The American bats of the genera Myotis and Pizonyx

This is a r epr oduction of a libr ary book that was digitiz ed by Google as part o f an ongoing eff ort to pr eserv e the inf ormation in book s and mak e it univ ersally accessible. https: / /books .google. com 507.U58 V.144 C.1 The American bats of t Stanford University Libraries 3 6105 046 413 923 NFORD LIBRARY U. S. Government Deposit מותך SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 144 THE AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX BY GERRIT S. MILLER , JR . Curator , Division of Mammals , United States National Museum AND GLOVER M. ALLEN Curator of Mammals , Museum of Comparative Zoology Cambridge , Massachusetts 707 REASE DIFFVSION FOR THE INCRE OF 4233 KNOW PERO SMIT INS ORB TON - 1846 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1928 ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series , known , respectively , as Proceedings and Bulletin . The Proceedings , begun in 1878 , is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers , based on the collections of the National Museum , that set forth newly acquired facts in biology , anthropology , and geology , with descriptions of new forms and revi- sions of limited groups . Copies of each paper , in pamphlet form , are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects . The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes . The Bulletin , the first of which was issued in 1875 , consists of a series of separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises ( occasion- ally in several volumes ) , faunal works , reports of expeditions , catalogues of type - specimens , special collections , and other material of similar nature . The majority of the volumes are octavo in size , but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable . In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium , in octavo form , published by the National Museum since 1902 , which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum . The present work forms No. 144 of the Bulletin series . ALEXANDER WETMORE , Assistant Secretary , Smithsonian Institution . WASHINGTON , D. C. , April 18 , 1928 . п 377103 V.S. Doc . PREFATORY NOTE The revision of the American bats of the Genus Myotis was originally begun by the senior author alone . A preliminary review was made by him on the basis of the available material in the United States National Museum ( including the collections of the Bureau of Biological Survey , United States Department of Agriculture ) , the Field Museum of Natural History , and the British Museum ( Natural History ) . On account of the pressure of other duties , however , he was unable to bring the study to completion . The notes and mate- rial were then placed in the hands of the junior author who took up the revision ab initio and prepared a complete draft of the general account of the species . Later , by conference and correspondence , the more difficult aspects of the subject were jointly considered and all divergencies of opinion were thus reduced to a basis of mutual accord . The monograph in its present form sets forth the final results of all this work . ш 1 CONTENTS Introduction____ Abbreviations and measurements --- Material and acknowledgments ‒‒‒‒‒‒ Differential characters of the American species of Myotis --- . Page 2 1234 4 List of the forty - six recognized forms of American Myotis , with their type localities___ 10 Geographical relations of the American species of Myotis ------ Nomenclature of the American species of Myotis ----- 11 15 The Genera Myotis and Pizonyx and their American species-- 30 Genus Myotis - Genus Pizonyx .. Key to the American species and subspecies of Myotis and Pizonyx__ Species of Myotis occurring in Temperate North America _ - _ . Myotis lucifugus _ - _ - _- 30 33 34 38 38 Myotis lucifugus lucifugus __-- 43 Myotis lucifugus alascensis . Myotis lucifugus carissima_- Myotis lucifugus phasma 47 50 53 Myotis lucifugus fortidens__ 54 Myotis yumanensis ----- 61 Myotis yumanensis yumanensis 65 Myotis yumanensis sociabilis 68 Myotis yumanensis saturatus 70 Myotis yumanensis lutosus_- 2285 72 Myotis austroriparius 1:76 Myotis grisescens 80 Myotis velifer -------------- 86 Myotis velifer velifer___ Myotis velifer incautus _-- Myotis velifer peninsularis_ . Myotis occultus ------ 89 92 93 97 Myotis keenii__ . 101 Myotis keenii keenii … . 104 Myotis keenii septentrionalis_ . 105 T Myotis evotis 111 Myotis evotis evotis_ 114 Myotis evotis chrysonotus_- 116 Myotis milleri ----- 118 Myotis thysanodes 122 Myotis thysanodes thysanodes- 126 Myotis thysanodes aztecus_ . Myotis sodalis Myotis volans___ . 128 130 135 Myotis volans volans . Myotis volans longicrus__ . 139 140 Myotis volans interior__ . 142 Myotis volans amotus 145 VI CONTENTS The Genera Myotis and Pizonyx and their American species - Continued . Species of Myotis occurring in Temperate North America - Continued . Myotis californicus____ Myotis californicus californicus__ . Myotis californicus caurinus .. Myotis californicus pallidus _ - _- Page 148 151 155 157 Myotis californicus mexicanus 159 Myotis subulatus____ 164 Myotis subulatus subulatus___ . 168 Myotis subulatus melanorhinus 169 Myotis subulatus leibii 171 Species of Myotis occurring in Tropical and South America_____ 175 Myotis nigricans . 175 Myotis nigricans nigricans_ 177 Myotis nigricans extremus_ . 181 Myotis nigricans nesopolus 182 Myotis nigricans dominicensis__ . 183 Myotis chiloënsis … . 189 Myotis chiloënsis chiloënsis__ . 190 Myotis chiloënsis dinellii 191 Myotis chiloënsis atacamensis_ . 192 Myotis chiloënsis oxyotus ‒‒‒‒ 193 Myotis chiloënsis alter___ 194 Myotis ruber Myotis albescens Myotis simus . [ Myotis pilosus ] ----- Species of Pizonyx .. Pizonyx vivesi 197 200 205 208 209 Index 209 215 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE ( facing p . 7 ) [ All figures natural size ] FIGURE 1. Pizonya vivesi , Guaymas , Sonora , Mexico . 2. Large and small cheekteeth in two South American species of Myotis ( a , M. chiloënsis , b , M. nigricans ) . 3. Large and small cheekteeth in two North American species of Myotis ( a , M. velifer , b , M. lucifugus ) . 4. Maximum size of skull in American Myotis ( M. velifer incautus ) . 5. Minimum size of skull in American Myotis ( M. nigricans domini- censis , type ) . 6. Robust general form and well developed sagittal crest ( M. velifer velifer ) . 7. Slender form and slightly developed sagittal crest ( M. evotis ) . 8. Rostrum large relatively to brain case ; region between canines broader than interorbital constriction ( M. occultus ; No. 137098 type of species , No. 125787 type of M. “ baileyi ” ) . 9. Rostrum small relatively to brain case ; region between canines nar- rower than interorbital constriction ( M. albescens ) . CONTENTS VII FIGURE 10. Brain case high ( M. volans ; from left to right the specimens are : type of species , type of M. " capitaneus " and type of M. volans longicrus ) . 11. Brain case low ( M. subulatus Say , not Harrison Allen and recent authors ) . 12. Myotis lucifugus for comparison with M. keenii , fig . 13 . 13. Myotis keenii ( = M . subulatus H. Allen and recent authors , not Say ) for comparison with M. lucifugus , fig . 12. ( No. 22922 type of species , No. 38633 lectotype of M. keenii septentrionalis ) . 14. Myotis californicus for comparison with M. subulatus ( Say , not H. Allen and recent authors ) . 15. Myotis subulatus ( Say ) for comparison with M. californicus , fig . 14 and M. lucifugus , fig . 12 ( No. 86444 type of " Vespertilio ciliola- brum , " No. 18684 type of M. subulatus melanorhinus , No. 150275 type of M. “ winnemana ” ) . TEXT FIGURE ( p . 8 ) [ All figures greatly enlarged , not to scale ] FIGURE 1. Upper molars of Myotis and Pizony » : a , m³ of Myotis lucifugus ; b , m³ of Myotis myotis ; c , m³ of Myotis lucifugus ; d , m³ of Pizonys vivesi ; e , m² of Myotis thysanodes . MAPS MAP 1. ( p . 38 ) . Distribution of Myotis lucifugus . 1. M. lucifugus lucifugus . 2. M. lucifugus alascensis . 3. M. lucifugus carissima . 4. M. lucifugus phasma . 5. M. lucifugus fortidens . 2. ( p . 62 ) . Distribution of Myotis yumanensis . 1. M. yumanensis yumanensis . 2. M. yumanensis sociabilis . 3. M. yumanensis saturatus . 4. M. yumanensis lutosus . 3. ( p . 81 ) . Distribution of Myotis grisescens . 4. ( p . 87 ) . Distribution of Myotis velifer . 1. M. velifer velifer . 2. M. velifer incautus . 3. M. velifer peninsularis . 5. ( p . 98 ) . Distribution of Myotis occultus . 6. ( p . 102 ) . Distribution of Myotis keenii , 1. M. keenii keenii . 2. M. keenii septentrionalis . 7. ( p . 112 ) . Distribution of Myotis evotis . 1. M. evotis evotis . 2. M. evotis chrysonotus . 8. ( p . 122 ) . Distribution of Myotis thysanodes . 1. M. thysanodes thysanodes . 2. M. thysanodes aztecus . 9. ( p . 131 ) . Distribution of Myotis sodalis . VIII CONTENTS MAP 10. ( p . 136 ) . Distribution of Myotis volans . 1. M. volans volans . 2. M. volans longicrus . 3. M. volans interior . 4. M. volans amotus . 11. ( p . 149 ) . Distribution of Myotis californicus . 1. M. californicus californicus . 2. M. californicus caurinus . 3. M. californicus pallidus . 4. M. californicus mexicanus . 12. ( p . 165 ) . Distribution of Myotis subulatus . 1 , M. subulatus subulatus . 2. M. subulatus melanorhinus . 3. M. subulatus leibii . 13. ( p . 210 ) . Distribution of Pizonyx vivesi . THE AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX By GERRIT S. MILLER , Jr. Curator , Division of Mammals , United States National Museum and GLOVER M. ALLEN Curator of Mammals , Museum of Comparative Zoology , Cambridge , Massachusetts INTRODUCTION The bats of the genus Myotis , though small and inconspicuous mammals , present many features of unusual interest from the point of view of systematic zoology . At nearly every point in its exces- sively wide range the genus is represented by several species often puzzlingly alike in superficial appearance though readily distinguish- able from each other when the true differential characters are once recognized . As these animals everywhere subsist , so far as known , on small , soft - bodied insects , and their habits appear to be subject to no conspicuous changes from species to species or from district to district , we are forced to regard the process of specific differentia- tion in the group as a whole as primarily dependent on some other factor than any influence which might be exercised directly by the environment . This is equally true of the species in most genera of bats ; but in no other genus do we find the process worked out in so much variety of detail over a territory so nearly world - wide in extent . In striking contrast to Myotis the nearly related genus Pizonyx is not at present known to have any geographical " range " in the true sense , as the few existing specimens have all been collected on islets in the Gulf of California and on the neighboring mainland of Sonora . Its peculiarities may prove to have an adaptational significance as the animal has become specialized in a manner which somewhat paral- lels the occasionally fish - eating Noctilio . The food habits are , how- ever , not yet known . 1 2 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM MATERIAL AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When the North American Vespertilionidae were reviewed by Miller , 30 years ago , the available collections , though much better than any previously studied , were still far from sufficient to elucidate many of the questions as to distribution and relationship of the members of the genus Myotis , 1,322 specimens of which were then enumerated . These were referred to 16 forms . The material on which the present study of this genus is based is much more abundant and well prepared than has ever before been brought together . From North America we have been able to list no less than 4,504 specimens , representing 34 forms . So far as this region is concerned we probably have now a fairly adequate knowledge of practically all the species of Myotis , though much work remains to be done on the subject of local races and the exact limits of ranges . With regard to South America the subject is in a less satisfactory state ; but it is sufficiently far advanced to make us believe that , for the neotropical species , we have at least a good general picture which later may be filled in with more detail . We have examined 970 specimens , referable , in our present opinion , to 12 forms . Of the 5,474 specimens of Myotis which have passed through our hands we may say that they represent practically all of the American material available in the larger museums of this continent and a very impor- tant series of South American specimens lent by the British Museum . Acknowledgments are gratefully made to the following persons for the loan of specimens belonging to them or in their charge : Mr. H. E. Anthony , of the American Museum of Natural History , New York ; Prof. C. D. Bunker , Kansas University Museum of Natural History , Lawrence , Kans .; Prof. Manton Copeland , Bowdoin College , Brunswick , Me .; Dr. Lee R. Dice , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Mich .; Mr. Donald R. Dickey , 514 Lester Avenue , Pasadena , Calif .; Dr. Joseph Grinnell of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology , University of California , Berkeley , Calif .; Mr. Samuel Henshaw , director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology , Cambridge , Mass . ; Miss Mary E. McLellan , California Academy of Sciences , San Fran- cisco , Calif .; Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood , of the Field Museum of Natural History , Chicago , Ill .; Dr. Witmer Stone and Mr. Wharton Huber , of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia , Pa .; and Mr. Oldfield Thomas , of the British Museum ( Natural History ) , London , England . The collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia contains the types of several of Harrison Allen's species ; that of the American Museum includes a number of types of both North American and South American forms ; while that of 1 North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , Oct. 16 , 1897 . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 3 the University of California is especially rich in series of west coast specimens . Finally , particular mention should be made of the use- fulness of the South American material belonging to the British Museum . For the preparation of the maps we are indebted to the courtesy of the Biological Survey , United States Department of Agriculture . ABBREVIATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS The following abbreviations are used , in the lists of specimens examined and the tables of measurements , to indicate the several institutions of whose collections the material forms a part : A. M. N. H. - American Museum of Natural History , New York City . A. N. S. P. - Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia , Pa . B. M. - British Museum ( Natural History ) , London , England . C. A. - California Academy of Sciences , San Francisco , Calif . F. M. - Field Museum of Natural History , Chicago , Ill . K. U. — Kansas University Museum of Natural History , Lawrence , Kans . M. C. Z. - Museum of Comparative Zoology , Cambridge , Mass . U. C. - Museum of Vertebrate Zoology , University of California , Berkeley , Calif . U. M. — University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Mich . U. S. N. M. - United States National Museum , Washington , D. C. When no collection is specifically indicated the specimens alluded to are in the National Museum . Cranial measurements have all been made by the authors . The tables of external measurements have been prepared by Mr. H. H. Shamel of the National Museum . It is to be understood that , unless there is a specific statement to the contrary , every individual included in the tables of external measurements has the joints of the fingers in adult condition and that every skull has the basal suture closed . Wear of teeth as an index to age is indicated as follows in the tables of cranial measurements : 0 = no wear visible ; 1 = wear just visible but not obvious ; 2 = wear obvious but not obscuring the structural char- acters of the upper molars ; 3 = wear so far progressed as to obscure the structural characters of the upper molars . In measuring skulls the incisors have been excluded from both " greatest length " and " mandible . " The " occipital depth " does not include the sagittal crest or the auditory bullae . The teeth rows were measured from front surface of canine to hind surface of posterior molar . Length and breadth of individual teeth were taken with dissecting micro- scope and eyepiece micrometer . Quotation marks indicate that cer- tain external measurements are given as recorded by the collectors of the specimens . The absence of measurements of the ear shows that the external measurements of a specimen were taken from the dried skin . 4 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF MYOTIS As the American members of the genus Myotis show no excessive developments of structure , the differential characters by which the species may be recognized are not always readily understood . The more important of these characters will therefore be passed briefly in review . Ear - The ear is usually about long enough to reach the end of the muzzle when laid forward . In Myotis volans it is slightly shortened , but in such species as M. keenii ( = M. subulatus H. Allen and recent authors , not of Say ) , M. evotis , M. thysanodes , and M. chiloënsis , it is elongated sufficiently to extend rather noticeably be- yond the tip of the muzzle . The tragus is of characteristic slender lancet shape , varying little in its proportionate height , which is nearly half that of the ear . While the length of the ear relatively to that of the head is often a very important specific character , we have found the actual form of less value in distinguishing between nearly related members of the genus . Wing and membranes . - Usually the third to fifth metacarpals and third to fifth fingers are slightly graduated ; but in a few species these metacarpals tend to be nearly equal , as are also the fourth and fifth digits . Otherwise we have not found that characters derived from the bony elements of the wing are of much service in determin- ing species . This remark , of course , is not intended to allude to the actual lengths of forearms and of digits , as these measurements are very significant . The point of attachment of the wing membrane to the lower limb , a feature of importance in the Old World members of the genus , is a character which does not contribute much to the determination of American species of Myotis . In all of these except the North Amer- ican M. grisescens and the South American M. simus ( also M. pilosus , if this is actually an American bat ; see pp . 25 , 208 ) the membrane is inserted on the side of the foot near the base of the phalanges ; in M. grisescens and M. simus the point of insertion is at the ankle . While the type of insertion thus remains surprisingly constant in the American species of Myotis , a very peculiar condition has been developed in Pizonyx ( see p . 33 ) . Foot . The length of the foot relatively to that of the tibia varies . much both individually and from species to species . When a few specimens of one kind are measured the variations in ratio of foot . length to tibia length will be found to group themselves about a mean which is an important specific character . In the American species the means of this ratio range from about 40 to about 60 . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 5 Among the Old World members of the genus there are species in which the foot is more enlarged than in any of those known from America ( ratio of foot to tibia rising as high as 64 and 76 ) , the wing attachment is at a point a little above the ankle , and the fur is rather dense and woolly in appearance . The subgeneric name Leu- conoë has been applied to these bats ; and Thomas formally raised the group to generic rank in 1915.2 The occurrence of various inter- mediate conditions , however , seems to us to make generic recognition undesirable . Though Thomas has referred Myotis lucifugus caris- sima to the Leuconoë group , the nearest approach to this type of bat in America is probably Myotis grisescens of the southeastern United States , the American species with the highest ratio of foot to tibia , and one of the two in which the wing membrane comes off from the tarsus instead of from the side of the foot . A large - footed animal resembling Myotis macrotarsus of the Philippine Islands has been described under the name Vespertilio pilosus from a supposed South American locality . No second specimen of this bat has been taken , and the species must for the present be regarded as doubtfully American . The presence or absence of a keel on the outer edge of the calcar is a character of importance in the identification of species . This struc- ture is a widening of the long spur that helps to spread the margin of the interfemoral membrane . It is convex in outline , beginning to rise at a distance from the heel equal to about the width of the foot . Fur and color . - The body is well furred , and the hairy covering usually extends thinly on the under side of the wing to a line joining the knee and the distal half or third of the humerus . In Myotis volans it reaches the elbow . In some species there is a fringe of short hairs on the free edge of the interfemoral membrane ; this fringe is slightly developed in M. evotis , very conspicuously in M. thysanodes . Usually the fur is soft and silky , but sometimes , as in the South American M. simus and the North American M. austro- riparius , it assumes a decidedly velvety or woolly texture . The tips of the longer hairs may be burnished and glistening ( as in Myotis lucifugus ) or dull ( as in M. californicus ) . When the hairs of the back are smoothly parted two well - contrasted color zones are ordi- narily exposed , a darker slaty area involving the bases of all the hairs and a lighter distal area formed by the tips of the shorter hairs and determining the general hue of the upper parts . Occasionally the contrast is not very noticeable , and rarely ( as in M. grisescens or in forms which have undergone unusual general darkening ) it may be essentially absent . Ordinarily the tips of the longer dorsal hairs do not form an obvious third color band ; hence the absence of a tricolor ' Journ . Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc . , vol . 23 , p . 607 . 6 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM pattern is often a convenient character by which to distinguish a Myotis from a Pipistrellus in parts of America where the two genera occur together . One North American species of Myotis , however ( M. sodalis ) , has definitely tricolored dorsal fur , but the pattern is not so noticeable as it is in the species of Pipistrellus with which the animal is associated . In the pallid desert race of Myotis californicus an obvious tricolor pattern is also met with . The actual color is never bright . It ranges in different species from a very dark , almost blackish brown ( nigricans , chiloënsis ) through dull brown to a decided reddish brown ( ruber , californicus ) , or , in desert races , to a very pale buff . The underparts are usually paler than the back , sometimes rather noticeably so ( albescens ) , but there is never any striking color pattern . The ears and mem- branes vary from dull brownish to whitish or to almost black , some- times ( albescens , nigricans ) nearly concolor with the back , some- times ( evotis , subulatus Say , not of H. Allen ) strongly contrasted with it . Immature individuals are normally darker and duller than adults . No sexual differences in color have been detected , but two color phases independent of sex - a darker and a lighter , or duller and brighter - may not infrequently be observed . For example , in M. lucifugus an olive and a bronzy phase are present . In the South American M. ruber there is likewise the dark brown and the rusty phase ; and rusty individuals of M. nigricans occasionally occur . In M. evotis as well as in M. subulatus ( Say ) the black pigmenta- tion of the ears and membranes is a character usually retained even under desert conditions that bleach the color of the fur , while in the arid - country forms of M. lucifugus the ears are less intensely pig- mented and the interfemoral membrane becomes whitish , with often a contrasting white border along the free edge of the wing . Color differentiation among the species of Myotis is not very great . In the six species known to occur in the eastern United States the general brownish color is so nearly alike that it is often difficult to identify individual specimens by this character alone , although a comparison of enough skins shows that each animal has its dis- tinctive hue . This general similarity has led to great confusion in the identification of specimens . Skull . - In both form and size the skull presents variations which are useful in distinguishing species . Plate 1 has been prepared with the special object of giving a clear idea of these features . The great difference in size which separates Pizonyx from the largest known American Myotis is at once evident on comparison of Figure 1 ( Pizonyx ) with Figure 4 ( Myotis velifer incautus ) . Figures 4 and 5 show the extremes of known variation in size of skull among the American species of Myotis ( M. velifer incautus and M. nigricans dominicensis ) . Further inspection of the plate shows that the U , S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 144 PLATE I 6 2 8 7 9 10 14 12 13 15 5 3 SKULLS OF AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX . NATURAL SIZE FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE VI AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 7 general outline of the skull may be narrower ( evotis , fig . 7 , keenii , fig . 13 ) or broader ( velifer , fig . 6 , occultus , fig . 8 ) ; that the brain case may be high ( volans , fig . 10 ) or low ( subulatus , fig . 11 ) ; that the area of the rostrum as compared with that of the brain case may be larger ( occultus , fig . 8 ) or smaller ( albescens , fig . 9 ) ; that the breadth of the rostrum across the roots of the canines may be more ( occultus ) or less ( albescens ) than the interorbital constriction ; and that the sagittal crest may be conspicuous ( velifer , figs . 4 , 6 ) or essentially absent ( lucifugus , fig . 12 ) . Other important characters which can be less successfully illustrated by photographs are : The greater or less breadth of the palate , including the tooth rows ( a measurement best taken at the point of contact between the outer borders of m² and m³ ) as compared with the length of the upper tooth row ( canine to third molar , both inclusive ) , and the greater or less crown area of the upper molariform teeth as compared with the area of the bony palate between the tooth rows ( chiloënsis and nigricans , fig . 2 ; velifer and lucifugus , fig . 3 ) . Teeth . The teeth vary in their general size relatively to the size of the skull ; but a character of this kind is impossible to describe with any degree of accuracy . The difference in this respect between smaller toothed animals like Myotis lucifugus and M. nigricans , and larger toothed animals like M. velifer and M. chiloënsis is , however , appreciable on direct comparison ( pl . 1 , figs . 2 and 3 ) . The incisors and canines , both upper and lower , and the lower molars vary slightly in form ; but we have not found that their peculiarities give much aid in the discrimination of species . No American Myotis has yet been discovered in which the second tri- angle of m is so much reduced as it is in the type of the genus , the palearctic M. myotis . The development and relative position of the two minute premolars both above and below is variable individually as well as in different species . Miller has published figures of the upper small premolars of four spécimens of Myotis thysanodes , a species which appears to be especially subject to variation in this respect . Usually , there is either a slight crowding , or else the posterior of the small teeth may be drawn inward from the tooth row , particularly in the case of the upper jaw , a condition well developed in the peculiar South American Myotis simus . The most progressive form , as regards the reduction of the tooth - formula , is Myotis occultus . In this animal there is a decided tendency toward the loss of the posterior of the small premolars in the upper jaw , while in the lower jaw the corresponding tooth is usually crowded inward away from the line . Occasional individuals of the other species or races may also lack one of these minute teeth ; in most cases it is the second and smaller of the two North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 82 , Oct. 16 , 1897 . 8 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM which disappears . An anomaly which has been twice observed ( in M. thysanodes No. 52228 , U. S. N. M. , and M. lucifugus carissima No. 38029 , U. S. N. M. ) consists in the coalescence of the two small teeth on one side of the upper jaw ; and in one instance ( see p . 53 ) we have found a third small tooth welded to the anterior margin of the large premolar . The upper molars present some important structural peculiarities which should be carefully understood . In the first and second of these teeth the most complicated type of cusp development is the one which is found fully displayed in Myotis lucifugus ( fig . 1c ) . In this type the hypocone is a large and obvious element of the crown plan , its base well indicated as a બે રી WWW FIG . 1. - MOLAR TEETH OF MYOTIS AND PIZONYX : a , M3 OF MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS ; b , M³ OF MYOTIS MYOTIS ; C , M2 OF MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS ; d , M² OF PIZONYX VIVESI ; e , M² OF MYOTIS THY- SANODES . ALL GREATLY ENLARGED , NOT TO SCALE swelling distinct from that which forms the base of the protocone , its point sometimes but not always standing out from the high longitudinal loph which connects the summit of the protocone with that of the less elevated hypocone . A noticeable metaloph extends from the base of the meta- cone across the deep valley which lies between the meta- cone and hypocone . This ridge passes up the inner side of the hypocone to the longitudinal loph ( as in the figure ) or in some instances to the actual summit of the hypocone itself . On the anterior margin of the crown a conspicuous triangular protoconule lies in the space between the protocone and paracone . This small cusp is connected with the base of the paracone by a short but very obvious ridge which may be spoken of as the paraloph . The opposite extreme , so far as the American members of the genus is concerned , is seen in Myotis thysanodes ( fig . 1e ) . Here the inner side of the tooth is somewhat narrowed , chiefly at the expense of the hypocone ; the metaloph , protoconule , and paraloph have completely disap- peared , leaving a deep smooth - floored valley between the hypocone and metacone and another between the protocone and paracone . In the type of the genus , the palearctic Myotis myotis , this reduction process is carried so far that the hypocone is normally smaller than in M. thysanodes , and in some individuals it practically does not exist as an element distinguishable from the base of the protocone . A peculiar condition is sometimes seen in the genus Pizonyx ( fig . 1d ) . Here the hypocone and metaloph are essentially as in Myotis AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 9 lucifugus , but the protoconule is absent and the paraloph may extend from the base of the paracone well up toward the summit of the protocone . In the third upper molar the process of reduction seems to be concentrated on the posterior segment of the tooth . The anterior portion in Myotis lucifugus ( fig . 