYDROCHAR BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION FROM RICE HUSK 7 Economic sciences Elshan Asgarov DIGITAL LOGISTICS: THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON THE SUPPLY CHAIN 14 Huseyn Baghirsoylu TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND NEW SKILLS IN THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY 21 Koxarova Dalira THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN EMERGING ECONOMY CASE STUDY 26 Geological and mineralogical sciences Bochkarev V.A., Krivobokov D.M., Bochkarev Art.V. THE PRINCIPALS OF EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF THE PIMIENTA SHALE FORMATION IN MEXICO 31 Medical sciences Arman Khozhayev, Aidana Kabykay, Yerkin Duissenbinov, Zhanar Karabekova, Sandina Darim, Aigerim Taigarayeva, Sairan Toktarbayev, Serik Dinislam LUNG CANCER: THE STATUS OF THE PROBLEM AND POSSIBILITIES FOR ITS SOLUTION 44 Pedagogical sciences Avedyan Vlada Levonovna TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AIMED AT THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL AND SPEECH COMPETENCE OF CADETS OF THE AVIATION FACULTY 53 Efi Analyti, Athina Spanou, Theofania Lyrintzi, Triada Kapota, Angeliki Tsagri INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN PRIMARY EDUCATION: ENHANCING LEARNING THROUGH DIGITAL INTEGRATION 57 Philological sciences Abdullayeva Gunay Allahverdi WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S LITERARY CONTRIBUTION AND DRAMATIC THEORY 63 Garanfil Rzayeva THE ROLE OF LITERARY CRITICISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN AZERBAIJAN LITERATURE 66 Sociological sciences Raikhan Meiir Serikuly, Inara Yelshatovna Sarybayeva COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS FOR CLASSIFYING PROFESSIONS AND DIFFERENTIATING SOCIAL GUARANTEES DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 70 XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 4 Agricultural sciences SCREENING TOMATO GENOTYPES FOR EARLY BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN KAZAKHSTAN Yessimseitova Аssel1,2 Doctoral student, Kakimzhanova Аlmagul1 Professor, 1 National center for biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan 2 Agronomy Faculty, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops, ranking second in global consumption after potato [1]. In 2022, worldwide tomato production reached 186.1 million metric tons on approximately 5 million hectares [2]. Tomato is an important source of vitamins A and C, as well as the antioxidant lycopene, which reduces the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases [3,4]. However, commercial tomato production is constrained by various pests and diseases. Among the fungal diseases, early blight caused by Alternaria species is considered one of the most destructive, leading to yield losses through reduced photosynthetic leaf area, fruit and seed rot, and contamination with fungal metabolites [5-7]. In this study, 39 tomato varieties and hybrids obtained from the Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing (Almaty region) were screened for resistance to early blight. Alternaria alternata isolates were obtained from infected tomato fruits and leaves and maintained in pure culture on PCA medium (10 g potato, 10 g carrot, 20 g agar) supplemented with tetracycline (50 mg/L). Plates were incubated at 25±2°C under a 12-h photoperiod. After 10 days, 10–15 mL of sterile water with a drop of Tween-20 was added to collect spores [8]. Spore concentration was adjusted to 10,000 spores/mL using a hemocytometer. Seeds of tomato varieties and hybrids were sown in plastic trays with sterile peat. Two-week-old seedlings (3-4 leaves) were transplanted into 9×9×9 cm pots with a peat:vermiculite mix (3:1) and grown under fluorescent light at 23°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Inoculation with A. alternata was performed by spraying plants, which were then covered with plastic for 48 h to maintain high humidity, followed by adjustment to 85%. The experiment included three replications, each with six plants. Non-inoculated plants served as control. Ten days post-inoculation, disease severity was evaluated by calculating the percentage disease index (PDI) following Pandey et al. (2003) [8]. Two genotypes showed high resistance, while 23 genotypes exhibited moderate resistance (PDI 12.1– 25%). Thirteen genotypes were moderately susceptible (PDI 25.1–50%), and one variety was classified as resistant. These resistant genotypes represent valuable resources for tomato breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars resistant to early blight. Keywords: Tomato, Alternaria, resistance, Solanum lycopersicum, disease. Acknowledgments This research has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP19679502). References 1. Boches, P.; Peterschmidt, B.; Myers, J.R. Evaluation of a Subset of the Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme Core Collection for Horticultural Quality and Fruit Phenolic Content. HortScience 2011, 46, 1450–1455. 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Database. Available online: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (accessed on 15 September 2025). 3. Beecher, G.R. Nutrient Content of Tomatoes and Tomato Products. Exp. Biol. Med. 1998, 218(2), 98–100. 4. Vandenlangenberg, G.M.; Brady, W.E.; Nebeling, L.C.; Block, G.; Forman, M.; Bowen, P.E.; MaresPerlman, J.A. Influence of Using Different Sources of Carotenoid Data in Epidemiologic Studies. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1996, 96, 1271–1275. 5. Alsamir, M.; Mahmood, T.; Trethowan, R.; Ahmad, N. An Overview of Heat Stress in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 28, 1654–1663. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 5 6. Cannon, P.F.; Kirk, P.M. Fungal Families of the World; CAB International: Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, 2007; p. 456. 7. Adhikari, P.; Oh, Y.; Panthee, D.R. Current status of early blight resistance in tomato: An update. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102019. 8. Pandey, K.K.; Pandey, P.K.; Kalloo, G.; Banerjee, M.K. Resistance to Early Blight of Tomato with Respect to Various Parameters of Disease Epidemics. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 2003, 69, 364–371. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 6 Biological sciences CRISPR/CAS9 TECHNOLOGY BASED ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A VECTOR FOR THE PHYA1 GENE U.A. Orifjonova H.A. Ubaidullaeva Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ CRISPR/CAS9 НА ОСНОВЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ ВЕКТОРА ДЛЯ ГЕНА PHYA1 У.A.Орифжонова Х.A.Убайдуллаева Центр геномики и биоинформатики Академии наук Республики Узбекистан Хлопчатник (Gossypium spp.) – одно из основных сельскохозяйственных растений с экономическим вкладом в мировой рынок, который оценивается примерно в 500 млрд долларов США. Хлопок, получаемый из растительного сырья, обеспечивает ежегодный доход для 100 млн хозяйствующих субъектов в 150 странах мира. Из культивируемых в мире 53 видов хлопчатника, наиболее часто используются Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum и G. herbaceum. G. hirsutum (хлопчатник со средней длиной волокон) и G. barbadense (хлопчатник с тонкими, длинными и прочными волокнами) – это аллотетраплоидные виды. Благодаря своей способности адаптироваться к различным условиям окружающей среды, производить высококачественное волокно и высокой урожайности, 95 % площадей, на которых выращивают хлопок, занимает сорт G. hirsutum. На долю G. barbadense, а также на сорта с диплоидным набором хромосом (G. arboreum и G. herbaceum), приходятся оставшиеся 5%. В настоящее время хлопчатник стал модельным объектом исследований, направленных на получение сортов с высокой урожайностью, качественными, длинными и прочными волокнами, то есть сортов, соответствующих современным требованиям текстильной промышленности. В частности, для повышения физиологических и агрономических характеристик хлопчатника с помощью технологии РНК-интерференции за счет снижения на 70% экспрессии гена PHYA1 (группа фоторецепторов, отвечающих за реакцию на красный и дальний красный свет) были получены сорта хлопчатника с высокой урожайностью, ранним созреванием и длинными волокнами. С целью дальнейшего улучшения агрономических характеристик с помощью технологии CRISPR/Cas9 проводится трансформация хлопчатника линии Cocker-312 для создания векторной конструкции для нокаута гена PHYA1. Ключевые слова: ген PHYA1, технология CRISPR/CAS9, хлопок (Gossypium hirsutum L.), векторная конструкция XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 7 Chemical sciences OBTAINING HYDROCHAR BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION FROM RICE HUSK Aren Tenizbayev №9 regional «Bilim-Innovation» lyceum boarding-school for gifted boys named after Seilbek Shaukhamanov which belongs education department of Kyzylorda region, Kyzylorada, Kazakhstan Meruyert Tolegenkyzy Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan Nurbol Appazov Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan Abstract The present study focuses on the synthesis of hydrochar from rice husk through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), a thermochemical conversion technique that has gained significant attention for its ability to transform agricultural residues into value-added carbonaceous materials. HTC offers an environmentally friendly and efficient approach to biomass utilization, resulting in products with high carbon content, considerable energy potential, and multifunctional applications in adsorption, catalysis, and energy storage. Rice husk, a by-product generated in large quantities during rice milling and commonly regarded as agricultural waste, was selected as the raw material due to its abundance, low cost, and favorable composition. A series of hydrothermal carbonization experiments were performed under varying temperature regimes in order to optimize process parameters and evaluate the effect of carbonization conditions on hydrochar yield and quality. Prior to treatment, rice husk was thoroughly washed with running water followed by distilled water to remove impurities and dried in a laboratory oven at 105 °C for 24 hours to ensure consistent moisture content. The pretreated husk was then mixed with distilled water at a mass ratio of 1:1 under continuous stirring to promote uniform hydration. The prepared mixture was subjected to carbonization in a vacuum muffle furnace at different target temperatures for a fixed duration of 60 minutes. The experimental results demonstrated that both carbonization temperature and reaction duration exert a significant influence on the structural and physicochemical properties of the resulting hydrochar. At elevated temperatures, intensive thermal decomposition promoted the breakdown of surface layers of the biomass, which facilitated the development of a porous architecture and increased the specific surface area. The systematic study of hydrochar properties included determination of moisture content, bulk density, and iodine adsorption activity, the latter serving as a measure of porosity and surface functionality. It was established that the optimal carbonization temperature for rice husk under the chosen conditions was 800 °C, where the maximum iodine adsorption activity of 63.37% was achieved. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed that the hydrochar obtained at this temperature exhibited a well-developed and highly porous structure, which is expected to enhance its adsorption performance and extend its potential applications in environmental and energy-related fields. These findings demonstrate that hydrothermal carbonization is a viable route for upgrading rice husk into functional porous carbon materials, contributing to sustainable waste valorization strategies. Keywords: rice husk, hydrochar, hydrothermal carbonization, adsorption activity, porous structure. INTRODUCTION The increasing global population and industrial expansion have intensified the demand for sustainable agricultural production and effective environmental protection strategies. Carbonaceous materials such as activated carbon, biochar, and hydrochar are widely recognized as cost-efficient adsorbents for applications in water purification, soil improvement, and environmental remediation. Hydrochar, obtained through the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass, is extensively applied as a soil amendment, fertilizer, adsorbent, and renewable energy source [1]. The growing accumulation of agricultural and industrial waste has driven the development of the circular bioeconomy concept, which emphasizes the creation of valuable by-products while supporting environmental sustainability. Each year, global rice production yields more than 750 million tons of straw and approximately 150 million tons of husk. To convert this biomass into useful products, thermochemical and hydrothermal methods are among the most frequently employed for producing biochar and hydrochar [2-7]. Rice husk (RH) is a particularly valuable resource, containing compounds suitable for diverse applications. RH and its XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 8 derivatives have been utilized as fuel and other energy carriers, as construction materials, and in pharmaceutical, medical, and nanobiotechnological industries [8-15]. A detailed study [16] examined the physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties of hydrochar. Findings indicated that hydrothermal carbonization markedly enhanced parameters such as calorific value, grindability, ignition temperature, explosiveness, combustibility, and gasification behavior in comparison with untreated biomass. In addition, hydrochar contributes to the improvement of agroforestry systems by promoting plant growth and soil quality, while also offering potential benefits for climate change mitigation through long-term carbon sequestration in soils and enhanced carbon uptake by vegetation [17]. The defining characteristics of hydrochar include its elevated calorific value and the abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups. These properties are strongly influenced by the feedstock composition as well as the temperature and residence time during HTC. Owing to these features, hydrochar has demonstrated promising potential in various applications, including as an adsorbent, porous carbon precursor, catalyst support, and in clean energy technologies [18]. HTC has gained considerable attention in recent years as an effective technique for producing hydrochar from diverse biomass sources, particularly agricultural residues. A number of studies have focused on the upscaling of this process and its potential for industrial applications [19]. Hydrochar is characterized by hydrophobicity, elevated energy density, and a calorific value comparable to that of lignite coal. A fundamental distinction of HTC compared with other carbonization techniques lies in the large volume of water involved, which directly influences the mechanisms of hydrochar formation. Investigations [20-22] have addressed the specifics of low-temperature thermal treatment and the structural transformation of biomass constituents such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin under HTC conditions. Hydrochar has been successfully synthesized from watermelon rind waste through hydrothermal treatment at 190°C and 260°C for 1, 6, and 12 hours. Both the solid hydrochar and the spent liquor were recovered and characterized, with the results indicating a hydrochar yield of 2-5% on a fresh weight basis and 46-95% on a dry weight basis [23]. Similarly, high-carbon-content hydrochar was produced from fallen leaves under HTC at 200-250 °C, followed by hot deionized water treatment for 30 minutes. The highest energy content (91.67%) was achieved at a carbonization temperature of 240°C [24]. Agro-industrial residues such as sunflower meal have also been converted into adsorptive carbon materials via HTC. Characterization using FTIR spectroscopy revealed the phase composition, while SEM analysis demonstrated morphological features. It was confirmed that HTC treatment facilitated the development of porous structures in the resulting carbon materials [25]. In another study, both hydrochar and pyrochar were obtained from Napier grass through HTC (200 and 240°C) and pyrolysis (300 and 500°C), respectively. Their physicochemical properties and Cd2+ sorption behavior were systematically investigated [26]. Phosphorus-enriched hydrochar was prepared via co-hydrothermal treatment of bamboo and hickory biomass with concentrated H3PO4 (biomass:H3PO4 = 1:4) at 200°C for 7 hours. The material’s characteristics were analyzed, and its role in Pb stabilization in soils was demonstrated [27]. Hydrochar from rice straw was obtained through catalytic HTC at 200°C, with and without FeCl3 (1.2%) serving as an iron catalyst, which improved the surface properties. Batch adsorption studies were performed to assess the influence of adsorbent dosage, solution pH, and initial metal ion concentration [28]. Date palm leaves have also been used as precursors for hydrochar via HTC. Chemical modification with H2O2 yielded a hydrochar exhibiting a sponge-like, cubic mesoporous nanostructure as revealed by highresolution transmission electron microscopy. Thermal analysis indicated two major decomposition events at approximately 330°C and 400°C. The prepared hydrochar was found to have enhanced physicochemical characteristics and an elevated calorific value of 20.95 MJ/kg [29]. In addition, hydrochar derived from rice husk (RH) was evaluated as an alternative adsorbent for atrazine removal. It was synthesized using microwave-assisted HTC under different process parameters: temperature (150-200°C), residence time (20-60 min), and liquid-to-solid ratios (5:1–15:1 mL/g). Surface activation was subsequently carried out with varying concentrations of KOH and H2O2 [30]. Overall, research on thermal biomass conversion-particularly HTC of agricultural residues-remains highly relevant, offering opportunities for the development of functional materials. In the present work, we propose a pathway for utilizing large-scale rice husk waste to produce hydrochar, which holds potential for wastewater treatment applications and for enhancing the properties of degraded soils in agriculture. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 15 Nasiri et al. (2020) and Yang, Fu, and Zhang (2021) highlight the growing adoption of AI and Big Data analytics in logistics. These technologies lead to more accurate demand forecasting, dynamic inventory management, and data-driven decision-making. Studies show that AI-based predictive models significantly outperform traditional forecasting methods, supporting proactive risk management and cost optimization. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT’s impact on supply chain visibility and real-time tracking is well-documented (Ivanov & Dolgui, 2021). Smart sensors and devices enable continuous monitoring of goods, vehicles, and storage conditions, reducing losses and improving traceability. Research by Garay-Rondero et al. (2020) underlines the role of IoT in automating warehouse operations and ensuring timely delivery. Blockchain for Transparency and Security: Blockchain technology has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing transparency, traceability, and trust in supply chains (Queiroz & Wamba Fosso, 2021). Studies (Wamba Fosso et al., 2020) have shown that blockchain adoption reduces fraud, improves data accuracy, and supports compliance with regulatory standards, especially in sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, and luxury goods. Digital Twins and Cloud Computing: The literature recognizes digital twins and cloud-based platforms as enablers of real-time simulation, data sharing, and collaboration. These technologies facilitate synchronized operations across multiple stakeholders and improve supply chain coordination and agility. Benefits and ROI of Digital Logistics: Multiple empirical studies confirm that digitalization leads to tangible benefits, including enhanced operational efficiency, cost reduction, improved inventory management, and increased customer satisfaction. Companies investing in digital logistics report higher returns on investment and a greater ability to adapt to disruptions. Challenges and Barriers: Despite the clear advantages, the literature also highlights significant challenges. System integration, data silos, cybersecurity risks, high implementation costs, and a shortage of skilled talent are recurrent themes. Change management and organizational resistance are identified as critical factors that can hinder successful digital transformation. Future Trends: Recent reviews (Lu & Taghipour, 2025) stress the need for ongoing research into emerging technologies, such as machine learning, edge computing, and advanced robotics. They also underscore the importance of cross-sector collaboration and adaptive regulatory frameworks to maximize the benefits of digital supply chains. Summary: Overall, the literature confirms that digital logistics is revolutionizing supply chain management, offering unprecedented levels of efficiency, transparency, and resilience. However, successful digital transformation requires a strategic approach, investment in people and technology, and ongoing attention to risk management and regulatory compliance. Methodology This research adopts a qualitative, descriptive approach to examine the impact of digital technologies on logistics and supply chain management. The methodology consists of the following components: 1. Literature Review: A comprehensive survey of recent academic publications, industry reports, and case studies was conducted to gather insights on digital logistics, supply chain digitalization, and the adoption of advanced technologies such as AI, IoT, blockchain, and digital twins. The literature review informed the theoretical framework of the study and identified key trends, benefits, and challenges associated with digital transformation in logistics. 