1a ) remains essentially as in the first and second teeth . The metastyle is , however , completely sup- pressed , and the loph extending to it from the metacone is reduced to a mere trace running downward and directly backward along the posterior surface of the metacone . The metaloph has also disap- peared ; but the hypocone is still visible as a minute remnant . Ex- treme reduction ( fig . 1b ) takes the form of still greater antero- posterior shortening of the crown , together with the complete and final elimination of the metaconule and its loph as well as the hypo- cone . In this stage , however , the protoconule usually persists , even when it has completely disappeared from m¹ and m² . This condi- tion is best shown by Myotis myotis , the species figured , but it is approached in the American M. thysanodes and M. evotis . The crowns of the upper molars bear no cingulum on the outer side , but the lingual and hinder borders are margined by a cingulum which , beginning at about the level of the protoconule on the anterior side , extends around the lingual border and out along the posterior margin to the metastyle . This cingulum is subject to much varia- tion in development . Usually its continuity is nearly or quite broken at the antero - lingual portion of the base of the protocone . Less often there is a break at the postero - lingual bulge of the base of the hypo- ! cone . In rare instances the cingulum may be reduced , along the entire lingual border of the crown , to a series of irregularly devel- oped enamel nodules . Still more rarely it may bear an incipient cusp in the region of the hypocone . As is the case with the secondary cusps the cingulum shows a more reduced condition in the type species of the genus , Myotis myotis , than it does in any of the known American forms . • Were the extreme types of cusp development isolated they might well be considered as furnishing characters of generic or subgeneric importance , but so many intermediate conditions occur that it seems impossible to attribute any such weight to these structures . Ap- parently the more complicated type is the one which is to be re- garded as representing the condition primitive for the genus Myotis . It occurs in all the American species except M. evotis and M. thy- sanodes . Among the Old World forms we have found it in speci- mens determined , with varying degrees of authenticity , as adversus , bocagei , capaccinii , carimonensis , dasycneme , daubentonii , hilde- gardæ , macrotarsus , and muralis . A more simplified structure re- 58518-282 10 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM sembling in different degrees that which is seen in the American evotis and thysanodes occurs in at least six Old World species : bechsteinii , emarginatus , mystacinus , nattereri , rufopictus , and tri- color . The extreme type of reduction we have seen in the myotis group only ( blythii , chinensis , myotis , oxygnathus ) . This group , apparently , is not connected by intermediate stages of structure with any other members of the genus . It might , therefore , be separated as a subgenus or genus Myotis in the restricted sense . The name Leuconoë Boie would then be available for the great mass of species now called Myotis . At present , however , we are not convinced of the desirability of following this course , as the Old World members of the genus are still insufficiently known . LIST OF THE FORTY - SIX RECOGNIZED FORMS OF AMERICAN MYOTIS , WITH THEIR TYPE LOCALITIES A. NORTH AMERICAN MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS ( p . 38 ) : M. lucifugus lucifugus ( p . 43 ) . M. lucifugus alascensis ( p . 47 ) . M. lucifugus carissima ( p . 50 ) . M. lucifugus phasma ( p . 53 ) . M. lucifugus fortidens ( p . 54 ) . MYOTIS YUMANENSIS ( p . 61 ) : Probably Georgia . Sitka , Alaska . Yellowstone Park , Wyo . Snake River , Colo . Teapa , Tabasco , Mexico . M. yumanensis yumanensis ( p . 65 ) . Fort Yuma , Calif . M. yumanensis sociabilis ( p . 68 ) . M. yumanensis saturatus ( p . 70 ) . Hamilton , Wash . Old Fort Tejon , Calif . M. yumanensis lutosus ( p . 72 ) . Patzcuaro , Michoacan , Mexico . MYOTIS AUSTRORIPARIUS ( p . 76 ) . Tarpon Springs , Fla . MYOTIS GRISESCENS ( p . 80 ) . Nickajack Cave , Tenn . MYOTIS VELIFER ( p . 86 ) : M. velifer velifer ( p . 89 ) . Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico . M. velifer incautus ( p . 92 ) . San Antonio , Tex . M. velifer peninsularis ( p . 93 ) . San José del Cabo , Lower California , Mexico . MYOTIS OCCULTUS ( p . 97 ) . Near Needles , Calif . MYOTIS KEENII ( p . 101 ) : M. keenii keenii ( p . 104 ) . Massett , Queen Charlotte Islands , British Colum- bia , Canada . M. keenii septentrionalis ( p . 105 ) . Halifax , Nova Scotia . MYOTIS EVOTIS ( p . 111 ) : M. evotis evotis ( p . 114 ) . Near Colville , Wash . M. evotis chrysonotus ( p . 116 ) . Kinney Ranch , Sweetwater County , Wyo . MYOTIS MILLERI ( p . 118 ) . La Grulla , Lower California , Mexico . MYOTIS THYSANODES ( p . 122 ) : M. thysanodes thysanodes ( p . 126 ) . Old Fort Tejon , Calif . M. thysanodes aztecus ( p . 128 ) . San Antonio , Oaxaca , Mexico . MYOTIS SODALIS ( p . 130 ) . Wyandotte Cave , Ind . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 11 MYOTIS VOLANS ( p . 135 ) : M. volans volans ( p . 139 ) . M. volans longicrus ( p . 140 ) . Puget Sound , Wash . Cape St. Lucas , Lower California , Mexico . Twining , N. Mex . Cofre de Perote , Vera Cruz , Mexico . M. volans interior ( p . 142 ) . M. volans amotus ( p . 145 ) . MYOTIS CALIFORNICUS ( p . 148 ) : M. californicus californicus ( p . 151 ) . M. californicus caurinus ( p . 155 ) . Columbia , Canada . M. californicus pallidus ( p . 157 ) . M. californicus mexicanus ( p . 159 ) . Mexico . " MYOTIS SUBULATUS ( p . 164 ) : California . Massett , Queen Charlotte Ids . , British Vallecito , San Diego County , Calif . " Les terres chaudes de la province de M. subulatus subulatus ( p . 168 ) . La Junta , Colo . M. subulatus melanorhinus ( p . 169 ) . San Francisco Mountain , Ariz . M. subulatus leibii ( p . 171 ) . Erie County , Ohio . B. SOUTH AMERICAN MYOTIS NIGRICANS ( p . 175 ) : M. nigricans nigricans ( p . 177 ) . Fazenda de Aga , near Rio Iritiba , prov- ince of Espirito Santo , eastern Brazil . M. nigricans extremus ( p . 181 ) . Huehuetan , Chiapas , Mexico . M. nigricans nesopolus ( p . 182 ) . Near Willemstad , Curacao , Dutch West Indies . M. nigricans dominicensis ( p . 183 ) . Dominica , British West Indies . MYOTIS CHILOËNSIS ( p . 189 ) : M. chiloënsis chiloënsis ( p . 190 ) . Islets on the eastern side of Chiloe Island , southern Chile . M. chiloënsis dinellii ( p . 191 ) . Tucuman , Catamarca Province , Argentina . M. chiloënsis atacamensis ( p . 192 ) . Atacama , Chile . M. chiloënsis oxyotus ( p . 193 ) . Mount Chimborazo , Ecuador , at 9,000- 10,000 feet latitude . M. chiloënsis alter ( p . 194 ) . Palmeiras , Parana , Brazil . MYOTIS RUBER ( p . 197 ) . Paraguay . MYOTIS ALBESCENS ( p . 200 ) . Paraguay . MYOTIS SIMUS ( p . 205 ) . Sarayacu , on the Ucayali River , Loreto , eastern Peru . [ MYOTIS PILOSUS ( p . 208 ) . ? Montevideo , Uruguay . ] GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF MYOTIS That the genus Myotis is most abundantly represented in the tem- perate parts of America rather than the tropics , is indicated by the fact that of the 19 species here recognized as definitely pertaining to the New World , 14 ( austroriparius , californicus , evotis , grisescens , keenii , lucifugus , milleri , occultus , sodalis , subulatus , thysanodes , velifer , volans , yumanensis ) are exclusively North American , while only 5 ( albescens , chiloënsis , nigricans , ruber , simus ) are confined to the neotropical region . It must be remembered , however , that our present knowledge of the South American members of the genus is still far from complete . 12 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM The most widespread American species is Myotis lucifugus , whose range extends to tree limit in the north and to southern Mexico in the south . It becomes modified into five geographic races under the changing conditions of this geographical area , but its structural characters remain very constant . The fact , therefore , is rather re- markable that a genus whose members may be capable of pushing their range so far should be absent from the West Indies except in the southern Lesser Antilles ( Grenada , Dominica ) , where the tropi- cal Myotis nigricans has gained a foothold , having undoubtedly come in from northern South America . A representative of the same species occurs on the island of Curaçao . Such a distribution , however , is in line with the pronounced northern affinities of the genus ; it also serves , perhaps , to emphasize the long isolation of the Antilles from the continent . We have too little accurate knowledge of the dis- tribution of Myotis in tropical America to say whether or not the known species are mainly found at the higher levels and in cool forest , but such may not improbably be the case . In the northern continent a general correspondence may be traced between some of the American species and those of the Eastern Hemi- sphere . There appears to be little doubt that the long - eared Ameri- can Myotis keenii , M. evotis , and M. thysanodes are not distantly related to the Old World M. nattereri ( with its Japanese race bom- binus ) and M. emarginatus . The Palearctic Myotis daubentonii has characters allying it to M. lucifugus , while a Chinese species , M. frater , seems to be the Old World counterpart of M. volans . Simi- larly , the Chinese M. moupinensis may be regarded as the Old World representative of M. californicus , which it closely resembles in its small size , bodily proportions , delicate feet , keeled calcar , and long fur . The range of the American species volans and californicus now reaches as far north as the coast of southern Alaska , and that of evotis and yumanensis nearly , if not quite , as far . Presumably , the northward extent of their representatives in the Old World will be found to be limited by corresponding isotherms on the Asiatic side , and this fact , if it could eventually be substantiated , would be in a measure indicative of the higher temperature that must once have prevailed to the northward at the time when the ranges of these now slightly differentiated species were continuous from Asia to America by way of a northern land connection providing favorable climatic conditions . For it is not unreasonable to suppose that by some such immigration these American species were derived from Asia and that by subsequent evolution specific differences have arisen . On the other hand , there is no obvious explanation of the fact that the very large species , such as the European and Asiatic Myotis myotis and M. chinensis have no representatives in the New World ; but in this connection it should be recalled that these bats are not known to AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 13 occur in either the British Islands or Japan , a fact which may indi- cate that they are more sedentary in habit than some of their smaller relatives . That the American Myotis stock came originally from the north- ern part of the Old World is made to appear probable by the follow- ing circumstances : The greater variety and higher degree of differ- entiation among the Palearctic members of the genus , an indication of greater age for this portion of the group ; the occurrence of the greatest number of American species in western North America , the region nearest the supposed Asiatic source of supply ; and finally the diminution in number of species as we go away from this western region , either toward the east or toward the south . Three North American species of Myotis have geographical ranges which extend across the continent from ocean to ocean . They are M. lucifugus with a north - south distribution from tree limit to southern Mexico , M. keenii ( = the subulatus of H. Allen and recent authors ) with a range from the southeastern United States to British . Columbia and southern Alaska , and M. subulatus ( of Say ) prac- tically confined to the United States . All of the others are restricted either to the East or to the West . North America east of the Mississippi is inhabited by three species peculiar to the region , all of them rather imperfectly known as to details of distribution , though structurally they are well differenti- ated from each other and from the three wide ranging types which occur with them . One of these , M. grisescens , appears to be peculiar to the limestone cave region of the central and southern United States , another , also apparently a cave bat , M. sodalis , has been found in the Southern States and in Vermont , while the third , M. austroriparius , has been observed in only two regions , one in Indiana and the other on the west coast of Florida . In contrast to the eastern United States , western North America , the portion of the New World nearest the supposed Asiatic center of dispersal , has no less than eight species not yet known to occur else- where . One of these ( milleri ) has thus far been collected at a single locality only , in Lower California ; the others have wide and well - defined ranges in the region west of the plains . Four of these ( californicus , evotis , volans , and yumanensis ) extend from the north- west coast region to southern Mexico , two ( thysanodes and velifer ) do not range so far to the north , while the remaining species , occultus , still imperfectly known , appears to be restricted to the southwestern United States and the adjoining parts of Mexico . Of the five species definitely known to inhabit South America , three , chiloënsis , nigricans , and ruber , are generally distributed and not strongly differentiated from each other . Their nearest relatives to the north appear to be M. lucifugus and M. yumanensis . Prob- 14 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM · ably as wide ranging is the more highly specialized M. albescens . The fifth species , M. simus , one of the most strikingly characterized American members of the genus , is known from two localities about 250 miles apart on the lowlands east of the Andes . A feature which is noticeable among the American members of this group is the usually inverse ratio between distribution and dif- ferentiation . The four nearly related and slightly specialized species Myotis lucifugus , M. yumanensis , M. chiloënsis , and M. nigricans cover practically the entire American area inhabited by these bats ; at the opposite extreme of structural modification we find Pizonyx , an animal whose area of dispersal is restricted , apparently , to the coast and islands of the Gulf of California . The range of Myotis velifer includes most of Mexico and the adjoining part of the United States ; that of the more highly specialized M. occultus is , according to present knowledge at least , decidedly less extensive . The seem- ingly narrow ranges of such aberrant species as Myotis grisescens and M. simus are in noticeable contrast with the large areas occupied by M. keenii and M. subulatus . On the other hand the range of the highly specialized M. volans is practically coincident with that of the rather primitive M. yumanensis . Where species spread over areas of strikingly different climatic conditions , they usually show a corresponding color variation . This seems to be chiefly a response to the degree of atmospheric saturation or dryness . Thus along the humid coast of the Northwest , from southern Alaska to California , no less than five different Myotis are represented by darkened ( " saturate " ) local forms . In the semiarid regions farther eastward , the color becomes less intense over a wide area of country from the interior of California northeastward , while under the desert conditions of the Southwest and parts of the interior of the United States , the same species become extremely pale . Still farther south , in southern Mexico , they again darken in color ; while in the eastern United States , they may be of a different color still , neither saturate nor pallid . In the following table are listed the geographical races of six North American species of Myotis grouped according to the general climatic areas inhabited . Species Saturate , north- west coast Semiarid , Cal- ifornia and Dry or desert , interior northeastward Subtropical , Mexican Eastern , mod- erately humid lucifugus .. alascensis yumanensis ... saturatus . evotis .... evotis ... volans .. longicrus . subulatus .. californicus ... caurinus_ . carissima phasma ---- fortidens___ lucifugus . sociabilis ... yumanensis lulosus .... chrysonotus chrysonotus ( ? ) volans___ interior__ amotus ..... californicus pallidus .--- mexicanus .. me elano- subulatus ... rhinus . leibii . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 15 The fact that the wide - ranging species break up so readily into subspecies corresponding to areas of different climatic conditions perhaps indicates that the bats of this genus are very little migratory and that such migration as there may be probably consists in nothing more than a local withdrawal to certain not - distant caves for hiber- nation , or in some cases in an invasion of near - by alpine heights during the warm months at the close of the breeding period . NOMENCLATURE OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF MYOTIS No less than 102 trivial names have been given to American bats of the genus Myotis . Only 39 of these are here regarded as the valid designations of recognizable forms . We are proposing 7 new names for species and races not hitherto discriminated . The total number is thus raised to 109 names for 46 forms , an average of nearly 2.4 names to a form . This average , among the genera of American mammals , which have been recently revised , is high . It may be taken as some index to the difficulty and confusion which have attended the study of these bats . The following are the names which have been applied to species and subspecies of American Myotis : Aenobarbus ( Vespertilio ) Temminck , Monogr . de Mamm . , vol . 2 , p . 247 , pl . 59 , fig . 4 , 1840. The specimen on which this name was based is presumably still in the Leiden Museum ; it came from an unknown locality in South America . Though the tooth formula is not given , Temminck's figure of the head shows the characteristic long narrow tragus of Myotis , while the proportions of tail to total length and the description of the color leave little doubt that the name is a synonym of M. albescens . Affinis ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Smith- sonian Misc . Coll . , No. 165 , p . 53 , June , 1864. Examination of the type specimen ( No. 5342 , U. S. Nat . Mus . ) shows it to be referable to the eastern race of Myotis lucifugus . Agilis ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1866 , p . 282. This name , based on specimens from Mirador , Vera Cruz , was applied to the Mexican representative of M. californicus . It is antedated by Vespertilio mexicanus Saussure , 1860 . Alascensis ( Myotis lucifugus ) Miller , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 63 , October 16 , 1897. The only name applied to the dark sub- species of M. lucifugus occuring on the humid northwest coast . Albescens ( Vespertilio ) E. Geoffroy , Ann . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 8 , p . 204 , 1806. This name , based on the " Chauve - souris In some of the other groups it is as follows : Ochotona , 1.04 ; Thomomys , 1.1 ; Lepori- de , 1.3 ; Oryzomys , 1.3 ; Spilogale , 1.3 ; Peromyscus , 1.5 ; Vespertilionine bats other than Myotis , 1.7 ; Talpide , 1.8 . 16 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM douzième " of Azara's Essais sur l'Histoire Naturelle du Paraguay , 1801 , was the first to be applied to the species which now bears the name Myotis albescens . Albicinctus ( Myotis ) G. M. Allen , Journ . Mamm . , vol . 1 , p . 2 , November 28 , 1919. This name proves to be a synonym of Myotis lucifugus carissima , the pale subspecies of M. lucifugus from the semiarid parts of the western United States . Altifrons ( Myotis ) Hollister , Smithsonian Misc . Coll . , vol . 56 , No. 26 , p . 3 , December 5 , 1911. The type specimen is from Henry House , Alberta . It is not distinguishable from other examples of the dark M. volans longicrus . Altipetens ( Myotis yumanensis ) H. W. Grinnell , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 9 , August 23 , 1916. At first described as a race of Myotis yumanensis , the animal was later correctly recognized by its describer as a pale form of M. lucifugus ( Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 263 , January 31 , 1918 ) . The name is antedated by Myotis carissima Thomas , 1904 . Amotus ( Myotis longicrus ) Miller , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 27 , p . 212 , October 31 , 1914. The tenable name for the Mexican subspecies of Myotis volans ; type from Cofre de Perote , Vera Cruz . Arsinoë ( Vespertilio ) Temminck , Monogr . de Mamm . , vol . 2 , p . 247 , 1840. The specimen which formed the basis for this name came from Surinam , and was said by Dobson ( 1878 ) to be in the Leiden Museum . The six cheek teeth in each jaw indicate that it was a Myotis , while the description as a whole applies to the Vespertilio albescens of Geoffroy , 1805 . Atacamensis ( Vespertilio ) Lataste , Actes Soc . Sci . Chile , Santiago , vol . 1 , p . 79 , 1892. This is the tenable name for the small gray- haired race of Myotis chiloënsis occurring in the arid western coast region of South America . Lataste briefly pointed out some of the more important characters . He attributes the name to Philippi , who had so labeled the specimens in the Santiago Museum . Philippi's description and plate did not appear until 1896 , however , hence the authorship of the name must date from Lataste on the basis of his short diagnosis . Austroriparius ( Vespertilio lucifugus ) Rhoads , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , p . 157 , May 22 , 1897. Misled by the immaturity of the type specimen , Miller ( 1897 ) placed this name in the synonymy of Myotis lucifugus lucifugus . Additional material shows that the animal is a distinct species , known at present from the vicinity of Tarpon Springs , Fla . ( the type locality ) , and from Mitchell , Indiana . A specimen in the British Museum , collected by Drum- mond , is labeled " North America . " It may have come from the interior of Canada . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 17 Baileyi ( Myotis ) Hollister , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 22 , p . 44 , March 10 , 1909. The type specimen ( from Ruidoso , N. Mex . ) , is a large individual of M. occultus Hollister in the olive phase of pelage . Bayleyi ( Myotis ) Lydekker , Zool . Record , 1909 , Mammalia , p . 59 , 1913. This is a misprint for baileyi Hollister . Bondæ ( Myotis ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 33 , p . 384 , July 9 , 1914. This name was given to the form of M. nigri- cans from Bonda , Santa Marta , Colombia . The animal seems , how- ever , to be identical with M. nigricans nigricans . Brasiliensis ( Vespertilio ) Spix , Sim . et Vespert . Brasil . Sp . Nov. , p . 63 , pl . 36 , fig . 8 , 1823. The figure and description indicate that this bat is identical with Myotis nigricans , also from Brazil . This is the first name applied to the species , but it is preoccupied by V. brasiliensis Desmarest , 1822 , for a different animal , an Eptesicus . It was replaced by Vespertilio spixii Fischer in 1829 , but Wied had meanwhile ( 1826 ) described the species as V. nigricans . Brevirostris ( Vespertilio ) Maximilian zu Wied , Verzeich . beobacht . Säugeth . N. Amer . , Arch . f . Naturgesch . , 1861 , vol . 1 , p . 195. There is almost nothing in the description of this bat that is diagnostic , except the yellowish tint of the belly . This and the general account , as well as the locality ( Freiburg , Pa . ) leave little doubt that Wied's animal was Myotis lucifugus . The type was said to be lost . • Californicus ( Vespertilio ) Audubon and Bachman , Journ . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , ser . 1 , vol . 8 , p . 285 , 1842. Although no locality beyond " California " is given , the original description applies to the small reddish - brown Myotis of the southern part of that State . The small feet are specially mentioned and the " light yellowish - brown " color above , slightly darker beneath . While this might refer as well to a race of Myotis subulatus ( Say , not recent authors ) , Miller ( 1897 ) has definitely assigned the name to the smaller species . Capitaneus ( Myotis ) Nelson and Goldman , Proc . Biol . Soc . Wash + ington , vol . 22 , p . 28 , March 10 , 1909. This name was given to the typical race of M. volans before the latter name had been correctly allocated through a reexamination of the type ( from Cape St. Lucas , Lower California ) . Since the type of Myotis capitaneus is also from Lower California ( near Comondu ) the name becomes a syno- nym of M. volans . Capucinus ( Vespertilio ) Philippi , Arch . f . Naturgesch . , 1866 , vol . 1 , p . 114. Trouessart ( Catal .. Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 94 , 1904 ) includes this as a species of Myotis , but Lataste ( Actes Soc . Sei . Chile , Santiago , vol . 1 ( 1891 ) , p . 90 , 1892 ) , who examined Philippi's type in Santiago , had shown that it is a Histiotus identical with H. magellanicus . 18 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Carissima ( Myotis ) Thomas , Ann . and Mag . Nat . Hist . , ser . 7 , vol . 13 , p . 383 , May , 1904. This is the first name applied to the pale subspecies of M. lucifugus inhabiting the semi - arid portions of the western United States ( type from Yellowstone Park , Wyo . ) . The word is intended as an equivalent to the surname of the collector of the type , Darling . ( Italian cosa carissima . ) Carolii ( Vespertilio ) Temminck , Monogr . de Mamm . , vol . 2 , p . 237 , 1840. The description of this bat was based on specimens from Philadelphia and New York . It unquestionably applies to Myotis lucifugus LeConte , 1831 . Caucensis ( Myotis ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 33 , p . 386 , July 9 , 1914. The description is based on a large specimen of M. nigricans from Cauca , Colombia . Caurinus ( Myotis californicus ) Miller , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 72 , October 16 , 1897. This is the first name applied to the dark race of M. californicus inhabiting the humid northwest coast dis- trict ( type from Massett , Queen Charlotte Islands , British Columbia ) . Chiloënsis ( Vespertilio ) Waterhouse , Zool . Voyage H. M. S. Beagle , pt . 2 , Mamm . , p . 5 , pl . 3 , 1838. This is the first name given to a rather widely ranging South American species related to Myotis nigricans . The type was from Chiloe Island . Chiriquensis ( Myotis ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 20 , p . 77 , February 29 , 1904. As first pointed out by Goldman ( Smithsonian Misc . Coll . , vol . 69 , No. 5 , p . 213 , April 24 , 1920 ) , the shortness of the forearm , which was supposed to distinguish this species from M. nigricans , is an accidental character due to mutila- tion in both wings of the type skin . The specimen ( from Chiriqui , Panama ) is identical with the Central American bat which we regard as M. nigricans nigricans . Chrysonotus ( Vespertilio ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 8 , p . 240 , November 21 , 1896. This name is available in a sub- specific sense for the pale race of Myotis evotis which occupies the greater part of the animal's range . The type was from Sweetwater County , Wyo . Ciliolabrum ( Vespertilio ) Merriam , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 4 , p . 1 , December 7 , 1886. Though long considered a form of Myotis californicus , the bat to which this name was applied proves to be the typical race of a distinct species , the animal first described as Vespertilio subulatus by Say in 1823 but not clearly recognized until 1918 , when its true characters were pointed out by Mrs. Grinnell under the name orinomus ( Univ . Calif . Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 290 , January 31 , 1918 ) . Cincinnus ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 97 , footnote , March 14 , 1895. A misspelling of concinnus , AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 19 here used inadvertently no doubt , but appearing in the index as well as in the text . Cinnamomeus ( Vespertilio ) Wagner , Schreber's Säugthiere , Suppl . , vol . 5 , p . 755 , 1855. Wagner believed that Rengger was correct in considering Azara's " Chauve - souris cannellé " a Noctilio . Since Azara's description was the basis of Vespertilio ruber of E. Geoffroy , Wagner proposed cinnamomeus as a substitute for the name ruber as used by D'Orbigny and Gervais for a red Myotis from Corrientes , Argentina . Azara's animal , however , is now known to have been this same red Myotis , so that the two names , ruber and cinnamomeus , were actually based on one bat . Concinnus ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadel- phia , 1866 , p . 280. This name , applied to specimens from San Sal- vador , proves to have been based on the large form of Myotis nigricans inhabiting Central America and not , as orginally supposed by Miller ( Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 13 , p . 154 , June 13 , 1900 ) , on the Mexican race . Crassus ( Vespertilio ) F. Cuvier , Nouv . Ann . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 1 , p . 18 , 1832. This name is practically impossible to allocate with certainty . It was based on a specimen sent from New York , and is probably a synonym of Myotis lucifugus . Dinellii ( Myotis ) Thomas , Ann . Mag . Nat . Hist . , ser . 7 , vol . 10 , p . 493 , December , 1902. This is the only name applied to the bright- colored race of Myotis chiloënsis occurring in the drier parts of northwestern Argentina . Domesticus ( Vespertilio ) Green , in Doughty's Cabinet of Nat . Hist . , vol . 2 , p . 290 , 1832. The description as well as the house - haunting habit of this bat leave little doubt that it is the same animal as LeConte's V. lucifugus described the previous year . Dominicensis ( Myotis ) Miller , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 15 , p . 243 , December 16 , 1902. This is the form of M. nigricans found in the island of Dominica , Lesser Antilles . Duranga ( Myotis californicus ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 19 , p . 612 , November 12 , 1903. An examination of the type and other specimens from Durango on which the description was based , shows that all are typical M. yumanensis yumanensis . Durango ( Myotis californicus ) Trouessart , Cat . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 93 1904. A modification of duranga . Esmeralda ( Myotis ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 33 , p . 385 , July 9 , 1914. We are unable to distinguish the form of Myotis nigricans on which this name was based from the typical subspecies . Evotis ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Smith- sonian Misc . Coll . , No. 165 , p . 48 , June , 1864. This is the first name given to the long - eared Myotis of the western United States . 20 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Exiguus ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1866 , p . 281. The description of this bat leaves little doubt that it is identical with M. nigricans ( described as Vespertilio concinnus on the previous page ) . The type specimen was from Aspinwall , now Colon , Panama . Exilis ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1866 , p . 283. This is a synonym of Myotis californicus . The type came from Cape St. Lucas , Lower California . Ferrugineus ( Vespertilio ) Temminck , Monogr . de Mamm . , vol . 2 , p . 239 , 1840. Trouessart in his Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , 1904 , p . 90 , includes this as a valid species of Myotis , following Dobson . The original description , based on specimens in alcohol from Suri- nam , states that there were teeth posterior to the canine , which indicates probably an Eptesicus . Moreover , the name Vespertilio ferrugineus is preoccupied by the V. ferrugineus of C. L. Brehm , 1827 , which is a synonym apparently of some European species of Nyctalus . It therefore requires no further consideration here . Gayi ( Vespertilio ) Lataste , Actes Soc . Sci . Chile , Santiago , vol . 