2. Source Selection Criteria: The sources selected include peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, industry whitepapers, and reputable market analysis reports published between 2018 and 2024. Priority was given to publications focusing on the practical applications, outcomes, and real-world case studies of digital technologies in supply chain management. 3. Data Collection and Analysis: Data were collected from secondary sources such as Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and industry research portals. Thematic analysis was employed to identify recurring patterns, critical success factors, XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 16 and barriers in digital logistics implementation. Quantitative findings from cited studies (e.g., operational efficiency improvements, cost reduction percentages, adoption rates) were summarized and presented in tabular form to support qualitative observations. 4. Comparative Assessment: Where applicable, the study compares the performance and challenges of organizations that have adopted digital logistics solutions versus those relying on traditional processes. This comparative assessment draws on empirical data from recent surveys and market reports. 5. Limitations: This research is based solely on secondary data and does not include original empirical fieldwork such as interviews or surveys. The rapidly evolving nature of digital technologies means that some findings may be subject to change as new innovations emerge. By employing this methodology, the study aims to present an up-to-date, evidence-based overview of how digital technologies are transforming logistics and supply chain management, while highlighting the most pressing opportunities and challenges in the field. Main New Technologies and Their Effects Recent years have witnessed revolutionary changes in supply chain management due to the integration of new technologies. The following are the most prominent technologies and their effects: 1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data AI and Big Data analytics play a crucial role in supply chain planning, forecasting, and optimization. AI-driven algorithms enhance demand forecasts, order prioritization, and inventory management efficiency (Nasiri et al., 2020). Moreover, Big Data analytics improves real-time decision-making and accelerates the detection of risks within the supply chain (Yang, Fu & Zhang, 2021). For example, AI-powered forecasting tools enable companies to react more flexibly to market changes and optimize inventory, thus reducing costs. 2. Internet of Things (IoT) IoT technology allows various physical objects—such as containers, trucks, and warehouse equipment—to connect to the internet and share information (Ivanov & Dolgui, 2021). IoT sensors enable real-time tracking and automatic data collection at all stages of the supply chain. This facilitates precise monitoring of shipments, product conditions, temperature, and other critical metrics, leading to quick identification of delays or disruptions and the reduction of losses and inefficiencies. 3. Blockchain Technology Blockchain is one of the most significant innovations in ensuring transparency and data security in the supply chain (Queiroz & Wamba Fosso, 2021). With blockchain-based platforms, all supply chain participants have reliable access to shared databases, and any data changes are recorded, reducing the risk of fraud. This technology is particularly effective in financial transactions, product origin tracking, and certification processes. 4. Digital Twins and Cloud Computing Digital twins technology enables the creation of virtual models of physical objects and processes. These models facilitate simulations at different supply chain stages, help forecast risks, and improve decision-making processes. Cloud-based solutions provide secure, centralized data storage and enable real-time data sharing and coordination among supply chain partners. 5. Automated Warehousing and Transportation Automated warehouse systems and robotic transportation significantly increase the efficiency and speed of traditional logistics operations. Intelligent robots and Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) optimize the picking, sorting, and transportation of products within warehouses. These technologies reduce the need for manual labor, minimize errors, and allow for 24/7 continuous operation. 6. E-Commerce and Platform Technologies The development of e-commerce platforms and digital marketplaces enhances the flexibility and customer-centricity of the supply chain. Order management, delivery tracking, and personalized services are among the main benefits of supply chain digitalization. Digital platforms facilitate communication and collaboration among partners, enabling faster responses to market demands. 7. Cybersecurity With the expansion of digitalization, information security and cybersecurity have become top priorities in the supply chain. The adoption of new technologies increases the risk of cyber threats and data breaches, requiring companies to strengthen their security strategies. The implementation of these technologies significantly increases supply chain efficiency, agility, and resilience, but successful deployment requires organizational change, investment, and workforce upskilling. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 17 Overall, digital innovations are shaping the future of the logistics sector and opening new opportunities for sustainable development. Benefits and Challenges Benefits The integration of digital technologies into logistics and supply chain management has brought about transformative benefits, reshaping how organizations operate, collaborate, and deliver value: 1. Enhanced Operational Efficiency Digital technologies—such as AI-powered analytics, process automation, and IoT-enabled tracking— streamline logistics operations, reduce manual intervention, and optimize workflow. Real-time data allows companies to make faster, data-driven decisions and to quickly adapt to any disruptions or changing market demands. Research indicates that organizations adopting digital logistics solutions see operational efficiency gains of up to 80%. 2. Cost Reduction and Improved Profit Margins Automation of repetitive tasks, predictive maintenance, and optimized route planning contribute to substantial cost savings. Digital inventory management minimizes overstocking and stockouts, reducing storage and transportation costs. On average, supply chain digitalization enables organizations to cut logistics costs by about 20%, with most organizations reporting positive return on investment (ROI) within two years. 3. Greater Supply Chain Visibility and Transparency Technologies like IoT and blockchain enable end-to-end visibility across the entire supply chain. Realtime tracking of shipments, inventory, and assets improves traceability, reduces losses, and enhances accountability. Blockchain, in particular, creates immutable records, building trust among supply chain partners and customers alike. 4. Improved Customer Satisfaction and Responsiveness Digitalization enhances customer experience by providing accurate delivery predictions, real-time order tracking, and faster response to inquiries or disruptions. Personalized services, made possible by data analytics, strengthen relationships and increase customer loyalty. According to surveys, 77–80% of companies report higher customer satisfaction due to digital transformation. 5. Agility and Resilience Digital supply chains are more agile and resilient in the face of disruptions such as pandemics, geopolitical events, or natural disasters. Predictive analytics and scenario modeling enable proactive risk mitigation, while digital collaboration platforms facilitate rapid reconfiguration of supply chain networks. 6. Sustainability Digital solutions help optimize resource use and reduce waste through better demand forecasting, smarter transportation planning, and energy-efficient warehouse management. Enhanced transparency supports compliance with sustainability standards and enables companies to reduce their carbon footprint. 7. Data-Driven Innovation and Competitive Advantage The vast amounts of data generated in digital supply chains fuel ongoing process improvement, innovation, and the development of new business models. Organizations leveraging advanced analytics and digital tools are better positioned to anticipate market trends and outperform competitors. Table 1. Key Benefits of Digitalization in Supply Chains Benefit Percentage (%) Increased operational efficiency 70–80 Short-term performance improvement 10–20 Long-term performance improvement 20–40 Cost reduction ~20 Positive ROI (within 2 years) 69 Improved sustainability & agility 79–84 Improved customer satisfaction 77–80 Improved forecast accuracy 81 Enhanced inventory management 89 Challenges Despite the significant benefits, the digital transformation of logistics and supply chains faces several notable challenges: 1. System Integration and Data Silos Many organizations operate with legacy systems or disparate platforms, making it difficult to integrate new digital tools seamlessly. Data silos hinder the flow of information, complicating efforts to achieve endto-end visibility and real-time insights. 39% of organizations cite system integration as a top challenge. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 18 2. Skilled Workforce Shortage The demand for employees proficient in digital technologies, data analytics, and supply chain management far exceeds supply. Companies struggle to recruit and retain talent with the necessary skills to implement and manage digital solutions. This skills gap is identified by 40% of companies as a significant obstacle. 3. Cybersecurity and Data Protection As supply chains become more connected and reliant on digital platforms, they are increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks, data breaches, and cyber-espionage. Protecting sensitive information across interconnected networks requires robust cybersecurity strategies, investment in security infrastructure, and ongoing vigilance. 4. High Initial Investment and Resource Constraints Implementing digital technologies often requires substantial upfront investment in infrastructure, software, training, and change management. For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), these costs can be prohibitive, slowing the pace of digital adoption and innovation. 5. Data Quality and Governance The effectiveness of digital solutions depends on the quality, consistency, and reliability of data collected and shared across the supply chain. Poor data quality can lead to incorrect analyses, suboptimal decisions, and diminished trust in digital systems. Data governance frameworks are essential to address these risks. 6. Change Management and Organizational Resistance Digital transformation requires a cultural shift, cross-functional collaboration, and willingness to embrace new ways of working. Resistance to change among employees, lack of leadership buy-in, and insufficient communication can derail digital initiatives and limit their impact. 7. Regulatory and Compliance Issues As supply chains become more data-driven and borderless, organizations must navigate complex and evolving regulatory environments concerning data privacy, cross-border data transfer, and industry-specific compliance standards. Table 2. Main Challenges in Supply Chain Digitalization Challenge Percentage / Note System integration difficulty 39% Skilled workforce shortage 40% Data silos Significant issue (varies by source) Cybersecurity risks Critical challenge High initial investment Barrier for SMEs Data quality & governance Among most frequently reported issues Change management resistance Common challenge Regulatory/compliance complexity Growing concern In conclusion, while the path to digital supply chains is filled with both promise and complexity, organizations that proactively address these challenges and leverage the full potential of digital technologies will be better equipped to thrive in a dynamic, competitive, and rapidly changing global marketplace. Conclusion and Suggestions Conclusion The digital transformation of logistics and supply chain management is fundamentally reshaping the global business landscape. As this article demonstrates, the integration of advanced digital technologies—such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, blockchain, cloud computing, and digital twins—has delivered remarkable improvements in operational efficiency, visibility, responsiveness, and sustainability across supply chains. Companies that successfully implement digital logistics solutions benefit from real-time data-driven decision-making, reduced costs, improved customer satisfaction, and enhanced ability to anticipate and respond to disruptions. However, the journey towards a fully digital supply chain is not without its challenges. Issues such as system integration difficulties, data silos, a shortage of skilled talent, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, high initial investments, and resistance to organizational change continue to impede the pace and effectiveness of digital transformation. Moreover, as supply chains become increasingly interconnected and data-driven, regulatory and compliance complexities add another layer of risk and uncertainty. Nonetheless, the evidence is clear: the long-term advantages of digital logistics far outweigh the obstacles. Organizations that proactively address these challenges and invest in digital capabilities are better positioned to achieve resilience, competitive advantage, and sustainable growth in a rapidly evolving global market. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 19 Suggestions To maximize the benefits of digital logistics and overcome existing barriers, the following strategic recommendations are proposed for organizations and industry stakeholders: 1. Develop a Comprehensive Digital Strategy Organizations should create a clear and phased digital transformation roadmap, aligned with their longterm business objectives. This includes prioritizing high-impact areas, benchmarking progress, and ensuring executive leadership commitment. 2. Invest in Workforce Development Closing the digital skills gap is crucial (Abdullayev & Alakbarov, 2025). Companies should invest in continuous training and upskilling of their workforce to build digital literacy, data analytics, and change management competencies at every organizational level. 3. Strengthen System Integration and Data Governance Integrating legacy and modern systems is essential for seamless data flow and real-time visibility. Implementing robust data governance frameworks will help ensure data quality, consistency, and security across the supply chain. 4. Enhance Cybersecurity Measures As digital ecosystems expand, supply chains become more exposed to cyber threats. Companies must adopt advanced cybersecurity solutions, conduct regular risk assessments, and foster a culture of cybersecurity awareness. 5. Foster a Culture of Innovation and Change Digital transformation is as much about people and processes as it is about technology. Leadership should encourage openness to innovation, support cross-functional collaboration, and address resistance to change through transparent communication and stakeholder engagement. 6. Build Strategic Partnerships Collaborating with technology providers, industry peers, and academic institutions can facilitate knowledge sharing, accelerate technology adoption, and create robust ecosystems for digital innovation. 7. Monitor Regulatory Developments Organizations must stay informed about evolving regulations related to data privacy, cross-border data transfer, and industry standards. Proactive compliance management will mitigate legal risks and ensure uninterrupted operations (Abdullayev et al, 2024). 8. Measure and Communicate Value Regularly track key performance indicators (KPIs) related to digital investments—such as cost savings, efficiency gains, customer satisfaction, and ROI—to demonstrate value and secure ongoing support for digital initiatives. By taking a proactive, strategic, and collaborative approach, organizations can not only overcome the challenges of digital transformation but also unlock new opportunities for growth, sustainability, and resilience in the digital age. References 1. Abdullayev, A., & Alakbarov, A. (2025). Human Capital and Digital Skills as Drivers of Firm-Level Competitiveness in Azerbaijan’s Transition Economy. Luminis Applied Science and Engineering, 2(3), 2734. 2. Abdullayev, A. E., Asgerova, M. R., Abbasova, M. M., & Humbat, E. (2024). Global Challenges of Regional Management in The Modern World: The Main Factors Shaping the Infrastructure Base of Regional Management. International Journal, 5(11), 4639-4644. 3. Agrawal, P., & Narain, R. (2018). Digital supply chain management: An overview. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (iopscience.iop.org) 4. Andaloussi, M. B. (2024). A bibliometric literature review of digital supply chain: Trends, insights, and future directions. SAGE Open (journals.sagepub.com) 5. Garay-Rondero, C. L., Martinez-Flores, J. L., Smith, N. R., Caballero Morales, S. O., & Aldrette-Malacara, A. (2020). Digital supply chain model in Industry 4.0. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management (journals.sagepub.com) 6. Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2021). A digital supply chain twin for managing the disruption risks and resilience in the era of Industry 4.0. Production Planning & Control (journals.sagepub.com) 7. Lu, X., & Taghipour, A. (2025). A review of supply chain digitalization and emerging research paradigms. Logistics, 9(2), 47. (mdpi.com) XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 20 8. Nasiri, M., Ukko, J., Saunila, M., & Rantala, T. (2020). Managing the digital supply chain: The role of smart technologies. Technovation (journals.sagepub.com) 9. Queiroz, M. M., & Wamba Fosso, S. (2021). Blockchain adoption in operations and supply chain management: Empirical evidence from an emerging economy. International Journal of Production Research (en.wikipedia.org) 10. Wamba Fosso, S., et al. (2020). Dynamics between blockchain adoption determinants and supply chain performance: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Production Economics (en.wikipedia.org) 11. Wamba Fosso, S., et al. (2023). Enablers to the adoption of blockchain technology in logistics supply chains: Evidence from an emerging economy. Annals of Operations Research (en.wikipedia.org) 12. Yang, M., Fu, M., & Zhang, Z. (2021). The adoption of digital technologies in supply chains: Drivers, process and impact. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 169, 120795. (sciencedirect.com) XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 21 TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND NEW SKILLS IN THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY Huseyn Baghirsoylu Associate-professor of the chair “Economics and marketing” Nakhchivan State University, Azerbaijan ORCID: 0009-0009-1007-9414 Abstract This article investigates the transformation of human capital and the emergence of new skills amid economic digitalization. The proliferation of digital technologies—such as AI, automation, and big data—has disrupted traditional labor markets, educational systems, and employer expectations worldwide. Drawing upon global and regional data, including Azerbaijan’s national initiatives, this study offers a literature review, empirical evidence, and statistical insights for 2024. Findings indicate that successful adaptation to digital economies requires continuous reskilling, investment in both technical and soft skills, inclusive digital policies, and public-private partnerships. The article concludes with strategic recommendations to guide policymakers, educators, and employers in navigating this transformation. Keywords: digital economy, human capital, transformation, new skills, labor market. Introduction In the digital era, economies worldwide are undergoing deep structural transformation. Technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), automation, cloud computing, and big data are redefining how businesses operate, how education is delivered, and which competencies are valued in the labor market [9]. The World Economic Forum (WEF) highlights that over 40% of workers will need reskilling by 2028 due to these technological shifts. These changes demand a reconfiguration of human capital. Traditional roles are diminishing, while digital, analytical, and adaptive skills are becoming essential [4]. Lifelong learning is no longer optional—it is a necessity for both individuals and economies to remain competitive [10]. This study aims to explore how digitalization is reshaping human capital, identify the most in-demand skills in 2024, examine regional strategies—particularly in Azerbaijan—and offer recommendations for future workforce readiness [1]. Literature Review Digital Transformation and Labor Market Evolution Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2014) argue that digital technologies are not just improving productivity— they are redefining job roles. Autor (2022) further elaborates that automation is compressing demand for routine tasks while increasing demand for tech-savvy professionals. The WEF’s Future of Jobs Report (2025) projects that by 2030, 170 million new jobs will be created globally, resulting in a net gain of 78 million jobs, despite massive displacement (WEF, 2025). Crucially, 85% of employers plan to upskill staff, and 67% intend to hire talent with specific AI skills. Emerging Skill Sets: Technical and Soft Skills According to WEF (2023), the top technical skills in demand include programming, data analytics, cybersecurity, AI, and digital marketing (blog.coursera.org). Meanwhile, soft skills—such as adaptability, critical thinking, leadership, and teamwork—are increasingly important [10]; [13]. Digital literacy is now foundational. Job Market Monitor (2024) reports that 92% of jobs require at least basic digital skills, and the global value of digital skills stands at $18.5 trillion—12% of global GDP. Regional Focus: Azerbaijan’s Digital Transformation In Azerbaijan, the "4IR Academy" initiative, in partnership with Coursera and C4IR, has provided free access to over 800 courses, benefiting 10,000 citizens and earning 4,200 certificates in areas like AI, big data, and cloud computing. By 2025, the program aims to reach 200,000 learners and translate all 8,000 Coursera courses into Azerbaijani (weforum.org). Azerbaijan’s “Digital Skills Assessment 2023–2024” by ITU found that only 25% of citizens aged 15– 74 possess basic digital skills, revealing significant gaps in safety, content creation, and problem-solving. The World Bank’s upcoming evaluation (June 2024) covers access to internet services and digital literacy across multiple regions in Azerbaijan (report.az). Theoretical Perspectives: Human Capital and Skills-Based Hiring XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 22 Multidimensional skills—beyond formal education—are crucial predictors of earnings and job quality [11]. Employers increasingly favor skill-based hiring; in AI and green roles, skills now command a higher wage premium than degrees [8]. AI complements human skills like digital literacy and teamwork more than it substitutes them, amplifying the value of such competencies. Methodology This study uses a mixed-methods approach: 1. Literature Review: Synthesizes global reports , academic studies, and regional data. 2. Statistical Analysis: Presents 2024 data from WEF, Eurostat, ITU, Job Market Monitor, and Azerbaijani sources. 3. Case Study: Focuses on Azerbaijan’s digital upskilling efforts via 4IR Academy and national assessments. 4. Comparative Analysis: Contrasts global trends with Azerbaijan’s progress. 5. Interpretation: Draws strategic implications for policy and practice. Research Findings 1. Most In-Demand Digital Skills in 2024 Skill Global Demand (%) Programming & Coding 52 Data Analytics 48 Cybersecurity 44 Artificial Intelligence 39 Digital Marketing 37 Source: World Economic Forum (2023) 2. Digital Occupations Labor Shortage in the EU (2023–2024) Year Shortage (%) 2023 9.5 2024 11.0 Source: Eurostat (2024). 3. Gender and AI Enrollment Disparities Generative AI enrollments surged 1,061% globally in 2024, with Asia-Pacific up 1,270%, Sub-Saharan Africa 1,500%, and Latin America 882%. However, only 30% of enrollees were women (weforum.org). 4. Azerbaijan: Digital Skills & Workforce Trends • Only 25% of Azerbaijani adults (15–74 years) possess basic digital skills. • Demand for training is highest in Nakhchivan (87% in Kangarli, 79% in Sharur) (azernews.az). • The 4IR Academy has reached 10,000 learners, with 51% women and 4,200 certificates earned. • By 2025, 42,000 jobs may be created via 4IR-related sectors (manufacturing, agriculture, transport). 5. AI and Human Skill Dynamics AI is complementing human skills more than replacing them. Digital literacy, teamwork, and resilience are increasingly valuable, with wage premiums rising for complementary skills in AI-related roles. 6. Economic Implications: Sustainability Sector Case In sustainability professions, 68% of executives report moderate-to-extreme digital skills gaps [6]. WEF predicts 44% of worker skills will be disrupted by AI between 2023–2028. Discussion Global Digitalization Trends and the Human Capital Paradigm The ongoing digital revolution is not merely altering job descriptions—it is fundamentally transforming the entire paradigm of human capital development and utilization. As digital technologies like AI, robotics, blockchain, and cloud systems become deeply integrated into business operations, the nature of work is rapidly evolving. Routine and repetitive tasks are increasingly automated, leading to significant shifts in occupational structures. This transition has resulted in the decline of traditional job categories while simultaneously accelerating demand for digitally literate, adaptable, and innovative professionals [4]. Workforce Bifurcation & Skill Gaps A notable outcome of digitalization is the bifurcation of the workforce into high-skill and low-skill segments. High-skill roles—such as data scientists, AI engineers, cybersecurity analysts, and digital marketing specialists—are enjoying substantial wage premiums and job security. Conversely, jobs that rely on manual, repetitive, or routine cognitive tasks are at risk of redundancy. This divergence is widening the skill gap, challenging both policymakers and education systems to urgently address reskilling and upskilling needs. Rise of Skills-Based Hiring and Non-Traditional Credentials The research also confirms a global shift from degree-based to skills-based hiring, particularly in technology and sustainability sectors [8]. Employers now prioritize practical competencies such as coding, data XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 23 analysis, and digital communication over traditional academic qualifications. This trend has led to the proliferation of micro-credentials, online certifications (e.g., Coursera, Udemy), and industry-specific training programs, which are increasingly recognized as valid pathways to employment alongside or even instead of university degrees. Soft Skills as Core Competencies While technical skills are critical, the importance of soft skills—critical thinking, creativity, communication, adaptability, and leadership—has grown dramatically. As digital workplaces become more collaborative and global, these soft skills are recognized as essential for navigating complexity, driving innovation, and leading teams through constant change [13]. The interplay between technical and soft skills is particularly important in hybrid and remote work environments, where self-management and digital collaboration tools are standard [5]. Gender, Diversity, and Digital Equity The study’s findings highlight persistent gender disparities in digital upskilling and AI training enrollments, with women making up only 30% of global participants in GenAI programs. Socio-economic, cultural, and educational barriers remain significant obstacles for women and underrepresented groups, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions, mentorship, and scholarships to promote digital inclusion and equity worldwide [3]. Regional and Socioeconomic Variations There are substantial regional differences in digital readiness. Developed economies generally offer robust digital infrastructure, advanced online learning opportunities, and strong institutional support for upskilling [2]. In contrast, developing countries—including Azerbaijan—face challenges such as uneven internet access, low baseline digital literacy, and limited access to quality training. Nevertheless, targeted national programs, such as Azerbaijan’s 4IR Academy initiative, demonstrate that well-designed interventions can rapidly bridge skills gaps when they prioritize inclusivity, local needs, and public-private partnerships. Sectoral Implications: Sustainability, Health, and Public Sector Digitalization does not affect all sectors uniformly. Sustainability professions, for instance, face an “extreme digital skills gap,” with 68% of sector leaders reporting significant shortages. Healthcare, education, and the public sector are similarly experiencing a surge in demand for digital competencies, necessitating industryspecific training, policy support, and agile workforce planning. Continuous Learning and Lifelong Adaptation The research underscores that lifelong learning is now an imperative, not an option. Traditional models of education—where formal learning is completed early in life—are obsolete in the digital economy. Instead, adaptive learning systems, micro-credentials, and ongoing professional development must be embedded into national strategies and organizational cultures. This approach enables both individuals and economies to respond to rapid technological change, sustain employability, and foster innovation. The Azerbaijani Perspective: Progress and Remaining Challenges Azerbaijan’s focused approach to digital upskilling, as illustrated by the 4IR Academy and collaborative partnerships with leading platforms, shows promise. The strong interest in digital learning among rural and urban populations, and the growing number of women participants, suggest that the digital transformation is gaining social momentum. However, the low baseline of digital literacy—just 25% of the adult population— remains a major constraint. Addressing this foundational gap requires scaling inclusive, foundational digital skills education, especially in remote and underserved regions. Policy and Strategic Implications Policymakers, educators, and employers face critical choices. They must: • Invest in nationwide digital infrastructure to ensure equitable access. • Prioritize foundational digital skills in national curricula. • Incentivize employers to offer in-work training and support skill-based hiring. • Foster public-private collaborations for scalable, locally relevant upskilling. • Develop targeted initiatives to close gender and regional gaps. Future Outlook The pace of technological change is only accelerating, with AI, quantum computing, and next-generation networks poised to further disrupt labor markets. Successful economies will be those that treat human capital as a dynamic asset—investing in continuous learning, fostering innovation, and ensuring that no group is left behind in the digital transition. Conclusion The findings of this study highlight that the digitalization of the economy is a transformative and relentless force, fundamentally reshaping the nature of human capital, labor market structures, and the competitive XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 24 landscape for nations and individuals alike. The global shift toward a knowledgeand technology-driven economy has led to the emergence of new professions, the obsolescence of routine tasks, and the growing necessity for both advanced digital and strong interpersonal skills. In 2024, the demand for competencies such as programming, data analytics, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and digital marketing has reached unprecedented levels, while soft skills like adaptability, critical thinking, and teamwork have become equally essential. The research shows that economies and organizations that proactively invest in lifelong learning, digital infrastructure, and the continuous development of both technical and soft skills are better positioned to leverage the opportunities of the digital age. Countries like Azerbaijan, through national initiatives such as the 4IR Academy, demonstrate that strategic, inclusive, and well-coordinated upskilling programs can meaningfully bridge digital divides and foster economic growth even in regions with relatively low starting points. However, significant challenges remain. Foundational digital literacy is still lacking for large segments of society—especially among women, rural residents, and older adults—limiting their ability to fully participate in the digital economy [12]. The persistence of gender gaps, the risk of regional inequality, and the accelerated pace of technological disruption underscore the urgency to scale inclusive, adaptable, and forwardlooking policies. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of continuous labor market monitoring, close cooperation between government, industry, and educational institutions, and the need for agile, evidencebased workforce strategies. Ultimately, the success of the digital transformation depends not only on technology adoption, but also on the ability to develop, mobilize, and retain human capital that is skilled, innovative, and resilient in the face of constant change. The transition to a digital economy is not a one-time adjustment, but an ongoing process that requires sustained investment, leadership, and commitment to lifelong learning for all. Recommendations To support effective human capital transformation and ensure no one is left behind in the digital economy, the following recommendations are proposed: 1. Expand Access to Foundational Digital Skills Governments and educational institutions should prioritize digital literacy as a core component of primary and secondary education, while also offering targeted adult learning programs, especially for women, older adults, and rural communities [7]. 2. Support Lifelong and Flexible Learning Pathways National strategies should embed lifelong learning into their policy frameworks, incentivizing both formal and non-formal education, micro-credentials, and modular upskilling opportunities that can adapt quickly to changing labor market needs. 3. Promote Skills-Based Hiring and Workforce Diversity Employers should implement recruitment and advancement practices based on competencies and skills, rather than solely on degrees, to widen the talent pool and foster diversity in the workforce. 4. Strengthen Public-Private Partnerships Governments should collaborate closely with tech companies, educational platforms, and industry associations to co-design and scale up training programs aligned with real market demands, leveraging global expertise and local context. 5. Close Gender and Regional Gaps in Digital Participation Dedicated initiatives—such as scholarships, mentorship programs, and awareness campaigns—should be introduced to encourage the participation of women and underrepresented groups in digital and technologyrelated fields. 6. Upgrade Digital Infrastructure and Ensure Equitable Access Investments in broadband, devices, and affordable internet connectivity are essential to ensure that all communities, including those in remote and underserved areas, can participate in digital upskilling and remote work opportunities. 7. Continuously Monitor Labor Market Trends and Skills Demands Establish national observatories or data platforms to track evolving skill requirements, emerging job roles, and training outcomes, enabling timely adaptation of education and workforce policies. 8. Foster a Culture of Innovation, Adaptability, and Resilience Beyond technical training, programs should cultivate mindsets and capabilities for innovation, risk-taking, and resilience, empowering individuals to thrive in uncertain and rapidly changing environments. 9. Integrate Digital Skills into Sector-Specific Strategies Tailor upskilling initiatives to the unique needs of strategic sectors such as healthcare, sustainability, manufacturing, and public service, ensuring alignment with both national priorities and global trends. 10. Ensure Alignment Between Education, Labor, and Economic Policies XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 31 Geological and mineralogical sciences THE PRINCIPALS OF EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF THE PIMIENTA SHALE FORMATION IN MEXICO Bochkarev V.A. PhD in geology, Director on Exploration and Development LUKOIL Upstream Mexico, Mexico ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3642-6561 Krivobokov D.M. Operation manager LUKOIL Upstream Mexico, Mexico ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9760-8353 Bochkarev Art.V. PhD student, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Moscow ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8526-3755 Abstract Since 2005, Mexico has seen a steady decline of daily oil production. Recent offshore oil production projects of the northern part of the Gulf of Mexico had a limited impact on the production decline, which decreased from 3.4 to 1.7 MMbpd. The launch of new offshore fields such as Zama will increase production by no more than 0.1 MMbpd and generally will not change the downward trend of production in Mexico. The solution to this problem is possible through the start of development of the Pimienta shale formation in the Tampico-Misantla and Veracruz oil and gas basins, which will increase daily oil production in Mexico by 0.51.5 MMbpd starting in 2030. The potential of the Pimienta formation in the these basins is estimated at 280560 BBBl of oil, and with an extraction rate of 4-7%, accumulated production may reach 15-45 BBBl. When developing the productive intervals of the Pimienta formation, it is proposed to use the method of cyclic shale development with repeated fracturing, which will extend the life of wells, and, consequently, maintain production at a high level without drilling new production wells. Keywords: Hydrocarbons (HC), Pimienta formation, Eagle Ford formation, hypercatagenesis, HC shales, zones of HC generation, kitchen rocks, reservoir, cyclic shale development, oil production, TampicoMisantla basin. Since 2005, Mexico has seen a decrease of daily production of liquid hydrocarbons (Fig.1) after a sharp drop of oil production in 2007 at the largest Cantarell oil field located in the Campeche Bay. The launch of new offshore fields such as Zama will increase production by no more than 0.1 MMbpd and generally will not change the downward trend of production in Mexico. The solution to this problem is possible through the start of development of the Pimienta shale formation in the Tampico-Misantla and Veracruz oil and gas basins, which will increase daily oil production in Mexico by 0.5-1.5 MMbpd starting with 2030. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 32 Fig. 1. Daily oil production in Mexico since1995 to the present (by EIA, CNH and CONACYT). The reforms currently being implemented by the Mexican government in the oil and gas sector are aimed at attracting investors to work with existing fields with a long history of development and for development of a completely new way of the Mexican Upstream (along with the deep-water offshore of the Gulf of Mexico) - the development of the Pimienta shale formation. The successful development and accumulated positive experience in the development of gas, condensate and oil deposits in shale formations of the southern United States are certainly a driver of the growth of researches to assess the availability of similar HC resources in the Mexico. Shale formations are widespread in its northern boundary zone [1], where the Upper Cretaceous Eagle Ford formation extends into Mexican territory (Agua Nueva formation) in the Sabinas and Burro-Picachos basins. In the central coastal part of Mexico, the Pimienta formation is widespread in the Tampico-Misantla and Veracruz basins, which exceeds the Eagle Ford/Agua Nueva formation by 2-3 times in total thickness (Fig. 2-3). The Pimienta formation is the main oil and gas source-rock formation of eastern Mexico for all hydrocarbon deposits in the overlying sediments (Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Albian, Cenomanian, Upper Jurassic) in traditional reservoirs and traps in the territory of Tampico-Misantla and Veracruz oil and gas basins (Fig. 4) XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 33 Fig.2. The regional correlation scheme of shale formations in Mexico [8] (Basins: 1Chihuahua, 2Sabinas, 3Burro-Picachos, 4Burgos, 5Tampico-Misantla Misantla, 6Veracruz). Fig.3. Gross thickness of Pimienta formation in Tampico-Misantla и Veracruz basins [7]. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 34 Fig.4. Oil-and-gas basins of Eastern Mexico where the Pimienta formation is widespread (Source: Advanced Resources International Inc., 2013). However, the real potential of the Pimienta formation has not been sufficiently studied to date. In 20102019, only 25 wells were drilled in the Pimienta formation, and only 5 of them were horizontal wells with multi-stage fracturing in the Tampico-Misantla province, which showed average starting flow rates of about 900 bpd. The maximum oil flow rate was obtained in the Kaneni-1EXP well at the level of 1932 bpd, where 17 fracturing stages were performed XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 35 Fig. 5. The depth (A) and the catagenesis zonation (B) of the Pimienta formation [7], indicating the direction of thermal and geodynamic effects from the Sierra Madre mountain system on the HC generation and accumulation. According to the drilling data for Pimienta formation within the western part of the Tampico basin, an abnormally high temperature gradient and abnormally high reservoir pressures were established in the Tithonian sediments of the Pimienta formation due to thermal effects from the Sierra Madre mountain system [7]. The high level of standing of the viscoplastic magmatic hearth here and its convective movement eastward caused extreme heating and accelerated catagenesis (hypercatagenesis) of organomineral substances (OM) in the Pimienta formation in the contact zone from a depth of 500 m from the MK5 stage (the main gas formation zone), bypassing the stages of protokatagenesis (PK1-3), initial and middle mesocatagenesis (MK1-4) and the main zone of oil generation (MK1-MK2) (Fig. 5-6). Approximately along the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico, the boundary between the main zone of condensate generation and the main zone of oil generation passes and the Pimienta formation begins to sink towards the sea aquatory and transition to the generally accepted regional scheme of OM catagenesis with a normal temperature gradient [2, 3, 5] The current scheme of the zonation of the HC generation and accumulation in the Pimienta formation in Tampico province was compiled [2] based on deep drilling data, which is confirmed by the results of fracturing in five wells, with the exception of the interval of light oil (MK2-MK3). The Horcones-8127 and Furbero4354 wells produced light oil with a density of 37-38 API and, accordingly, the light oil boundary will shift to the east and run along the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico (fig. 5). The contours of the main zone of condensate generation and main zone of oil generation are confirmed by the drilling results of Pankiwi-1 (49 API) and Kaneni-1 (39 API) wells. Thus, light oil with a density of 37-40 API should be expected in producing wells within central part of Tampico Province, whereas dry gas and condensate should be expected in the western part, in the area adjacent to the Sierra Madre mountain system (Fig. 5-6) XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 36 Fig. 6. A seismogeological section through Tampico province [7] with the release of compressive stresses, abnormal thermal effects, and HC zonation of the Pimienta formation For potential investors and operating companies, the issue of selecting analogues of shale formations already under development in the North American region that are close to the Pimienta formation in terms of geological, thermobaric, geochemical, and geomechanical characteristics is relevant. The shale deposits of the Eagle Ford formation in South Texas (USA), where large shale oil, gas and condensate fields have been discovered and are being developed by El Paso, Anadarko, EOG, Petrohawk, Pioneer and others, can be considered as the closest analogue. The first production well for the Eagle Ford formation was drilled by Petrohawk in 2008, and tens of thousands of wells have been drilled for this formation to date. According to the data of the US Department of Energy (EIA), the initial recoverable reserves of the Eagle Ford formation amount to 3.37 BBBl of liquid hydrocarbons and 50.2 TCF of gas. According to the EIA, peak oil production in the Eagle Ford formation was reached in 2016 at 1.6 MMbpd and peak gas production was reached in 2015 at 6 BCF. Currently, the development of the Eagle Ford formation covers 24 Texas counties [1]. The rocks are represented by dense limestones (calcite content 45-55%), mudstones and quartz (Fig. 7). In terms of mineralogical and petrographic composition, Eagle Ford shales are similar to rocks of the Pimienta formation, represented by an alternation of tight reservoirs - dense clay limestones and clay shales with a high content of organic carbon (TOC) (Fig. 7) [1] Fig. 7. Pimienta и Eagle Ford formations mineralogical composition [2, 4]. The Eagle Ford shale formation has been well studied by drilling and it is a clay-carbonate shale. The rocks are represented by dense limestones (calcite content 45-55%), mudstones, and quartz (Fig. 7). The Pimienta formation is confined to the Tithonian stage of the Upper Jurassic, and is similar in mineralogical and petrographic composition to the Eagle Ford shales. The Pimienta formation is an alternation of tight reservoirs - dense clayey limestones and clay shales with a high content of TOC (Fig. 5). XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 37 The sedimentation of the Pimienta formation, as well as the Eagle Ford formation, occurred in the conditions of the shelf continental margin, and for this reason their dynamic characteristics of the Eagle Ford and Pimienta formations are similar: with equal permeability - 0.001 mD, the porosity of the Pimienta formation varies from 1.5 to 10%, for Eagle Ford - 4-15%.. The reservoir filtration properties are provided by the rocks fracturing. The TOC for the Pimienta formation varies from 2 to 8%, which is a little bit lower than in the Eagle Ford formation (2-11%). The maximum values of TOC in the Pimienta formation occur in its lower part, starting from depths of 2,900 m or more (Fig. 8), as well as in the underlying Taman formation, which is an additional source of hydrocarbon with a lower shale potential (Table 1) Table 1. Comparative analysis of filtration properties, HC-generation potential, and mineralogical composition of the Pimienta and Eagle Ford formations. Характеристики Eagle Ford Pimienta Age U. Cretaceous U. Jurassic Depth, м 1500-4300 2200-3500 Gross thickness, м 15-110 40-200 Poro, % 4-15 1.5-10 Permobility, mD 0,001 0.001 Quartz, % 20 19 Carbonates, % 45 55 Clay, % 20 15 Pirite, % 3 1 TOC (%) 2.0-11 2-8 Vitrinite, %Ro 0.5-2 0.85-1.7 Reservoir pressure AHRP AHRP Kerogen type 2 2 H2 index, мг/г Сорг 650 600 Sulfur content, % low 0.1-3 EUR per oil well, МВОЕ 254-600 - The productivity of the Pimienta formation has not been sufficiently studied: in the Tampico province, only 25 wells have been drilled, of which only five have been completed horizontally with multi-stage fracturing. The flow rates of light oil range from 278 to 1932 bpd. Similar actual initial flow rates have been obtained for wells in the Eagle Ford formation in Texas, where they range from 14-32 MMCF/d for gas, from 350 to 2,800 bpd for condensate, and from 200 to 950 bpd for oil. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 38 Рис. 8. Фото керна сланцевых формаций Pimienta и Eagle Ford [2, 4]. The inflows are caused by multi-stage fracturing (10-25 stages, 50-100 m each) at the horizontal wells (1200-2500 m). The average value of EUR per well in the oil zone is 350 MBOE. The average "life span" of wells is very small - the drop in oil and gas production reaches 60-80% already in the first year of well operation. Therefore, in order to maintain production at a stable level, it is necessary to constantly drill new wells, which increases the total CAPEX. And the most optimal approach to the development and exploitation of shale HC deposits is the cyclic development [1-5], the essence of which is as follows: after reservoir pressure drops and flow rates decrease to a minimum, wells must be preserved for a sufficient time to restore formation pressure. After pressure is restored due to HC generation processes, the well is put back into production with almost initial production. Thus, to restore the initial oil flow rate, it is necessary to stop the well for 1-2 months. This method of development can be described as (36+2)*N (where 36 is the months of operation and 2 is the months of well shutdown, N is the number of cycles of replenishment of hydrocarbon deposits depending on the content of TOC, calculated by the potential balance method). XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 39 Within Tampico province, taking into account the HC hypercatagenesis in the Pimienta formation, the restoration of the initial HC production can be achieved many times faster than in the case of "normal" catagenesis and well shutdowns can be limited to 1-3 weeks (Fig. 9). Fig. 9. The principle of cyclic shale development (V.A. Bochkarev [2, 5, 6]). Currently, there is already evidence of the proposed methodological approach to the development of HC shale deposits. EOG Resources (one of the leading companies developing unconventional HC reserves in the USA) has conducted research on reservoir pressure recovery in wells drilled into the Eagle Ford shale formation. In historical vertical wells, repeated fracturing was carried out after 15 years of production. As a result, the well flow rate increased relative to the current one. Thus, it was possible to keep the well flow rate at an economically efficient level for several years (Fig. 10). At the same time, the wells were stopped only for the period of fracturing, that is, no more than 5-7 days. So during the development process, cracks collapsed and only the near zone in the well worked, while in the remote zone (>5 m) the process of HC generation was "started up" again [3]. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 40 Fig. 10 – A graph describing the results obtained by EOG. Recovery of well flow rates during periodic development and fracking (Malanichev A.G., 2018) [2, 4]. Fig 11. The schematic diagram of the cyclic shale development. From the very beginning of the shale field development, it is necessary to ensure periodic geo-fluid dynamic monitoring and temporary production shutdowns in order to ensure the restoration of HC reserves by resuming the HC generation process. Each new development cycle should begin with repeated fracking to open remote fractures (Fig 11). The proposed principle of cyclic shale development will significantly minimize the cost of drilling a large number of production wells, extend the life (operation) of existing wells and reduce the CAPEX in general. This approach allows to preserve the generation potential of the developed formations, provides the compliance with the critical depression threshold (about 5 MPa), the implementation of rehabilitation periods ("refueling" for 1-3 weeks for Pimienta formation) and gentle methods of increasing oil and gas recovery due to the independent restoration of the natural system. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 47 in LC were interrogated in panels using an à la carte approach with techniques such as Sanger sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which limited reportable GAs to select genes. Mutations in EGFR and translocations in the ALK gene and the ROS1 gene were the first three alterations recognized as clinically actionable drivers, and comprised the majority of the initial clinical genetic testing in LC. As the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) became more cost-effective and widely used, it revealed additional actionable GAs. Evidence has accumulated to prove that NGS is an accurate technology with performance that is concordant or better than conventional methods. Advances in information about actionable GAs from comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) has propelled precision medicine forward with the aim to provide evidence-based interpretation of GAs for targeted therapy. The increase in the number of genes and GAs covered by NGS has expanded the variety of GAs identified as actionable in LC. A shift toward NGS-based testing in advanced LC has decreased the number of LC cases where a driver is not identified. Increasingly, case reports describe patients with novel drivers identified by NGS that would not have been identified if they were evaluated solely by hotspot-based panels. The researchers point out that historically, LC was divided categorically into non-small-cell LC (NSCLC) (∼85%) and small-cell LC (SCLC) (∼15%) by pathologist review of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides. NSCLC is a heterogeneous category of entities that includes lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) as the most common histologic cancer type (∼50%), squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (SqCCL) as the second most common type (∼30%), large-cell lung carcinoma (LCLC) (∼10%), and combinations of histologic phenotypes such as adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC), and rare histologic entities, such as atypical carcinoid (AC) tumor, bronchial gland carcinoma, and sarcomatoid carcinoma, collectively accounting for the remaining types of NSCLC (∼10%). In clinical practice, LC patients typically undergo an initial biopsy to determine whether there are histomorphologic features on H&E that are able to diagnostically distinguish between NSCLC or SCLC. Performance of IHC typically will assist in determining the subtypes of NSCLC. IHC that favors NSCLC that is LUAD is typically positive for CK7 and TTF-1, and negative for p63, CK5/6, and p40. IHC that favors NSCLC that is SqCCL is typically positive for p63, CK5/6, and p40 and negative for TTF-1 and CK7. The art of establishing a diagnosis may be challenging as many pathologists are aware that, in practice, some tumors might not have «read the book» regarding conventional IHC staining patterns. In such cases, other special stains such as mucin can assist (e.g., mucin is typically positive for LUAD, and negative for SqCCL). ASCs are a rarely encountered tumor that is biphasic, meaning there is a component that is LUAD and a component that is SqCCL. These components by definition have at least 10% each of malignant squamous and glandular components. Neuroendocrine IHC markers (CD56, chromogranin, and synaptophysin) are typically positive for neuroendocrine carcinomas such as SCLC and LCLC. In NSCLC, the tumor proportion score (TPS) for PD-L1 as determined by IHC (e.g., PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx) assists in determining eligibility for immunotherapy. While tissue is submitted for NGS, rapid testing for mutations in EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF are selectively tested via a rapid method such as pyrosequencing, while rearrangements in ALK and ROS1 can be rapid identified via FISH. When NGS results are made available, these results can corroborate the results of rapid testing, and potentially provide other GAs that may be actionable targets. Oncogenotypes are molecular alterations that include genomic mutations, alterations that cause dysregulation in mRNA expression, dysregulation in expression of miRs, and epigenomic changes. As NGS-based DNA sequencing has become increasingly available, the knowledge about different types of mutations that are potentially actionable beyond the genetic biomarkers with associated FDA-approved targeted therapies has expanded. An oncogene is a gene in which activating mutations confer gain-of-function to a gene, which ultimately promotes oncogenesis. Conversely, a tumor-suppressor gene is a gene in which inactivating mutations confer loss-of-function to a gene, which ultimately promotes oncogenesis. In this paper, our colleagues detailed genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic and proteomic differences between different histological types of LC relevant to research and therapeutic strategies [7]. Next, we will consider issues of early diagnosis of LC, including, of course, screening. As noted, Lam S. et al. [8], low-dose CT (LDCT) screening for LC substantially reduces mortality from LC, as revealed in randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. This review is based on the ninth CT screening symposium of the International Association for the Study of LC, which focuses on the major themes pertinent to the successful global implementation of LDCT screening and develops a strategy to further the implementation of LC screening globally. These recommendations provide a five-year roadmap to advance the implementation of LDCT screening globally, including the following: 1) establish universal screening program quality indicators; 2) establish evidence-based criteria to identify individuals who have never smoked but are at high-risk of developing LC; 3) develop recommendations for incidentally detected lung nodule tracking and management protocols to complement programmatic LC screening (LCS); 4) integrate artificial intelligence and biomarkers to increase the prediction of malignancy in suspicious CT screen-detected lesions; and XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 48 5) standardize high-quality performance artificial intelligence protocols that lead to substantial reductions in costs, resource utilization and radiologist reporting time; 6) personalize CT screening intervals on the basis of an individual’s LC risk; 7) develop evidence to support clinical management and cost-effectiveness of other identified abnormalities on a LC screening CT; 8) develop publicly accessible, easy-to-use geospatial tools to plan and monitor equitable access to screening services; and 9) establish a global shared education resource for LC screening CT to ensure high-quality reading and reporting. Barta J.A. et al. [9] in their work they emphasize that, lung nodules are frequently detected on LDCT scans performed for LC screening and incidentally detected on imaging performed for other reasons. There is wide variability in how lung nodules are managed by general practitioners and subspecialists, with high rates of guideline‐discordant care. This may be due in part to the level of evidence underlying current practice guideline recommendations (primarily based on findings from uncontrolled studies of diagnostic accuracy). The primary aims of lung nodule management are to minimize harms of diagnostic evaluations while expediting the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of LC. Potentially useful tools such as LC probability calculators, automated methods to identify patients with nodules in the electronic health record, and multidisciplinary team evaluation are often underused due to limited availability, accessibility, and/or provider knowledge. Finally, relatively little attention has been paid to identifying and reducing disparities among individuals with screening‐detected or incidentally detected lung nodules. At the same time, lung nodules may be identified on chest scans of individuals who undergo LC screening (screening‐detected nodules) or among patients for whom a scan was performed for another reason (incidental nodules); although the vast majority of lung nodules are not LC, it is important to have evidence‐based, standardized approaches to the evaluation and management of a lung nodule; the primary aims of lung nodule management are to diagnose LC while it is still in an early stage and to avoid unnecessary procedures and other harms. In Kazakhstan, methods for improving the early diagnosis of such a formidable disease as LC are also being actively developed. Including this method [10]. The aim of this study was to present the baseline results of a pilot project conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of LC screening using LDCT in regions with excessive radon levels in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In total, 3671 participants were screened by low-dose chest CT. Current, former, and never-smokers who resided in regions with elevated levels of radon in drinking water sources and indoor air, aged between 40 and 75 with no history of any cancer, and weighing less than 140 kg were included in the study. All lung nodules were categorized according to the American College of Radiology Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS 1.0). Overall, 614 (16.7%) participants had positive baseline CT findings (Lung-RADS categories 3 and 4). Seventy-four cancers were detected, yielding an overall cancer detection rate of 2.0%, with 10.8% (8/74) stage I and a predominance of stage III (59.4%; 44/74). Women never-smokers and men current smokers had the highest cancer detection rates, at 2.9% (12/412) and 6.1% (12/196), respectively. Compared to never-smokers, higher odds ratios (OR) of LC detection were found in smokers (OR,2.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52 to 4.05, p<0.001) and former smokers (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.06 to 5.06, p=0.003). The most common histologic type of cancer was adenocarcinoma (58.1%). Ning J. et al. [11] in their study provide data showing that the prognosis of patients with LC at different clinical stages differs significantly. The five-year survival rate of stage IA groups can exceed 90%, while patients with stage IV can be less than 10%. Therefore, early diagnosis is extremely important for LC patients. This research focused on various diagnosis methods of early LC, including imaging screening, bronchoscopy, and emerging potential liquid biopsies, as well as volatile organic compounds, autoantibodies, aiming to improve the early diagnosis rate and explore feasible and effective early diagnosis strategies. Let us dwell in more detail on endoscopic methods of diagnosing LC for verification of a malignant tumor. Nowadays, pathological diagnosis has been regarded as gold standard for diagnosing cancer. There are several methods for obtaining histological specimens, including bronchoscopy, ultrasound or CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy. Among them, bronchoscopy has been developed rapidly and widely recognized in recent years. It not only expands the field of vision for diagnosis, but also improves the efficiency of diagnosis. So, the following types of endoscopic diagnostics of LC are distinguished: 1. White light bronchoscopy (WLB). It is mainly used for early detection and diagnosis of central LC, and the diagnosis rate can reach more than 95% in detecting high-grade dysplasia or worse. However, for some mucosal, submucosal early lesions and preneoplastic lesions, the diagnosis rate is very low. 2. Autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB). The operating principle of AFB is that different spectrum emerge in normal tissues, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. As an important means for early detection of bronchial premalignant lesions, some studies have proposed that compared with sputum cytology, the sensitivity of AFB to detect hyperplasia and metaplasia was higher. Regardless of the results of sputum cytology, AFB can be recommended to high-risk patients. Moreover, when combined with spiral CT, sputum examination or WLB, AFB can obviously enhance the diagnosis rate of premalignant lesions and carcinoma in situ. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 49 3. Narrow band imaging (NBI). NBI is an imaging technique that can visualize vascular morphology and mucosal structure. Analysis indicated that NBI has higher sensitivity (80%), specificity (84%), and diagnostic odds ratio (31.49%) than AFB when detecting premalignant airway lesions; NBI was also superior to WLB in detecting early and invasive LC, visual drawing of point blood vessel visual pattern highly supported adenocarcinoma histology of LC and tortuous vessels favored squamous cell cancer. Therefore, when examining lung-occupying lesions with NBI, not only can the diagnosis rate be improved, but also the pathological type can be evaluated initially. So, in the detection of early LC, NBI can be used as an effective method. 4. Endo-bronchial ultrasound (EBUS). EBUS combined with a special aspiration biopsy needle can be used for real-time ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy, namely EBUS-TNAB. Compared with traditional diagnosis strategies, EBUS-TNAB can shorten the time for treatment decisions and may improve the survival of LC patients without increasing costs. Now, regarding this pathology in our country at the republican level. The incidence of LC in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2023 was 19.5 (30.6 - men; 8.8 - women) per 100 thousand population (20.1 - in 2022), which in absolute numbers amounted to 3873 people (3925 cases - a year earlier), taking the 2nd rank place in the general population, second, of course, only to breast cancer. The proportion of cases with a diagnosis established for the first time in life, recorded by oncological organizations was 10.5% (11.2% - in 2022). At the same time, 2974 men fell ill (proportion - 18.4%, 1 rank place), women - 899 (proportion - 4.3%, 9 rank place) [12]. The LC level is above the national average in 9 regions of the country: North Kazakhstan - 42.3 (the highest level); Karaganda - 36.5; East Kazakhstan - 34.6; Akmola - 32.6; Pavlodar - 32.5; Kostanay - 30.9; West Kazakhstan - 27.1; Abay - 24.3; Aktobe - 21.7. This indicator is below the national average in 11 regions: Turkestan - 8.4; (the lowest level); Mangistau - 9.5; the city of Shymkent - 10.6; Zhambyl - 11.5; Almaty - 13.6; Kyzylorda - 14.7; the city of Almaty - 15.1; Zhetysu - 15.9; the city of Astana - 16.4; Atyrau - 17.6; Ulytau - 18.1 regions per 100 thousand population. Mortality from this pathology was 10.3 (men - 16.7; women - 4.1) per 100 thousand population. In the structure of causes of death of persons of both sexes in 2023, this pathology continues to occupy a leading position (1st rank place), both in men, amounting to 23.7% (1626 people), and in the general population, amounting to 15.8% (2046 people). For women, this figure was 6.9% and 4th rank place. The regions with the mortality rate from LC above the national average (10.3 per 100,000 population) are: East Kazakhstan - 22.4 (maximum level); Abay - 19.5; Pavlodar - 18.2; North Kazakhstan - 16.0; Karaganda - 15.5; Akmola and West Kazakhstan - 14.6; Kostanay - 11.6. The lowest rates were recorded in Turkestan - 4.0 (minimum level); Mangistau - 5.7; the city of Shymkent - 6.5; Atyrau - 6.7; Kyzylorda - 7.0; Almaty - 8.0; Aktobe - 8.4; Zhambyl - 8.9; Zhetysu - 9.2; in the city of Almaty - 9.4; Ulytau - 9.5; in the city of Astana - 10.1 regions per 100 thousand population [12]. The number of deaths from LC, not registered with oncological organizations and diagnosed posthumously in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2023 amounted to 83 people; at the same time, the specific weight was 2.1% and this is the 5th rank place, as in the previous year. At the same time, the one-year lethality rate was 37.2%, taking the 6th rank place among all nosological forms of malignant neoplasms. At the same time, the ratio between one-year lethality and neglect (stage IV) was, as in 2022, 1.4. At the same time, we recall that the farthest from "1" is the worst ratio between the indicators of one-year lethality and neglect. Now, regarding preventive examinations. It should be noted that during large-scale preventive examinations of the population in 2023, significantly more patients with malignant neoplasms were actively identified than in 2022. This is 25,193 patients versus 23,623 patients identified in 2022, i.e. +6.6%. This is due to the further abatement of the epidemiological situation with coronavirus and the increased availability of preventive care for the population. The proportion of patients identified during preventive examinations increased from 62.0% to 62.4% of the total number of patients identified per year. As for LC, the early detection of this pathology during preventive examinations increased from 33.6 to 35.2%. The number of newly diagnosed LC patients registered with oncology organizations was 3,754 patients (3,821 patients in 2022). At the same time, the absolute number of LC patients identified during preventive examinations was 2,213 people (2,088 a year earlier), and the proportion was 59.0% and 54.6%, respectively. 779 people out of 2,213 are patients with stages I and II (in 2022 - 702 patients out of 2,088). The proportion of LC patients identified at early stages, as indicated above, was 35.2% versus 33.6 a year earlier. Of course, when analyzing the epidemiological situation, early diagnosis indicators are very important issues. The regions where the proportion of patients with early stage I of the pathology in question is above the national average (9.5% - 8th place among the worst indicators together with malignant lymphomas) include the following: North Kazakhstan - 27.5% (the best indicator); Karaganda - 19.3%; Akmola - 13.4%; Ulytau - 12.5%; Astana city - 11.7%; Kyzylorda - 11.4%. West Kazakhstan region is on par with the national average. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 50 The lowest indicators of early diagnosis were recorded in Zhambyl and North Kazakhstan - only 2.2%; Atyrau - 2.4%; Aktobe - 3.0%; Abay - 4.2%; Mangistau - 5.5%; Almaty city - 5.6%; Kostanay - 6.0%; Almaty - 6.4%; Shymkent city - 7.1%; Pavlodar - 7.5%; East Kazakhstan - 8.2% and Zhetysu - 8.3% regions of the country [12]. Unfortunately, for a number of reasons, which include objective reasons, only every fourth patient with LC is detected in the early (I-II) stages of this pathology. The regions where the proportion of patients with LC detected at stages I-II is above the national average (28.0% - 6th rank place "from the bottom") include the following regions. The uncontested leader is the North Kazakhstan region, where every second patient with this formidable disease is detected in the early stages (50.0%). Next come: Akmola - 36.2%; Aktobe - 35.1%; Kyzylorda - 35.0%; Zhetysu - 34.3%; Almaty city - 30.5%; West Kazakhstan - 29.1%; Astana city - 29.0% and Kostanay - 28.6% regions. Low rates of early diagnosis were recorded in Mangistau - 13.7% (the worst result in the country); Almaty - 15.8%; Turkestan - 16.2%; East Kazakhstan - 19.8%; Abay - 21.0%; Ulytau - 22.5%; Pavlodar - 24.7%; Karaganda - 25.2%; Shymkent city – 26.0%; Atyrau - 26.8% and Zhambyl - 27.3% regions [12]. As is clearly seen from the above data, there is a very large spread in early diagnostic rates across the country, from very good to dismal. Of course, it is necessary to take into account migration processes and other factors that affect early diagnostic rates, but nevertheless, the results obtained give reason not to stop there, both for oncologists and pulmonologists, general practitioners, since improving the rates of early diagnostics of malignant tumors, as one of the main postulates and one of the main tasks of medicine in general, continues to be relevant today. The proportion of stage IV LC among all nosological forms of malignant neoplasms was 26.5%. Unfortunately, in this indicator, LC is higher than all other localizations, second only to pancreatic cancer. At the same time, as was said above, the proportion of patients with LC detected at stages I-II was 28.0%, which indicates that the overwhelming majority of patients with LC were detected at locally advanced with loco-regional lesions - stage III of the disease. This stage was 45.5%, i.e. almost half of all patients, and we know what aggressive, often complex treatment is used for such a spread of the oncological process and what a disappointing prognosis is for these patients. As for the average republican indicator of the proportion of stage IV (26.5%), against this background, Turkestan - 46.4%; Abay - 43.4% and Ulytau - 40.0% regions stand out. They are followed by: Akmola - 35.0%; Karaganda - 33.8%; the city of Astana - 33.2%; Zhetysu - 32.4%; Kostanay - 31.9% and other regions. The lowest proportion of stage IV LC was noted in the North Kazakhstan region, where this figure was 12.6% [12]. The morphological verification rate of the disease in the country was 77.2%. The leaders in this aspect with a 100% rate are Zhambyl and Ulytau regions; then come Almaty (92.6%), Atyrau (90.2%), the city of Shymkent (87.4%), the city of Astana (84.6%), Karaganda (84.5%), Turkestan (84.4%), Abay (83.2%), Kostanay (83.1%), East Kazakhstan (78.0%) regions. Aktobe region is on par with the national average. This indicator is below the national average in the following regions: Kyzylorda (37.4% - the worst indicator in the republic), the city of Almaty (54.8%), Pavlodar (65.7%), Akmola (68.3%), Mangistau (71.2%), North Kazakhstan (74.8%), Zhetysu (75.0%) and West Kazakhstan (76.0%) regions [12]. The total number of patients with malignant neoplasms registered with specialized oncology organizations of the republic continued to grow and by the end of 2023 amounted to 218,186 people, with an increase of 6.0% compared to the level of the previous year (2022 - 205,822, +5.8%). The overall incidence rate of malignant neoplasms increased by 3.9%, from 1055.3 to 1096.4 per 100 thousand people. The growth of this indicator is due to both the increase in the incidence and detection of pathology, and the increase in the survival rate of cancer patients. In addition, statistical data on patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasms, who have been under observation for 5 years or more and continue to be observed in 2023, showed that the number of patients under observation by oncological organizations in Kazakhstan for over five years continued to grow and at the end of the reporting year amounted to 117,616 people, with an increase of 6.2% (2022 - 110,790 people, +6.6%) (form No. 7). One cannot ignore such an important clinical aspect as the coverage in the Republic of Kazakhstan of special treatment for patients diagnosed with LC for the first time in their lives. In 2023, the number of hospitalizations for all nosological forms of malignant tumors in oncological organizations of the country amounted to 108,252 cases (2022 - 101,095), with an increase of 7.1% compared to the previous year, which is associated with a constant increase in the number of cancer patients, improvement of the standardization of oncological care, and the development of palliative and restorative services. At the end of 2023, the absolute number of patients with LC who completed specialized treatment was 1,448 people, continuing treatment - 1,102 patients. In percentage terms, the following results were obtained by methods and types of treatment. Only 21.3% of patients received surgical treatment, only radiation - 4.6%, only drug treatment - 25.0%, combined - 3.2%, XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 51 complex - 38.0% and chemo-radiation - 5.6%. Further, regarding the five-year survival rate of patients. As for LC, at the end of 2023, 7,119 people or 35.8 per 100 thousand of the population were registered with the dispensary. At the end of 2022, there were 6,702 patients or 34.4 per 100 thousand of the population, respectively. At the same time, the mortality rate of the observed contingents in 2023 decreased compared to the previous year and amounted to 28.7% in 2023 (31.6% in 2022). The five-year survival rate of patients with LC was 55.4% in 2023 and 55.3% in 2022 [12]. Summarizing the above, we can conclude that LC, along with breast cancer, continues to firmly occupy a leading place from year to year among all existing malignant tumors of other localizations. At the same time, taking into account a number of factors, the indicators of early diagnosis do not allow oncologists to "sleep peacefully", since the locally advanced stage III, which significantly prevails over all stages, in addition to the prevalence itself, gives a large number of complications due to the location of vital centers and tissue structures near the primary focus and locoregional metastases. Variability and veiling of symptoms, their similarity with various non-core processes, leads to neglect of the disease. All this requires both oncologists and, first of all, primary health care workers and, of course, pulmonologists, phthisiologists to increase the level of oncological alertness, inform the population about early symptoms that may indicate this pathology or the onset of proliferative changes and conduct high-tech diagnostic measures, including for the purpose of differential diagnosis and, as a result, timely treatment. People from the risk group are recommended to visit a pulmonologist annually and, if necessary, undergo an examination. Epidemiological assessment of the situation with LC in our country suggests that there are sometimes significant differences in the regions not only in incidence rates, but also in the parameters of early diagnosis and mortality from this pathology. In connection with the above, this pathology continues to be a serious problem of modern clinical oncology. References 1 Klinicheskij protokol diagnostiki i lechenija raka legkogo - Odobren Ob#edinennoj komissiej po kachestvu medicinskih uslug Ministerstva zdravoohranenija Respubliki Kazahstan ot 01 ijulja 2022 goda. – Protokol №164. – 54 s (In Russ.). 2 Nooreldeen R., Bach H. Current and Future Development in Lung Cancer Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 12;22(16):8661. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168661. 3 Sharma R. 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XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 53 Pedagogical sciences TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AIMED AT THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL AND SPEECH COMPETENCE OF CADETS OF THE AVIATION FACULTY Avedyan Vlada Levonovna Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi ОБУЧЕНИЕ РУССКОМУ КАК ИНОСТРАННОМУ ЯЗЫКУ, НАЦЕЛЕННОЕ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНО-РЕЧЕВОЙ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ КУРСАНТОВ АВИАЦИОННОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА Аведян Влада Левоновна Ереванский государственный медицинский университет им. Мхитара Гераци Abstract Teaching RCT in the context of the formation of professional and speech competence is an urgent task of modern language education, as well as one of the key elements of an effective learning system. A professionally oriented approach to teaching RFL is an effective method that involves preparing students for successful professional activities. It provides practical application of the language being studied in the context of professional tasks, which contributes to better learning of the material and increases the motivation of students. The modeling of professional activity and the use of professional vocabulary in the educational process contribute to deeper language acquisition and its application in real situations. Аннотация Обучение РКИ в контексте формирования профессионально-речевой компетенции – актуальная задача современного языкового образования, а также один из ключевых элементов эффективной системы обучения. Профессионально-ориентированный подход в обучении РКИ представляет собой эффективный метод, предполагающий подготовку учащихся к успешной профессиональной деятельности. Он обеспечивает практическое применение изучаемого языка в контексте профессиональных задач, что способствует лучшему усвоению материала и повышению мотивации учащихся. Моделирование профессиональной деятельности и использование профессиональной лексики в учебном процессе способствуют более глубокому усвоению языка и его применению в реальных ситуациях. Keywords: professionally oriented training, RFL, modeling of professional activity, motivation, professional and speech competence. Ключевые слова: профессионально-ориентированное обучение, РКИ, моделирование профессиональной деятельности, мотивация, профессионально-речевая компетенция. Обучение РКИ в контексте формирования профессионально-речевой компетенции – актуальная задача современного языкового образования, а также один из ключевых элементов эффективной системы обучения. Здесь предполагается не только разработка дизайна обучения, но и целевой охват отдельно взятых знаний и навыков, а также способности адекватного, корректного и гибкого их использования в коммуникации. Немаловажную роль в обучении РКИ в рассматриваемом нами аспекте играет контекстное обучение [4]. Модель контекстного обучения, среди прочего, предполагает моделирование предметного и социального содержания осваиваемой обучающимися профессии, а также будущей профессиональной деятельности. На современном этапе необходимо разработать инновационную парадигму образовательного процесса [5]. Профессионально-речевая компетенция строится на основе общих и специфичных навыков, необходимых для успешной коммуникации в профессиональной среде и включает работу не только на лексическом уровне языковой системы (знание специализированных лексических единиц), но и формирование широкого диапазона умений, позволяющих адаптировать язык под конкретные профессиональные и коммуникативные контексты. Наряду со знанием профессиональной терминологии и эффективным использованием языка в профессиональной деятельности здесь предполагается также корректное применение грамматических конструкций (невозможное без предварительных знаний, касающихся основных алгоритмов идиоматичной лексической и XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 54 грамматической сочетаемости, или знаний, затрагивающих не только синтаксическую, но и микросинтаксическую систему языка), умение вести коммуникацию в рамках тех или иных профессиональных ситуаций, умение составлять деловые документы (рапорт, объяснительная и т.