1 ( 1891 ) , p . 81 , 1892. The specimen figured and described by Gervais in Gay's Historia de Chile , Zool . , vol . 1 , p . 42 , 1847 , as Vespertilio chiloënsis was slightly unusual in having the posterior minute pre- molar of the upper jaw crowded into the angle behind the front corner of the large third premolar . For this reason Lataste believed it to be a distinct species and named it Vespertilio gayi . Gervais mentions that it is often taken in the houses at Valdivia , Chile . The name is a synonym of Myotis chiloensis chiloënsis . Grisescens ( Myotis ) Howell , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 32 , p . 46 , March 10 , 1909. This is the name of a large gray Myotis of the southeastern United States , distinguished among American species by the fact that the wing arises from the tarsus rather than from the base of the toes . Gryphus ( Vespertilio ) F. Cuvier , Nouv . Ann . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 1 , p . 15 , 1832. Although Cuvier's description offers very little that is diagnostic , it is likely that this name is a synonym of Myotis lucifugus . That the animal was a member of the genus Myotis is rendered probable by the lancet - shaped tragus and the two minute premolars in each jaw ( in addition of course to the larger third premolar ) ; the size and color apply fairly well also . The specimen came from near New York . 1 Henshawi ( Vespertilio nitidus ) H. Allen , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 103 , March 14 , 1894. This name was proposed in a tentative way for two specimens collected by H. W. Henshaw near Wingate , N. Mex . , in 1872 ( entered together under the number 12450 ( U. S. Nat . Mus . ) . These , though referred to " V. nitidus cilio- AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 21 labrum " ( Myotis subulatus subulatus ) , were recognized as in some way different , and the name henshawi was proposed in case further study confirmed this conclusion . It seems not unlikely that they were examples of the southwestern race of Myotis subulatus , for which Merriam's name melanorhinus , 1890 , has priority . The cotypes can not now be found in the National Museum collection , though they were indicated as present by Miller in his Lists of 1911 and 1923 , probably on insufficient evidence . Hypothrix ( Vespertilio ) D'Orbigny and Gervais , Voy . dans l'Amér- Mérid . , vol . 4 , pt . 2 , Mammifères , pp . 14 ( footnote ) , 16 , 1847. The species on which this name was founded is said by its authors to be common in the Mojos country of eastern Bolivia . It is apparently identical with Myotis nigricans nigricans . Hypothryx ( Vespertilio ) D'Orbigny and Gervais , Voy . dans . l'Amér . Mérid . , vol . 4 , pt . 2 , Mammifères , p . 16 , 1847. Apparently a mis- print for hypothrix , the spelling that occurs on p . 14 ( footnote ) . Incautus ( Vespertilio ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 8 , p . 239 , November 21 , 1896. This is the name of the slightly differentiated pale northern race of Myotis velifer . The type lo- cality is San Antonio , Tex . Interior ( Myotis longicrus ) Miller , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 27 , p . 211 , October 31 , 1914. This now stands as M. volans inte- rior , for the pale race of the long - legged bat of the arid West . The type locality is Twining , Taos County , N. Mex . Isidori ( Vespertilio ) D'Orbigny and Gervais , Voy . dans l'Amér . Mérid . , vol . 4 , pt . 2 , Mammifères , p . 16 , 1847. The description of this bat , based on a specimen from Corrientes , Argentina , leaves no doubt that it is the same as M. albescens Geoffroy , 1805 . Jaliscensis ( Myotis californicus ) Menegaux , Bull . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 7 , p . 321 , 1901. The cotypes of this species , which came from near Lake Zacoalco , Jalisco , Mexico , are in the Paris Museum , where Miller examined them in 1904 and found them to be examples of Myotis velifer velifer . Keaysi ( Myotis ruber ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 33 , p . 383 , July 9 , 1914. This is a name based on the red phase of Myotis nigricans nigricans . Keenii ( Vespertilio subulatus ) Merriam , Amer . Nat . , vol . 29 , p . 860 , September , 1895. This is the first name unquestionably based on the moderately long - eared species which has been generally but incor- rectly known as Myotis subulatus , that is , the subulatus of Harrison Allen , 1864 , but not of Say , 1823. The type locality , Massett , Queen Charlotte Islands , British Columbia , lies within the area occupied by the dark northwest coast form of the species . Kinnamon ( Vespertilio ) Gervais , Expéd . Amér . du Sud du Castel- nau , Zool . , Mammifères , p . 84 , pl . 15 , fig . 1 , 1855. The description of 22 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM the teeth and color , as well as the measurements ( forearm 40 mm . ) leave no doubt that this animal is identical with M. ruber ( Geoffroy ) , 1805. The type was from Capella Nova , Brazil . Lanceolatus ( Vespertilio ) Maximilian zu Wied , Reise in das Innere Nord - America , vol . 1 , p . 364 , footnote , 1839. The name was based on two specimens of a small bat from Bethlehem , Pa . It was originally proposed as a substitute for Vespertilio subulatus , should the bat which Maximilian so designated prove to be differ- ent from Say's animal . Maximilian's subulatus , however , appears to be the same as M. lucifugus LeConte , 1836 . Leibii ( Vespertilio ) Audubon and Bachman , Journ . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , ser . 1 , vol . 8 , p . 284 , 1842. These authors carefully described a small bat from Erie County , then Michigan , now Ohio , pointing out the obvious characters of small size , small foot , long tail , and contrasting black ears and wings that distinguish the small black- faced bat of the eastern United States . The name has been considered a synonym of Myotis lucifugus , though the original authors showed their familiarity with that animal by redescribing it under the name V. virginianus in the same paper . In recent years the discovery of additional specimens of leibii proves that it is a valid form , the east- ern race of Myotis subulatus Say , 1823 ( not the subulatus of Harrison Allen , 1864 , and recent writers ) . The name , therefore , in the form Myotis subulatus leibii , replaces Myotis winnemana Nelson , 1913 . Leucogaster ( Vespertilio ) Maximilian zu Wied , Beitr . z . Naturg . Brasil , vol . 2 , p . 271 , 1826. Wied's description as well as his excellent colored figure in the Abbildungen zur Naturg . Brasil , pt . 13 , 1829 , leave no doubt that this animal is the same as the V. albescens of E. Geoffroy , 1805. His specimen was from the Moucouri River , Brazil . Longicrus ( Vespertilio ) True , Science , vol . 8 , p . 588 , December 24 , 1886. This is the valid name for the dark subspecies of Myotis volans occurring in the humid northwest coast district . The type came from Puget Sound , Washington . Lucifugus ( Vespertilio ) LeConte , McMurtrie's Cuvier , Animal Kingdom , vol . 1 , p . 431 , 1831. Though the original description con- tains little that is useful for allocating this name , the later and more detailed account ( Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1855 , p . 436 ) shows that LeConte had in mind the common small brown Myotis of eastern North America , to which the name is currently applied ( see Miller , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 29 , October 16 , 1897 ) . The type locality is assumed to be Georgia , at or near LeConte's home in the vicinity of Riceboro , Liberty County . Macropus ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadel- phia , 1866 , p . 288. This name is a synonym of Myotis yumanènsis of the same author , published two years previously . The type was AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 23 collected at Fort Mohave ( " Majaor " in original description ; see Lyon and Osgood , Catal . Type - Sp . Mamm . U. S. Nat . Mus . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 62 , p . 271 , January 28 , 1909 ) on the Colorado River , western Arizona . The name is preoccupied by V. macropus Gould , 1854 , for an Australian bat . Maripensis ( Myotis ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 33 , p . 385 , April 20 , 1914. Though it has been regarded as a full species , this bat is apparently nothing else than true Myotis nigricans . Some of the specimens are less dark than usual , but we are unable to define the form . The type locality is Maripa , Rio Caura , Venezuela . Melanorhinus ( Vespertilio ) Merriam , North Amer . Fauna , No. 3 , p . 46 , September 11 , 1890. This appears to be the valid name for the form of Myotis subulatus Say ( not of H. Allen and subsequent writers ) of the southwestern United States and Mexican border . The type came from San Francisco Mountain , Arizona , and has been generally regarded as a specimen of M. californicus . Mexicanus ( Vespertilio ) Saussure , Rev. et Mag . de Zool . , ser . 2 , vol . 12 , p . 282 , 1860. This is the first name applied to the large richly colored Mexican race of Myotis californicus . The type was said to have come from " les terres chaudes de la province de Mexico . " Micronyx ( Myotis ) Nelson and Goldman , Proc . Biol . Soc . Wash- ington , vol . 22 , p . 28 , March 10 , 1909. A name based on the Lower Californian form of Myotis evotis , apparently not distinguishable from M. evotis chrysonotus . Milleri ( Myotis ) Elliot , Publ . Field Columbian Mus . , zool . ser . , vol . 3 , p . 172 , April , 1903. This is the only name applied to a peculiar local form , related to Myotis evotis but apparently a distinct species , known only from a few specimens taken in the San Pedro Martir Mountains , Lower California . Mundus ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1866 , p . 280. An examination of the specimen on which the descrip- tion of this species was based , shows it to be an immature example of Myotis albescens Geoffroy . It came from Maracaibo , Venezuela . Nesopolus ( Myotis ) Miller , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 13 , p . 123 , April 6 , 1900. This is the only name given to the form of Myotis nigricans inhabiting the island of Curaçao . Nesopotus ( Myotis ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 33 , p . 384 , April 20 , 1914. A misprint for nesopolus . Nigricans ( Vespertilio ) Maximilian zu Wied , Beitr . z . Naturg . Brasil , vol . 2 , p . 266 , 1826. This is the first valid name applied to the common small blackish Myotis of tropical South America . The type was from the Rio Iritiba , Espirito Santo , Brazil . Nitens ( Vespertilio ) Wagner , Schreber's Säugthiere , suppl . , vol . 5 , p . 810 , pl . 51 , fig . 4 , 1855. Referred by Trouessart to Myotis , and 24 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM possibly a synonym of M. nigricans ; Wagner's figure of the tragus , however , does not show the form typical of this genus . Nitidus ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1862 , p . 247. From the original description as well as from the more detailed later account with figures ( Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 94 , pl . 12 , March 14 , 1894 ) , there is no doubt that this name applies to the bat which had already been described as Ves- pertilio californicus by Audubon and Bachman . This fact Doctor Allen himself partly recognized ; but he regarded a new name as desirable on account of the supposed impossibility of identifying Vespertilio californicus with full certainty . His specimens were from Monterey , Calif . , and Fort Steilacoom , Wash . , therefore in- cluding representatives of two geographical races . Miller ( 1897 ) , the first reviser , selected Monterey as the type locality and gave a new name ( caurinus ) to the dark northwestern form . For reasons which appear to us to be insufficient Lyon and Osgood ( Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 62 , p . 272 , January 28 , 1909 ) reversed the de- cision of Miller by regarding one of the specimens from Fort Steilacoom as the type . ( On this subject see also H. W. Grinnell , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 283 , January 31 , 1918. ) Nubilus ( Vespertilio ) Wagner , Schreber's Säugthiere , suppl . , vol . 5 , p . 752 , 1855. This was described by Wagner from Natterer's speci- mens , the same apparently that served Temminck for his description of Vespertilio albescens ( not of Geoffroy ) . They were collected in southern Brazil and with their cheekteeth , slender tragus , and wings from the base of the toes were evidently representatives of a species of Myotis . Wagner describes the coloring thus : " Die Haare sind am Grunde schwarzbraun , auf der Oberseite allmählig in's russig Kastanienbraun übergehend , auf den Bauch mit gelbbraunlichen Spitzen . " The forearm was 1 inch 4 lines long or about 37 mm . From this description it seems clear that Wagner's bat was , like Tem- minck's albescens , the M. ruber of Geoffroy , 1805 . Obscurus ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadel phia , 1866 , p . 281. As first shown by Goldman ( Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 27 , p . 102 , May 11 , 1914 ) , the type of this species , from Lower California , proves to be the same as Vespertilio yuman- ensis H. Allen , 1864 . Occultus ( Myotis ) Hollister , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 22 , p . 43 , 1909. This name is applicable to a peculiar and imperfectly known species inhabiting the southwestern United States and adjoin- ing parts of Mexico . Oregonensis ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Monogr . Bats North America , Smithsonian Misc . Coll . , No. 165 , p . 61 , June , 1864. This was origi- nally a manuscript name written by LeConte on the label of a speci- AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 25 men of Myotis californicus bearing no more definite indication of locality than the words " United States . " In placing it formally in print , H. Allen mentions three other specimens ( one from Cape St. Lucas , Lower California , and two from Fort Yuma , Calif . ) , for which , if they should prove to be distinct from his V. nitidus ( = M . californicus ) , “ this name will be reserved . " While the first of these specimens is doubtless best considered as true Myotis californicus , the two others are M. californicus pallidus , so that the form as origi- nally understood was a composite . In view of these facts it seems best to follow Miller , 1897 , as first reviser , in relegating the name oregonensis to the synonymy of M. californicus californicus . Orinomus ( Myotis ) Elliot , Publ . Field Columbian Mus . , zool . ser . , vol . 3 , p . 228 , June , 1903. This bat , described from La Grulla , San Pedro Martir Mountains , Lower California , is the same as M. sub- ulatus melanorhinus ( Merriam ) , 1890 , from San Francisco Moun- tain , Arizona . Oxyotus ( Vespertilio ) Peters , Monatsber . k . Akad . Wiss . Berlin , p . 19 , 1866. This is the first name based on the long - eared form of Myotis chiloënsis occurring in the Andes . The type came from Chimborazo , Ecuador . Pallidus ( Myotis californicus ) Stephens , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washing- ton , vol . 13 , p . 153 , June 13 , 1900. This is the pale race of Myotis californicus inhabiting the more arid parts of the Southwest . The type came from Vallecito , San Diego County , Calif . Parvulus ( Vespertilio ) Temminck , Monogr . de Mamm . , vol . 2 , p . 246 , 1840. Dobson states that he directly compared Temminck's type of Vespertilio parvulus in the Leiden Museum with an alcoholic specimen of Myotis nigricans and considered them as representatives of one species . The type was collected by Natterer in Brazil . Peninsularis ( Myotis ) Miller , Ann . and Mag . Nat . Hist . , ser . 7 , vol . 2 , p . 124 , 1898. This is the only name which has been applied to the small form of Myotis velifer inhabiting Lower California . Pernox ( Myotis ) Hollister , Smithsonian Misc . Coll . , vol . 56 , No. 26 , p . 4 , December 5 , 1911. The specimen on which this name was based proves to be a large , richly colored individual of M. lucifugus alascensis . It was collected at Henry House , Alberta , Canada . Pilosus ( Vespertilio ) Peters , Monatsber . k . Akad . Wiss . Berlin , 1869 , p . 403. The origin of the wings from the tibia and from the middle of the back close to the spine , as well as the very large size of the foot , are characters so different from those of any other American member of the genus , and so like those of the Philippine Myotis macrotarsus , that until the occurrence in South America of an ani- mal possessing these peculiarities can be established by the discovery of a second specimen , it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the 58518-283 26 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM type probably came from the Far East rather than , as supposed , from Montevideo , Uruguay . * Polythrix ( Vespertilio ) I. Geoffroy , Ann . des Sci . Nat . , ser . 1 , vol . 3 , p . 443 , 1824. There is little in the original description that would certainly identify this bat , which in size is said to be slightly larger than the common pipistrelle of Europe , its color " brun - marron très foncé " above ; below , the same with a slight touch of grayish ; forearm 38 mm . The original specimens were sent from southern Brazil with others from Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Geraes . Gervais examined the types in 1855 and referred them to Myotis ( as a subgenus ) since they appeared to have teeth back of the canines . He describes their pelage as " brun , légèrement nuancé de roussâtre . " The color and size indicate that they are specimens of Myotis ruber , to the synonymy of which the name polythrio may therefore be referred . Punensis ( Myotis ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 33 , p . 383 , July 9 , 1914. Four specimens of Myotis , two from Puna Island , Ecuador , and two from Daule on the neighboring mainland were regarded by J. A. Allen as distinct from M. nigricans . Their somewhat pale color appears to us to be within the limits of indi- vidual variation in true nigricans . Quercinus ( Myotis californicus ) H. W. Grinnell , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 12 , p . 317 , December 4 , 1914. Mrs. Grinnell en- deavored to restrict the name M. californicus to the form of the small - footed brown bat occurring in " that portion of California north of about latitude 36 degrees and west of the desert divides , " and applied the new term quercinus to the form of southern and southwestern California . Unfortunately , however , Audubon and Bachman's original characterization of the color of californicus as " light yellowish brown " hardly applies to those specimens north and west of 36 ° so well as to those south of it , and Miller in 1897 had already described the darker northwestern animal as caurinus . It seems best therefore to regard quercinus as a synonym of cali- fornicus . The type locality is Seven Oaks , San Bernardino County , Calif . Ruber ( Vespertilio ) E. Geoffroy , Ann . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 8 , p . 204 , 1806. This is the first name applied to the large russet or reddish - brown Myotis of South America , the " chauve - souris onzième " of Azara . It is assumed that Azara's description , on which the name is based , was taken from Paraguayan specimens . Salarii ( Vespertilio ) F. Cuvier , Nouv . Ann . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 1 , p . 15 , 1832. The original description of this bat , based on specimen sent by Milbert from the vicinity of New York , is not sufficient for a clear determination . Apparently , however , it applies to Myotis lucifugus . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 27 Saturatus ( Myotis yumanensis ) Miller , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 68 , October 16 , 1897. This is the only name based on the dark subspecies of yumanensis inhabiting the humid area of the northwest coast of the United States and British Columbia . The type locality is Hamilton , Skagit County , Wash . Septentrionalis ( Vespertilio gryphus var . ) Trouessart , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 131 , 1897. Trouessart established this name by latinizing H. Allen's " northern form of Vespertilio gryphus " ( Monogr . Bats North Amer . ( 1893 ) , p . 80 , March 14 , 1894 ) . The animal to which it was applied is the wide - ranging eastern long - eared bat for which the name Myotis subulatus has been current during the past 30 years . Say's Vespertilio subulatus , 1823 , proves to have been not this species but the one which has received the names leibii , cilio- labrum , melanorhinus , orinomus , and winnemana . As Trouessart's name is the only one which was certainly based on the eastern long - eared Myotis it must now be applied to that animal , but in the trinomial form Myotis keenii septentrionalis . Simus ( Myotis ) Thomas , Ann . and Mag . Nat . Hist . , ser . 7 , vol . 7 , p . 541 , June , 1901. This is the first and only name based on a very distinct and peculiar South American species readily distinguishable from all other known members of the genus . Sociabilis ( Myotis yumanensis ) H. W. Grinnell , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 12 , p . 318 , December 4 , 1914. This is the dull brown- ish race of the large - footed M. yumanensis , inhabiting the semi- arid region of the western United States , from Montana to the east- ern part of the Pacific Coast States . The type locality is Fort Tejon , Calif . 1 Spixii ( Vespertilio ) Fischer , Synopsis Mamm . , p . 111 , 1829. This name was proposed as a substitute for Vespertilio brasiliensis of Spix , 1823 ( not of Desmarest , 1822 ) . It is with little doubt a synonym of Wied's V. nigricans published three years previously . Subulatus ( Vespertilio ) Say , Long's Exped . to the Rocky Moun- tains , vol . 2 , p . 65 , footnote , 1823. The specific name subulatus has been misapplied since 1864 to the common long - eared Myotis of east- ern North America by practically all writers who have recognized the animal as a distinct species . Recently accumulated evidence shows , however , that it must now be restored to a different and still imperfectly known bat ; that is , to the animal which , since its original discovery by Say , has received in its several subspecific forms , the names leibii ( 1842 ) , ciliolabrum ( 1886 ) , melanorhinus ( 1890 ) , ori- nomus ( 1903 ) , and winnemana ( 1913 ) . The reason for this change is twofold : First , the type locality of Vespertilio subulatus , on the Arkansas River near the present town of La Junta , Otero County , southeastern Colorado , is outside of the known range of the eastern long - eared bat , and second , the original description , when read with 28 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM specimens of the eastern animal and of those species actually known to occur in Colorado at hand for comparison , is immediately seen to apply much less to the former than to a definite one of the latter , namely , the bat on which Merriam based the name ciliolabrum in 1886 . Tenuidorsalis ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Phila- delphia , p . 283 , 1866. An examination of the type ( from Cape St. Lucas , Lower California ) shows that the specimen on which this name was based , is identical with Myotis californicus . Thomasi ( Myotis ) Cabrera , Bol . Soc . Españ . Hist . Nat . , Madrid , vol . 1 , p . 370 , 1901. The structural characters ascribed to this bat convince us that the name applies to the subspecies of M. chiloënsis occurring in the Andean region from northern Ecuador to Bolivia which Peters had previously called Vespertilio oxyotus . Thysanodes ( Myotis ) Miller , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 80 , October 16 , 1897. This is the tenable name for the large Myotis with long ears and well - fringed interfemoral membrane occurring in the western United States and Mexico . The type locality is Old Fort Tejon , Calif . Velifer ( Vespertilio ) J. A. Allen , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 3 , p . 177 , December 10 , 1890. This is the name of the large drab - gray Myotis with large foot , common in the southwestern United States and through Mexico to Guatemala . The type locality is Guadala- jara , Jalisco , Mexico . A Virginianus ( Vespertilio ) Audubon and Bachman , Journ . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , ser . 1 , vol . 1 , p . 93 , 1841. This is undoubtedly a synonym of Myotis lucifugus . The original description and measurements apply fairly well to that species and the characteristic dark shoulder spot is especially mentioned . The specimen came from the " mountains of Virginia , " where M. lucifugus is common . Volans ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , p . 282 , 1866. The correct disposition of this name remained for nearly fifty years unsettled . It was originally applied to a bat from Cape St. Lucas , Lower California , but the description was quite inade- quate , and its author subsequently considered it a synonym of his Vespertilio nitidus . Miller later placed both names in the synonymy of Myotis californicus ; but the rediscovery of the type and its ex- amination by Goldman in 1914 proved volans to be the first name applicable to the short - eared , long - legged Myotis of western North America , then currently known as M. longicrus . The name Myotis volans is therefore tenable in a specific sense , while longicrus remains available for the dark race of the humid northwest coast .: Winnemana ( Myotis ) Nelson , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 26 , p . 183 , August 8 , 1913. This name was given to the small - footed , AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 29 black - faced bat , with keeled calcar , inhabiting the eastern United States ( type from Plummer Island , Md . ) . It is , however , a synonym of Vespertilio leibii based by Audubon and Bachman on a specimen from Ohio many years before , a name whose allocation has long been misunderstood on account of the apparent rarity of the animal to which it was applied . Yumanensis ( Vespertilio ) H. Allen , Smithsonian Misc . Coll . , No. 165 , p . 58 , June , 1864. This name , based on specimens from Fort Yuma , Calif . , is the first one applied to the small , large - footed Myotis of the western United States and Mexico . THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX AND THEIR AMERICAN SPECIES Genus MYOTIS Kaup Myotis KAUP , Skizzirte Entw . - Gesch . u . Natürl . Syst . d . Europ . Thierw . , vol . 1 , p . 106 , 1829. - MILLER , Ann . and Mag . Nat . Hist . , ser . 6 , vol . 20 , p . 382 , October , 1897 ; North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 55 , October 16 , 1897.- TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss .. p . 1283 , 1899. - MILLER , Key Land Mamm . Northeastern North Amer . , Bull . New York State Mus . , vol . 8 , No. 38 ( October , 1900 ) , p . 148 , November 21 , 1900. - ELLIOT , Synops . Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 45 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 400 , March , 1901 ; List Land and Sea Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 57 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 517 , June , 1901. - MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 255 , December 27 , 1901. - ELLIOT , Land and Sea Mamm . Middle Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 95 , zool . ser . , vol . 4 , p . 570 , 1904. TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 89 , 1904. - ELLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , zool . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 473 , 1905. - MILLER , Fam . and Gen. Bats , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 57 , p . 200 , June 29 , 1907 ; List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 54 , December 31 , 1912 ; List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 68 , April 29 , 1924 . Nystactes KAUP , Skizzirte Entw . - Gesch . u . Natürl . Syst . d . Europ . Thierw . , vol . 1 , p . 108 , 1829 ( bechsteinii ) . Not Nystactes Gloger , 1827 . Leuconoë BOIE , Isis , p . 256 , 1830 ( Die Wasserfledermäuse , a group defined by Boie in Isis , 1825 , p . 1206 , as including Vespertilio daubentonii , V. nattereri , V. dasycneme , and V. mystacinus ) .— DOBSON , Monogr . Asiat . Chiropt . , p . 126 ( subgenus of Vespertilio = Myotis including dasycneme and daubentonii of Boie's original species . No type designated ) ; Catal . Chiropt . Brit . Mus . , p . 289 , 1878 ( subgenus of Vespertilio = Myotis ) .— THOMAS , Ann . and Mag . Nat . Hist . , ser . 7 , vol . 13 , p . 382 , May , 1904 ( subgenus of Myotis ; M. daubentonii selected as type ) ; Journ . Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc . , vol . 23 , p . 607 , 1915 ( genus ) . Vespertilio KEYSERLING and BLASIUS , Wiegmann's Archiv für Naturgesch . , 1839 , vol . 1 , p . 306 ( not of Linnaeus , 1758 ) .— H . ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Smithsonian Misc . Coll . , No. 165 , p . 46 , June , 1864. - DOBSON , Catal . Chiropt . Brit . Mus . , p . 284 , 1878.-H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 70 , March 14 , 1894 . Selysius BONAPARTE , Iconografia della Fauna Italica , Introd . , p . 3 , 1841 ( Vesper- tilio mystacinus ) . Capaccinius BONAPARTE , Iconografia della Fauna Italica , Indice Distrib . , p . 1 . 1841 ( Vespertilio capaccinii ) . Trilatitus GRAY , Ann . and Mag . Nat . Hist . , p . 258 , December , 1842 ( Vespertilio hasseltii , V. macellus adversus , and V. blepotis Miniopterus sp . ) . Tralatitus GERVAIS , Dict . Univ . d'Hist . Nat . , vol . 13 , p . 213 , 1849 ( Modification of Trilatitus Gray , 1842 ) . Brachyotus KOLENATI , Allgem . deutsch . Naturhist . Zeitung , Dresden , new ser . , vol . 2 , p . 131 , 1856 ( Vespertilio mystacinus , V. daubentonii , and V. dasyc- neme ) . Not Brachyotus Gould , 1827 . 30 AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 31 Isotus KOLENATI , Allgem . deutsch . Naturhist . Zeitung , Dresden , new ser . , vol . 2 , p . 131 , 1856 ( Vespertilio nattereri and V. emarginatus ) . Tralatitius GRAY , Ann . and Mag . Nat . Hist . , ser . 3 , vol . 17 , p . 90 , February , 1866 . ( Modification of Trilatitus Gray , 1842. ) Pternopterus PETERS , Monatsḥer . k . preuss . Akad . Wissensch . , Berlin , p . 706 , 1867 ( subgenus of Vespertilio = Myotis , type , V. lobipes Peters = Vespertilio muricola Hodgson ) . Ezochurus FITZINGER , Sitzungsber . kais . Akad . Wissenesch . , Wien , math . - natur- wissensch . Classe , vol . 62 , p . 75 , 1870 ( Vespertilio macrodactylus , V. hors- fieldii = V . adversus , and V. macrotarsus . ) Acorestes FITZINGER , Sitzungsber . kais . Akad . Wissensch . , Wien , math . - natur- wissensch . Classe , vol . 62 , p . 427 , 1870 ( Vespertilio villosissimus , V. al- bescens , and V. nigricans ) . Comastes FITZINGER , Sitzungsber . kais , Akad . Wissensch . , Wien , math . - natur- wissensch . Classe , vol . 62 , p . 565 , 1870 ( Vespertilio capaccinii , V. mega- podius , V. dasycneme , and V. limnophilus ) . Euvespertilio ACLOQUE , Faune de France , Mammifères , p . 38 , 1899 ( Vespertilio emarginatus , V. mystacinus , V. murinus = myotis , V. nattereri , and V. bech- steinii ) . Rickettia BIANCHI , Ann . Mus . Zool . Acad . Sci . , St. Petersburg , vol . 21 , D. lxxviii , 1916 ( Vespertilio ricketti ) . Dichromyotis BIANCHI , Ann . Mus . Zool . Acad . Sci . , St. Petersburg , vol . 21 , p . lxxviii , 1916 ( Vespertilio formosus ) . Paramyotis BIANCHI , Ann . Mus . Zool . Acad . Sci . , St. Petersburg , vol . 21 , p . lxxix , 1916 ( Vespertilio bechsteinii ) . Genotype . - Vespertilio myotis Borkhausen . Characters . - Vespertilionine bats with the maximum known .2-2 1-1 number of teeth present , the dental formula : i с 3-3 ' 1-1 ' pm TIL 3-3 3-3 3-3 ' 3-3-38 ; sternum , skull , teeth , and external characters primi- tive for the group , none of them presenting any features of unusual specialization . Distribution . - Entire mainland of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres to the limits of tree growth ; on the larger islands the range extends to Japan , the British Islands , Newfoundland , Mada- gascar , the Philippines , Samoa , and Australia , and , from South America , to the southern Lesser Antilles .. Remarks . The bats of the genus Myotis constitute the most ex- tensively distributed of any comparable group of land mammals . Its range is approached in area by that of only two other genera , the nearly related Eptesicus and Pipistrellus . A seeming anomaly in distribution is the fact that the range is not yet known to include the Greater Antilles . There is no unlikelihood , however , that further research may show that some inconspicuous member of the genus actually inhabits one or more of these islands or that the remains of an extinct representative may be found as part of the imperfectly known fauna whose traces have been left in the caves . Coincident 32 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM with this almost universal distribution is a notably generalized type of structure . The family Vespertilionidæ , it is true , stands high among the bats in the development of those general characters which distinguish the Chiroptera from nonvolant mammals ; but within the family the genus Myotis is conspicuous for the retention of the most primitive dental formula - lacking only one upper incisor , one upper premolar , and one lower premolar of the complete eutherian armature and for the absence of the specialized features of cranial structure and individual tooth form which characterize many of the bat genera with limited range . More than 100 forms of Myotis have been described . Thus the genus is one of the largest as well as the most widely distributed of the entire order . For the most part the species do not differ conspicuously from each other . They are seldom noticeable in color and usually small in size . It is probable that a further study of these bats will show the de- sirability of arranging them in several genera and subgenera . Thomas ( 1915 ) has already used Leuconoë as a genus . At about the same time ( 1916 ) , Bianchi , dealing with the Siberian members of the genus , applied the name Capaccinius , in a generic sense , to a group containing the species capaccinii , dasycneme , longipes , taiwanensis , pequinius , and ricketti ( the last of which he separated subgenerically as Rickettia ) . In the genus Myotis proper he recognized , in addi- tion to the typical group , the subgenera Dichromyotis , Pternopterus , Paramyotis , Isotus , and Selysius . We have shown ( p . 9 ) that the Myotis myotis group has rather important dental characters which may prove to separate it definitely from the rest of the genus ; but , in our opinion , no final results can be attained without a detailed study of the species inhabiting all parts of the world . A satisfactory arrangement of the descriptions which follow would require that the least specialized members of the genus be first dealt with , then those showing successively wider departure from a general- ized condition . Such an ideal method is impracticable , however , on account of the varying degree of development shown by the structural characters in the different species . Thus in Myotis lucifugus , though the ears are not unusually long , the feet are relatively large , while in M. californicus the ears are elongated and the feet small ; again in M. keenii ( subulatus of recent authors ) the feet are nearly as large as in M. lucifugus but the ears are conspicuously lengthened . In Myotis thysanodes , the species with the most aberrant condition of the molar cusps , the general structure shows no very high specializa- tion . In other words , the different parts of the body vary independ- ently , so that there is seldom an obvious correlation between their degrees of development from one species to another . We have con- AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 33 sequently not been able to find any recognizably different general totals of specialization for the members of the group as compared with one another , or any main line of modification along which the evolution of the American species has progressed . Since a linear arrangement which would represent a natural sequence is thus clearly out of the question , for the present at least , the order of enumeration which we have chosen is in the main an arbitrary one . It begins with the longest - known and most wide - ranging American species , Myotis lucifugus , as a fairly generalized representative of the genus . The other large - footed species follow , then those with small foot and keeled calcar . Finally we have found it convenient to give separate treatment to the tropical and South American members of the genus . There is practically no overlapping of the ranges of these and of the forms which occur in temperate North America ; furthermore they are much less completely known . Genus PIZONYX Miller Pizony MILLER , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 19 , p . 85 , June 4 , 1906 ; Fam . and Gen. Bats , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 57 , p . 202 , June 29 , 1907 ; List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 59 , December 31 , 1912. - ELLIOT , Check - List Mamm . North Amer . , suppl . , p . 157 , 1917. - MILLER , List Recent Mamm . North Amer . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 73 , April 29 , 1924 . Genotype . - Myotis vivesi Menegaux . Characters . - Like Myotis but foot so enlarged that , with the claws , it about equals the length of the tibia ; toes and claws so greatly com- pressed that the width of claw is only about one - eighth the height of the claw at base ; wing membrane abruptly narrowed in region of knee ; a large glandular mass in wing membrane near middle of fore- arm ; teeth showing a general tendency to heightening of cusps ; sec- ond premolar , both above and below , larger than first . Distribution . - Islands and coast of the Gulf of California , Mexico . Remarks . - The genus Pizonyx , though nearly related to Myotis , is well differentiated by the remarkable development of the foot , and by the other characters which have just been mentioned . In size and general appearance , apart from the enlarged feet , the single known species of Pizonyx bears a resemblance to Myotis myotis of the palearctic region . This resmblance is , however , purely superficial . That Pizonyx can not have been derived from some member of the Myotis myotis group is shown by its retaining the normally developed whereas a reduction of this tooth is one of the main character- istics of M. myotis and its allies ( see p . 10 ) . 34 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MYOTIS AND PIZONYX Foot greatly enlarged , its length about equal to that of tibia or skull , the digits and claws conspicuously compressed ; wing membrane abruptly nar- rowed at level of knee ; a glandular mass in membrane between forearm and fifth digit ; second premolar , both above and below , larger than first . Pizonyx ( p . 33 ) . Size large , exceeding that of any known American species of Myotis ; forearm 60 mm . or more ; greatest length of skull about 22 mm . ( Gulf of California ) . P. vivesi ( p . 209 ) . Foot not greatly enlarged , its length decidedly less than that of tibia or skull ; the digits and claws not conspicuously compressed ; wing membrane not narrowed at level of knee ; no glandular mass in membrane between fore- arm and fifth digit ; second premolar , both above and below , smaller than first [ size in the known American species medium or small ; forearm not known to attain a length of 60 mm . ] --- Myotis ( p . 30 ) . SPECIES OCCURRING IN TROPICAL AND SOUTH AMERICA Wing from tibia and sides of back close to the median line ( “ Uruguay " but probably not American ) ---- -M . pilosus ( p . 208 ) . Wing from foot and sides of body . Breadth of rostrum across canines equal to or greater than interorbital constriction ; wing attached at ankle ----- M. simus ( p . 205 ) . Breadth of rostrum across canines less than interorbital constriction ; wing attached at base of outer toe . Maxillary cheek teeth unusually small relatively to area of palate ; skull with rostrum shortened and brain case enlarged and rounded . M. albescens ( p . 200 ) . Maxillary cheek teeth not unusually small relatively to area of palate ; skull with normal rostrum and brain case . A well developed sagittal crest always present in adults ; color usually reddish ... ----- M . ruber , ( p . 197 ) . A well developed sagittal crest rarely present in adults ; color seldom reddish . Skull small , its greatest length usually ranging from 13 to 14.5 ; teeth small , the crown of m² usually less than 1.25 by 1.70 mm .; ear usually not extending beyond nostril when laid forward . M. nigricans ( p . 175 ) . Greatest length of skull usually more than 14 mm .; foot usually less than half as long as tibia _‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒ M . n . nigricans ( p . 177 ) . Greatest length of skull never as much as 14 mm .; foot usually more than half as long as tibia . 删 Skull extremely small ; forehead rising with unusual abruptness . M. n . dominicensis ( p . 183 ) . Skull not extremely small ; forehead rising normally . Color probably averaging darker ( southern Mexico ) . M. n . extremus ( p . 181 ) . Color probably averaging lighter ( Island of Curaçao ) . M. n . nesopolus ( p . 182 ) . Skull large , its greatest length usually ranging from 14 to 16 mm .; teeth large , the crown of m² usually more than 1.30 by 1.70 mm .; ear always extending beyond nostril when laid forward . M. chiloënsis ( p . 189 ) . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 35 General color grayish _-- General color not grayish . M. c . atacamensis ( p . 192 ) . Size large , greatest length of skull usually more than 15 mm . M. c . alter ( p . 194 ) . M. c . dinellii ( p . 191 ) . Size medium , greatest length of skull usually less than 15 mm . Color distinctly yellowish .. Color dark brown . Burnished tips of hairs on back rather conspicuous . M. c . oxyotus ( p . 193 ) . { Burnished tips of hairs on back obsolete . M. c . chiloënsis ( p . 190 ) . SPECIES OCCURRING IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA Under side of wing furred to level of elbow ; skull with rostrum shortened and occiput unusually elevated ( western North America ) ___ M . volans ( p . 135 ) . Size small , forearm about 35 mm . , length of skull less than 13 mm . ( Lower California ) . M. v . volans ( p . 139 ) . Size larger , forearm 37-40 mm .; length of skull more than 13 mm . Color buffy or ochraceous ( interior of western United States ) . Color dark brown . M. v . interior ( p . 142 ) . Upper parts dark reddish brown ( northwest coast region ) . M. v . longicrus ( p . 140 ) . Upper parts ochraceous tawny ( southern Mexico ) __ M . v . amotus ( p . 145 ) . Under side of wing not furred to level of elbow ; skull with normal rostrum and occiput . Foot small , the ratio of its length to that of tibia usually ranging from about 40 to 46 . Hairs of back with long shiny tips ; third metacarpal not so long as fore- arm ; skull larger , with flattened braincase and gradually rising pro- file ( United States ) . M. subulatus ( p . 164 ) . Belly warm buff , back ochraceous tawny ( eastern United States ) . M. s . leibii ( p . 171 ) . Belly whitish . ** Upper parts very pale , light buff to warm buff ( Interior United States ) . M. s . subulatus ( p . 168 ) . Upper parts less pale , bright golden above ( southwestern United States ) . M. s . melanorhinus ( p . 169 ) . usually as long as forearm ; abruptly rising profile ( Mex- M. californicus ( p . 148 ) . Hairs of back dull - tipped ; third metacarpal skull smaller , with rounded brain case and ico and western United States ) - Size larger , forearm usually 33.6 to 36 mm . ( southern Mexico ) . Size smaller , forearm usually 30 to 34 m . M. c . mexicanus ( p . 159 ) . " Fur of back distinctly tricolor , the hairs with a dark base succeeded by a pale ring and a pale reddish tip ( deserts of western United States ) ----- M. c . pallidus ( p . 157 ) . Fur of back not distinctly tricolor . Upper parts ochraceous tawny ( western United States ) . M. c . californicus ( p . 151 ) . Upper parts nearly mahogany red ( northwest coast region ) . M. c . caurinus ( p . 155 ) . 36 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Foot normal or large , the ratio of its length to that of tibia usually ranging from about 48 to 60 . Wing membrane attached to tarsus ; fur of back without obviously darkened basal area ; ratio of foot to tibia usually about 60 ( Indiana and Illinois to Alabama and Georgia ) -- M. grisescens ( p . 80 ) . Wing membrane attached to side of foot ; fur of back with obviously dark- ened basal area ; ratio of foot to tibia usually less than 57 . i , Fur of back with an obvious tricolor pattern ; calcar usually with a small but evident keel ( eastern United States ) -------- M . sodalis ( p . 130 ) . Fur of back without an obvious tricolor pattern ; calcar normally with no trace of keel . Ear when laid forward extending noticeably beyond tip of muzzle . Free border of uropatagium with inconspicuous , scattered , stiff hairs ( central and northern North America ) ------ M . keenii ( p . 101 ) . Color darkened ; a saturate northwest coast form . M. k . keenii ( p . 104 ) . Color normal ; a normal eastern and central form . M. k . septentrionalis ( p . 105 ) . Free border of uropatagium usually with a noticeable fringe of stiff hairs . Size larger , forearm usually 41 to 46 mm .; ear not exceptionally enlarged ; fringe conspicuous ( Mexico and western United States ) . M. thysanodes ( p . 122 ) . Under parts whitish , upper parts " warm buff " ( western United States and northern Mexico ) ___ . M. t . thysanodes ( p . 126 ) . Under parts buffy , upper parts darker , " tawny olive " ( southern Mexico ) ----- M. t . aztecus ( p . 128 ) . Size smaller , forearm usually 33 to 40 mm .; ear exceptionally en- larged ; fringe not conspicuous ( western United States and northern Mexico ) . Skull with noticeably flattened brain case ; forearm 33 to 36 ( San Pedro Martir Mountains , Lower California ) . M. milleri ( p . 118 ) . Skull with normal brain case ; forearm usually 37 to 40 . M. evotis ( p . 111 ) . Upper parts darker , near clay color ( northwest coast region ) . M. e . evotis ( p . 114 ) . Upper parts lighter , flaxen or cinnamon buff ( range of the species except northwest coast region ) . M. e . chrysonotus ( p . 116 ) . Ear when laid forward not extending noticeably beyond tip of muzzle . Cheek teeth robust , the breadth of the maxillary molars , as com- pared with that of the intervening palate , greater than usual in American members of the genus . Brain case flattened ; pelage glossy ( southwestern United States ) . M. occultus ( p . 97 ) . Brain case highly arched ; pelage dull________M . velifer ( p . 86 ) . Color darker ( Mexico and western United States ) . . M. v . velifer ( p . 89 ) . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 37 Color paler . Size maximum for the species ; greatest length of skull 15.8 to 17.6 mm . ( Kansas , through Texas and New Mexico , to Durango ) . M. v . incautus ( p . 92 ) . Size minimum for the species ; greatest length of skull 14.2 to 15.6 mm . ( Lower California___M . v . peninsularis ( p . 93 ) . Cheek teeth normal , the breadth of the maxillary molars as compared with the intervening palate not greater than usual in American members of the genus . Fur above dense , wooly ; a low but evident sagittal crest always present in adults ( Florida ; Indiana ; Saskatchewan ? ) . M. austroriparius ( p . 76 ) . Fur above normal , silky ; a sagittal crest rarely present . Forearm ranging from 32 to 37 mm .; greatest length of skull ranging from 13.2 to 14.2 mm .; hairs of back without con- spicuous burnished tips ( western North America ) . Color paler . M. yumanensis ( p . 61 ) . Above pale buffy , below almost white ( deserts of Great Basin ) -- . M. y . yumanensis ( p . 65 ) . Above tawny olive , below dull whitish , tinged with buffy ( western United States ) ------ M. y . sociabilis ( p . 68 ) . Color darker . Membranes and ears blackish brown , fur dull sepia above ( northwest coast ) _ . M. y . saturatus ( p . 70 ) . Membranes and ears dull brownish , fur dark cinnamon brown above ( southern Mexico ) ___ M . y . lutosus ( p . 72 ) . Forearm ranging from 36 to 40 mm .; greatest length of skull ranging from 14.3 to 15.3 mm .; hairs of back with conspicu- ous burnished tips ( North America in general ) . M. lucifugus ( p . 38 ) . Small premolars unusually crowded ( Mexico and western M. 1. fortidens ( p . 54 ) . Texas ) . Small premolars not unusually crowded . Color above ranging from blackish to very dark brown _M . 1. alascensis ( p . 47 ) . ( northwest coast ) . Color not ranging from blackish to very dark brown . Belly with a distinct buffy wash ; membranes not edged with white ( region east and north of Rocky Moun- tains ) --- M. 1. lucifugus ( p . 43 ) . Belly whitish ; membranes edged with white . General color above cinnamon buff , ears black , edges of membranes often whitish ( semiarid western United States ) . _M . 1. carissima ( p . 50 ) . General color above pale pinkish buff , ears pale brown- ish ( Great Basin ) – M. 1. phasma ( p . 53 ) . 38 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM I. SPECIES OF MYOTIS OCCURRING IN TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS ( LeConte ) ( Synonymy under subspecies ) Distribution . - From the limit of tree growth in Labrador , Can- ada , and Alaska , southward to Tabasco , Mexico . Da wd 2 4 3 HAL 5 . MAP 1. - DISTRIBUTION OF MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS ; 1 , M. LUCIFUGUS LUCIFUGUS ; 2 , M. LUCIFUGUS ALASCENSIS ; 3 , M. LUCIFUGUS CARISSIMA ; 4 , M. LUCIFUGUS PHASMA : 5 , M. LUCIFUGUS FORTIDENS Diagnosis . - Size medium among the American species ; forearm about 38 ( 36 to 40 ) mm .; total length usually about 80 to 86 mm . , tail about 36 mm . , averaging 45 per cent of the total length ( average ratio of tail to head and body in 10 specimens from Nova Scotia , 77.8 ; in 10 from Montana , 76.2 ; in 10 from the northwest coast , 75.8 ) ; greatest length of skull ranging from 14.0 to 15.8 ; maxillary tooth row ranging from 5.0 to 5.8 mm .; lower tooth row ( excluding AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 39 incisors ) usually more than 5.6 ( 5.4 to 6.2 ) ; ear reaching nostril when laid forward , its height from meatus usually 13 to 15 mm .; wing from the side of foot , which is large , exceeding one - half the tibia ( ratio of foot to tibia ranging from about 53 to about 55.7 ) ; calcar without keel ; hairs of back with long glossy tips which impart to the pelage a conspicuous metallic sheen . Skull with gradually rising forehead and broad brain case which is usually not provided with a distinct sagittal crest . Upper molars with full complement of secondary cusps and ridges , but with a narrow , inconspicuous and sometimes incomplete cingulum on inner border of crown . Ears . The ear is of moderate length , when laid forward reach- ing to the nostril ; its anterior edge is convex , becoming nearly straight in the upper third to the bluntly rounded tip ; below the tip the external margin is slightly concave or nearly straight in the upper half , then convex in the lower half which forms a pro- jecting , but not abrupt , shoulder . The tragus is about half the total height of the ear ( 8:15 mm . ) . At its outer base is a small rounded lobe , marked off by a shallow notch . Above this point and opposite the inner base is the widest region . The inner margin of the tragus is nearly straight , the outer very slightly convex , and faintly crenulate to the narrowly rounded tip . Wing and membranes . - The wing membrane arises from the side of the foot near the distal end of the metatarsal . The third to fifth metacarpals are graduated , the third longest , the fourth slightly shorter , the fifth still shorter . The basal phalanges and total length of the digits are likewise graduated in the same order . Taking the third finger as 100 , the fourth and fifth fingers are , respectively , as 86 and 80 ( 60:52:48 mm . ) . When folded , the third metacarpal usually falls short of the elbow by about 2.5 mm . The extreme tip of the tail is free . Uropatagium with minute hairs along the free border . These hairs are few and widely scattered , very inconspicuous . Foot . The foot is rather large , the ratio of its length to that of the tibia ranging from about 53 to nearly 56. Calcar long ( about 17 mm . ) , exceeding in length the free border of the interfemoral membrane , terminating in a minute lobule ; its free edge quite with- out indication of a keel . Outer toe a little shorter than the others . A slight web between bases of toes ; terminal joints with a few very small stiff hairs . Fur and color . - The pelage is rather full , but not fleecy , long and fine above , the longer hairs attaining a length of about 9 to 10 mm . On the ventral surface of the wing membrane the fur extends thinly from the knee to the distal three - fourths of the humerus . The inter- femoral membrane is thinly haired about to a line joining the knees . Characteristic are the long glossy tips of the dorsal hairs which 40 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM may completely conceal the dark bases and give a uniformly shining appearance to the coloration of the upper side . In a well - made skin , this glossy sheen to the fur is usually sufficient in itself to separate the species from others with which it occurs . A dark shoulder spot is usually present . - Skull . The skull , viewed from above ( pl . 1 , p . 7 , fig . 12 ) , has the rostrum relatively short ( distance from anterior margin of alveolus of inner incisor to narrowest part of interorbital constriction decidedly less than that from narrowest part of constriction to lambda ) and narrow ( maxillary breadth at m³ usually more than 1 mm . less than breadth of brain case ) ; anterior breadth across roots of canines obviously less than interorbital constriction , and the forehead , as seen in profile , has a slight gradual upward slope . The brain case is somewhat flattened and subcircular in dorsal view , its area notice- ably greater than that of rostrum . Even in adults the sagittal crest is seldom developed ( see footnote , p . 133 ) , though it is sometimes indicated by a low median ridge , which , posteriorly at least , is narrow and sharply defined . The lambdoid crests usually do not quite meet at the vertex . Teeth . The teeth are of normal size relatively to the rostum and palate ( pl . 1 , p . 7 , fig . 3b ) . Length of maxillary tooth row less than greatest palatal width across molars . Upper molars with full maximum development of secondary cusps and ridges ( fig . 1a and 1c , p . 8 ) , the protoconule always present and well developed , the hypocone with base well marked off from that of the protocone and with apex sometimes distinct from the inner loph ; cingulum variable in its development , usually obvious on lingual margin of crown , but rarely if ever continuous around the antero - lingual face of the protocone ; exceptionally the cingulum may be almost or quite absent . The two small upper premolars are usually somewhat drawn inward from the tooth row , but the tips of both teeth are visible from the outer side . Remarks . As a species Myotis lucifugus has a broader area of dispersal than any other member of its genus in the Western Hemi- sphere . Over an astonishingly wide range it holds its structural characters very closely , with remarkably little variation in size and proportions . In color , however , it shows the usual response to dif- ferences in climate , tending to become dark in areas of high humidity and pallid under conditions of dryness . It is usually associated with at least moderate tree growth and particularly delights to feed along small water courses in the forest . It is therefore less common in our arid Southwest , if not altogether absent from areas of actual desert conditions ; in such places it is outnumbered by the smaller , duller- colored M. yumanensis . In many localities , however , the two species occur together along the borders of thinly wooded country , and AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 41 Allen collected local forms of both at the same spot by an alpine stream at the limit of trees , 11,000 feet , on Mount Whitney , Cali- fornia . At this locality the animals were probably summer invaders from lower altitudes , M. yumanensis perhaps from the desert at the east base of the Sierra , whence additional examples were later ob- tained . Myotis lucifugus is a social species , breeding in colonies , sometimes in caves , frequently in dark recesses of buildings . It winters in caves in the temperate parts of its range . Throughout eastern North America this is by far the commonest species of Myotis , but in western North America it is less abundant , especially at lower elevations and in desert country . In the Eastern Hemisphere Myotis lucifugus is represented by Myotis daubentonii . The only external characters by which true Myotis daubentonii and the larger footed forms of M. lucifugus can with certainty be distinguished appear to be that in European specimens ( a ) the toes are elongated and the claws distinctly en- larged , ( b ) the insertion of the wing membrane is rather on the basal than the terminal half of the metatarsus , and ( c ) the fur of the upperparts is not conspicuously glossy and the color of the underparts is more contrastedly paler than that of the back . The skulls of the two species are alike in size and in all essential characters ; but in typical M. daubentonii the dorsal profile from the middle of the brain case backward tends to be evenly convex , while in M. lucifugus there is usually some indication of a concavity at front of occiput , the extreme posterior region tending to rise a little above level of middle of brain case . We have not been able to find any tangible differences between the teeth of the two animals ( compare teeth of M. daubentonii , figured by Miller , and those of M. lucifugus , figured by H. Allen ) . The resemblance between the two species was noted by H. Allen in 1894 , ' but we have not seen it mentioned by any other recent author . The occurrence of Myotis lucifugus in Kamchatka was recorded by Hahn in 1905 on the basis of a specimen in alcohol ( No. U.S. Nat . Mus . ) collected at Petropavlovsk by Mr. F. Whymper and brought to Washington by Dr. W. H. Dall . ( It was entered in the catalogues Jan. 10 , 1873 ) . Another individual , not mentioned by Hahn , was taken by Grebnitzki at the same place in July , 1889 ( No. 155523 U. S. Nat . Mus . ) . Both specimens are in poor condition and neither of them has a perfect skull . After careful examination we are unable to distinguish them , on the basis of the characters Cat . Mammals Western Europe , Brit . Mus . , p . 186 , Nov. 23 , 1912 . • Monogr . Bats North Amer . ( 1893 ) , pl . 11 , Mar. 14 , 1894 . Monogr . Bats North Amer . , p . 79 . Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 18 , p . 254 , Dec. 9 , 1905 . 58518-28- -4 42 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM which they show , from M. lucifugus . There is a strong probability , however , that they represent the animal which Ognev has recently described from Vladivostok as Myotis daubentonii ussuriensis , and in the absence of more complete evidence we prefer not to regard their presence in Kamchatka as undoubted proof that an American bat has extended its range into the Old World . Nomenclature . - Without doubt the earliest tenable name for this species is lucifugus LeConte ( 1831 ) as pointed out by Miller ( 1897 ) . The original description , though all too general and brief , applied well enough to this bat , and in a more amplified account , LeConte ( 1855 ) made it appear reasonably probable that the species was the common short - eared Myotis of the eastern United States , though he supposed that his specimens represented two animals , one of which he wrongly took to be the same as Say's Vespertilio subulatus . The British Museum now possesses a skin of the species ( No. 7.1.1.534 , formerly No. 4741 , U. S. Nat . Mus . ) , received by Tomes many years ago from the Smithsonian Institution . There is no question as to the identity of this specimen , and the original record in the cata- logue of the United States National Museum shows that it came directly from LeConte . It was entered as Vespertilio lucifugus , but unfortunately without indication of locality . Several writers subse- quently characterized supposed new species which can be no other than this bat . Among these forms are three described by F. Cuvier in 1832 ( Vespertilio gryphus , V. salarii , and V. crassus ) , all from " New York ; " the first and second sent to Paris by Milbert , the last by Lesueur . The essential parts of the descriptions are much alike , and seem in all probability to refer to slight variations in the same species , allowing for a discrepancy in giving crassus only two pre- molars . Temminck's Vespertilio carolii , from Philadelphia and New York , is unquestionably a Myotis as shown by the number of teeth ; and the rest of the description fits M. lucifugus perfectly . Green's V. domesticus and Audubon and Bachman's V. virginianus appear also to be the same . An immature specimen with supposedly peculiar characters served as the basis for H. Allen's Vespertilio affinis , but an examination of the type specimen proves that the name is a synonym of lucifugus . LeConte's incorrect identification ( 1855 ) of an indi- vidual variation in the short - eared species lucifugus with the Ves- pertilio subulatus of Say was the cause of much confusion among subsequent authors ( H. Allen , 1864 , and Dobson , 1878 , excepted ) . Thus the blanket name " Vespertilio subulatus " came to be used rather indiscriminately for the two common small brown bats of the eastern United States until the specific distinctness of Myotis luci- fugus and M. " subulatus " ( = M . keenii septentrionalis of the pres- ent paper ) was finally made clear by Miller in his review of 1897 . • Journ . Mamm . , vol . 8 , p . 146 , May 12 , 1927 . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 43 MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS LUCIFUGUS ( LeConte ) Vespertilio lucifugus LECONTE , McMurtrie's Cuvier , Animal Kingdom , vol . 1 , appendix , p . 431 , 1831 ; Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , vol . 7 , p . 436 , 1855.-H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Smithsonian Misc . Coll . , No. 165 , p . 55 , fig . 51-52 , June , 1864. - TRUE , Proc . U. S. Nat . Mus . , vol . 7 , p . 603 , 1885. - MILLER , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 28 , p . 39 , April , 1897 . Vespertilio gryphus F. CUVIER , Nouv . Ann . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 1 , p . 15 , 1832 ( New York ) .- TEMMINCK , Monogr . de Mamm . , vol . 2 , p . 259 , 1840.— H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 75 , March 14 , 1894 ( part ) . ? Vespertilio salarii F. CUVIER , Nouv . Ann . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 1 , p . 16 , 1832 ( New York ) .- TEMMINCK , Monogr . de Mamm . , vol . 2 , p . 259 , 1840 . ? Vespertilio crassus F. CUVIER , Nouv . Ann . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 1 , p . 18 , 1832 ( New York ) .— TEMMINCK , Monogr . de Mamm . , vol . 2 , p . 261 , 1840 . Vespertilio domesticus GREEN , Doughty's Cabinet of Nat . Hist . , vol . 2 , p . 290 , 1832 ( western Pennsylvania ) . ? Vespertilio lanceolatus MAXIMILIAN ZU WIED , Reise in das Innere Nord - Amer . , vol . 1 , p . 364 , footnote , 1839 ( Bethlehem , Pa . ) . Vespertilio carolii TEMMINCK , Monogr . de Mamm . , vol . 2 , p . 237 , 1840 ( Phila- delphia and New York ) .- DOBSON , Catal . Chiroptera Brit . Mus . , p . 325 , 1878 . -TRUE , Proc . U. S. Nat . Mus . , vol 7 , p . 