д.). Конечным итогом профессионально-ориентированного обучения представляется овладение коммуникативной компетенцией на русском языке. С учетом всего вышесказанного преподавание РКИ, нацеленное на формирование и развитие профессионально-речевой компетенции, предъявляет определенные требования к преподавателю: - глубокое знание типологических особенностей текстов по специальности; - умение эффективно использовать эти знания при составлении учебных материалов (отборе учебных и аутентичных текстов, составлению системы упражнений, презентаций и пр.); - обязательное владение релевантными методами преподавания; - способность правильно интерпретировать и трансформировать информацию, а также умение применять языковые знания в разных контекстах. Эта компетенция тесно связана с теми умениями преподавателя, которые необходимы для управления учебным процессом и его адаптации к индивидуальным особенностям учащихся. Так, умение преподавателя правильно формулировать цели и задачи урока, а также корректно интерпретировать ответ студентов, существенно влияет на эффективность и, как следствие, качество обучения. Обучение русскому языку как иностранному (РКИ), наряду с владением знаний о типологии специальных текстов, требует интеграции различных методологических подходов. Данное требование тем более актуально в случае, когда речь идет о развитии профессионально-речевой компетенции. Существует несколько методологических подходов к обучению РКИ, направленных на развитие профессионально-речевой компетенции. Представим основные подходы, используемые нами в процессе разработки дизайна уроков для курсантов авиационного факультета. 1. Коммуникативно-ориентированный подход 2. Ориентированность на общение 3. Акцент на речевые функции 4. Использование аутентичных материалов: В целях создания максимально приближенной к реальности языковой среды используются аутентичные материалы: новости, статьи, деловая переписка и т.д. Это помогает студентам лучше понимать язык в его естественном контексте. 5. Интерактивные методы обучения. 6. Профессионально-ориентированный подход Профессионально-ориентированный подход (ПОП) в обучении русскому языку как иностранному нацелен на подготовку учащихся к эффективному использованию языка в их профессиональной деятельности. В центре внимания данного подхода – специфика той профессиональной сферы, в которой предполагается использование языка. Сообразно этому ключевую роль здесь играет формирование навыков, соответствующих требованиям той или иной профессиональной сферы. Основными принципами ПОП являются: Адаптация учебного материала к профессиональной сфере Формирование специализированных навыков Моделирование профессиональных ситуаций Интеграция культурных аспектов Из всего вышесказанного следует, что профессионально-ориентированный подход в обучении РКИ представляет собой эффективный метод, предполагающий подготовку учащихся к успешной профессиональной деятельности. Он обеспечивает практическое применение изучаемого языка в контексте профессиональных задач, что способствует лучшему усвоению материала и повышению мотивации учащихся. Моделирование профессиональной деятельности и использование профессиональной лексики в учебном процессе способствуют более глубокому усвоению языка и его применению в реальных ситуациях. Эффективное обучение русского языка как иностранного базируется на: - теории проблемного обучения М.И. Махмутова [6], согласно которой обучающийся строит гипотезы, воспринимаемые в качестве познавательных моделей, представляющих собой «<…> принадлежность проектно-технологического типа организационной культуры». - теории проективного образования [7]. Проективное обучение рассматривается как обучение и развитие самоопределяющейся личности с проективным взглядом на мир и способностью сотрудничать с другими людьми. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 55 - теории контекстного обучения [4], согласно которой процесс обучения нацелен на формирование предметного и социального содержания будущей профессиональной деятельности; - компетентностном подходе, который нацелен на формирование социальных, коммуникативных, профессиональных и других качеств личности студента, которые позволят ему полноценно реализовать себя в современных социально-экономических условиях [8,9]. В целом, успешное развитие профессионально-речевой компетенции в обучении РКИ возможно только при применении комплексного подхода, включающего элементы коммуникативной, профессионально-ориентированной, контекстной и технологической методологии. Следует помнить при этом, что данные концепции необходимо сочетать, они должны применяться комплексно, взаимодополняя и взаимобогащая, а не исключая друг друга. Немаловажен также учет мотивационного фактора. Обучение русскому языку курсантов авиационного факультета военной академии им В. Саргсяна МО РА является важной составляющей подготовки будущих специалистов. Перед преподавателем стоит задача не только обучить курсанта языку профессиональной деятельности, но и сформировать личностные качества будущего военного, способствуя, таким образом, личностному развитию: «В содержании обучения превалирует формирование научных представлений, понятий, законов, теорий, специальных общеучебных умений и навыков. Этот процесс одновременно содействует решению задач воспитания и развития, формируя диалектико-материалистическое мировоззрение обучаемых. В содержании воспитания превалирует формирование убеждений, норм, правил, идеалов, социально значимых отношений, установок, мотивов, способов и правил общественно ценного поведения идейнополитического, нравственного, трудового, эстетического и гигиенического характера. Процесс воспитания одновременно влияет и на образованность личности, служит непосредственным фактором стимулирования активности школьников в учении» [2]. Преподаватель военного вуза также выступает в роли воспитателя, прививая курсантам чувство патриотизма, любви к родине и нелегкому военному делу. Фактически «… обучение является не только условием, но и основой и средством психического и в целом личностного развития человека …» [1]. Необходимо отметить, что, если обучение направлено на овладение опытом в виде знаний, умений и т.д., то воспитание еще охватывает и «верхний этаж» структуры личности – формирование направленности личности: ее убеждений, мировоззрений, идеалов, стремлений, интересов и желаний. Что касается обучения русскому языку в военном вузе, то основной целью является формирование профессионально-речевой компетенции, необходимой для успешного выполнения профессиональных задач, эффективного и корректного использования языка в специфических профессиональных ситуациях: управление военно-воздушным судном, взаимодействие с экипажем, с командно-диспетчерским пунктом, надлежащее выполнение регламентных и ремонтных работ в технико-эксплуатационной части и т.д. Все это требует не только общего владения языком, но и глубокого понимания терминологии, ситуативных речевых шаблонов – все это позволяет курсантам применять приобретенные навыки в профессиональной деятельности (уже со II семестра II курса курсанты-летчики начинают тренировочные полеты). Не менее важную роль в процессе обучения и обеспечения максимальной его эффективности играют специализированные учебные материалы и программы, адаптированные под конкретные потребности курсантов. В рамках современной образовательной системы обучение русскому как иностранному языку курсантов военных вузов заключается в том, чтобы подготовить будущих специалистов к использованию профессиональной литературы и формированию собственного профессионального общения на русском языке. Не менее важным аспектом является развитие навыков межкультурной коммуникации. Формирование и развитие таких умений и навыков осуществляется посредством работы со специализированной научно-технической литературой, поскольку «… научный текст – центральная единица научного стиля речи, абсолютный приоритет практической работы по языкам специальности, главный объект рецептивной и продуктивной деятельности преподавателя и студента» [3]. Учитывая специфику организации учебного процесса в военной академии (курсанты загружены деятельностью военного характера) и сложности, с которыми курсанты могут столкнуться на лексическом и грамматическом уровнях при работе с текстами, для развития профессионально-речевой компетенции необходима интенсивная и упорядоченная работа. Для работы в аудитории мы используем профильные тексты, поскольку данные тексты не только содержат достаточное количество терминов по авиации, но и представляют собой ценный материал с точки зрения наличия тех базовых синтаксических и грамматических конструкций, знание которых позволяет обеспечить эффективную коммуникацию в профессиональной среде. Тексты снабжены лексико-грамматическими XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 56 упражнениями для закрепления вышеупомянутых конструкций, необходимых для дальнейшего использования русского языка в профессиональной сфере. Целью преподавания русского языка в военном вузе, в частности на авиационном факультете, помимо всего прочего, является подготовка курсантов к последующему изучению предметов по специальности, которые преподаются на русском языке. Курсанты начинают проходить русский язык с 1 года обучения. Курс дисциплины «Русский язык» рассчитан на 3/4/6 семестров, то есть I/II/III курсы, в зависимости от специализации группы. Наиболее серьезным вызовом в данном случае является отсутствие характеризующихся профессиональной направленностью учебных пособий по русскому языку. С этой точки зрения предложенное нами пособие текстов по специальности для курсантов авиационного факультета является первым и, на данный момент, единственным подобным учебным пособием. Следует отметить, что преподаватели русского языка в какой-то мере начинают дублировать функции преподавателей специальных предметов, поскольку, как уже отмечалось выше, перед преподавателем стоит задача развития профессионально-речевой компетенции, формирования определенных предметных знаний, в связи с чем в учебный материал включены тексты, термины, словосочетания и конструкции по специальности, необходимые курсанту в его дальнейшей деятельности. В целях обеспечения максимально эффективной организации учебного процесса преподаватели русского языка находятся в постоянном взаимодействии с преподавателямипредметниками. От успешного освоения курса русского языка зависит в том числе и эффективность формирования профессиональных знаний курсантов. References 1. Zimnaya I.A. Pedagogical psychology: Textbook. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix Publishing House, 1997 [Отпечатано на русском]. 2. Pedagogy. Study guide. Edited by Yu.K. Babansky. Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1983 [Отпечатано на русском]. 3. Fundamentals of scientific speech: Textbook for students. The nephil. higher. studies. institutions / N.A. Bure, M.V. Bystykh, S.A. Vishnyakova et al.; edited by V.V. Khimik, L.B. Volkova. – St. Petersburg: Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg State University; Moscow: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. – 272 p. [Отпечатано на русском]. 4. Verbitsky A.A., Active learning in higher education: a contextual approach. – Moscow: Higher School, 1991 [Отпечатано на русском]. 5. Novikova M.L. The innovative paradigm of the educational process and its role in the unification and improvement of the teaching process //Bulletin of the RUDN University. The series "Questions of education. Languages and specialty". – 2012. – No. 3. – pp. 165-173., p.167 [Отпечатано на русском]. 6. Makhmutov M.I. Problem–based learning. Moscow, 1975 [Отпечатано на русском]. 7. Ilyin G.L. Philosophy of education. Moscow: Vuzovskaya kniga, 2002 [Отпечатано на русском]. 8. Barannikov A.V. Content of general education /Competence approach. Moscow, 2002 [Отпечатано на русском]. 9. Ermolenko V.A. Functional literacy in a modern context. – Moscow, 2002 [Отпечатано на русском]. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 63 Philological sciences WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S LITERARY CONTRIBUTION AND DRAMATIC THEORY Abdullayeva Gunay Allahverdi ASPU, CIL, English teacher Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan Abstract William Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright in the English language, has left an indelible mark on world literature. His vast body of work, including tragedies, comedies, and histories, continues to captivate audiences and inspire scholars more than four centuries after his death. Born in 1564 in Stratfordupon-Avon, Shakespeare wrote during the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras—a time of great cultural, political, and artistic transformation in England. His plays not only reflect the complexities of human nature but also explore timeless themes such as love, power, jealousy, betrayal, and ambition. Keywords: inspire, literature, genre, theatre, love, metaphors. Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to explore Shakespeare’s literary contributions and dramatic theory, analyzing the elements that make his work universally relevant. From the psychological depth of Hamlet to the destructive ambition in Macbeth, Shakespeare created characters that transcend their time. His mastery of language, use of poetic devices, and structural innovation in drama have had a profound impact on English literature and theater. This study will examine his life and context, major works and themes, stylistic features, and long-standing influence, highlighting why Shakespeare remains a central figure in literary discourse. Shakespeare’s Life and Historical Context. William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Although many aspects of his early life remain uncertain, historical records confirm his baptism on April 26, 1564. He married Anne Hathaway at the age of 18 and had three children. In the late 1580s or early 1590s, Shakespeare moved to London, where he began his career as an actor and playwright. Shakespeare’s lifetime coincided with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and later King James I—an era often referred to as the English Renaissance. This period was marked by a flourishing of literature, arts, and exploration. The political stability under Elizabeth I, combined with the rise of humanism and the influence of classical texts, created a fertile environment for dramatic expression. Theatres such as The Globe became cultural hubs where the growing middle class could engage with complex moral and social issues presented through drama. Religious tensions, shifting power structures, and philosophical debates about fate and free will found their way into Shakespeare’s plays. For example, the anxiety over succession in Elizabeth’s later years is echoed in the power struggles of "Macbeth" and "King Lear". His works captured the spirit of the age—bridging medieval ideas with emerging modern consciousness. Major Works and Themes: Shakespeare's literary legacy includes 39 plays, 154 sonnets, and several narrative poems. His works are traditionally categorized into three main genres: tragedies, comedies, and histories. Each genre offers unique insights into human behavior, society, and universal truths. The writing style of Shakespeare is characterized by a masterful command of language, employing a rich vocabulary, striking imagery, and a variety of literary devices that contribute to the enduring power of his plays and sonnets. His works feature deeply complex, flawed, and relatable characters who grapple with universal themes like love, ambition, revenge, mortality, and identity, making his stories timeless and resonant. Shakespeare effectively used dramatic techniques, such as soliloquies (inner thoughts spoken aloud), monologues (speeches to other characters), and varied tones and moods to engage audiences and explore the inner lives of his characters. Through his plays, poems, and sonnets, Shakespeare left an indelible mark on the English language and literature, influencing countless writers and continuing to be performed and studied centuries later. The writing style of Shakespeare combines creativity, intelligence, and emotion in ways that few writers have ever matched. He had a way of using language to express complex ideas, create memorable characters, and tell stories that connect with people on a deep level. Whether it’s the tragedy of Hamlet, the romance of Romeo and Juliet, or the humor in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, his works cover a wide range of emotions and themes. Shakespeare’s career lasted over two decades, and his works left an indelible mark on English literature. His ability to capture the human experience with such depth and creativity is why his plays and poems are still widely read, performed, and studied. Shakespeare studied classic Greek and Roman books. He XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 64 loved authors like Ovid and Virgil. This helped him write about timeless themes like love, betrayal, and how things change, just like in stories we tell today. Shakespeare wrote plays about real English kings and queens, like “Henry IV” and “Richard III.” These plays entertained people and also talked about important things like good leadership and what’s right and wrong. Shakespeare was brilliant at understanding how people really feel. His characters, like the jealous Othello and the ambitious Macbeth, feel real because they have the same emotions we all experience. Shakespeare learned from other talented writers of his time, like Christopher Marlowe and Geoffrey Chaucer. The competition with other playwrights in London pushed him to be even more creative. Religion was very important in Shakespeare’s time. The Bible influenced many of his plays, like “Hamlet,” by exploring ideas about sin, forgiveness, and what’s morally right. One of the most remarkable aspects of William Shakespeare’s work is his mastery of language. His ability to play with words, create new ones, and use them in powerful ways has cemented his reputation as one of the greatest writers in the English language. Shakespeare wrote for everyone, from kings and queens to regular people. He used fancy, poetic language for rich characters and simple, funny language for everyday characters. This made his plays enjoyable for everyone in the audience, whether they were educated or not. William Shakespeare’s writing is famous for its incredible vocabulary. He had an unmatched ability to find the perfect word to capture a moment, express a feeling, or describe a character. His extensive vocabulary not only added beauty and depth to his works but also enriched the English language as a whole. William Shakespeare was a master of figurative language—using literary devices such as similes, metaphors, personification, and hyperbole to enrich his writing. These tools added beauty, depth, and layers of meaning to his works, making them vivid and emotionally compelling. Shakespeare frequently used similes and metaphors to draw comparisons and make abstract ideas more relatable. William Shakespeare’s plays are renowned for their ability to evoke a wide range of emotions. He skillfully shifted tone and mood within and across his works to keep audiences engaged, convey complex themes, and mirror the emotional journeys of his characters. Shakespeare masterfully adjusted both tone and mood to suit different moments, creating a dynamic and engaging experience. He often juxtaposed lighthearted scenes with darker, more serious ones to create contrast and balance. This interplay made his works more engaging and reflective of life’s complexities. Shakespeare used many literary devices– below are the most important ones, most central to his work. 1. Allusion. This is a reference to a person, place, or event, usually without explicit identification. Allusions can be references to mythology, the bible, historical events, geography, legends, or other literary works. Authors often use allusion to establish a tone, create an implied association, contrast two objects or people, make an unusual juxtaposition of references, or bring the reader into a world of experience outside the limitations of the story itself. Biblical references are common in literary works of all periods. 2. Dramatic Device. Dramatic devices were not invented by Shakespeare, as a drama would not hold up without them: the plays of Shakespeare’s predecessors and contemporaries used them, but one of the reasons that Shakespeare’s plays are so gripping and suspenseful is that he was a master of the dramatic device. 