603 , 1885 . Vespertilio virginianus AUDUBON and BACHMAN , Journ . Acad . Nat . Sci . Phila- delphia , ser . 1 , vol . 1 , p . 93 , 1841 ( mountains of Virginia ) . 1 * Vespertilio subulatus LECONTE , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1855 , p . 435 ( not of Say , 1832 ) . Vespertilio brevirostris MAXIMILIAN ZU WIED , Verzeich . beobacht , Säugeth , N. Amer . , p . 19 , 1860 ; Arch . f . Naturgesch . , 1861 , vol . 1 , p . 195 ( Freiburg , Pa . ) . Vespertilio affinis H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Smithsonian Misc . Coll , No 165 , p . 53 , fig . 48-50 , June , 1864 ( Fort Smith , Ark . ) .- LYON and OSGOOD , Catal . Type - Sp . Mamm . U. S. Nat . Mus . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 62 , p . 270 , January 28 , 1909 . Vespertilio gryphus lucifugus H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 78 , March 14 , 1894 . Vespertilio albescens affinis H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 93 , March 14 , 1894. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 132 , 1897 . Vespertilio gryphus var . lucifugus TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv , foss . , p . 131 , 1897 . Myotis lucifugus MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 59 , October 16 , 1897.- TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 1284 , 1899. - MILLER , Prelim . List New York Mamm . , Bull . New York State Mus . , vol . 6 , No. 29 ( October , 1899 ) , p . 365 , November 18 , 1899 ; Key Land Mamm . Northeastern North Amer ., Bull . New York State Mus . , vol . 8 , No. 38 ( October , 1900 ) , p . 149 , November 21 , 1900. - ELLIOT , Synops . Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 45 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 402 , March , 1901 ; List Land and Sea Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 57 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 517 , June , 1901. - MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 255 , December 27 , 1901. - ELLIOT , Land and Sea Mamm . Middle Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 95 , zool . ser . , vol . 4 , p . 580 , 1904. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 92 , 1904. - ELLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , zool . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 478 , 1905 ; 44 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Catal . Mamm . Field Columb . Mus . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 115 , zool . sor , vol . 8 , p . 504 , 1907 ( part ) .- HAHN , Mamm . of Indiana , 33d Ann . Rep . Dept. Geol . and Nat . Resources of Indiana , 1908 , p . 621 , 1909. - CORY , Mamm . of Illinois and Wisconsin , Field Mus . Nat . Hist . , publ . 153 , zool . ser . , vol . 11. p . 455 , 1912 ( part ) .- G . M. ALLEN , Bull . Mus . Comp . Zool . , vol . 52 , p . 44 , June , 1908 . Myotis lucifugus lucifugus MILLER , Key Land Mamm . Northeastern North Amer , Bull . New York State Mus . , vol . 8 , No. 38 ( October , 1900 ) , p . 149 , November 21 , 1900. - SETON , Life Hist . Northern Anim . , p . 1148 , 1909.- MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 55 , December 31 , 1912 ; List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U .. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 68 , April 29 , 1924. - BAILEY , North Amer . Fauna , No. 49 [ December , 1926 ] , p . 213 , January 8 , 1927 ( North Dakota ) . Type locality . - Georgia ; probably the LeConte plantation , near Riceboro , Liberty County . Type specimen .-- None designated . The British Museum has a made over skin received with the Tomes collection , that was origi- nally No. 4741 of the United States National Museum . It is labeled : Vespertilio " lucifugus , " United States , Maj . LeConte . This is a typical Myotis lucifugus lucifugus as now understood , and may well be one of the specimens on which LeConte based his original account of the animal . Distribution . - The entire forested portion of North America north of the southern border of the United States except in the Rocky Mountain region and on the Pacific coast of California , Oregon , Washington , British Columbia , and southern Alaska . ( See map 1 , 84 ) Diagnosis - Color above ranging from yellowish brown ( bronzy ) to olive brown ; a dark area at the shoulder ; belly gray with a rich buffy suffusion ; membranes not pale - edged ; ratio of foot to tibia usually ranging from about 53 to 54 . Description - Two extremes or phases of color are found in the In the one the fur above is a glossy yellowish brown almost bronze , in the other it is browner ( U. S. N. M. , No. 159411 from Young Harris , Georgia ) nearly " ochraceous - tawny " ( of Ridgway , ( D ) varying individually in the depth of the bronzy tint to an olive brown ( near " Dresden brown " ) . At the shoulder there is a small smtrasting area of darker , nearly blackish brown , forming an ill- deflued spot . Bases of the hairs above and below blackish or dark plumbeous . The hairs of the lower surface are tipped with a rich Luff , nearly the chamois of Ridgway , those at the extreme posterior part of the body without dark bases . Immature individuals are Booty gray above , the glossy tips of the hairs inconspicuous . Ears and membranes blackish brown . Measurements .-- For measurements see tables , pages 56 and 59 . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 45 Specimens examined . - Total number 744 , from the following localities : ALASKA : Anchorage , 1 head ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Bristol Bay , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Iliamna Lake , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Kodiak Island , 3 skins , 5 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . ALBERTA : Canadian National Park , 3 skins ( A.M.N.H. ) . ARKANSAS : no exact locality , 1 alc . ( M.C.Z. ) ; Fort Smith , 1 alc . , type of affinis ( U.S.N.M. ) . ATHABASCA : Athabasca River , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . CANADA : James Bay , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . CONNECTICUT : Greenwich , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; New Haven , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA : Washington , 7 skins , 20 alc . , 1 skeleton , ( U.S.N.M. ) . GEORGIA : Young Harris , 1 skin , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; no exact locality , 1 alc . ( M.C.Z. ) . ILLINOIS : Evanston , 1 alc . ( M.C.Z. ) ; Golconda , 3 skins ( F.M. ) ; Ogle Co. , 5 skins ( M.C.Z. ) ; Warsaw , 50 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; West Northfield , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . INDIANA : Bloomington , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Coon Cave , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mitchell , 11 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Indianapolis , 3 alc . ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Wheatland , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . IOWA : Grinnell , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) ; McGregor , 5 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . LABRADOR : Makkovik , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) . MACKENZIE : Salt River , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . MAINE : Cupsuptic River , 1 skeleton ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Eastport , 1 alc . ( M.C.Z. ) ; Lincoln , 3 alc . ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Norway , 3 alc . ( M.C.Z ) ; Upton , 1 ale . ( M.C.Z. ) ; Waterville , 3 alc . ( M.C.Z. ) . MANITOBA : Hartney , 1 skin ( U.C. ) ; 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lake Winnipeg , 1 alc . ( B.M. ) , MARYLAND : Plummer Island , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Seneca River , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . MASSACHUSETTS : Cambridge , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) ; Cotuit , 2 skins ( M.C.Z. ) ; Harvard , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) ; Lanesboro , 2 alc . ( M.C.Z. ) ; Littleton , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) ; Wareham , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) ; Woods Hole , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . MICHIGAN : Charity Island , 10 skins ( U.M. ) ; Chippewa Co. , 4 skins ( U.M. ) ; Douglas Lake , ( Cheboygan Co. ) , 1 skin ( U.M. ) ; Isle Royal , Washington Harbor , 10 skins ( U.M. ) ; Lake Gogebic , Ontonagon Co. , 2 skins , 2 alc . ( U.M. ) ; Leland , Leelanau Co. , 1 skin ( U.M. ) ; Lindsley Lake , Gogebic Co. , 5 skins , 2 alc . ( U.M. ) ; Little Girl's Pt . ( Gogebic Co. ) , 1 alc . ( U.M. ) ; Gogebic County ( no exact locality ) , 2 skins ( M.C.Z. ) ; Michigamme , 16 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; New Baltimore , 8 alc . ( U.M. ) ; South Lyon ( Oakland Co. ) , 1 alc . ( U.M. ) . MINNESOTA : Albert Lea , 1 skeleton ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Devil's Lake ( Ramsey Co. ) , 1 alc . ( U.M. ) ; Elk River , 9 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , 2 skins ( U.M. ) ; Fort Snelling , 4 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Moorhead , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Island Lake , Lyon Co. , 1 alc . ( B.M. ) . MISSOURI : Columbia , 5 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Montgomery City , 1 skin , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; no exact locality , 82 alc . ( M.C.Z. ) . NEBRASKA : Fort Pierre , 1 skin ( B.M. ) , 1 skull ( U.S.N.M. ) . NEW BRUNSWICK : Restigouche , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) ; Trousers Lake , 1 skin ( A.M.N.H. ) . 46 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM NEW HAMPSHIRE : Antrim , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) ; Laconia , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Shelburne , 2 alc . ( M.C.Z. ) . NEW JERSEY : Penngrove , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Delaware Water Gap , 1 skin ( A.N.S.P. ) . NEW YORK : Big Moose Lake , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Catskill Mountains , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Elmsford , 5 skins , 3 alc . ( A.M.N.H. ) , 1 skin ( F.M. ) ; Fourth Lake , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Howe's Cave , Schoharie County , 51 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Keene Valley , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lake George , 2 skins , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Locust Grove , 7 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lyon's Falls , 4 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Oneida Lake , 4 skins ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Peterboro , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Salem Center , 3 skins ( A.M.N.H. ) ; Stamford , 1 skin ( A.M.N.H. ) ; St. Regis Lake , 1 skull ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Tupper Lake , 1 skin , 2 alc . ( M.C.Z. ) ; Tuxedo , 3 alc . ( A.M.N.H. ) ; West Point , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Westport , 1 skeleton ( U.S.N.M. ) ; no exact locality , 2 skins ( B.M. ) . NEWFOUNDLAND : Bay St. George , 4 skins ( M.C.Z. ) ; Nicholsville , 4 skins ( M.C.Z. ) . NORTH CAROLINA : Cherokee , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Roan Mountain , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Weaverville , 2 skins ( A.M.N.H. ) ; Bertie County , 1 skin ( A.N.S.P. ) . NORTH DAKOTA : Cannon Ball , 4 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Fort Totten , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Goodall , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Hankinson , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Stump Lake , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) , approaching carissima ; Towner , 28 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , approaching carissima . NOVA SCOTIA : Halifax , 41 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; no exact locality , 1 alc . ( B.M. ) . OHIO : Circleville , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . ONTARIO : Linwood , 1 skin ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Macdiarmid , Lake Nipigon , 2 skins ( Roy . Ont . Mus . Zool . ) ; Muskoka , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) ; Ottawa , 2 alc . ´ ( U.S.N.M . ) ; Waterloo County , 11 skins ( F.M. ) . PENNSYLVANIA : Big Tink Pond , 1 skin ( A.M.N.H. ) ; Kring's Station , Cambria County , 1 skin ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Lake Ganoga , Sullivan County , 1 skin ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Round Island , Clinton County , 2 alc . ( A.N.S.P. ) . PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND : 1 skin , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mount Herbert , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . QUEBEC : Godbout , 7 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lac aux Sables , 1 skin ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Rupert House , James Bay , 1 ale . ( U.S.N.M. ) . SOUTH CAROLINA : Beaufort , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . SOUTH DAKOTA : Cedar Island , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . ' TEXAS : Fort Hancock , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . VERMONT : Brandon , 5 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Proctor , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Weathersfield , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) . VIRGINIA : Aylett , 4 ale . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Falls Church , 4 skins , 67 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) , 2 skins ( U.C. ) ; Four Mile Run , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Middle- town , 2 skins , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Riverton , 1 skin ' ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Spring .. Hill , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) . WEST VIRGINIA : Franklin , 1 skin , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; White Sulphur Springs , 4 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , 5 skins ( M.C.Z. ) , 6 skins ( F.M. ) . WISCONSIN : Beaver Dam , 2 skins ( F.M. ) ; Cassville , 6 skins , 8 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Delavan , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , 3 skins ( M.C.Z. ) , 1 skin ( U.C. ) ; Devil's Lake , 1 skin , 5 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; De Sota , 1 alc . ~ · ( U.S.N.M . ) ' ; Herbster , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lake St. Germain , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Long Lake , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Madison , 6 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Milwaukee , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Potosi , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Racine , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 47 WYOMING : Fremont Peak , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , approaching carissima ; Sand Creek , Crook County , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) . YUKON : Yukon River , Caribou Crossing , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Yukon River , 50 miles below Fort Selkirk , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . Remarks . Among the smaller brownish bats of eastern North America Myotis lucifugus lucifugus may usually be at once recog- nized , when in fresh adult pelage , by the long glossy tips to the hairs of the back taken in connection with the presence of the dark shoulder spot and the faintly yellowish belly . Variations in the intensity of the coppery or bronzy tint are found among specimens from any locality in various parts of the eastern United States ; but west of the Mississippi , or roughly , west of the ninetieth meridian , the bronzy extreme is almost wholly lacking , the more brassy or " ochraceous- tawny " prevails , and the less intensely colored individuals usually are dull whitish below lacking the buffy tone . The typical subspecies has the widest range of any North Ameri- can form of Myotis and it probably penetrates farther north than any other American bat . Here the limits of its distribution seem to correspond roughly with those of the coniferous forest , from southeastern Labrador westward to James Bay , and thence northwest- ward in the interior along the edge of the Barren Grounds nearly to the Arctic Ocean ( 50 miles from the mouth of the Coppermine River ) , finally reaching the Yukon Basin and the Pacific coast of the Alaskan Peninsula ( Kodiak Island ) . It intergrades with the darker race alascensis on the coast of southern Alaska and in British Columbia . The western border of its range in Canada probably runs east of the Rocky Mountains to Saskatchewan and Manitoba , thence across the United States through the Dakotas to central Colorado . In the dry interior of the northern United States , as in Colorado , Montana , and Wyoming , it gives place gradually to the paler sub- species carissima . Throughout much of eastern North America Myotis lucifugus lucifugus seems to be the commonest member of the genus . MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS ALASCENSIS Miller Vespertilio gryphus lucifugus H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 78 , March 14 , 1894 ( part , specimens from Washington ) .- TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 131 , 1897 ( part ) . Myotis lucifugus alascensis MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 63 , Octo- ber 16 , 1897. - ELLIOT , Synops . Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 45 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 402 , March , 1901. - MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 256 , December 27 , 1901. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm , viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 92 , 1904. - ELLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , zool . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 479 , 1905. — LYON and OSGOOD , Catal . Type - Sp , Mamm . U. S. Nat . Mus . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 62 , p . 270 , January 28 , 1909. - SETON , Life Hist . Northern Anim . , p . 1148 , 1909. — MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mús . , No. 79 , p . 55 , December 31 , 1912.-H. W. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . 48 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 267 , January 31 , 1918.-J. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 21 , p . 314 , January 27 , 1923. — MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 69 , April 29 , 1924 . Myotis yumanensis saturatus OSGOOD , North Amer . Fauna , No. 21 , p . 36 , Sep- tember 26 , 1901 ( not of Miller , 1897 ; see H. W. GRINNELL , Univ . Calif . Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 432 , April 25 , 1918 ) . Myotis pernor HOLLISTER , Smithsonian Misc . Coll . , vol . 56 , No. 26 , p . 4 , December 5 , 1911 ( Henry House , Alberta , Canada ) .— MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 56 , December 31 , 1912. - ELLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , suppl . , p . 155 , 1917. - MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 69 , April 29 , 1924 . Type locality . - Sitka , Alaska . Type specimen . - Adult female , in alcohol , No. 77416 , United States National Museum ( Biological Survey collection ) , collected at Sitka , Alaska , August 5 , 1895 , by Clark P. Streator . Original number 4754 . Distribution . Moist coastal region of western North America , from the archipelago of southern Alaska south through British Columbia and thence southeastward following the saturate area into northeastern Washington ( Blue Mountains ) and extreme western Montana , and again coastwise across western Washington and Oregon to the northwest coastal strip of California ( Humboldt County ) . To the north and west of this area intergradation takes place with Myotis lucifugus lucifugus which occurs in nearly typical form on Kodiak Island and in the interior of Alaska . In the dry lowlands of eastern Washington and Oregon , that is , to the east of the coast ranges that serve to withdraw much of the atmospheric moisture coming from the Pacific Ocean , the transition is fairly rapid to the much paler M. lucifugus carissima . A similar transition to carissima is seen from the Mount Shasta region of northern California , east- ward and southward to the edge of the Great Basin . 99 Diagnosis . - A dark , " saturate race ; size as in typical Myotis lucifugus . Description . Similar to typical Myotis lucifugus but the general color and especially the under - fur is so darkened that the whole appearance is sooty with inconspicuous dark bronzy gloss on the back . The fur of the upperparts is everywhere blackish at the base becom- ing dark brown subterminally with a mahogany cast , nearly " light seal brown " of Ridgway ( 1912 ) . The extreme tips of the long hairs are glossy , reflecting the light in such a way as to give the impression , especially when the hair is disarranged , of bronzy streaks . The shoulder spot is without these glossy tips but is not otherwise different from the rest of the body in color . Below , the tips of the hairs are darker buff than in the typical form , with a distinct brown- ish cast especially on throat and chest ; in some Alaskan specimens AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 49 almost uniform sooty brown . Individuals in imperfect pelage , in which the long glossy - tipped hairs are not wholly grown out , are a very dark sooty color , in contrast to the grayer tint of specimens of M. lucifugus lucifugus in corresponding condition . The ears , nose , and membranes are very dark , almost black . Measurements . - For cranial measurements see table , page 60 . Specimens examined . Total number 95 , from the following localities : ALASKA : Admiralty Island , Mole Harbor , 1 skin ( U.C. ) ; Baranoff Island , Red Bluff Bay , 10 skins ( U.C. ) ; Boca de Quadra , 1 skin ( U.C. ) ; Ketchikan , 1 skin , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Loring , 1 skin , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Revillagigedo Island , 2 skins ( U.C. ) ; Sitka , 7 alc . including the type ( U.S.N.M. ) . ALBERTA : Henry House , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , not typical ( type and paratype of pernox ) . BRITISH COLUMBIA : Field , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Okanagan , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) ; Queen Charlotte Islands . , 4 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) , Skidegate , 4 skins , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Sicamous , 1 alc . ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Vernon , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) . CALIFORNIA : Castle Lake , Siskiyou County , 1 skin ( U.C. ) , not typical ; Eureka , Humboldt County , 1 skin ( U.C. ) . IDAHO : Felton Mills , 1 skin ( Chas . R. Conner Museum ) . MONTANA : Columbia , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Corvallis , 4 skins ( U.C. ) , 5 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) and 1 skin not typical ( U.S.N.M. ) . OREGON : Bend , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , not typical ; Blue River , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) , not typical ; Cornucopia , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; East Pine Creek , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) , not typical ; Lapine , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; McKenzie Bridge , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mohler , Tillamook County , 1 skin ( U.C. ) . WASHINGTON : Boulder Lake , 1 skin ( F.M. ) ; Butte Creek , Blue Moun- tains , Columbia County , 1 skin ( U.C. ) ; Carson , Skamania County , 4 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Chilliwack River , Whatcom County , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Godman Springs , 5 skins ( S. H. Lyman ) ; Hannegan Pass , Whatcom County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Husum , Klickitat County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lyle , Klickitat County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mount Ranier , Pierce County , 5 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Soleduc River , Olympic Mountains , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) , 1 skin ( F.M. ) ; Trout Lake , Klickitat County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Wenatchee Lake , Chelan County , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; What- com Pass , Whatcom County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . Remarks . - There is apparently no difference in size between Myotis lucifugus alascensis and the typical race ; the length of ear , noted in the original description as slightly greater , appears on further study to be the same in both forms . Occasional individuals representing the extreme of size do , however , occur . Thus , two specimens from Henry House , Alberta , are distinctly larger than the average ; in color one is intermediate between typical lucifugus and alascensis , while the other can not be distinguished from richly colored examples of the eastern subspecies . The darker specimen 50 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM served as the type of Myotis pernox Hollister . Until there is evi- dence that they represent a form with a definite range , it now seems most satisfactory to regard these specimens as large individuals of the present race , showing intergradation toward true Myotis luci- fugus . Two specimens taken in Bitter Root Valley , western Mon- tana ( Corvallis ) , are similarly dark , while a third ( No. 160181 , U.S.N.M. ) , also from Corvallis , is a typical carissima in color . Their size is normal . Seven skins from Oregon ( Bend , 3 ; Blue River , 1 ; Lapine , 1 ; McKenzie Bridge , 2 ) present some of the same peculiari- ties . Five of them are indistinguishable from true Myotis lucifugus , two ( one from Lapine and one from McKenzie Bridge ) are darker . None of them shows an increase in size . One skin from Donner , Calif . ( No. 100377 , U.S.N.M. ) , is like eastern lucifugus , while two others have the color characteristic of M. l . carissima . Whether the western specimens indistinguishable in color from true Myotis lucifugus should be regarded as indicating that the range of the typical sub- species actually extends southward along the mountains between the areas occupied by the races carissima and alascensis , or whether they are best explained as intermediates between the two western races is a question which can not now be answered . The second alterna- tive , however , appears to be the more probable . MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS CARISSIMA Thomas Myotis yumanensis saturatus MERRIAM , North Amer . Fauna , No. 16 , p . 89 , October 28 , 1899 ( not of Miller , 1897 ) .- STEPHENS , California Mammals , p . 267 , 1906 ( part ) .- J . GRINNELL , Proc . California Acad . Sci . , ser . 4 , vol . 3 , p . 277 , August 28 , 1913 ( part ) . Myotis yumanensis REHN , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1904 , p . 590 ( not of H. Allen , 1864 ) . Myotis ( Leuconoë ) carissima THOMAS , Ann . and Mag . Nat . Hist . , ser . 7 , vol . 13 , p . 383 , May , 1904 . Myotis carissima MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 56 , December 31 , 1912. - ELLIOT , Check - list Mamm . North Amer . , suppl . , p . 154 , 1917. - MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 70 , April 29 , 1924 . Myotis yumanensis altipetens H. W. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 9 , August 23 , 1916 ( Merced Lake , Yosemite Park , California ) . Myotis lucifugus carissima CARY , North Amer . , Fauna , No. 42 , p . 43 , 1917 ( Colorado ) .— BAILEY , North Amer . Fauna , No. 49 [ December , 1928 ] , p . 215 , January 8 , 1927 ( North Dakota ) . Myotis lucifugus altipetens H. W. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 263 , January 31 , 1918.-J. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 21 , p . 214 , January 27 , 1923. - MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 70 , April 29 , 1924. - GRINNELL and STORER , Anim . Life in the Yosemite , p . 55 , 1924 . Myotis albicinctus G. M. ALLEN , Jour . Mamm . , vol . 1 , p . 2 , November 28 , 1919 ( Mt. Whitney , California ) .- MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 68 , April 29 , 1924 . • AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 51 Type locality . - Yellowstone Park , Wyo . Type specimen . - Adult female , in alcohol , No. 4.4.25.1 , British Museum ( Natural History ) , collected at Yellowstone Lake , Yellow- stone National Park , Wyo . , September , 1903 , by J. ffolliott Darling . Distribution . - Semi - arid portions of the western United States from southern and eastern Montana and parts of Wyoming west to eastern Oregon and the Sierras of California . Intergradation with typical Myotis lucifugus takes place in the Dakotas , and with M. lucifugus alascensis in the Sierras of northern California and in the eastern half of Oregon and Washington . In the mountains of western Montana , two specimens taken at Corvallis are dark enough to be referable to M. l . alascensis , yet a third is so contrastingly pale and with white - edged membranes as to be typical of M. 1. carissima . This individual had perhaps come from a lower level or had wandered in from the south . Not infrequently specimens are found in eastern Oregon or northern California that might , with equal propriety , be referred to either race , it becoming , therefore , a matter of individual judgment which name shall be given to them . Yet the transition is rather abrupt in most places . Montana speci- mens tend to have a faint trace of the bronze tint characterizing the eastern M. lucifugus lucifugus while those from the northern Sierra Nevada of California have a golden brown cast . As pointed out by Mrs. Grinnell ( 1918 ) this bat is chiefly an inhabitant of the forested areas at the higher levels in California , and has been taken at 11,000 feet on Mount Whitney at the upper limit of trees . San Bernardino Mountains , Calif . , where several specimens were taken at about 7,000 feet , represent the southern limit of its range as now known . Diagnosis . - Color paler than in Myotis lucifugus lucifugus , the general hue of the upper parts golden instead of bronzy or olive , the belly cartridge buff rather than light chamois ; membranes tend- ing to be pale - edged ; ears dark ; foot larger than in the typical race , the ratio of its length to that of tibia about 55.7 . Description . - Entire dorsal surface a pale " cinnamon - buff , " the hair of the back with long glossy tips which give a more or less golden sheen . Shoulder spot ochraceous tawny ; lower surface a pale luff , very nearly the cartridge buff of Ridgeway . The hairs both above and below have dark blackish - plumbeous bases except at the posterior border of the venter where they are white throughout . Ears , feet , and proximal portion of wing membranes black contrast- ing with the pallid pelage ; or in some specimens becoming browner . The edges of the interfemoral membrane and parts of the posterior edge of the wing membrane may be whitish , sometimes forming a distinct border . Measurements . The dimensions of the type are given by Thomas as : forearm 28 mm .; head and body 45 ; tail 36 ; ear 13 by 8 ; third 52 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM metacarpal 33 ; first phalanx 11.5 ; second phalanx 10.5 ; third phalanx 7.2 ; tibia 16 ; foot with claws 11 ; calcar 16 . For other measurements , see tables , pages 58 and 60 . Specimens examined . - Total number 225 , from the following localities : CALIFORNIA : Bear Lake , San Bernardino Mountains , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; Bluff Lake , San Bernardino Mountains , 4 skins ( U. C. ) ; Castle Lake , Siskiyou County , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; Donner , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , not typical ; Feather River , north fork , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Gilmore Lake , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; Ice Caves , 6 miles west of Tule Lake , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , not typical ; Independence Lake , 2 skins ( U. C. ) ; Keeler , Inyo County , 7 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lincoln Creek , Sierra County , 7,000 ft . , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lone Pine , Inyo County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mammoth , Mono County , 1 skin ( M. C. Z. ) ; Mount Shasta , 4 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , 3 skins ( U. C. ) , approaching alascensis ; Mount Tallac , 2 skins ( U. C. ) , 1 skin ( A. N. S. P. ) , 1 skin ( M. C. Z. ) ; Mount Whitney , 1 skin ( M. C. Z. ) , type of albicinctus ; Prattville , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Santa Ana River , San Bernardino Mountains , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; Susanville , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Warren Peak , Warner Mountains , 3 skins ( U. C. ) ; Yosemite Park , 3 skins ( U. C. ) , including type of altipetens . COLORADO : Conejos River , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Meeker , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Steamboat Springs , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . IDAHO : Birch Creek , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . MONTANA : Big Belt Mountains , near Fort Logan , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Big Timber , 7 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Corvallis , 1 skin ( U. C. ) , not typical ; Crow Agency , 4 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Cut Bank , 25 miles N. W. of ( Teton County ) , 37 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Glasgow , 45 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , not typical . NEVADA : Little High Rock Canyon , Washoe County , 2 skins ( U. C. ) ; Pyramid Lake , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Ruby Valley , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . NEW MEXICO : Sierra Grande , Union County , 1 skull only ( U.S.N.M. ) ( determination not positive ) . OREGON : Baker County , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Klamath Falls , 9 skins ( U. C. ) , a little darker than typical ; Malheur Lake , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Narrows , 1 skin ( M. C. Z. ) ; Paulina Lake , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Riverside , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Sheaville , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Steen Mountains , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , nearing lucifugus lucifugus ; Voltage , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Watson , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . UTAH : Bear River , mouth of , 2 skins ( young ) , 18 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Bounti- ful , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Provo City , 1 ale . ( U.S.N.M. ) , WASHINGTON : Stehekin , Okanogan County , 5 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) . WYOMING : Fremont Peak , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Geyser Basin , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Sand Creek , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Yellowstone Park , Mam- mouth Hot Springs , 17 skins , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . Remarks . - The United States National Museum contains an excel- lent series of Myotis lucifugus carissima collected at the type locality , where it is evidently common . Three of these , an alcoholic ( No. 153635 ) and two skins with skulls ( Nos . 