3. Dramatic Ironyis a situation in which the reader knows something about present or future circumstances that the character does not know. For example, in Macbeth, when Duncan’s murdered body is found, Macbeth behaves as though he’s angry with the supposed murderers but the audience knows that he is, in fact, the murderer. That’s dramatic irony. 4. Monologuea long, uninterrupted speech that is spoken in the presence of other characters. Unlike a soliloquy, a monologue is heard by other characters. 5. SoliloquyA speech in which a character, who is usually alone on the stage, expresses his or her thoughts aloud. It is a very useful device, as it allows the writer to convey a character’s most intimate thoughts and feelings directly to the audience. The convention is that the audience is allowed to hear the character’s thoughts. He or she is not talking, but thinking. Shakespeare uses soliloquies liberally, and some of his finest pieces of writing are in this form, for example, the ‘To be or not to be’ soliloquy in Hamlet. 6. SymbolismShakespeare’s use of symbolism is one of his strongest, most distinguishing characteristics. It is the frequent use of words, places, characters, or objects that mean something beyond what they are on a literal level. If, for example, a writer uses the word ‘blood’ once, its meaning will be confined to that instance in which it is used. But if the word is used repeatedly, as it is in plays like Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet, it expresses some profound ideas. Tragedies: Among his most acclaimed works are the tragedies "Hamlet", "Macbeth", "Othello", and "King Lear". These plays delve deep into the human psyche, exploring complex themes such as ambition, revenge, jealousy, betrayal, madness, and mortality. In "Hamlet", Shakespeare presents the internal conflict of a prince torn between action and hesitation. "Macbeth" showcases how unchecked ambition can lead to moral destruction, while "Othello" reveals the destructive power of jealousy. "King Lear" explores the fragility of authority and the pain of betrayal within families. Comedies: Shakespeare’s comedies, such as "A Midsummer Night’s Dream", "Twelfth Night", and "Much Ado About Nothing", often feature mistaken identities, romantic entanglements, and humorous misunderstandings. However, beneath the humor lies serious commentary on gender roles, class, and the nature of XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 65 love. In "Twelfth Night", Shakespeare questions the limits of identity and gender, while "Much Ado About Nothing" challenges societal expectations in relationships. "Histories:" His historical plays, including "Richard III", "Henry IV" (Parts 1 & 2), and "Henry V", dramatize the lives of English kings and the consequences of political ambition and civil war. These works provide not only entertainment but also moral and national reflection, reinforcing the themes of leadership, legitimacy, and power. "Universal Themes:" A defining feature of Shakespeare’s work is the timelessness of his themes. Whether depicting love, death, power, corruption, or redemption, his characters reflect real human emotions and dilemmas. He understood and portrayed the complexities of the human condition with unmatched insight, making his works relatable across cultures and centuries. "Dramatic Style and Literary Theory" Shakespeare's dramatic style revolutionized English theatre. Unlike earlier playwrights who adhered strictly to classical unities of time, place, and action, Shakespeare often defied these conventions. His plays could span multiple locations and timeframes, making them more dynamic and engaging. One of his greatest strengths was character development. Shakespeare created psychologically complex characters with inner conflicts and evolving motivations. Characters like Hamlet, Lady Macbeth, and Iago remain some of the most analyzed figures in literature for their depth and ambiguity. He masterfully blended prose and verse—using blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) for noble or serious characters, and prose for comedic or common ones. This variation helped establish tone and hierarchy. His use of soliloquies (as in Hamlet’s “To be or not to be”) allowed characters to voice internal struggles directly to the audience, making his plays emotionally immersive. Shakespeare’s work is also rich in literary devices: metaphors, similes, puns, irony, and wordplay. His language is poetic yet accessible, contributing to the rhythm and power of the dialogue. From a theoretical perspective, Shakespeare contributed to Renaissance humanism—a philosophy that emphasized human potential, reason, and individual agency. His tragedies often explore free will versus fate, moral responsibility, and the tragic flaws (hamartia) of protagonists, aligning with Aristotelian dramatic theory. --- *Shakespeare’s Influence on Literature and Culture* Shakespeare’s influence on global literature and culture is unmatched. His works have been translated into every major language and performed in every corner of the world. He expanded the expressive potential of the English language, coining countless words and phrases still in use today (“break the ice,” “heart of gold,” “wild-goose chase”). In literature, countless authors—from Charles Dickens to James Joyce and modern playwrights—have drawn on Shakespeare’s themes, characters, and structures. His tragic heroes laid the foundation for modern psychological drama, while his comic elements shaped romantic and satirical comedy. In education, Shakespeare is central to literary studies worldwide, with his works used to teach narrative structure, character development, and poetic language. His plays are also frequently adapted in film, television, and theatre, proving their lasting relevance. Culturally, Shakespeare remains a symbol of artistic excellence. His portrayals of love, power, injustice, and humanity resonate across time, making his work a shared global heritage. Conclusion William Shakespeare’s literary genius lies in his ability to capture the full range of human emotion and experience. His works transcend time, culture, and language, offering insights into the universal truths of existence. From complex characters to poetic brilliance, Shakespeare set the standard for dramatic writing and narrative art. Through his tragedies, comedies, and histories, he examined the moral, psychological, and societal dimensions of life. His influence continues not only in literature but in how we understand storytelling, emotion, and human nature. Shakespeare's legacy is not simply a matter of history—it is a living presence in modern culture and literature. References 1. Greenblatt, Stephen. Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare. W.W. Norton, 2004. 2. Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. Riverhead Books, 1998. 3. McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare: An Introduction with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001. 4. Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Macmillan, 1904. 5. Wells, Stanley. Shakespeare & Co. Penguin Books, 2006. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 66 THE ROLE OF LITERARY CRITICISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN AZERBAIJAN LITERATURE Garanfil Rzayeva Senior Lecturer Agjabadi Branch of Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, Azerbaijan Abstract The rapid development of literary criticism and literary studies, as in other genres, coincides with the thirties of the 20th century. At this stage, the issue of the hegemonic influence of the socialist realism method on the entire literary process began to make itself felt in its entirety. Azerbaijani literary criticism was active in those years, striving to arm itself with the advanced ideas of the time, new aesthetics, materialist theory of cognition, and in many cases completely mastering them. Some of them were critics and literary scholars who worked more productively in that decade, analyzing works of art from the perspective of a new worldview. Salman Mumtaz, Ali Nazim, Ruhulla Akhundov, Atababa Musaxanli, Hanafi Zeynalli, Mammadkazim Alakbarli, Jafar Khandan, Mir Jalal, Feyzulla Gasimzade, Mikayil Rafili, Mubariz Alizade, Akbar Agayev, and prominent writers, along with professional critics, were also engaged in issues of theory and criticism. A large army of critics grew up in Azerbaijani literary criticism, which was actively active in those years, striving to arm itself with the advanced ideas of the time, new aesthetics, materialist theory of cognition, and in many cases completely mastering them. Some of them were critics and literary scholars who worked more productively in that decade, analyzing works of art from the perspective of a new worldview. Keywords: literary criticism, literary studies, literary genres, rapid development, socialist realism method, literary process, etc. Literary criticism and literary criticism, as well as other genres, experienced a rapid development in the thirties of the 20th century. At this stage, the issue of the hegemonic influence of the socialist realism method on the entire literary process began to make itself felt in its entirety. Despite its certain shortcomings, literary criticism gained influence in these years, and its works of art became the criterion for evaluation. The “literature of the new society”, which was relevant for that period, reached the deep layers of the working masses and began to become the property of the whole people. This literature increasingly “seeked the interests of the people, became an artistic expression of their desires and aspirations”. In these years, literature became closer to the life of the people, the popular and realistic essence of literature, its international appeal gradually increased, and its scope and breadth began to grow. In this regard, the scope of literary criticism and literary criticism also expanded, and most importantly, new literary scholars, critics, and new forces engaged in aesthetics were growing. One of the main and main problems of the period was to stand on the side of the working people in the interpretation of ideological-content issues, to substantiate their point of view. When the ideology of classes clashed in the field of ideology, which had extremely specific characteristics, it was not enough to stand on the proletarian worldview position and be loyal to it. It was an urgent task to actively fight for this success. It was impossible to weaken the struggle for the originality and modernity of literature for a single moment. Because the influence of fiction on consciousness, thoughts, as well as tastes and feelings, was active and dynamic in these years, as always. (1, p.187) The new literature, which gave artistic expression to the truth, and the new type of criticism that stood guard over it, analyzed and evaluated works of art from the perspective of the era, the attitude of time, and the position of citizenship. Literary criticism analyzed the reflection of the pathos, trends, main and main tendencies of the era in literary works. It was obliged to ensure the flow of the literary process in the contemporary literary scene. Therefore, literary criticism had to develop a complete, holistic, systematic realistic method, protect all its requirements and principles, and interpret it extensively. A large army of critics grew up in Azerbaijani literary criticism, which was actively working in those years, striving to arm itself with the advanced ideas of the era, new aesthetics, materialist theory of cognition, and in many cases completely mastering them. Some of them were critics and literary scholars who worked more productively in that decade, analyzing literary works from the perspective of a new worldview. Salman Mumtaz, Ali Nazim, Ruhulla Akhundov, Atababa Musaxanli, Hanafi Zeynalli, Mammadkazim Alakbarli, Jafar Khandan, Mir Jalal, Feyzulla Gasimzade, Mikayil Rafili, Mubariz Alizade, Akbar Aghayev, as well as XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 67 prominent writers such as Abdulla Shaig, Jafar Jabbarli, Huseyn Javid, S. Vurgun, Mirza Ibrahimov, and others, were also engaged in issues of theory and criticism. The problems that these critics dealt with the most were mainly theoretical. They explained problems such as idealism, modernity, folk, relevance, historicity, artistic craftsmanship, artistry, theme, artistic language, positive hero, etc. in literature directly in relation to the principles of creativity. They considered the truth of life to be the main requirement of the era and, therefore, did not forget about romanticism. Azerbaijani critics of that time took this position when analyzing the works of art created in the thirties. In connection with the criticism of these issues, the concepts of realism, truth and honesty were taken into account in the artistic reflection of life, whether in prose, dramaturgy or poetry. The articles of our critics J. Jafarov “On the Stories of S. Rahman” and M.K. Alakbarli “General Notes on Literature and Our Criticism” are interesting from this point of view. (2, p.214) In J. Jafarov’s article, he wrote that instead of showing the real life of the village, rich in various facts and events, its positive and negative aspects, the writer admires, loses measure, closes his eyes and plunges into dreams and paints and decorates the village so much that there is nothing left to be desired. In his eyes, everything has been improved, all the shortcomings have been removed, people have reached the final stage of happiness. J. Jafarov showed that we do not need distortion, forgery, insincerity, and any kind of coloring of our existence. The main strength of our criticism lies precisely in telling the truth, the truth openly, as it is, to the people. That is why our literature is increasingly attracting the attention of all honest people of the modern world. Therefore, since the aesthetic ideal itself completely corresponds to the dimensions and laws of life, there is no need for other means. Fashionable criticism considered works written on historical topics, the issue of historicity, and in general, the issue of classical heritage as its main and main task. It can also be noted that, as a completely natural phenomenon, it paid special attention to the creation of epic, lyrical and dramatic works on purely historical, semi-historical, semi-legendary, or purely folklore motifs in these years. The notes and considerations of literary criticism about literature, which are nourished by these three rich sources of modern thematics, were increasingly appearing in a more systematic manner. M.S. Ordubadi's novels "The Fighting City" and "Secret Baku", "The World is Changing" can also be included here. In each of these novels, the specific pages of Baku's historical and revolutionary struggle are revived in an extremely poetic language. Although history is somewhat shrouded in legend and adventure in these novels, in any case, the picture of specific historical periods, political and social events are shown accurately, and specific historical figures participated here with their names and addresses. Of course, the opinion of the writer's works "Secret Baku" and "The World is Changing" in the criticism of the 30s was not entirely positive. However, the criticism of these works should be considered, in general, correct and useful. This can be attributed, in particular, to the writer's somewhat free attitude to history, his attempt to change it as he wanted, and the problem of a fragmentary, chaotic description of very serious, as well as tragic historical changes and turning points. (3, p.96) In the 30s, literary criticism also correctly and positively assessed Mir Jalal's novel "The Resurrected Man". Here, the exception is only the criticism of J. Jafarov. According to the critic, in the work the revolutionary movement is "brought from the city to the village on horseback", the author was somewhat hasty in solving this issue. The struggle for the simplicity of the document can be included in the problems of craftsmanship that occupied the literary criticism of that period. In works that lack simplicity and clarity, both the content and the artistic components of the idea seem abstract, hazy, and ambiguous. M. Huseyn wrote about this in one of his articles: “A strong tendency towards ingenious simplicity should awaken in our modern art. We should learn such simplicity from the rich literature, poetry and epics created by our people over the centuries. For example, the simplicity of Vagif, his verses bubbling like a crystal fountain, did not deprive his works of the beauty inherent in his work. Or the simplicity of the verses of “Dede Gorgud” did not weaken the ingenious meaning in them. There has been a short but full history of journalism in our literature. We find its first examples in M.F. Akhundov, H.B. Zardabi and N.B. Vezirov. During the revolutionary period of 1905 and then in J. Mammadguluzadeh, N. Narimanov, F.B. Kochari, on the eve of the October Revolution, M.S. Ordubadi, Seyid Pishevari, T. Shahbazi and others were political created beautiful examples of our journalism. During the Great Patriotic War, journalism developed further in our literature, its militancy and artistry increased significantly. In the works of fiction, poems, stories, novellas, ocheks, feuilletons, narratives and dramas, as well as in works of literary criticism and literary criticism created during this period, the elements XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 68 of journalism were very strong. In the pages of the press "Communist", "Literary Newspaper", "For the Motherland", "Fighting Army" and others, journalistic articles played a leading role. This was due to the demands of the time. Analyzing individual examples of Azerbaijani poetry created during the war, Mehdi Huseyn came to the correct conclusion that the plague-fascism of the 20th century overshadowed all the atrocities that had occurred in history. It gave rise to endless hatred and anger towards itself in poetry, which is one of the highest manifestations of human consciousness: Publicism found a wider path to literary criticism and became its integral part. Mammad Jafar's 1945 The philosophical treatise "Untitled Letter" published in the magazine "For the Fatherland" in 1991 can be called the best example of this. During the war years, criticism, journalism and literary studies directly merged with the literary process and became its companions. In these years, literary criticism expanded its scope of study and analysis and, through the analysis of works of art, educated people in such characteristics as patriotism, fighting spirit, and ruthlessness towards the enemy. During this period, literary criticism, in addition to teaching life, also took on the task of creating excitement and emotion. These characteristics can be seen in M.J. Jafarov's "Our Poetry in the Service of the Patriotic War", M. Arif's "New Duties of Criticism", "Our Poetry in the Days of the Patriotic War", A. Agayev's "Stories of Heroism" and other works. Thus, in the works of Sh. While critical short stories, essays, and journalism were particularly popular, poets and prose writers also had a strong passion for articles, reviews, and literary criticism in general, which was a moving aesthetic. (4, p. 278) This can be explained by the frequent appeal to literary criticism by literary critics who are not systematically and consistently engaged in literary criticism, and their connection of purely literary historical problems with modern life, war and peace issues. It is no coincidence that in the first year of the war, a collection of articles “Fascism destroys human culture” was published. The theme of all journalistic, critical and literary works was directed towards one problem: war and peace. S. Vurgun's Azerbaijani writers in wartime!” (1942), “For the sake of the high works of our time” (1943), “The Patriotic War and our literature” (1943), “Letters to the Criticism Conference” (1944), M. Huseyn's “Literary letters!” (1945), M. Arif's "The Image of a Warrior in Our Literature" (1942), J. Jafarov's "War and Literature" (1943), etc., examine the issues of peace, war, as well as their artistic reflection in works of art, the creation of the character of hardworking, selfless people of the front and rear fronts, make certain generalizing theoretical considerations, and analyze specific artistic materials. Academician H. Huseynov, combining the pen of a philosopher with the thinking of a critic and literary critic, published a number of literary-philosophical, artistic-publicistic articles dedicated to the exposure of fascism during these years. His books "Fascism is inevitable" (1943), "Literary notes" (1945), are the products of these years. "Abridged History of Azerbaijani Literature" (1943), its two volumes, also played a significant role in the development of our post-war literary criticism science during this period. Along with the criticscientists, S. Vurgun, Mibrahimov, M. Huseyn and other writers had great merits. Samad Vurgun's theoretical articles published in the central press, which caused serious struggle and disputes, and his report on Soviet poetry at the II Congress of Soviet Writers should be considered among the achievements of literary criticism. S. Vurgun during this period "solved the modern theoretical problems of not only national literature, but also of Soviet literature in general" (L. Aragon). In his articles, reports and speeches, he illuminated the main issues of literature such as idealism, folklorism, modernity, vitality, and at the same time waged an irreconcilable war against foreign trends - formalism, nihilism, naturalism. The poet opposed those who sought more shady aspects in modern life, demanded to write more positive qualities and bright sides by exposing the shortcomings in the fire of satire. His struggle for romance was especially interesting. S. Vurgun called romance to him because he stubbornly defends that some wanted to deprive literature of this strong wing and reduce it to domesticity. The issues of a positive hero, a positive ideal, and attitude to the classical heritage always made S. Vurgun think. His articles “Creating beautiful works for our children”, “Against formalism and naturalism in art”, etc. are devoted to this issue. In the articles written by Mirza Ibrahimov about our classics and contemporary writers, correct scientific and theoretical considerations are put forward about the development of Azerbaijani literature and their individual personalities. When he talks about the artistic creativity and worldviews of Fuzuli, J. Mammadguluzade, Sabir and other classics, he strictly adheres to the principle of historicity. In his article “Some issues of dramaturgy”(1953), Mirza Ibrahimov showed with specific examples the harm caused by the theory of non-conflict in literature. This notorious theory created confusion and confusion in people's minds for a long time. According to this theory, conflict supposedly occurs between the good and the best. can give. Some writers, under the influence of this fictitious theory, were busy covering up the truth. Instead of going into the depths of existence and complex life processes, they followed an easy, schematic, XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 69 and stereotypical path, simplifying and falsifying the truth, making it extraordinary, sharp conflict, and serious drama. Some critics and literary scholars, when analyzing this or that work, based their analysis not on the level of reflection of life, modernity, but on the topicality of the subject. (5, p. 208) It is clear that denying conflict in dramaturgy meant denying art itself. Conflict is the soul of dramatic literature. Without sharp dramatic conflicts and collisions, it is impossible to present life in all its reality and complexity, and covering them up and glossing over the truth is not the way of literature. Mehdi Huseyn's literary and critical activity in this regard is particularly attractive to the theory. The articles collected in the book "Literary Quandary" (1947) were born from the writer's thoughts about the past, present and future of Azerbaijani literature. As he proudly spoke about the past of Azerbaijani literature, he also spoke about its current state and future with all his heart. In this book, we also see Mehdi Huseyn's demanding and caring attitude towards young writers who were just coming to our literature at that time. He talks passionately about literary youth, mentions the positive qualities he observed in the work of individual writers, as well as the shortcomings, and shows concrete ways to eliminate them. In a series of articles written by Mehdi Huseyn between 1945 and 1953, he raised very important theoretical issues that occupied literary studies and literary criticism, and public opinion in general. He fought for the purity of ideas and high craftsmanship of our literature, and developed his own opinions in this direction. “Literary Letters”, “Creative Problems of Azerbaijani Literature” (a series of articles), “For the sake of great art”, Notes on the Sword and Pen”, “For the sake of theoretical purity of our literary criticism”, etc. are among the works of deep content, principled, theoretically high level written by the writer during these years. These works contain deep scientific and theoretical generalizations on the main issues of both artistic creativity and literary criticism. (6, p. 39) In the post-war period, M.Arif, H.Arasli, M.Rafili, M.J.Jafarov, Jafar Khandan, Mir Jalal, M.Rzaguluzadeh, F.Gasimzadeh, M.Guluzadeh, A.Sharif, J.Jafarov, Aagayev, O.Hasanov and others were active in the field of criticism and literary criticism, worked very productively, some of them were critical, some were literary criticism, and some were both. worked. Academician Mammad Arif created valuable works on Azerbaijani writers Jafar Jabbarli, S. Vurgun, S. Rahimov, Russian literature, issues of artistic literature, artistic language, creativity, artistic translation, etc. His articles “Mehman” story and the issue of positive connotation”, “Artistic language and style”, “Lyrics in Azerbaijani Soviet poetry”, “Artistic issues in Azerbaijani Soviet dramaturgy” and other articles played a certain role in the development of our science of criticism and literary criticism (7, p.368). Mammad Arif also wrote scientific works on Azerbaijani and Russian classical literature in these years and expressed interesting theoretical ideas. As can be seen from the above, the modern stage of our literature, especially the literary criticism and literary criticism of the 30s-60s, despite some shortcomings, has generally developed in a correct way based on a sound methodology. Literature 1. Vagif Sultanli.. Azerbaijani literary criticism, Baku, “Nurlar” publishing house, 2019, 312 p. 2. Abid Amin. History of the Literature of the Azerbaijani Turks, Baku: "Science and Education" Publishing House, 2016, 240 p. 3. Aghaoglu Ahmed. Three Cultures, Baku: "Mütercim" Publishing House, 2006, 160 p. 4. Aghaoglu Ahmed. Selected Works, Baku: "Sharq-Qarb" Publishing House, 2007, 392 p. 5. Aghayev Akbar. Hymn of the Century, Baku: "Yazichi" Publishing House, 1980, 232 p. 6. Aghayev Farhad. Ismayil Hikmet and Azerbaijani Literature, Baku: "Nurlan" Publishing House, 2004, 132 p. 7. Akhudlu Yavuz. Literary Relay, Baku: "Adiloglu" Publishing House, 2013, 559 p. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 70 Sociological sciences COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS FOR CLASSIFYING PROFESSIONS AND DIFFERENTIATING SOCIAL GUARANTEES DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY Raikhan Meiir Serikuly Master of Economics, Senior Researcher, Centre for Standardization and Labour Norming, Republican Research Institute for Occupational Safety of the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan ORCID: 0009-0009-7500-4931. Inara Yelshatovna Sarybayeva Master of Economics, Doctoral Student, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan ORCID: 0000-0003-3046-6111 Abstract The article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of international systems for classifying professions and differentiating social guarantees across various economic sectors. It explores the methodologies used by individual countries and international organisations to evaluate and rank professions based on a range of criteria, including the complexity of job functions, the level of required qualifications, and the degree of social and economic significance attributed to specific occupations. A particular focus is placed on the provision of social guarantees — such as pensions, health insurance, paid leave, and various forms of compensation — and the extent to which these guarantees vary depending on the economic sector, type of employment, and level of occupational risk. The study identifies both converging trends and key national distinctions in approaches to professional classification and labour protection policies. Through the use of detailed tables and visual diagrams, the article illustrates how classification systems not only serve administrative and statistical functions but also directly affect the distribution of social protection measures. These insights provide a valuable foundation for policymakers seeking to adapt and harmonise national practices with international standards. The findings contribute to the development of practical recommendations aimed at improving the consistency of employment classification systems and enhancing the fairness and adequacy of social guarantees, particularly in high-risk and underprotected sectors of the labour market. Keywords: social guarantees, types of economic activity, higher wages, classification of professions, safe working conditions, occupational safety, international comparison. INTRODUCTION In most countries around the world, there is a consistent differentiation in the level of social guarantees between sectors with a high proportion of public sector employment (healthcare, education, public administration) and sectors with low social protection (construction, agriculture, the informal sector, the gig economy). The public sector often provides an extensive package of benefits: pensions, annual paid leave, maternity leave, health insurance benefits, etc. The private sector, especially in developing countries, is characterised by a high level of informality and, as a result, limited access for workers to the formal social protection system [1]. In addition to existing studies, recent work emphasizes the importance of adapting occupational classification systems to the changing realities of the labor market. For example, an OECD study highlights the development of flexible occupational and educational standards to ensure that skills align with labor market demands [2]. Social security models are shaped by institutional characteristics and employment structures. For example: - In EU countries, there is a system of collective agreements, where industry unions negotiate the level of social security depending on the specifics of the activity (Nordic Model) [3]. - In the United States, social guarantees are often provided through private insurance mechanisms, and their availability depends directly on the employer and industry. - China has a centralised system with territorial and industry differentiation of contributions and payments (especially in the areas of pension insurance and healthcare) [4]. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 71 - In Russia, differentiated insurance contribution rates are set depending on the class of occupational risk, which is determined by the type of economic activity. The classification of occupations is a key tool for analysing the labour market and developing effective social policy. The internationally recognised standard in this area is the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), developed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The current version, ISCO08, structures all types of work activities into a four-level hierarchy comprising 10 main groups, 43 sub-groups, 130 minor groups and detailed occupational units. This system is widely used for international comparisons of statistical data on employment and the occupational structure of the workforce [5]. Despite the universality of ISCO-08, most countries develop and apply national classifiers adapted to the specific features of their economic structure and labor market. For example, the United States uses the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC), which includes 23 main groups and 867 detailed occupational titles. The SOC system is designed to meet the needs of government statistical accounting and employment analysis [6]. The United Kingdom uses the SOC 2020 classification, which focuses on the level of skills and specialization in professional activities. The Canadian National Occupational Classification (NOC) is conceptually aligned with ISCO, but integrates national characteristics, including industry specifics and current labor market requirements [7]. The Russian Federation uses the All-Russian Classification of Occupations (ARCO), developed on the basis of ISCO-08. This system allows the workforce to be classified by type of professional activity and level of qualification (e.g., specialists, skilled workers, employees, etc.), which ensures compatibility with international standards while preserving national specificity [8]. Thus, a comparative analysis of national occupational classifications makes it possible to identify both common approaches driven by global standards and differences that reflect the specific features of economic development and social policy in individual countries. This study is devoted to the analysis of international practices in the ranking of occupations, with a focus on the differentiation of guarantees (social, wage-related, and compensatory) depending on sectoral characteristics. The term "guarantees" refers to payments and benefits provided by legislation and collective agreements (e.g., allowances for hazardous or strenuous working conditions, sectoral wage rates, working time standards, etc.), which are often determined based on occupational classification and type of economic activity. In different countries, such guarantees may be linked either to a specific position or to the sectoral context. The aim of the study is to compare the methods and structures of occupational classification across countries, to identify how they take into account sectors and types of activities, and to analyze how this influences the formation of differentiated guarantees. Occupational classification is addressed in statistical and methodological publications. The International Labour Organization (ILO) emphasizes that ISCO-08 provides a framework for organizing information on occupations at the international level by grouping them according to the nature of the main tasks and the required qualifications. ISCO-08 maintains a four-tiered structure (major, sub-major, minor, and unit groups) and focuses on the similarity of tasks performed and the skills required. At the same time, the international standard allows for some sectoral distinctions: for example, ISCO includes separate groups for agriculture (Group 6) and the mining industry (within Group 7). However, ISCO was originally designed to be independent of national sectors — its primary objective was to enable countries to compare occupational data regardless of their economic structures. The study and comparison of these approaches help to understand the impact of sectoral structure on the differentiation of labor guarantees. For example, in countries with a strong industrial sector (such as Canada and Germany) and a well-developed system of social partnership, occupational classification is often closely linked to sectoral wage agreements. In contrast, in more flexible labor markets (such as the United States), the focus is placed on universal skill-based criteria, while specific sectoral benefits (e.g., occupational safety, protective clothing) are regulated through separate laws. International studies (by the WHO, ILO) indicate that establishing direct equivalence between national classifiers is often challenging: even where formally “similar” categories exist, full correspondence of occupations occurs in only 60–70% of cases. This suggests that guarantee systems based on occupational classifications may yield different outcomes across countries. Thus, the literature review highlights the diversity of international systems. While international methodology recommends using ISCO as a foundation, national systems such as (SOC, NOC, ARCO) and others introduce their own specific features—most often related to the sectoral structure of the economy and the education system. XIX international scientific conference. Tokyo. Japan. 25-26.09.2025 72 An important unresolved issue remains: how to standardize occupational guarantees under different classification frameworks. This study aims to address this gap by comparing classification systems and the associated guarantee mechanisms. MAIN PART Methodology This study employed methods of comparative systematic analysis and documentary synthesis of official publications and regulatory documents concerning occupational classification in various countries. The foundation of the analysis was the international standard ISCO-08, developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO), whose guidelines and presentations on the four-level hierarchy structure (major, submajor, minor, and unit groups) served as the basis for comparison. To represent U.S. practices, documents from the Bureau of Labor Statistics on the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC 2018) were used, where 23 major groups are further detailed into 867 occupations. The British model was analyzed using SOC-2020 materials provided by the Office for National Statistics, which emphasize four levels of skills and job specialization. The Canadian approach was examined through methodological guidelines from Statistics Canada on the National Occupational Classification (NOC 2021), notable for incorporating Broad Occupational Categories alongside skill levels. The Russian system, the ARCO, harmonized with ISCO-08, was analyzed based on official documents from Rosstandart and methodological recommendations, which classify workers into ten groups with a clear linkage to the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors [5-9]. When analyzing methodological approaches to the classification of occupations, it is important to consider not only official documents but also academic studies that critically examine these systems. For example, a study published in Nature Communications analyzes the impact of occupational licensing on the labor market, using new data on regulatory restrictions across various states and professions from 2017 to 2022 [10]. In parallel, the situation in Kazakhstan was also examined. The analysis covered the National Classification of Occupations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, approved by the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population, as well as the Law "On Employment of the Population in the Republic of Kazakhstan" and data from the Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy (https://stat.gov.kz). Methodological materials from the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan were used to clarify the sectoral structure of employment and align it with international standards. The comparison of all the above-mentioned classification systems was carried out according to the following parameters: the number and hierarchy of levels (number of major and minor groups), grouping criteria (main tasks, required skills, qualification level, and sectoral affiliation), and quantitative characteristics (total number of occupations and their distribution across key economic sectors). To obtain statistical data on employment across different sectors, publications from the BLS, ONS, StatCan, Rosstat, and the Committee on Statistics of Kazakhstan were utilized, as well as reports from ILOSTAT and the World Bank. Results and Discussion The key findings of the comparative analysis of occupational classification systems in different countries are presented below. Table 1 presents an overview of the structure and main characteristics of the selected classification systems (the comparison is based on open sources and official publications). It can be observed that ISCO-08, SOC, NOC, and ARCO share a similar hierarchical structure consisting of 3 to 4 levels (major groups, submajor groups, minor groups, and unit groups). At the same time, the number of base-level groups varies: for example, the United States identifies 23 major groups, while other systems typically include around 9 to 10. Table 1 Structure of occupational classification systems[5-9,11] System Levels of Structure Number of Main Groups Grouping Criteria Industry Aspect NCO RK (Kazakhstan) 4 levels 10 Type of activity, qualification, skills Weakly expressed ISCO-08 4 levels 10 Skills, tasks Weakly expressed SOC (USA) 4 levels 23 Skills, functions Almost absent SOC (UK) 3 levels 9 Skill, specialization Moderately expressed NOC (Canada) 4 levels 10 Skill, industry Pronounced ARCO (Russia) 4 levels 10 Skill, industry Clearly expressed As follows from the table, the NCO RK (National Classification of Occupations of the Republic of Kazakhstan) in terms of structure closely mirrors ISCO-08 and the Russian ARCO, providing four levels of detail and ten major groups. The grouping criteria are similar: type of activity, required qualifications, and a