208562 and 209858 ) , were sent to Mr. Oldfield Thomas , who has very kindly compared them with the type in the British Museum , and pronounces them undoubt- edly the same . Since the type is in alcohol , its general dark appear- AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 53 ance gives little clue to the natural color . Thomas says : " Color above and below ( in spirit ) uniform smoky blackish , the tips of the hairs indistinctly buffy or pale brown . " This account applies suffi- ciently well to the appearance of a dull colored individual seen in alcohol , but it gives no idea of the color characteristic of the race . For this reason , Mrs. H. W. Grinnell was misled into supposing that the pale California bat was different from Myotis carissima . She therefore renamed it altipetens on the basis of a specimen from Yosemite Park , California . Specimens frequently occur with a well- marked though narrow white edge along the posterior margin of the wing membrane , and the terminal part of the interfemoral membrane may also be more or less whitish . It was an extreme example of this style that served for the type of M. albicinctus G. M. Allen , while the type of altipetens H. W. Grinnell is similarly marked . Both are unquestionably to be referred to the present subspecies . The specimen No. 32029 , from Geyser Basin , Wyoming , already mentioned ( p . 8 ) on account of its abnormal teeth ( pm³ right absent , pm² and pm left coalesced ) is further peculiar in the general slen- derness of its skull . It appears , however , to be referable to the pres- ent form . MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS PHASMA , new subspecies Myotis yumanensis CARY , North Amer . Fauna , No. 33 , p . 207 , 1911 ( not of H. Allen , 1864 ) .- WARREN , Mammals of Colorado , p . 273 , 1912 ( part ) . Type . - Adult female , skin and skull No. 148159 United States National Museum ( Biological Survey collection ) , collected at Snake River , south of Sunny Peak , Routt County , Colorado , August 28 , 1906 , by Merritt Cary . Original number , 792 . Distribution . - Arid portions of the Great Basin . Limits of range not known . Presumably this race will be found to occupy all of the more arid parts of the Great Basin , where no doubt it will prove to be of local Occurrence , depending on proper conditions . The Colorado localities probably represent the extreme northeastern limits of its range in the desert valleys of western Colorado ( Upper Sonoran Zone ) . The three secured by Cary were captured " in deserted ranch buildings after nightfall , where they were not at all common , being greatly out- numbered by M. evotis . " Its presence in southern Utah can not be doubted , but no specimens are at hand . Two immature bats from the Bear River in the northern part of the state , though still in dark pelage , seem better referred to carissima . A single specimen from Inyo County , California , though in poor pelage , is , however , appar- ently phasma , thus carrying the range across to the Californian des- erts . The type - specimen of M. albicinctus G. M. Allen , from Mount 54 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Whitney , California , though very pale in general coloration , is refer- able to carissima . Diagnosis . In general like Myotis lucifugus carissima but color of fur even more pallid and ears light brown instead of blackish . Description . - Very pallid , the general effect above a uniform pale buff with a pronounced pinkish cast and a faint golden gloss ; below buffy white . In detail : the fur of the body is everywhere dark plumbeous at the base , that of the back with a narrow ring of " ochraceous - buff " and a " light - buff " glossy tip . The ochraceous- buff ring showing through the paler glossy tips produces the pinkish tint . The edges of the ears and their bases exteriorly are clothed with short hair , pale " ochraceous - buff " throughout . Short stiff hairs about the upper lip between the eye and the muzzle are dusky brown . The usual darker shoulder - spot is hardly apparent , but is marked by an area of pale cinnamon . Ears and membranes pale brownish ( not blackish as in M. lucifugus carissima ) , the edge of the interfemoral membrane , especially near the tip of the tail , and the posterior rim of the wing membranes whitish . Measurements . For measurements see tables , pages 58 and 61 . Specimens examined . In all 4 , from the following localities :: . CALIFORNIA : Argus Mountains , Inyo County , 1 skin ( F.M. ) . COLORADO : Lily , Routt County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Snake River , Routt County , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) . Remarks . - The desert race phasma is the opposite extreme from the saturate Myotis lucifugus alascensis of the moist Pacific coast . Between the two is interposed the form carissima which , although intermediate , is so constant in color over a wide area as to constitute a subspecies with a definite geographic range . So closely does Myotis lucifugus phasma parallel typical M. yumanensis in color that Cary ( 1911 ) very naturally considered his Colorado specimens as belonging to that species . They are readily separated however , by the longer glossy - tipped fur above , the longer forearm and wing- bones , and by the larger skull with its less elevated brain case , characters diagnostic of Myotis lucifugus . MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS FORTIDENS , new subspecies Type . - Adult female ( in alcohol ) No. 88.8.8.18 , British Museum ( Natural History ) . Collected at Teapa , Tabasco , Mexico , by H. H. Smith , January 5 , 1888. Presented by Messrs . Salvin and Godman . Distribution . - From southern Mexico north to extreme western Texas . At present only two specimens are known which can be referred to this race . The exact limits of the range are therefore problematical . Diagnosis . Size and color about as in Myotis lucifugus lucifugus ; skull with sagittal crest probably more frequently developed than in AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 55 the other races ( present in both of the known specimens ) ; molari- form teeth , both above and below , enlarged , so that the distance between the canine and pm is reduced , and a noticeable crowding of the two small premolars takes place . Color . - The type , after long immersion in alcohol shows such obvious indications of fading that its color can not be regarded as normal . It resembles that of similarly faded old specimens of Myotis lucifugus lucifugus . The second specimen , a skin from Fort Hancock , Tex . , is not distinguishable from the less glossy individuals of the northeastern race . Skull . - The skull does not differ from that of Myotis lucifugus lucifugus except that the presence of the sagittal crest in the two known specimens is an indication that this ridge is more usually well developed than in the northern races . Teeth - The teeth resemble those of the typical race in form , but the size of the molars and large premolar is obviously increased . In the type specimen the crown of m² measures 1.40 by 1.85 mm .; in the Fort Hancock specimen it is slightly larger , 1.45 by 1.85 mm . The corresponding measurements in Myotis lucifugus lucifugus and M. l . carissima are usually 1.20 to 1.35 by 1.50 to 1.70 . While the increase in size of the individual cheek teeth does not produce a lengthening of the entire tooth row as measured from front of canine to back of last molar ( see tables of measurements ) , it increases the distance from front of pm to back of m³ as compared with the other races of M. lucifugus , with the result that the space occupied by the two small premolars between the canine and the large premolar is shortened . In this reduced space only one small tooth is visible when the maxillary series is viewed from the side . This crowding is so great in the type specimen that the posterior small tooth has been eliminated . Measurements . - For measurements see tables , pages 58 and 61 . Specimens examined . Total number 2 , from the following locali- ties : TEXAS : Fort Hancock , El Paso County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . TABASCO : Teapa , 1 alc . ( B.M. ) . Remarks . Although the material is unsatisfactory , the two speci- mens indicate rather clearly the existence of a Mexican race of Myotis lucifugus . This form will probably be found to occur along the border of the United States south of the region occupied by the light - colored , small - toothed subspecies carissima and phasma . The Fort Hancock specimen agrees perfectly with the type in the large size of the molariform teeth as compared with those of the other races of M. lucifugus . Its upper premolars are abnormal in a way that we have never seen in any other bat . The large tooth is 56 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM completely separated from the first molar by a noticeable space . Its main axis is tilted forward so that the line of the posterior cutting edge would , if continued forward , strike the shaft of the canine near the tip . The two small premolars are present , but the second is unusually minute and is crowded beneath the inner anterior border of the large premolar . To the anterior border of the large premolar is soldered a small tooth essentially like a normal small premolar and not in the least resembling a milk tooth , its tip level with the tip of the main cusp of the large premolar and functioning with it as shown by the worn areas on the two summits . These abnormal conditions are fully developed and symmetrical on the two sides . External measurements of Myotis lucifugus Locality Number Myotis lucifugus lucifugus Alaska : Iliamna Lake .. 14089 Kodiak Island .. 62751 Do .. 62752 Do .. 62753 Quebec : Godbout . 187280 Do .. 187281 Do .. 187282 Do ... 187283 Do .. 187284 Do ... 187285 Do .. 187286 James Bay . 5376 Ontario : Ottawa .. Do .. 187278 187279 Nova Scotia : Halifax . 154505 Do .. 154506 Do .. 154507 Do .. 154508 Do .. 154515 Do. 154521 Do. 154522 Do .. 154523 Do ... 154524 Do .. 154525 Prince Edward Island . 243653 New York : Howe's Cave . 71927 Do .. 71928 Do. 71929 Do .. 71930 Do .. 71933 Do ... 71935 Do .. 71936 Do ... 71937 Do .... 71938 Do ... 71939 Virginia : Falls Church . 143916 Do ... 143920 Do .. 143921 Do .. 143922 Do .. 143925 Do ... 143926 Do .. 143927 Do ... 172094 Do .. 172096 Do. 172097 Do .. 172099 ᏅᏅᏅᏅ ᏅᏅᏅᏅᏅᏖ Ꮦ ᏅᏅᏅ Ꮕ Ꮕ Ꮕ Ꮕ Ꮕ ᏅᏅᏅ Ꮦ ᏖᏅᏅᏅᏅᏅᏅᏅ Sex Head and body Tail Tibia Foot Forearm Thumb Third meta- carpal Fifth meta- carpal Ear from meatus Ear from crown Width of enr 49.5 39.0 17.0 9.5 38.0 8.0 34.5 33.0 14.5 13. 0 9.5 46.5 37.5 16.0 9.0 37.5 7.5 33.5 31.0 14.0 11.0 S. 5 49.5 34.5 16.5 9.5 38.0 7.0 34.5 33.0 15.0 12.5 9.0 9.0 38.0 7.0 34.0 33.0 14.5 12.5 9.5 44.5 34.0 16. 0 50.0 41.5 17.0 49.0 36.0 16.5 48.0 37.0 17.0 51.0 35.0 17.0 46.0 35.0 16. 5 44.0 38.0 17.0 49.5 41.0 17.5 48.0 35.0 17.0 47.0 38.0 18. 0 48.5 38.0 18. 0 48.0 36.0 16. 5 46.0 39.0 17.0 50.5 34.0 17.0 47.0 36.0 17.0 46.0 32.5 17.0 48.5 39.0 17. 5 47.0 36.5 17.0 50.5 40.5 17.0 45.5 37.5 16.5 47.5 40.0 17.5 46.0 30.0 16. 5 46.5 37.0 16. 5 49.0 30.5 16. 5 48.5 31.5 17.0 49.0 32.0 17.5 47.5 32.5 16.5 51.0 30.0 16. 0 45.0 34.0 17.0 49.0 37.5 17.0 49.0 30.5 17.0 45.0 39.5 17.0 42. 0 34.0 17.0 42.5 34.0 15.5 41.5 33.0 17.0 48.0 35.0 16.5 49.5 30.5 17.0 44.0 33.0 16.0 44.0 30.5 17.0 46.0 33.5 16.5 43.5 37.0 18. 0 41.0 36.0 15. 5 44.5 33.0 15.5 9.5 39.0 8.0 35.5 34. 5 15.5 12.0 9.0 9.0 37.5 7.5 34.0 32. 5 14.0 12.5 9.0 9.0 38.0 7.0 35.5 34.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 37.0 6.5 34.0 32. 5 12.5 10.5 9.5 9.0 37.5 7.0 34.5 33. 5 13.5 10.0 8.5 9.0 37.5 7.0 35.0 32.5 13.0 11.0 8.5 9.0 38.5 7.5 35.0 33.0 15.0 13.0 9.0 9.0 37.0 6.0 34.0 31.5 13.0 10.0 8.5 9.0 38.0 6.5 36.0 34.0 14.0 12.0 9.0 9.5 39.5 7.0 36.0 34.5 15.0 12.0 9.5 9.0 38.5 7.0 34.5 32.5 14.5 11.0 9.0 9.0 39.0 7.0 35.0 34.0 14.5 11.0 9.0 9.0 39.5 7.0 35.0 33.0 12.5 11.0 8.0 8.0 38.0 7.0 35.0 33.0 12.5 11.5 8.5 8.5 38.5 7.0 36.0 34.5 14.0 13.0 8.5 8.5 39.0 6.5 35.5 33.0 12.5 11.0 9.0 8.5 39.5 6.0 35.5 35.0 13.5 10. u 8.0 9.0 40.0 8. U 36. 0 34.0 14.0 12 5 8.0 9.0 38.5 6.5 36. 0 34. 5 14.0 11.0 8.0 9.0 37.5 6.5 34.5 33.0 13.0 12.5 9.0 9.0 36.5 6.5 34.5 33.0 14.0 12.0 9.5 9.0 36.5 7.5 34.0 32.5 14.0 13.0 9.0 9.0 38.0 7.5 35.0 33.0 12.5 11.0 8.0 9.0 38.0 8.0 35. 0 33.0 14.0 13.0 9.0 9.0 39.0 7.0 35.0 33.5 13.5 13. 5 9.5 9.0 38.0 7.0 35. 0 33.0 14.0 11.0 8.5 9.0 37.5 6.0 34.0 32.5 11.0 11.5 9.0 9.0 38.0 7.0 35.0 34.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 39.0 7.0 35.5 33.0 13.0 11.5 9.0 8.5 37.0 7.0 34.0 33.0 12.0 9.0 9.0 9.5 38.5 6.5 34.5 33. 5 13.0 11.0 8.0 9.0 36.0 8.0 33.0 31.0 14.0 11.0 8.0 8.5 36.5 6.5 34.0 31.0 14.0 12.0 8.0 9.0 39.5 7.5 34.0 32.0 13.0 10.5 9.0 9.0 38.0 7.0 34.5 32.5 14.0 11.5 9.0 9.5 39.0 7.0 38.5 34.5 14.5 12. 0 9.5 9.0 36.0 6.0 32.0 30.0 13.0 11.0 9.0 9.5 37.0 6.5 34.5 33.0 13.0 11. 5 8.5 10.0 38.0 8.0 34.0 34.0 13.5 13.0 9.0 9.0 38.0 7.0 34.5 33.5 14.0 13. 0 9.0 9.0 38.0 7.5 35. 0 33.0 14.5 11.5 9.0 8.5 36.5 7.0 33.0 31.5 14.0 11.5 8.5 AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 57 External measurements of Myotis lucifugus- Continued Locality Number Sex Head and body Tail Tibia Foot an Forearm Thumb Third meta- carpal Fifth meta- carpal Ear from meatus Ear from crown Width of ear Myotis lucifugus lacifugus - Con . finals : 1 Warsaw ... 22276- BROADALO SE.AT 592560.0 08 Nose AE ET 603570.0 080 MORDON 18. 8. 393593e05 10.AEE 0.5 393638.806 442 37.0 17.0 9.0 37.0 7.0 34.0 32.5 14.5 12.0 9.0 440 380 16.5 8.5 38.0 7.0 35.0 32.5 15.5 12.5 9.0 80.0 37.0 18.0 10.0 39.0 7.0 35.0 33.0 13.0 11.0 9.0 60. 0f 87.0 17.0 9.0-40.0 8.0 35.5 34.0 13.0 12.0 9.0 48.0 35.0 17.5 10.0 38.0 16.5 8.5 DE LE O.T 398650.0080956 . DO . 8 698880.8 0.86 47.0 36.0 17.0 0.5 044 0 NDON . LE SET 69373.8 10. SE AEE 0.8 393838.8 0180 Do ... 59406 + DE 8.8 805590.0 18 ) DOM 22 - AEST 805SCOS.01 ANDON - 058 605610.8 46 . 7.0 33.5-32.0 13.0 12.0 8.5 6.5 36.0-34.0 14.5 11.5 9.0 7.0 35.5-33.0 13.5 12. 510.0 8.0 35.0-82.0 15.0 13.0 9.0 7.5 36.0-34.0-14.0-12.0 9.0 7.0 35.5-33 . - 5-14.0 11.5 9,0 7.5 34.0 32. 5 13.5 12.0 9.0 7.0 34.0-32.0 13.0 11.5 8.0 7.5 34.0-32013 12.0 9.0 7.0 35.0 33.6 115 9.5 9.6 39.0 7.2 34.2 33.6 10 . 36.5 16.5 10.0 39.0 17.5 10.0 $ 7.0 18.0 10.0 36.5 17.0 8.5 480 $ 1.5 17.0 9.0 849.5 29.0 16.0 9.0 T $ 1.5 38 0 16.5 10.0.38 46.0 39.0 16.2 A Fort Smitha 0.8 05342880 Wisconsin : Madison .. 020DON SE 02 OLD 204025 0.2040260.0 0.0 20660388 0 DONE 0.6 0.8 2040270.0 2 DOL2 102 Dox - 0.2 0.5 2063040.8 12 Casville S8 8. 1791828.8 a ODDLERS 0.5 1791838.8 0 90D - 081791848.88 10.SEE 0.5 1791858.8 Do ... Devil's Lake . 2.2.0.0 802.110.1.2.52 179188 229220 0 0.5 2292220.00 0. 2298248.88 5 35.5 17.0 9.0 38.5 7.0 36.04 . 0 13.00 9.0 80.0 36.0 17.5 9.0 89.0 7.0 35.1 82. - 5 14. 11.0 9.0 81 0 38.0 17.0 8.5.88 7.0 37.0 85 : 5 14.0 11.5 9.0 532.5 18.0 10.0 11.0 7.5 36. - 5-34 : 5 13.0 30.5 38.5 17.5 9.0 7.5 35.0-82 : 5 14 48.5 33.0 16.5 9 . 8.0 33.5 50.0 33.0 16.5 9.0 7.0 36.5-33.0-12 . 45.0 35.5 17.0 9.0 48.0 38.0 17.0 9 . 11.5 9.0 12.0 8.5 13 . 12.0 9.5 13.0 10.0 8.0 36.0-83 . - 5-12 . 11.5 8.5 18.0 9.0 36.5 6.5 34.0 31 5 12 0 10.5 8.0 29.5 15.0 10.0 36.0 7.0 34.0 31.0 14.0 10.5 9.0 48.0 38.5 17.5 10.5 39.0 7.0 38.0-34 : 0 14.0 13.0 9.0 0 29.5 16.0 9.5-36 8.5 34.0-32 . - 5-13 . 13.0 8.0 8.8 2327248.0 $ 49.0 5 16.5 8.0 7.0 35.0-33 : 0 13 . 03 232726.0 12011001-0.25 0.8 2327278.8 0 $ 2.0 38.0 15.5 9.0 50.0 36.0 16.0 8.5 Mogrico 20 Montgomery City . 0.18 0.8 166796 Do .. 203957 North Carolina : Cher- 22 0.88888.8 0.0 2. McGrar.0.1 1010202 480088232728 & T & okee .. South Carolina : Beau- 23276 12.0 9.0 7.5 33.5-31.0-13.0 12.0 10.0 6.5 34.5-32.0 12.0 11.0 8.5 16.0 35.0 16.08.93537,0 35. - 5-33-5 13.0 12.9 8.0 48.0 31.0 14.5 8.0 34.5 6.5 31.5 30.5 1 : 58.8 46.0 36.0 16.5 8.0 38.5 7.5 36.0-994511 H 45.0 37.5 16.0 0.18.280 271070009070 35.5 3.3 15943701 TO 30.5 34.0 14.5 Georgia : Young Harris 10.0 338 33 33 0 Myotis lucifugus alascensis Alaska : Sitka Do. ADOL.0.22.2 Do ------ DO ... Loring.T 77413a 77414 S. 7741508 177416 47 5 33 , 5 15.5 45.5 33.0 15.5 646 34.0 15.5 50.0 38.8 16.6 48.0 38.5 17.0 77417 76499 Ketchikan .. 154980 6 Do ... 154981 British Columbia : Queen Charlotte Islands 134613 Do .. 35603 Do .. 72220 Do .. Alberta : Henry House . Do ... 72921 1174134 174135 1Type of Vespertilio affinis H. Allen . 58518-285 8880 55 46.0 33.0 17.5 41.0 34.0 16.5 47.0 35.0 17.0 42.0 35.0 17.0 43.5 37.5 15.5 49.0 38.0 17.0 " 453 " " 39 " 18 " 54 " " 44 " 19 1 Туре . 44 8.5 37.0 7.0 34.5 32.0 13.5 11-5190 8.5 38 5 7.0 33.0-32-0130116 9.5 8.0 36.5 6.5 33. - 5-32-5-13.5 11,9 9.5 augutioul altor M ansbitol 9.0 38.0 5.5 84.0315H3-51125910 8.5 85.0 6.5 32.5 30,5 13,5 11 , 510.0 10 : 0 , 36.5 6.5 34. - 5-32.0 14.5 12.5 9.0 9.4 38.2 7.0 33.6 31.8 14.2 11.0 9.0 9.03870 14.5 13.0 9.0 31.5 13.0 12.0 7.5 9.0 36.5 6.5 33.5 31.5 13.5 12.0 9.0 9.0 35.5 7.0 33.0 31.0 12.5 11.0 9.0 8.5 37.5 7.0 34.0 31.5 14.5 12.0 9.0 9.0 38.0 7.0 34.5 32.0 13.5 10.5 9.5 8.5 37.0 6.5 33.0 30.5 13.0 10.5 8.5 9.0 38.0 7.5 35.0 33.0 14.0 10.5 9.0 9.2 39.0 7.2 34.4 32. 2 10.0 40.2 7.0 37.0 34.8 Type of Myotis pernoz Hollister . 58 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM External measurements of Myotis lucifugus - Continued Locality Number Myotis lucifugus carissima Sex Head and body Tail Montana : Teton County .... Do .. 197034 197009 Do --- 197001 Do. 197002 Do- 197004 Do 197007 Do 197008 Do- 197011 Do. 197012 Do- . 197019 48.5 37.5 16.5 50.0 42.0 16.0 49.0 38.5 16.0 49.0 37.0 17.0 49.5 37.5 16.5 51.0 36.0 15.0 49.5 38.5 16.0 52.5 39.0 16.5 48.5 37.0 15.5 49.5 36.0 16.0 Wyoming : Fremont . 203956 Geyser Basin . 13232 Mammoth Hot 209858 Springs . 209859 46.4 37.4 17.6 49.0 40.2 16.4 47.2 39.0 17.4 48.0 42.0 18.2 Utah : Mammoth Bear River . 206416 Do .. 206417 Do- 206418 Do- 206419 Do- 206421 Do .. 206422 Do- 206423 Oregon : Baker County . 154273 California : North Fork Feath- er River .. 108250 Do --- 108251 Do .. 125793 Keeler . 29836 Do. 29837 Do- Do- Mount Whitney ... 29838 29839 411747 M. C. Z. ♂ 910910890 47.0 31.0 16.0 49.0 38.0 18.5 45.0 36.0 17.0 48.5 34.5 17.0 47.0 33.0 16.5 50.0 40.0 19.0 44.0 39.0 17.5 43.0 38.0 18.0 42.5 36.5 15.0 45.0 33.5 16.5 43.5 35.0 17.5 46.5 31.5 15.5 45.5 33.0 18.0 45.0 33.5 17.0 41.5 32.5 17.5 43.5 42.5 16.0 8.5 37.0 7.5 34.0 33.5 15.0 13.5 10.5 9.0 37.0 7.5 33.5 32.0 14.5 13.0 9.0 9.0 36.0 , 7.5 34.0 32.0 15.0 13.5 9.0 9.5 37.5 7.5 34.0 31.5 15.0 13.0 10.0 8.5 39.5 , 7.0 35.0 34.0 14.5 13.0 10.5 9.0 37.0 7.0 34.5 32.5 13,0 12,5 9.0 9.0 38.0 6.5 35.5 34.0 14.5 13.5 9.5 9.5 38.5 7.5 34.5 33.5 13.5 10.5 9.0 8.5 36.0 7.5 32.5 31.5 14.0 12.5 9.0 8.5 36.5 6.0 33.5 32.0 13.0 11.0 9.5 9.0 38.2 6.8 34.0 14.0 12.2 8.4 10.2 38.2 7.2 35.0 33. 2 15.0 14.4 8.2 9.0 38.4 6.6 34.0 34.0 14.2 12.6 8.6 9.2 40.0 8.0 36.2 34.2 15.4 12.2 9.0 9.0 37.5 7.0 35.0 32.5 14.0 12.0 9.0 9.0 39.0 8.0 36.0 34.5 14.5 12.5 9.0 8.5 38.0 6.0 36.5 34.0 14.5 12.5 10.0 8.0 38.5 7.0 35.0 33.0 13.5 11.5 10.0 8.5 38.0 7.5 36.0 32.5 12.0 11.0 & 5 8.5 39.0 7.0 38.0 35.0 12.0 10.0 10.0 8.5 38.5 6.5 34.5 33.0 13.5 12.0 9.9 8.5 37.5 7.0 34.0 32.0 13.5 10.0 9.5 9.0 38.0 7.0 34.0 33.0 13.0 10.5 9.9 8.5 37.0 7.0 34.0 32.5 12.5 11.5 9.9 9.0 37.5 6.5 36.0 33.5 13.5 11.5 8.5 9.5 36.5 6.5 33.5 31.0 13.5 11.0 8.5 7.5 38.5 6.0 36.5 35.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.5 36.5 6.0 35.0 33.0 12.5 11.0 0.5 7.5 38.0 6.5 35.0 33.5 13.0 12.0 9.0 9.0 37.0 15. 0 Myotis lucifugus phasma Colorado : Snake River .. 148158 Do ------- $ 148159 Lily .. 148167 9,1010 '49 " " 36 " 16.0 " 10 " 36.2 6.2 33.4 31.0 " 50 " " 38 " 17. 2 " 10 " 38.6 6.6 34.2 33.0 '49 " " 38 " 17.0 " 9 " 37.2 6.8 34.2 32.6 Myotis lucifugus fortidens Texas : Fort Hancock .. { Mexico : Tabasco ...... 21083 36121 88.8.8.18 B. M. 53.6 34.2 14.6 46.0 39.0 15 , 6 7.2 37.4 6.0 33.6 32.6 8.0 38.6 6.2 34.8 33.0 13.6 12.0 7.8 • Туре . Type of Myotis albicinctus G. M. Allen . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 59 Oranial measurements of Myotis lucifugus Locality 2222 38888 Number 99364 U.S.N.M. Do. Do Do Do. 99363 91563 91565 reg 91564 62752 62753 7309 F.M. 8600 8601 32969 U.C. Bloomington Do. West Virginia : White Sulphur Springs . Do Do. Do Do. Do Do Do. Do Virginia : Greatest length Condylobasal length Zygomatic breadth Interorbital constriction Breadth of brain case Occipital depth Mandible Maxillary tooth row Maxillary breadth at m Mandibular tooth row Wear of teeth 00 11100 60112 1 330 00000 13100OLLA120 O 78721 00000 88 KN 77777 99206 7 800 7∞∞7 NORT∞079 11 06888 86868 98488 00 199 876680 478 5.8 45 24234 64452 23322 6 422 23323 có có có có có có có có có có có có có có có có có có có có có 63 212 653 66667 77 54886 66692 15453 32311 2117 21012 35 12333 42376 32235 3 ♡♡♡ 01300 4 346 4 46634 45 22 NNNNN NNNNN NNNNNN NNE NEERS NEE 2 10 00000 20000 12201 4 022 10222 44 444 4 2 6710 á cả có có có 00 2690 32046 98825 2 080 10004 60060 9 . 0820 15. 0 15.0 14 . 14.7 14.0 9.1 4.0 7.2 15.0 13.8 15.0 14.8 14 . 9.1 .0 9.4 20 9.1 622 5.2 10.8 5.4 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.5 19 4657 49 223 0313 110101112 9999 667455478 330 747 KKN x 958 7 67 000000000 787728800 201 ggs 222 6 302 828 2 gggggg gggs 262135444 302 635 443 12 14.4 13. 8.7 90 4.1 14.0 8.8 4.1 502 4.0 7.2 5.1 4.0 7.4 5.1 10.6 5.4 485420 10 10 10 7 538443665 5.1 10.5 5.4 CÓ CÓ CÓ CÓ CÓ CÓ có có có có có có có có có có có có có có có có 5.8 7 9.3 4.0 7.5 5.2 10.7 5.3 6.0 9.1 4.0 9.0 4.0 7.5 9.5 7.7 5.1 11.0 5.6 5.2 10.6 5.6 5.2 10.7 6.5 101010101099gq to 10 10 ° 10 10 10 10 10 10 ggg togg og ogą 9 10 10 10 10 10 ૧ , ૦૦૩ , ૦૦૦૦૦ૢ ૦૧ Middleton Do Riverton Georgia : Young Harris . North Dakota : 159411 U.S.N.M. 207725 U.S.N.M. Towner .. Do. 207740 Do. 207739 Do. 207736 Do. 207726 Do. 207729 14.9 13.8 Do. Do. 207730 207733 207718 9 15.0 14.5 9 14.9 14.0 8 15.0 14.2 60 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Cranial measurements of Myotis lucifugus - Continued Locality Number Myotis lucifugus alascensis Sex Alaska : Admiralty Island . 184 U.C. Baranoff Island ... 268 Do .. 270 Do ... 271 Do ... 277 Do .... 278 Do .... 272 Do .... 273 Do .. Ketchikan .. iful 1.6 274 154980 U.S.N.M. Loring ..... 01 0.874947 S. ¿ Do.a__20.2101 £ 276499 Sitka_2__A01 1.8 77815 0.4 0.9 . 0 0 8.2 D6_a__2_1__2 | 01 | 1277414 2. Do_a_s_01 1.877415 .0.A 0 . Do .. 1 77416 0 58 D6_a__5_8__1 / 01 ( 8.877617 LA 088888∞O O O O O O O O O O 15.1 14.1 9.1 3.9 7.3 5.1 11.0 5.5 6.0 5.9 14.4 13.6 3.9 7.0 5.1 10.4 5.4 5.7 5.7 14.8 14.0 9.0 4.0 7.5 5.0 10.5 5.4 5.8 5 . 15.1 14.2 4.0 7.5 5.3 10.7 5.3 6.0 5 . 14.8 14.1 4.0 7.4 5.0 10.9 5.5 6.1 5.8 14.7 13.8 9.1 3.7 7.2 5.0 10.6 5. 3 5.7 5.5 14.6 13.4 8.9 4.0 7.3 5.1 10.3 5.2 5.6 5.5 15.0 13.8 8.8 4.0 7.3 5.1 10.7 5.2 5.4 5.6 14.5 13.9 9.1 3.9 7.2 5.1 10.7 5.3 5.8 5.8 14.5 13.8 8.8 4.0 7.5 4.8 10.5 5.3 5.5 5.7 14.8 14.1 4.0 14.6 13.5 9.0 4.0 7.4 7.2 9.14.4 13.5 4.0 7.3 14.0 18.6 9.0 3.9 7.0 190 14.2 13.5 9.0 4.0 7.3 14.8 14.2 9.0 4.1 7.5 090 14.8 13.4 8.8 4.0 7.3 5.3 10.9 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.2 10.5 5.3 5.8 5.7 5.2 10.4 5.2 5.8 5.5 5.1 10.5 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.1 10.3 5.0 5.8 5.5 5.2 10.4 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.0 10.3 5.2 6.0 5.4 0000000-000000000 British Columbia : alor a S.T S.A 0.0 0.41 8 11 1 I Bidd AA_2010.202906 Queen Charlotte01 1 2.5 10 . 8 Islands . £ 1010100675 ' S.A 1.2 14.4 13.6 892 1.8 78 8.81 A Q 14.4 13.8 9.0 4.0 Do ...... 100676 14.6 13.8 9.0 4.2 I Ta Doaao Do .. & 10067.7 100678 15.0 14.4 9 : 0 4.0 14.9 14.1 4.1 & 0 o & Dola . £ 018 174135 Washington : 0 0 0 alberta : a 4.8 alor & a & O Henry House - 20 £ 274134 Chilliwack River 01 0.234919 0 Carson 22A01 1 230163 Husum £ 4.01 € 230159 0 Mt. Rainier 401 0.233639 joa De - a - 20 0.23304 S California : Eureka ... 11843 U.C. 8.81 8.1 4.0 0 4.8 BIGAZI 245.2 10.2.5.4 5.8 5.6 7.4 5.0 10.0 5.4 5.8 5.6 T85 . 1 10.8598 5.7 5.8 7.4 5.2 11.05 B 5.9 6.0 00088 5.3 5.8 5.6 0 SA 15.2 14.6 9.5 4.2 S.A 13.8 18.0 9.8 4.2 7085.2 11.0 5.5 B.0 6.0 TZ85.3 11.3.5.8.6 . 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Washington : Sex Greatest length Condylobasal length Zygomatic breadth Interorbital constriction Breadth of brain case Occipital depth Mandible Maxillary tooth row Maxillary breadth at m Mandibular tooth row Wear of teeth 2012 2000 111120000 Stehekin .. 229896 Do ... 229897 14.0 13. 1 8.81 3.8 7.3 14.4 13.0 5. 2 10.2 5.0 5. 5 5.5 3.8 7.2 5.0 10.0 5.0 5. 6 5.3 Do ... 230141 Do .. 230142 Oregon : Paulina Lake ... 204903 Riverside .. 213909 Steen Mountains . 216094 Do ..... 216095 California : Gilmore Lake … . 12036 U. C. Yosemite Park .. 23036 U. C. Do ... 23034 U. C. Warner Moun- tains .. 11351 U. C. Do ... 11352 U. C. Donner . 100377 U. S. N. M. Do .. 100503 Ice Caves .. 97731 Do .. 97732 Prattville ... 98094 Lincoln Creek . 100378 Near Susanville .. 98093 9999991099 90109 989910 14.3 13.6 8.9 4.0 7.2 5.2 10.4 5.4 5.8 5.7 14.5 13.7 9.0 4.0 7.2 5.2 10.5 5.3 5.8 5.7 14.8 13.5 9.0 4.0 7.6 5.2 10.8 5.1 5.4 5.6 14.4 13.6 8.7 3.9 7.2 5.0 10. 2 5.2 5.6 5.5 14.4 13.5 9.0 3.9 7.1 5. 1 10.0 5.1 5.6 5. 5 14.3 13.3 3.8 7.2 4.9 5. 1 5.7 5.6 14.6 13.9 9.1 4.0 7.5 5.2 10. 6 5.3 5.6 5.8 14.8 13.8 9.3 4. 1 7.5 5.1 10. 5 5.4 6.0 5.6 15.0 14.1 9.2 4.0 7.4 5.6 11.0 5.5 5.9 5.9 14.6 13.9 8.9 4.0 7.1 5.1 10.7 5.3 5.8 5.6 14.9 14.0 3.9 7.4 4.9 10. 6 5.3 6.0 5.6 14. 2 13.2 8.8 4.0 7.4 5.0 10.6 5.2 5.6 5.6 14.5 13.6 8.9 4.0 7.3 5.0 10.3 5. 2 5.5 5.7 14. 7 13.9 8.8 3.7 7.2 5.0 10.5 5. 2 5.5 5.7 14.3 13 , 5 9.3 3.7 7.5 5.0 10.6 5.2 5.7 5.8 14.6 13.5 3.8 7.2 14.4 13.8 9.0 3.8 7.2 14.2 13.5 3.8 7.2 5.1 10.4 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.3 10.8 5.3 5.8 5.8 10.3 5.2 5.6 Myotis lucifugus phasma Colorado : Snake River . 148158 Do .... Lily .. California : Argus 15. 0 14. 1 4 148159 148167 13295 F.M. 14.9 14.2 8.9 9.0 3.6 7.1 5.0 11.0 3.8 7.1 5.1 11.1 5.8 5.9 6.3 5.9 6.0 6.0 14.6 13.9 3.6 7.0 14.5 13.7 3.7 7.4 5.2 10. 8 5.0 10.3 5.3 5.5 ---- 5.7 5.8 5.9 0000 Mountains . Myotis lucifugus fortidens Tabasco : Teapa . Teras : Fort Hancock . 488. 8. 8. 18 B. M. Q 36121 15.0 13.8 9.6 3.8 14.8 14.0 9.4 3.8 7.4 7.0 5.2 20 5.0 11.0 5.4 5. 5 5.8 6.2 6.0 5.8 • Туре . 17 1 Type of M. yumanensis altipetens H. W. Grinnell . MYOTIS YUMANENSIS ( H. Allen ) ( Synonymy under subspecies ) Distribution . - Western North America from southern British Columbia to the southern part of the Mexican plateau ( at least as far as the State of Michoacan ) ; eastward over the arid region of the United States from western Texas northward , including probably the whole of the Great Basin , to western Montana . Diagnosis . - In general like Myotis lucifugus but smaller and with relatively somewhat longer tail ( average ratio of tail to head and body in 8 specimens from Yuma , Ariz . , 81.1 ; in 10 from Old Fort Tejon , Calif . , 81.2 ; in 10 from Montana , 87.2 ; and in 10 from San Luis Potosi , 83.4 ) ; forearm about 34 mm . ( 32 to 37 mm . ) ; greatest length of skull ranging from 13.0 to 142 ; maxillary tooth row rang- 62 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ing from 4.6 to 5.2 ; lower tooth row ( excluding incisors ) usually less than 5.5 mm . ( 5.0 to 5.6 mm . ) . Foot slightly less enlarged than in M. lucifugus , its ratio to tibia usually ranging from about 50 to 2 3 4 31A alo MAP 2. - DISTRIBUTION OF MYOTIS YUMANENSIS : 1 , M. YUMANENSIS YUMANENSIS ; 2 , M. YUMANENSIS SOCIABILIS ; 3 , M. YUMANENSIS SATURATUS ; 4 , M. YUMANENSIS LUTOSUS about 54. Skull with abruptly rising forehead . Fur of back dull as compared with that of M. lucifugus , the longer hairs lacking con- spicuous burnished tips . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 63 Ears . - The ears are of moderate length ; when laid forward they reach to the nostril ( alcoholic specimens ) . When the ear is held erect , the lower third of its external border forms a strongly jutting shoulder , above which the margin is very slightly convex , then very slightly concave to the bluntly rounded tip . The result is that the upper two - thirds of the ear conch appears to be narrowed and with a nearly straight posterior margin . In Myotis lucifugus the basal shoulder is much less pronounced and the conch itself is wider so that the outer edge is more nearly straight from base to tip , the upper part of the ear is not so narrowed , and its general appearance is less scimitar - shaped . The tragus differs from that of Myotis lucifugus in the size and form of the basal lobe ; this lobe is larger in proportion and nearly semicircular in outline ; the tragus is about one - half the height of the ear from meatus ( 7 : 13.5 mm . ) . The anterior edge is nearly straight , the posterior slightly convex above the base , then tapering in the upper third to the bluntly rounded tip . The upper third of the posterior edge is often slightly crenulate . Wing and membranes . - The wing membrane arises from the tarsus just proximal to the bases of the toes . The metacarpals are distinctly graduated , the third longest , the fourth slightly shorter , the fifth again shorter ( about 2 mm . less than the third ) . When folded , the third metacarpal falls from 1 to 2 mm . short of the elbow ( as com- pared with 2-5 mm . in M. lucifugus ) . Taking the third finger as 100 , the fourth is 85 , the fifth 79 ( 56 : 48 : 44.5 mm . ) . The first phalanx of the fourth finger is about 1 mm . shorter than the second ( 8 : 9 mm . ) ; but in the fifth finger the opposite relation obtains , for the first is a very little longer than the second ( 7.5 : 7 ) , or they are practically equal ( 7.5 : 7.5 ) . The minute terminal vertebra of the tail is the only one free from the membrane . Under a lens may be seen numerous short stiff hairs springing in several rows from close along the free edge of the interfemoral membrane ; they do not , however , form a fringe . Foot . The foot is proportionally stout and long , the ratio of its length to that of tibia ranging from about 50 to about 54. The inner- most toe is slightly but evidently shorter than the others , the tip of its elaw reaching only a little beyond the base of the claw of digit 2 . The long calcar extends three - fifths of the distance from the heel to the tail , and ends in a minute lobule . It is quite without projecting keel . Fur - The pelage is full and of medium length , the hairs about 5 mm . long on the lower back , bicolored ; dark bases are evident every- where except on the lower abdomen . The fur extends out on to the interfemoral membrane slightly beyond a line joining the knees , above and below . Underneath , the wings are thinly haired nearly 64 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM three - fourths the distance to the elbow . The paler tips of the dorsal hairs are shorter and less glossy than those of Myotis lucifugus , with the result that M. yumanensis usually appears very dull colored in contrast to M. lucifugus with its deeper , more glossy fur . It is ordi- narily possible to separate out the two species in a mixed series by recourse to this character alone . Skull . The skull , as compared with that of Myotis lucifugus , is not only smaller in size ( total length 13.2 to 14.2 mm . instead of 14.0 to 15.8 mm . ) but different in proportions . When the skull is viewed in lateral profile the alveolar line appears to rise from behind for- ward at a more abrupt angle , the forehead seems more pronounced and higher , so that the rostrum is separated from the brain case by a more obvious concavity , and the occiput is relatively more elevated . The entire brain case as seen from above has a more distinctly globu- lar aspect . The temporal ridges , even in adults , are barely discern- ible , but sometimes they unite to form a low crest . This crest is so rarely developed that we have found it in only 9 of 70 adult skulls . Even when obvious the crest is noticeably flat - topped and much broader than high , while that of M. lucifugus , posteriorly at least , is of the usual narrowly ridgelike form if developed at all . The posterior outline of the occiput when viewed from above is distinctly more abrupt in its curvature than that of M. lucifugus . All these differences are , in such small objects , very minute and at first some- times difficult to appreciate , but they are , nevertheless , striking when carefully studied . Teeth . The teeth resemble in general those of Myotis lucifugus . Maxillary tooth rows rather narrow in proportion to the width of palate between them , in this character agreeing perfectly with those of M. lucifugus . Upper molars with the full complement of second- ary ridges and a well - developed protoconule . The cingulum at its maximum development resembles that of M. lucifugus lucifugus , but many individuals occur in which it is greatly reduced , frequently to such a degree as to be nearly or quite absent from the entire lingual border of the crowns . The small premolar teeth are remarkably uni- form in their relations . In the upper jaw p² and p³ are both drawn inward a little from the tooth row so that the anterior small tooth is overlapped by the cingulum of the canine and the posterior is over- lapped to a slightly less degree by the cingulum of p . In cross - sec- tion p³ is only a little less than p² but in profile it is much lower . The cusps of both are broadly triangular and blunt in side view , that of the smaller tooth ( p2 ) reaching a level not exceeding half the height of the anterior tooth . In Myotis lucifugus they are usually more slender and lancet - shaped . Remarks . This species is structurally much like Myotis lucifugus but its size is uniformly less and the foot is , on the average , less AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 65 enlarged . The pelage is shorter and not so glossy ( on account of the shorter glistening tips of the long hairs ) and the skull is less flat- tened and with a slightly more upturned muzzle . The ears are thinner and narrower and usually less heavily pigmented . All these differences are , of course , best appreciable on direct comparison . Very little is recorded concerning the natural history of Myotis yumanensis . It is probably less of a forest haunter than Myotis lucifugus , preferring more open country with scattered tree growth , though representatives of the two species occur together on the Pacific coast , as well as in Montana and elsewhere . Mrs. Grinnell ( 1918 ) records a large breeding colony that frequented the old ruined buildings of Fort Tejon , Kern County , Calif . The adult males ap- parently leave the colony when the young are born , and during summer they may wander up to a considerable altitude in the open woods of the dry mountain country . In the San Bernardino Moun- tains , Calif . , Mrs. Grinnell notes the capture of a male at 8,500 feet elevation , and another was taken at 11,000 feet on the east slope of Mount Whitney , Calif . , along a small watercourse at the limit of tree growth ( G. M. Allen , 1919 ) . A. B. Howell ( 1920 ) recounts the dis- covery of a large colony that frequented an abandoned mine tunnel in California . A single young is the rule , and the breeding season is early , at least in Texas , where on May 26 , at Del Rio , Gaut found a colony with young clinging to the old ones ( Bailey , 1905 ) . Of the geographical races into which Myotis yumanensis is divided the most widespread is a dull - brownish form occupying a consider- able area of the interior from at least western Montana south through central California . In the humid coastal area from the central part of California into Washington and southern British Columbia this color becomes considerably darker , and again , in the desert country of southeastern California , Arizona , and parts of Texas it changes to an extreme of pallor . In the southern part of the Mexican high- lands , again , there is a dark - brown race , the limits of whose distribu- tion are yet undetermined . Throughout this range , however , there is very little variation in size , a character which , together with its dull , short pelage and narrow - tipped ears , will usually serve to distinguish Myotis yumanensis from Myotis lucifugus where the two species occur together . MYOTIS YUMANENSIS YUMANENSIS ( H. Allen ) Vespertilio yumanensis H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Smithsonian Misc . Coll . , No. 165 , p . 58 , fig . 54-56 , June , 1864. - DOBSON , Catal . Chiroptera Brit . Mus . , pp . 328 , 329 , 1878.-H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 , ( 1893 ) , p . 72 , March 14 , 1894 . Vespertilio obscurus H. ALLEN , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1866 , p . 281 ( Lower California ) .— MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 69 , October 16 , 66 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 1897 ( as synonym of M. californicus ) .- LYON and OSGOOD , List Type - Sp . Mamm , U. S. Nat . Mus . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 62 , p . 272 , January 28 , 1909. - GOLDMAN , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 27 , p . 102 , May 11 , 1914 . Vespertilio macropus H. ALLEN , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , 1866 , p . 288 , not of Gould , 1854 ( Fort Mohave , Colorado River , Arizona ) .- LYON and OSGOOD , List Type - Sp . Mamm . U. S. Nat . Mus . , Bull , U. S. Nat Mus . , No. 62 , p . 271 , January 28 , 1909 . Vespertilio nitidus ( pedomorphic variety ) H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , pp . 72 , 73 , March 14 , 1894 . Vespertilio albescens H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 87 , March 14 , 1894 ( part , not of Geoffroy , 1805 ) .- TROUES- SART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 132 , 1897 ( part ) . Vespertilio nitidus macropus H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 100 , March 14 , 1894. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 130 , 1897 . Myotis yumanensis MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 66 , October 16 , 1897 ( part ) .- ELLIOT , Synops . Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 45 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 403 , March , 1901 ( part ) ; List Land and Sea Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 57 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 517 , June , 1901 ( part ) .- MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 256 , December 27 , 1901 ( part ) .— TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 92 , 1904. - ELLIOT , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 91 , zool . ser . , vol . 3 , p . 318 , March , 1904 ( part ) ; Land and Sea Mamm . Middle Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 95 , zool . ser . , vol . 4 , pt . 2 , p . 576 , 1904 ( part ) ; Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb , Mus . , publ . 105 , zool . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 475 , 1905 ( part ) .— STEPHENS , California Mammals , p . 267 , 1906 ( part ) .— ELLIOT , Catal . Mamm . Field Columb . Mus . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 115 , zool . ser . , vol . 8 , p . 501 , 1907 ( part ) .- LYON and OSGOOD , List Type - Sp . Mamm . U. S. Nat . Mus . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 62 , p . 291 , January 28 , 1909. - WARREN , Mammals of Colorado , p . 273 , 1910. - BAILEY , North Amer . Fauna , No. 35 , pp . 19 , 33 , September 5 , 1913.-A. B. HOWELL , Journ . Mamm . , vol . 1 , p . 173 , August 24 , 1920.-J. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool , vol . 21 , p . 314 , January 27 , 1923 . Myotis yumanensis yumanensis MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 56 , December 31 , 1912 ( part ) .- J . GRIN- NELL , Proc . California Acad . Sci . , ser . 4 , vol . 3 , p . 276 , August 28 , 1913.-H. W. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 273 , January 31 , 1918. - MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 69 , April 29 , 1924 . Myotis californicus durangœ J. A. ALLEN , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 19 , p . 612 , November 12 , 1903 ( San Gabriel , Rio Sestin , Durango , Mexico ) ; Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 20 , p . 210 , May 28 , 1904. - ELLIOT , Land and Sea Mamm . Middle Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 95 , zool . ser . , vol . 4 , pt . 2 , p . 579 , 1904 ; Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , zool . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 478 , 1905. - MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 56 , December 31 , 1912 ; List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 71 , April 29 , 1924 . Myotis californicus durangoæ TROUESSART , Catal . Mam . viv . foss . , suppl ., p . 93 , 1904 ( variant ) . Myotis yumanensis sociabilis G. M. ALLEN , Journ . Mamm . , vol . 1 , p . 1 , Novem- ber 28 , 1919 ( not of H. W. Grinnell ) . Myotis yumaensis yumaensis STRECKER , Check - List Mamm . Texas , The Baylor Bulletin , Baylor University , Waco , Texas , vol . 29 , No. 3 , p . 9 , August , 1926 . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 67 Type locality . - Old Fort Yuma , Imperial County , Calif . , on right bank of Colorado River , opposite the present town of Yuma , Ariz . Type specimen . In his original description , H. Allen ( 1864 ) men- tions by number , four specimens ( 5387 , 6019-21 , U.S.N.M. ) in alco- bol , all from Fort Yuma , Imperial County , Calif . , collected by Maj . Gen. George H. Thomas . Lyon and Osgood ( p . 291 ) were unable to trace these specimens 20 years ago , and we have fared no better . Distribution . - Interior desert country of the Great Basin , from the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada of California eastward into western Texas , and south into Lower California and in Mexico to the State of Durango . Northward range yet to be determined ; but the pale desert race evidently merges into the darker M. yumanensis sociabilis somewhere in Utah and Nevada . Skins are lacking to determine the exact status of the race inhabiting southern Lower California . The sup- posed occurrence of Myotis yumanensis yumanensis in Colorado ( Cary , 1911 ) turns out to rest on a misidentification of M. lucifugus phasma , though it is not unlikely that the smaller animal will eventu- ally be found in the western part of that State . Diagnosis . - Palest subspecies of Myotis yumanensis ; buffy above , nearly white beneath . Description - Color above very pale buffy , nearly pinkish buff or pale , dull , cream buff ( Ridgway , 1912 ) , the hairs dark , near fuscous , for the basal half . Below , pale cartridge buff , the basal half of the hairs fuscous except in the posterior region where they are whitish throughout . The membranes are pale brownish , translucent , usually edged with white along the interfemoral border and at the tip of the tail as well as on the edges above the ankles . Specimens in immature pelage are less pallid , nearly cinnamon buff above . Measurements . - For measurements see tables , pages 73 , 75 . Specimens examined . - Total number 354 , from the following localities : ARIZONA : Ehrenberg , 13 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Fort Mohave , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) , type of macropus ; Fort Verde , 5 skins ( A.M.N.H. ) ; Gila Bend , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Huachuca Mountains , Cochise County , 1 skull ( F.M. ) ; Jacob's Pool , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Rice ( San Carlos Indian Reservation ) , 2 skins , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) , nearly typical ; Safford , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Tucson , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Yuma , 9 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . CALIFORNIA : Argus Mountains , Inyo County , 1 skin ( F.M. ) ; Carrell Creek , Inyo County , 1 skin ( U.C. ) ; Fort Yuma , Imperial County , 4 skins , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lone Pine , Inyo County , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mount Whitney , Tulare County , 11,000 ft . , 1 skin ( M.C.Z. ) , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Owens Lake , Inyo County , 4 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Potholes , Imperial County , 1 skin ( U.C. ) , 1 alc . , 2 skins ( M.C.Z. ) . 68 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM COLORADO : Colorado River , Horse Shoe Bend , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . DURANGO : Arroyo de Bucy , 1 skin ( A.M , N.H . ) ; Rio Sestin , 6 skins , including type of durango ( A.M.N.H. ) ; San Gabriel , 5 alc . ( A.M.N.H. ) . LOWER CALIFORNIA : [ ? Cape St. Lucas ] , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) , including type and paratype of obscurus ; Rancho San Antonio ( west base of San Pedro Martir Mountains ) , 8 skins , 10 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Rio Pescadero , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . NEW MEXICO : Clayton , 1 skin not typical ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Rinconada , 1 ale . ( U.S.N.M. ) . NEVADA : Colorado River , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Pyramid Lake , 24 skins , 198 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . SONORA : Colonia Lerdo , 6 skins , 18 ale . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; no exact locality , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . TEXAS : Del Rio , Valverde County , 9 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Marathon , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . MYOTIS YUMANENSIS SOCIABILIS H. W. Grinnell Myotis yumanensis MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 66 , October 16 , 1897 ( part ) . TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 1283 , 1899 ( part ) .— ELLIOT , Synops . Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 45 , zool . ser .. vol . 2 , p . 403 , March , 1901 ( part ) ; List Land and Sea Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 57 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 517 , June 1901 ( part ) .— MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 256 , December 27 , 1901 ( part ) .- ELLIOT , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 91 , zool . ser . , vol . 3 . p . 318 , March , 1904 ( part ) ; Land and Sea Mamm . Middle Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 95 , zool . ser . , vol . 4 , p . 576 , 1904 ( part ) .- TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 92 , 1904 ( part ) .- ELLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , zool . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 475 , 1905 ( part ) .- STEPHENS , California Mammals , p . 267 , 1906 ( part ) .- ELLIOT , Catal . Mamm . Field Columb . Mus . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 115 , zool . ser . , vol . 8 , p . 501 , 1907 ( part ) .- MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull , U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 56 , December 31 , 1912 ( part ) .- J . GRINNELL , Proc . California Acad . Sci . , ser . 4 , vol . 3 , p . 276 , August 28 , 1913 ( part ) .— J. GRINNELL and SWARTH , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 10 , p . 380 , October 31 , 1913 . Myotis lucifugus longicrus J. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 5 , p . 158 , December 31 , 1908 ( not of True ) . Myotis yumanensis sociabilis H. W. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 12 , p . 318 , December 14 , 1914 ; Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 276 , January 31 , 1918.-A. B. HOWELL , Journ . Mamm . , vol . 1 , p . 173 , December 4 , 1920.-J. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 21 , p . 314 , January 27 , 1923 - MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 69 , April 29 , 1924 . Myotis yumanensis subsp . , DICE , Journ . Mamm . , vol . 1 , p . 11 , November 28 . 1919 . Type locality . - Old Fort Tejon , Tehachapi Mountains , Kern County , Calif . Type specimen . - Adult female , skin and skull , No. 5158 , Museum of Vertebrate Zoology , University of California , collected at Old Fort Tejon , Tehachapi Mountains , Kern County , Calif . , July 23 , 1904 , by Joseph Grinnell . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 69 Distribution . - From southeastern British Columbia and western Montana to the eastern base of the Cascade Mountains in central Washington and Oregon , thence southward in California ( excepting the humid coastal strip which extends as far south as San Luis Obispo County ) to the coast of the southern part of the state . Diagnosis . - Color intermediate between that of the pallid Myotis yumanensis yumanensis of the deserts and the dark M. yumanensis saturatus of the humid northwest coast . Color . - General color above very near tawny - olive of Ridgway ( 1912 ) . Below dull whitish with a tinge of buffy . Except about the anal region the hairs are everywhere dark at their bases , nearly fuscous . Ears and membranes translucent , pale brownish in color . Specimens in immature pelage are darker above , nearly sepia . The terminal part of the interfemoral membrane is often whitish , and oc- casionally the extreme edge of the wing membranes as well . Measurements . - For measurements see tables , pages 73 and 75 . Specimens examined . - Total number 248 , from the following localities : BRITISH COLUMBIA : Kamloops , 1 skin , nearly typical ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Mount Lehman , 1 skin ( A.M.N.H. ) ; Sicamous , 3 alc . ( A.N.S.P. ) . CALIFORNIA : Alturus Lake , Modoc County , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Beswick , Siskiyou County , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , nearly typical ; Capistrano , Orange County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Cassel , Shasta County , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Chalk Peak , Monterey County , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; Chico , Sacramento River , Butte County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Eagle Lake , Lassen County , 2 skins , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Fort Tejon , Kern County , 48 skins including type ( U. C. ) , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) , 4 skins ( A.M.N.H. ) , 1 skin ( F. M. ) , 1 skin ( A.N.S.P. ) , 11 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Fresno , Fresno County , 4 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; near Fruto , Glenn County , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; Nevada City , Nevada County , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; near Oroville , Butte County , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; San Bernardino Mountains , San Bernardino County , 1 alc . ( B. M. ) ; San Luis Rey , San Diego County , 8 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Tulare , Tulare County . 30 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; no exact locality , 4 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . IDAHO : Payette Valley , 1 skin ( U. C. ) . MONTANA : Belton , 1 skull ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Corvallis , 36 skins , 48 alc . , 1 skull ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Flathead Lake , Flathead County , 7 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Powderville , 1 skull ( U.S.N.M. ) . OREGON : Klamath Falls , 8 skins ( U. C. ) , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lone Rock , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . WASHINGTON : Chelan , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Stehekin , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Fort Walla Walla , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . WYOMING : Fremont Peak , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . “ NORTHWESTERN AMERICA " : 1 skin ( B. M. ) . Remarks . - Myotis yumanensis sociabilis is intermediate in color between the typical form of Myotis yumanensis and the dark M. yumanensis saturatus of the northwest coast , but the color characters are fairly uniform over a wide area . In geographic variation Myotis yumanensis parallels other members of the genus ; for example , Myotis 70 . BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM volans and M. lucifugus , in which there is a saturate dark form con- fined to the humid northwest coast , a pallid race characteristic of the hot arid interior and an intermediate form covering a wide area be- tween . The present race is usually distinguishable at a glance from Myotis yumanensis saturatus by its brownish ears and membranes and lighter brown fur , and from the typical yumanensis by its dull brown instead of pale buffy color . In a series from western Montana ( Corvallis ) the forearm is unusually long , 20 specimens averaging 35.5 , with extreme as high as 36.7 . In M. lucifugus from the same place , the forearm is 39 mm . Specimens from Shasta and Siskiyou Counties , Calif . , are so perfectly intermediate between sociabilis and saturatus that they might be equally well placed under either form . The more exact definition of the eastward range and the determina- tion of the area of intergradation with the typical subspecies are yet to be worked out in detail . MYOTIS YUMANENSIS SATURATUS Miller Myotis yumanensis saturatus MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 68 , October 16 , 1897. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 1283 , 1899. - ELLIOT , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 32 , zool . ser . , vol . 1 , p . 276 , March , 1899 ; Synops . Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 45 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 403 , March , 1901 ; List Land and Sea Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 57 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 517 , June , 1901 , MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 256 , December 27 , 1901. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 93 , 1904. - ELLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , zool . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 475 , 1905.— STEPHENS , California Mammals , p . 267 , 1906. - ELLIOT , Catal . Mamm . Field Columb . Mus . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 115 , zool . ser . , vol . 8 , p . 502 , 1907.— LYON and OSGOOD , List Type - Sp . Mamm . U. S. Nat . Mus . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 62 , p . 273 , January 28 , 1909. - MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 19 , p . 56 , December 31 , 1912.-J. GRINNELL , Proc . California Acad . Sci . , ser . 4 , vol . 3 , p . 277 , August 28 , 1913 ( part ) .- H . W. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 278 , Jan- uary 31 , 1918.-G. M. ALLEN , Journ . Mamm ., vol . 1 , p . 1 , November 29 , 1919. - MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 70 , April 29 , 1924 . Type locality . - Hamilton , Skagit County , Wash . Type specimen . - Adult male , skin and skull No. 8 United States National Museum ( Biological Survey collection ) , collected at Hamilton , Skagit County , Wash . , September 13 , 1889 , by T. S. Palmer . Original number 392 . Distribution . - Humid northwest coast from southern British Columbia south to south - central California ( San Luis Obispo County ) and to a varying distance inland west of the higher mountains . Diagnosis . Like Myotis yumanensis yumanensis and M. y . soci abilis but color much darker . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 71 Color - Above , the tips of the hairs are usually a dull sepia , the bases slate - black ; below , the tips of the hairs are buffy in the mid- ventral region , washed on the throat and sides with sepia , their bases slate - black except for a small area at the base of the tail where they are buffy throughout . The ears and membranes are blackish brown , very dark . In some lights the paler tips of the hairs on the back are glossy , with a brassy sheen , but not to the same extent as in the race of Myotis lucifugus occurring with it . Frequently the whole lower surface inclines to a dull buffy tint . The general effect is a small , large - footed , dull - haired bat of uniformly dark color . Immature specimens are even darker , a dull blackish brown above , washed below with smoky . Measurements . - For measurements see tables , pages 74 and 75 . Specimens examined . - Total number 64 , from the following lo- calities : BRITISH COLUMBIA : Chilliwack , 1 skin ( F. M. ) ; Kamloops , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Okanagan , 1 skin ( B. M. ) , nearly typical ; Port Moody , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Shuswap , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Westminster , 2 skins ( A. M. N. H. ) . CALIFORNIA : Baird , Shasta County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) , nearly typical ; Cuddeback , Humboldt County , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; Lake Leonard , Mendocino County , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; Menlo Park , San Mateo County , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Nicasio , Marin County , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; San Carpojo Creek , 7 miles north of Piedras Blancas , San Luis Obispo County , 1 skin ( U. C. ) . OREGON : Blaine , Tillamook County , 3 skins ( U. C. ) , 2 skins ( A. Walker ) ; Columbia River , 1 skin ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Crooked River , Crook County , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; McKenzie Bridge , Lane County , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mohler , Tillamook County , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; Roseburg , Douglas County , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Twelve Mile Creek , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Vida , Lane County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Wedderburn , Curry County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Wilson River , Tillamook County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; no exact locality , 1 skin ( A.N.S.P. ) . WASHINGTON : Goldendale , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Hamilton , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Husum , 1 şkin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lake Cushman , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) , 1 skin ( M. C. Z. ) , 8 skins , 5 alc . ( U. M. ) ; Lake Quinault , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lake Washington , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mabton , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Neah Bay , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Nesqually Flats , 5 alc . ( A.N.S.P. ) ; North Yakima , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Roy , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , not typical ; Stevenson , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . Remarks . The form of Myotis yumanensis occurring on the Northwest Coast closely parallels the race ( alascensis ) of Myotis lucifugus which is found in the same region , so that , in collections of skins from northwestern localities , the two are often confused . Usually saturatus is recognizable by its smaller size , narrower ear , and duller coat , without reference to the skull . 72 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM MYOTIS YUMANENSIS LUTOSUS , new subspecies Myotis yumanensis MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 66 , October 16 , 1897 ( part ) . Type . - Adult female , skin and skull , No. 50783 , United States National Museum ( Biological Survey collection ) , from Patzcuaro , Michoacan , Mexico . Collected July 17 , 1892 , by E. W. Nelson . Distribution . - Southern portion of the Mexican highlands , Diagnosis . - Color darker and richer than in Myotis yumanensis sociabilis ; underparts distinctly washed with brownish . Color . - The color differs conspicuously from that of the typical form of Myotis yumanensis , being a dark cinnamon brown above , nearly Prout's brown ( Ridgway , 1912 ) , the bases of the hairs in adults but very little darker . Below , the extreme bases of the hairs , except in the anal region , are blackish brown , paling into fuscous in their upper part and tipped with dull gray , the entire ventral surface , especially at the sides , having a faint brownish wash . Ears and membranes dull brownish , the tip of the tail paler . Measurements . - For measurements see tables , pages 74 and 76 . Specimens examined . Total number 33 , from the following lo- calities : JALISCO : 2 alc . ( B.M. ) . MICHOACAN : El Molino , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Patzcuaro , 2 skins , 7 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . SAN LUIS POTOSI : Ahualulco , 9 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; La Parada ( Hda . ) , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Jesus Maria , 7 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . ZACATECAS : San Juan Capistrano , 1 skin , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . Remarks . In its dull brownish ( muddy ) color this Mexican bat resembles Myotis yumanensis sociabilis , but the brown is slightly richer , and in the adults there is very little contrast between the tips and the bases of the hairs above . The darker belly with its distinct brownish wash is also apparently characteristic . An immature speci- men from Zacatecas , Mexico , is slightly paler and the hairs of the upper parts are rather distinctly bicolor . Between the ranges of these two dark forms , typical yumanensis with its pale coloration intervenes . Thus far very few specimens of the Mexican race have been available . Hence the exact definition of its range must await further collecting . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 73 External measurements of Myotis yumanensis Locality Number Myotis yumanensis ÅÅÅÅ . Sex Head and body Tail Tibia Foot Forearm Thumb Third meta- carpal Fifth meta- carpal Ear from meatus Ear from crown Width of ear 10000 9 9 **** &&& 000000000 1000 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 40 40 40 93 37.0 44.0 34.5 16.5 7.0 8000005055 050 6000550 55005 545 506 30 1999 II CILI 9900 005 41.0 35 . 900005 55 65 605 55 2322 222222 55 00 0900900000 600 6559560 69909550000000 0005 0000060 19 99 90 35.4 15 . 34.5 8.0 33.5 6.0 31.0 29.0 13.0 12.0 8.5 35.0 7.0 32.5 30.5 13.0 10 . 35.6 14.5 8.0 33.0 7.0 30.5 29.5 13.0 11.5 8.0 16.0 7.0 3 15.0 8.5 35.0 6.0 32.5 .5 13.5 11 . 122222 * $ 222 2232 9 0650 að að að að að 5600 50 1444 4445 446 O O O 6550 55 O 6699 100 ÓÓÓÓ NÓÓC 690 5 5 5005 9956 ៩៩៩ ៩៨៩៨ ៩៩៩ 33.0 31 . O 0600 700 SEE DESEEEEEE 5555 0690 5600 60 Có có cả có có có có có có có có có cả 2.0 16.0 8.5 35.0 6.0 32.5 29.0 12.5 11.0 8.0 0555000000 1.5 15.0 8.0 34.0 6.0 31.5 5.0 15.5 8.5 35.0 6.5 32.5 31.0 12.5 11.5 8.0 3.5 15.5 8.5 35.5 .0 15.5 8.1 15.0 7.5 34 . 30 ផ ផ ផ ផ 25 30 .. 6900 0900000050 0000000000 100 999901010001000100 .5 7.5 34.0 32.0 NNNN 0450 38.0 7.0 36.0 33.6 14.2 7.0 33.8 2229 8.4 36. 2 6.0 32.8 31.0 13.0 9.2 37.0 6.6 33.4 32.6 14.0 12 . .8 16.0 9.2 37.0 7.0 33.8 31.8 13.2 11.2 15.0 8.2 36.4 7.0 32.8 30.0 14.0 46 8.2 37.0 7.0 34.0 32.4 12 . 20 960ó 62 600844 00 a6 22 28 88 02 2160 22 42 000 2404024 10 CÓ CÓ CÓ CÓ CÓ CÓ 88 74 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM External measurements of Myotis yumanensis — Continued Locality Myotis yumanensis socia- bilis - Continued Washington - Continued . Number Sex Head and body Tail Tibia Foot Forearm Thumb Third meta- carpal Fifth meta- carpal Ear from meatus Ear from crown Width of ear Chelan .. 30313 Fort Walla Walla . 15013 43.8 34.0 15.0 42.6 35.8 16.0 Oregon : Klamath . 187395 Lone Rock . 79299 Do ... 79300 California : Tulare .. 30699 Do .. 30704 Do .. 30705 Do. 30706 Do. 30707 Do. 30709 Do. 30714 Do. 30716 Do. 30721 Do. 30726 Old Fort Tejon .. 29820 Do. 29826 Do. 29830 Do. 29848 Do. 298.50 Do. 29852 Do. Do. 29853 29855 Do. 1 5158 U.C. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 980 44.2 33.8 16.0 40.0 33.0 14.2 42.8 31.2 15.2 43.6 36.0 15.0 42.0 33.6 14.0 44.0 34.4 15. 2 44.8 33.0 15.0 44.4 34.2 15.0 44.0 34.0 15.4 43.8 35.4 15.0 43.0 36.4 14. 6 41.4 35.0 16.0 41.2 34.6 15.0 43.0 33. 8 14.8 42.4 35.8 15.2 38.0 28.0 15.0 44.0 33.0 15.0 41.4 34.0 15. 4 39.4 35.0 14.4 46.2 39.8 15.4 43.0 36.0 16.0 38.0 36.0 16.0 7.6 36.8 6.4 34.6 32.0 13.0 11.4 8.4 8.0 36.0 6.0 33.0 31.0 13.2 11.4 8.0 7.2 35.2 6.2 33.2 8.4 34.0 8.6 35. 6 8.2 33.4 8.0 35.6 8.4 34.4 7.6 34.6 8.2 34.4 8.8 34.6 8.8 34.4 8.0 35.0 7.0 34.0 8.4 36.0 8.4 36.0 80 33.0 7.4 35.0 9.0 34.8 8.2 34.0 8.4 35.0 8.0 85.0 9.0 33.7 6.0 32.0 30.4 13.0 12.0 84 6.0 31.6 30.8 12.0 10.2 7.0 7.0 31.8 30.0 11.6 10.0 7.6 6.4 33.0 31.6 13.0 11.0 8.4 6.0 31.8 30. 2 12.4 10.4 8.0 6.2 31.0 30.0 12.4 10.4 7.4 6.0 32.2 31.0 13.4 12.4 8.4 6.4 32.0 30.2 13.2 11.8 8.8 6.2 32.4 30.0 13.2 11.2 8.2 6.0 32.6 31.2 13.4 12.08.0 7.0 31.8 30. 2 12.0 11.0 7.8 6.8 31.2 30.4 13.0 11.6 7.4 6.0 31.2 29.8 13.0 11.2 80 6.0 34.0 31.8 12.2 10.4 & 2 6.0 33.4 32.0 12.0 10.4 84 6.2 32.0 30.0 12.0 10.4 8.2 6.0 33.2 31.0 12.4 10.0 7.6 6.2 33.2 32.0 12.2 9.8 80 6.4 32.0 31.0 13.0 10.8 8.0 6.0 32.2 31.0 14.0 11.0 9.0 6.2 32.0 29.6 12.4 10.8 7.8 Myotis yumanensis saturatus California : Menlo Park . Nicasio ... 142544 60458 Do. 60469 Oregon : Roseburg .. 24223 Twelve Mile Creek . 79308 Crooked River . 79305 Washington : Goldendale . 92628 Do .. 92631 Hamilton . * 24306 Mabton . 92624 Neah Bay . 91422 Yakima .. 92623 баб бабабаб 41.4 34.0 15.2 42.8 36.2 16.2 40.0 32. 2 43.0 32.6 15.2 43.8 35.4 15. 4 43.4 34.4 14. 6 ---- 40.2 33.2 15.0 42.4 35.0 16.0 " 47 " " 30 " 15. 0 43.2 33.4 14.8 39.0 31.6 15. 4 43.4 36.0 15.0 8.4 34.4 8.4 34.4 7.4 34.0 8.4 34.4 7.2 35.8 9.0 35.0 7.8 34.4 8.2 34.0 8.6 33.0 8.0 35.8 7.0 33.0 8.8 36.0 6.8 32.0 30. 2 14.0 13.0 8.0 6.2 31.8 31.0 12.4 10.0 9.0 5.8 31.0 29.8 12.4 10.0 8.0 5.4 33.2 30.6 13.0 9.6 8.0 6.2 32.6 31.0 13.2 11.080 6.0 33.4 31.4 13.0 11.0 8.0 5.8 31.2 30. 0 12.4 11.2 8.6 6.0 31.4 30.0 13.0 10.884 5.0 5.4 32.0 31.0 12.6 11.0 8.6 6.6 30.4 29.2 12.2 11.0 7.6 6.8 32.0 31.0 14.4 11.0 86 Myotis yumanensis lutosus Zacatecas : Hda . San Juan Capistrano .. 92384 37.8 28. 0 13.0 San Luis Potosi : Ahualulco .. 52324 Do. 52325 Do. 52326 Do. 52327 Do .. 52328 Do. 52329 Do. 52330 Do. 52331 Do. 52332 Do. 52255 Talisco ... 72. 10. 7.3 B. M. Do .. 9 991010101010109984 44.0 37.0 14.8 46.8 35.0 14.0 41.4 35.0 14.6 37.8 35.4 14. 0 43.0 37.6 14.4 43.6 32.2 13.4 Michoacan : Patzcuaro . Do .. Do. Do. Do. 72. 10. 7.4 B. M. 52176 52233 52262 52263 150783 10109910 41.0 33. 4 15.0 7.0 34.0 39.4 36.4 14.8 7.4 34.6 45.0 35.0 14.4 8.0 34.2 42.0 37.4 14.4 7.8 34.4 42.0 36.0 15.0 8.6 36.0 8.0 35.0 7.0 34.2 8.0 35.4 7.0 34.6 8.8 34.6 8.2 32.4 42.0 340 15.0 8.8 35.2 44.8 34.0 14.8 8.6 34.4 42.8 33.6 15.4 8.2 35.0 43.4 33.2 15.0 8.0 34.8 41.2 33.0 14.0 8.0 33.8 " 49 " " 36 " 15. 0 8.0 33.4 1 Type ; from H. W. Grinnell , 1918 . 6.2 28.6 27.0 12.0 11.8 8.2 6.0 31.8 29.6 12.0 11.0 & 2 6.2 31.6 29.8 12.0 11.0 8.2 6.4 32.0 30.0 13.6 10.2 8.0 6.0 32.0 30. 2 14.0 10.6 8.4 7.0 32.8 31.4 13.0 10.4 8.0 6.2 32.4 31.0 12.4 9.6 8.0 6.4 32.0 30.2 13.0 11.0 8.2 6.0 32.8 31.6 13.4 11.0 8.0 6.0 31.8 29.8 12.6 9.6 8.0 6.4 32.6 31.0 14.6 12.0 7.8 7.0 30.0 29.0 14.0 12.0 8.4 6.6 32.0 31.0 13.8 12.4 & 0 6.2 32.8 31.2 13.2 11.2 8.8 6.0 32.0 30.8 12.4 10.28.2 6.0 31.4 30.2 13.4 10.0 & 2 6.8 30.8 29.8 13.2 11.2 9.0 6.2 31.2 30. 0 1 Туре . 8.2 32.0 AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 75 Cranial measurements of Myotis yumanensis Locality Number Sex Greatest length Condylobasal length Zygomatic breadth Interorbital constriction Breadth of brain case Occipital depth Mandible Maxillary tooth row Maxillary breadth at m³ Mandibular tooth row Wear of teeth Ꮕ ( 11010OLOM1000 14.0 13.2 8.6 14.0 13.8 88 có có có cả 809 13.8 12.8 8.2 3.6 7.0 13.6 13.0 14.0 13.0 13.8 12.6 3.8 7.2 08226O220O000 00200 080 5.0 5.6 0202 .8 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.6 10.0 5.0 5.4 5.0 9.8 5.0 5.4 8.2 3.8 7.2 5.0 9.8 5.0 5.4 5.6 12 20200 9890 có có có có có có có gì gì gì có có có có có có 9900 26 2644 gỉ có nghỉ ngủ ngủ ngủ 04 að að að að að að 8.0 1222222222222 88 có có 13.6 12.6 00 77 7 96 644 112 2 2 2 2 88888 02000 OOON 7708 6222 80 22 00 2602 22 7880 22 5.0 8808 gagaägääääääääää aa 8860 6468 86 8807 5.0 000 0020 444 10 1010 9900 13 . 13.6 14.0 888 0722 664229 11 64 4663 6546 44 54 K 22 4424 24 2320 24 0000 22 46 1 003020000100 6666400 10000 899 022 66666-66 , 9.8 5.2 5.4 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.6 5.2 5.6 5.2 2222 88800 10 312000 4644444 54 33 10 O 346344 072270 468086 dagada 210100000 5.4 5.0 5.5 0000 826200000 goodgaa 88 7244 14.0 13.2 13.8 13.0 13.8 13.0 14.0 13.0 13.8 12.8 42 3.6 .6 8.4 3.6 6.8 3.6 7.0 888000 08800 20 00 9 14.0 13. 0 3.8 7.0 13.8 13.0 8.2 3.8 1010 80 có có có có 0242 3 • od 8888 88 62 25381 U.C. 1873954 U.S.N.M. 13296 F.M. 5149 U.C. 15158 U.C. 6643 U.C. 6657 U.C. 400000 6660 U.C. 10 88 434434 602600 867780 00 022800 020700 có có có có có có 424144 CÓ CÓ CÓ CÓ CÓ CÓ gì có có có có có có giả 242 703 124306 230149 242386 242387 230151 90493 90494 66223 90758 85558500OF % 13.8 13.4 13.8 2229 O 13.6 13.0 13.8 13.0 Type of Vespertilio obscurus H. Allen . 2002080 202102000 2968 • Туре . 76 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Cranial measurements of Myotis yumanensis Continued Locality Myotis yumanensis satura- tus - Continued British Columbia : Okanagan ... Chilliwack .. Oregon : Wedderburn . Wilson River . McKenzie Bridge .. Do .... Myotis yumanensis lutosus Number 12.11.22.1 B. M. 7215 F.M. 13.7 12.6 . 166977 88987 204382 204384 O 5 абба 13.6 12.4 7.8 13.6 12.8 . 13.8 12.8 8.2 4.0 7.2 5.2 9.6 5.0 5.3 5.2 3.6 7.0 5.0 9.6 5.0 5.3 5.2 3.4 6.8 5.0 9.2 4.8 3.7 7.0 5.0 1 1 5.4 5.4 4.8 9.8 5.4 14.0 13.2 8.8 3.6 7.0 5.0 10.0 13. 8 13.0 .. 3.6 6.8 5.0 10.0 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.0 5.4 5.4 0000 Michoacan : Patzcuaro .. 50782 Do. 50783 Zacatecas : San Juan Capis- trano .. 90928 1 Туре . OO 13.9 12.4 8.0 3.8 6.9 13.8 12.8 8.0 3.7 6.8 13.0 12.0 8.0 3.6 6.6 5.1 5.0 9.8 5.0 10.0 4.8 9.2 4.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.4 00 1 MYOTIS AUSTRORIPARIUS ( Rhoads ) Vespertilio gryphus RHOADS , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , p . 157 , May 22 , 1897 . Vespertilio lucifugus austroriparius RHOADS , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci . Philadelphia , p . 227 , May 1897. - MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 21 , October 16 , 1897. - MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 308 , December 30 , 1901 . Myotis lucifugus MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , pp . 60 , 63 , October 16 , 1897 ( part ) . Myotis lucifugus austroriparius TROUESSART , Catal . Mann . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 92 , 1904 . Myotis subulatus HAHN , Biol . Bull . , vol . 15 , p . 139 , August , 1908 ( part , not Ves- pertilio subulatus Say ) ; The Mamm . of Indiana , 33d Ann . Rep . Dept. Geol . and Nat . Resources of Indiana , 1908 , p . 623 , 1909 ( part ) . Type locality . - Tarpon Springs , Pinellas County , Fla . Type specimen . - Skin and skull of immature female in the collec- tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ( formerly No. 878 Rhoads collection ) . Taken at Tarpon Springs , Fla . , June 23 , 1892 , by W. S. Dickinson . Distribution . - Vicinity of Tarpon Springs , Fla .; Mitchell , Ind . ; Canada ! Diagnosis . - Externally like Myotis lucifugus except that the fur of the back is shorter and more dense , and the dark bases and bur- nished tips of the hairs are both less conspicuous ; color a dull yellow- ish or drabby brown . Skull differing from that of all the known races of M. lucifugus in its more slender general form , narrower inter- AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 77 orbital constriction , narrower brain case , and in the constant presence ( in adults ) of a low but perfectly formed sagittal crest . External characters . - The external characters as shown by a series of 12 skins from Florida and four from Indiana do not differ ap- preciably from those of Myotis lucifugus lucifugus otherwise than in the short , dense , woolly quality of the fur , and the dull coloration of the dorsal surface . Hairs at middle of back , in fresh pelage , usually about 6 to 7 mm . in length instead of 9 to 10 mm . In some individuals there appears to be tendency for the wing membrane to be inserted at or near the ankle , but this may be due to a peculiarity in the make - up of the skins . Fur and color . - The fur of this species is distinctive by reason of its thick , woolly appearance , resulting from the fine and rather uni- form texture without a conspicuous over fur . This quality of the fur , together with the lack of long burnished tips to the hairs of the back as well as the absence of strong contrast in color between the tips and the bases of the hairs , serves to distinguish the animal readily from M. lucifugus which it otherwise somewhat resembles . The actual elements of the color are essentially the same as in Myotis luci- fugus lucifugus , but the shortness and inconspicuousness of the bur- nished hair tips on the upperparts give a noticeable dull and luster- less effect usually ranging in tint from sudan brown to Saccardo's umber ( Ridgway , 1912 ) . On parting the hairs the plumbeous basal area of the fur is seen to be less extensive and less dark than in M. lucifugus . In some individuals the back has a peculiar drabby cast which we have never seen in M. lucifugus . Underparts dull buff , much as in M. 7. lucifugus but the palest individual paler than usual in the related animal . Skull . - The skull is more slender throughout than that of Myotis lucifugus . While this character is most obvious in the interorbital region ( interorbital breadth in 16 skulls varying from 3.6 to 4.0 as against 4.0 to 4.4 in 60 skulls of true M. lucifugus ) it can also be appreciated on direct comparison of the breadth of the rostrum over bases of canines , as well as of the lacrymal breadth and the breadth of brain case . A low but perfectly definite and sharp - edged sagittal crest is present in all of the adult specimens examined , this character alone being sufficient to distinguish the series from any similar series of Myotis lucifugus . The crest resembles that present in the other- wise very different species , M. velifer and M. grisescens . When the brain case is viewed from behind , side by side with specimens of M. lucifugus from the eastern United States , the narrower , relatively higher form in Myotis austroriparius is at once evident . In this view the summit of the arch in M. lucifugus is nearly always obvi- 78 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ously flattened , while in M. austroriparius it is distinctly convex . When the skull is seen from below its general narrowness is evident but there appear to be no structural peculiarities to distinguish it from the skull of M. lucifugus lucifugus . - Teeth . The teeth are about the same size as those of Myotis lucifugus lucifugus , therefore smaller than those of M. grisescens and M. velifer . In structure they show no very obvious peculiarities . The upper molars have the full complement of secondary cusps and ridges , and the cingulum on the inner margin of their crowns is almost invariably as much developed as in the maximum condition seen in Myotis luci- fugus ( 2 exceptions among 16 specimens ) , a character usually shared by M. grisescens and less frequently by M. velifer . The two upper small premolars are very slightly crowded , the anterior with the transverse axis of its crown perceptibly greater than the longitudinal axis . The anterior tooth is about twice the height of the posterior . The lower canine is relatively short and stout , hardly exceeding the third premolar . The two small anterior lower premolars are fully in the tooth row , the posterior tooth only slightly exceeded in height and cross section by the anterior . Measurements . For measurements see tables , page 80 . Specimens examined . Twenty - three from the following localities : ? CANADA : 1 skin ( B.M. ) . FLORIDA : Tarpon Springs , Pinellas County , 2 skins including type , 4 alc . ( A.N.S.P. ) ; Bird Key , Tampa Bay , Pinellas County , 12 skins ( Copeland ) . INDIANA : Mitchell , 4 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) .. Remarks . Myotis austroriparius bears a general resemblance to several of the brownish species occurring in eastern North America , but may be distinguished by its large and strong hind foot without keel on the calcar , and by its thick , almost wooly fur of a dull cinna- mon or drab tint . In the drab pelage it somewhat resembles the slightly larger Myotis grisescens , but in this species there is no obvi- ous basal darkening of the hairs of the back , and the origin of the wing membrane is from the ankle instead of from the metatarsals near the base of toes . From M. lucifugus , with which it is doubtless often associated , it is distinguished by the lack of noticeable burn- ished tips to the hairs , and by the uniform presence of a distinct sagittal crest on the skull . From Myotis velifer , a species with simi- larly dull unburnished fur , it differs in smaller size , narrow , weak rostrum , and the normal ( not enlarged ) cheek teeth . From Myotis keenii septentrionalis it is distinguished by its larger feet , less elon- gate ears , and crested skull . Although the species was described thirty years ago , its true char- acters are now for the first time recognized . The first specimens re- AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 79 corded ( Rhoads , 1894 ) were collected by Mr. W. S. Dickinson in 1892 at Tarpon Springs , Florida , and were identified by Harrison Allen as Vespertilio gryphus ( = Myotis lucifugus ) . Three years later Rhoads , noticing that its dense , lusterless , dull - colored fur was unlike that of northern Myotis lucifugus , separated the Florida ani- mal as a subspecies , under the name austroriparius . He then submitted his material to Miller who saw that the two skins , one of them the type , pertained to immature individuals and that the specimens in alcohol did not differ appreciably , except in their short fur and dull color , from true M. lucifugus . Believing that the pecularities of the series were all due to immaturity and the effects of alcohol Miller placed Rhoads ' name in the synonymy of lucifugus , where it has remained until now . The animal was next collected by Hahn in Indiana , but was confused by him with Myotis " subulatus ” ( = M . keenii septentrionalis ) . This error was detected by Allen while examining Hahn's material , now in the United States National Museum , during the preparation of this monograph . The characters , when once seen , were so obvious that we unhesitatingly drew up a description of Hahn's bat as a new species . It remained thus until the manuscript was nearly ready to go to press , when , fortunately , Mr. Copeland sent us his series of twelve skins of adults . from Bird Key , Tampa Bay , south of Tarpon Springs . Study of this material soon showed two things : that the austroriparius of Rhoads was specifically distinct from Myotis lucifugus , and that the animal was identical with the bat subsequently taken in Indiana by Hahn . When he placed the name austroriparius in the synonymy of Myotis lucifugus Miller called attention to the likelihood that Le- Conte's animal might prove to be the same as the one described by Rhoads , should the latter ever be shown to possess distinctive char- acters.10 This possibility has not yet been disposed of , as we still have no knowledge as to the forms of Myotis actually occurring in southern Georgia . It may be said , however , that LeConte has written nothing in either of his descriptions of Vespertilio lucifugus which points toward the present animal , and also that the only known specimen that can be reasonably supposed to have been determined by LeConte ( see p . 44 ) is a typical example of Myotis lucifugus lucifugus as now understood . " North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 21 , October 16 , 1897 . 80 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Florida : External measurements of Myotis austroriparius Locality Number Bird Key ( Pinella County ) . 806 Copeland Do 808 Do. 810 Do. 811 Do .. 812 Do. 813 Do .. 814 Do. 817 Do 824 Do. 825 Do 827 Do. 826 Indiana : Mitchell . 153635 Do .. Do .. Do. 153638 153639 ૧૧૧ ૧૦9,99,000૦૦૦ 50.5 38.5 15.6 51.5 36.5 16.0 9.4 38.0 9.8 37.4 6.0 36.0 34.2 5.8 35.6 33.6 53.0 35.0 16.2 9.2 39.0 6.2 35.2 35.0 14.0 51.0 38.0 16.6 9.4 38.4 7.0 35.6 33.6 13.0 51.5 35.5 16.8 9.0 40.4 6.4 36.8 35.0 12.4 53.0 37.0 17.0 52.5 35.5 51.0 37.0 16.0 45.5 36.5 16.0 49.5 38.0 16.2 51.0 32.0 16.2 9.6 39.6 6.4 36.4 35.0 14.0 16.0 9.0 40.0 6.0 37.6 36.2 13.0 8.6 38.2 6.0 35.2 34.0 13.0 8.4 38.4 5.6 36.0 33.6 12.2 9.6 38.6 6.0 35.8 34.2 13.4 8.4 37.0 153630 Canada ( ? ) . 37.4 . 8. 127 B.M. 49.0 36.5 51.0 34.0 15.2 51.0 38.0 16.8 52.0 36.0 17.0 51.0 36.0 15.4 53.0 32.4 16.8 15.0 8.8 36.2 6.2 34.0 32.8 5.8 33.2 31.6 12.0 12.8 10.0 40.2 9.0 37.6 9.8 39.4 9.8 39.8 9.2 38.8 6.2 33.2 35.0 6.6 34.6 33.4 6.4 36.2 34.2 7.2 36.2 35.8 6.8 35.4 33.2 Cranial measurements of Myotis austroriparius Locality Number Sex Greatest length Condylobasal length Zygomatic breadth Interorbital constriction Breadth of brain case Occipital depth Mandible Maxillary tooth row Maxillar breadth at ma Mandibular tooth row Wear of teeth Florida : Bird Key . 808 Cope - d land Do .. 817 Do .. 824 Do .. 825 Do .. 826 Do .. 806 Do .. 810 Do. 811 Do. 812 Do .. 813 Do ... 814 Do ... 827 Indiana : Mitchell .. 153635 Do. 153638 Do .. Do. 153639 153630 88888α + a + a + a + a + O + O 8880 14.4 13.6 8.8 3.8 7.0 5.2 10.0 5.2 5.6 5.4 1 14.2 13.6 14.2 13.4 14.4 13.8 9.0 9.2 3.6 7.2 4.0 7.2 3.6 7.0 14.4 13.8 9.0 3.6 7.2 14.2 13.6 3.4 14.2 13.8 3.6 14.2 13.6 9.2 14.6 13.8 14.8 13.8 9.0 14.8 13.6 14.4 13.2 9.0 3.8 3.6 7.0 3.8 7.2 3.6 7.2 3.6 7.2 5.0 10.4 5.4 5.8 5.6 5.0 10.0 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.0 10.0 5.2 5.6 5.2 10.2 5.4 5.6 7.0 5.0 10.0 5.2 5.6 7.2 5.2 10.6 5.4 5.8 7.0 5.2 10.0 5.2 5.6 6.0 5.0 10.4 5.2 5.6 6.2 5.4 10.2 5.2 5.6 5.8 5.2 10.4 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.4 10.0 5.2 5.6 5.6 5.8 0 5.6 0 5.8 6.0 10000STOOLI 0 1 14.6 13.8 9.0 14.8 14.0 3.8 7.4 5.8 3.6 7.2 5.6 11.0 14.8 14.0 9.0 3.8 7.2 5.4 15.0 14.0 3.8 7.6 6.0 10.6 5.4 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.8 5.6 5.8 6.0 3002 MYOTIS GRISESCENS A. H. Howell Vespertilio gryphus lucifugus H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 43 ( 1893 ) , p . 80 , March 14 , 1894 ( part ; M. C. Z. specimen from Arkansas ) . Myotis velifer MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 59 , October 16 , 1897 ( part ; specimens from Marble Cave , Missouri ) .- HAHN , Proc . U. S. Nat . Mus . , vol . 35 , p . 580 , December 7 , 1908 ( part ; Indiana ) .— BAILEY , North Amer . Fauna , No. 25 , p . 208 , October 24 , 1905 ( part ; Marble Cave , Missouri ) . Myotis grisescens A. H. HOWELL , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 22 , p . 46 , March 10 , 1909. - HAHN , The Mamm . of Indiana , 33d Ann . Rep . Dept. Geol . and Nat . Resources of Indiana , 1908 , p . 625 , 1909. - CORY , Mamm . Illinois and Wisconsin , Field Mus . Nat . Hist . , publ . 153 , zool . ser . , vol . 11 , p . 459 , AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 81 fig . ( head ) , 1912. - MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 54 , December 31 , 1912. — A , H. HOWELL , North Amer . Fauna , No. 45 , p . 23 , October 28 , 1921. - ELLIOT , Check List Mammals North Amer . , suppl . , p . 154 , 1917. — MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 67 , April 29 , 1924 . Type locality . - Nickajack Cave , Marion County , Tenn . Type . - Adult male , skin and skull , No. 157517 United States National Museum ( Biological Survey Collection ) , collected in Nicka- jack Cave , near Shellmound , Marion County , Tenn . , August 31 , 1903 , by A. H. Howell . new માં MAP 8. - DISTRIBUTION OF MYOTIS GRISESCENS Distribution . - Limestone area from extreme southern Indiana and Illinois south to Tennessee , Georgia , and central Alabama , westward to southwestern Missouri and northern Arkansas . The range is still imperfectly known , but , as indicated by specimens now at hand , it apparently does not meet that of Myotis velifer incautus at any point , nor does it extend east of the Alleghenies . The occurrence of this animal in Kentucky can hardly be doubted , though no specimens are available . This distribution is probably conditioned in part by the presence of large limestone caves available for permanent habitation , and the occurrence of the caves is in turn dependent on the geological structure of the country . For unlike most other cave - haunting Myotis , of eastern North America at least , 82 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM this species frequents these caverns regularly in summer , as well as during the hibernation period , so that the grisescens population is more concentrated than in the case of those species ( as M. lucifugus , M. keenii septentrionalis ) that largely desert the caves in summer . Howell ( 1909 , 1921 ) has given a brief account of these Tennessee caves and their bat population . Diagnosis . - Size decidedly greater than in Myotis lucifugus , but general proportions not strikingly different ( ratio of tail to head and body in 10 topotypes , 76.4 ) ; forearm usually more than 40 mm .; greatest length of skull ranging from 15.5 to 16.5 mm . , maxillary tooth row ranging from 5.8 to 6.2 mm . , lower tooth row more than 6 mm . ( 6.2 to 6.6 mm . ) ; skull with an obvious sagittal crest in adults ; cheek teeth proportioned to the palate as in M. lucifugus , not enlarged as in M. velifer ; first and second upper molars with protoconule unusually well developed ; a broad , conspicuous cingulum on inner margin of crown . Differs from all other known North American species in the insertion of the wing membrane at the tarsus instead of the side of the foot and in the absence of dark bases to the hairs of the back . Ears . The ears are about as in Myotis velifer : when laid forward reaching the nostril or slightly beyond it . Tragus as in M. velifer , with bluntly pointed tip . Wing and membranes . - Wing membranes from the base of the tarsus instead of from the base of the toes as in all known North American species , a character which , though obvious in alcoholic specimens , is often obscure in skins if the membrane is stretched laterally in drying . Metacarpals graduated , the third longest , the fourth and fifth successively shorter . Taking the third finger as 100 , the fourth is 86 , the fifth 80. When the wing is folded the third metacarpal falls 4 mm . short of the elbow . Foot . - Except for their larger size the foot and calcar resemble those of Myotis lucifugus , though the foot is longer proportionally to the tibia . In 10 topotypes the ratio of foot to tibia averages 60.1 ; in 10 specimens from Illinois it averages 58.8 . Fur and color . - The fur is more velvety than in Myotis lucifugus , and the hairs of the dorsal surface are strikingly characterized by being of essentially the same tint throughout instead of conspicuously darker at the base . There are two color phases : dusky and russet . The former is represented by the series of 20 skins from the type locality , Nickajack Cave . These average darker than the other avail- able specimens , and are a uniform smoky ( about " chætura drab " ) above to the roots of the hairs ; below paler , the hairs " dark mouse gray " at their bases with dull whitish tips , those of the chin lighter , and those between the thighs whitish throughout . Specimens from Indian Cave , Tenn . , and from Rosiclare , Ill . , are of a slightly warmer tint . In a series of 12 skins from Rogersville , AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 83 Ala . ( U.S.N.M. ) , both phases are represented by adults : The dusky as above described ; and the russet , a nearly uniform " cinnamon- brown " above to the roots of the hairs , the lower surfaces with the whitish tips replaced by a pale buff , contrasting with the darker bases of the hairs . Skull . — The skull differs from that of Myotis lucifugus in its larger size . In shape and proportions the crania of the two species are prac- tically alike , but the evident sagittal and lambdoid crests make the skull of Myotis grisescens readily distinguishable . Teeth . - The two small upper premolars stand nearly in the tooth row so that both are clearly visible in side view , while from below , a line connecting the posterior angle of the canine and the anterior corner of the large p * passes through the outer part of both the other premolars . In m¹ and m² the protoconule is unusually well de- veloped , but in actual structure the small cusps and their accompany- ing ridges do not differ from those which occur in Myotis lucifugus . Cingulum on inner side of crown in m¹ and m² well developed and conspicuous , but apparently never extending around the antero- lingual base of the protocone . At the postero - lingual base of the hypocone the cingulum frequently becomes so thickened as to re- semble a low cusplike tubercle applied to the base of the hypocone . This tubercle may in rare instances ( No. 202022 , U.S.N.M. ) become so large that it bears at its summit a distinctly worn area produced in m² by the protoconid of m , and in m¹ by the protoconid of m ,. The teeth of the lower jaw show no special characteristics . Measurements . For measurements see tables , pages 84 and 85 . Specimens examined . Total number 258 , from the following localities : -- ALABAMA : Annistoň , Calhoun County , 2 alc . ( M. C. Z. ) ; Fort Deposit , Marshall County , 10 skins , 8 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Rogersville , Lauderdale County , 12 skins , 49 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . ARKANSAS : [ ? Osage River ] , 1 alc . ( M. C. Z. ) . ILLINOIS : Rosiclare , Hardin County , 12 skins , 33 alc . ( F. M. ) . MISSOURI : Columbus , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Marble Cave , Stone County , 12 skins , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . TENNESSEE : Indian Cave , Grainger County , 13 skins ( Univ . Wisconsin ) , 15 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) , 1 skin ( M. C. Z. ) ; New Market , Grainger County , 1 skin ( M. C. Z. ) ; Nickajack Cave , Marion County , 21 skins , 62 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) , 1 alc . ( A. N. S. P. ) ; Shell Mound , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . Habits . An interesting point in connection with the fact that colonies of Myotis grisescens frequent the same caves in both summer and winter is the segregation of the sexes at certain times of year . The breeding females seem to congregate apart from the males . The young are probably born in early July , and when these are well grown a breeding colony naturally contains the adult females as well as immature bats of both sexes . But in August , the colonies seem 84 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM to contain adult males as well as adult females . Thus of 21 bats from Nickajack Cave , Tenn . , August 31 , 15 were adult males , 6 adult females ; and of 9 from Rosiclare , Ill . , August 14 , 4 were adult males , 5 adult females . Presumably pairing takes place in the fall , after which the sexes probably segregate until the following August . At all events , 17 specimens taken April 14 at Indian Cave , Tenn . , were all females . Again , a series of 18 from Fort Deposit , Ala . , June 18-19 , proved to be all males , while of 12 adults taken a little later , July 9 , at Rogersville , Ala . , all but 1 were females . Remarks . Superficially Myotis grisescens resembles M. velifer in its large size and dull fur . It is , however , a very distinct animal . Apparently is has no near relatives , the insertion of the wing mem- brane at the ankle joint and the peculiar color pattern of the hairs on the back distinguishing it sharply from all known American species . Abnormalities in the number or position of the two minute upper premolars are interesting as indicating the evolutionary tendency in connection with the reduction of the tooth row . Thus in 16067 ( Field Museum ) from Rosiclare , Ill . , these two teeth are so placed that instead of standing in the tooth row , the smaller ( p³ ) on each side is drawn inward while the anterior tooth practically fills the entire space between the canine and p so that the smaller tooth is hardly visible in side view . Specimens of Myotis grisescens were collected in late June 1892 , at Marble Cave , Mo. , by Vernon Bailey , and were referred by Miller ( 1897 ) to Myotis velifer . Of three individuals taken , " one was caught in the cave 150 feet below the surface of the earth ; the others were shot as they came out of the mouth of the cave in the evening ' ( Bailey , 1905 ) . The true characters of the animal were detected by Howell , in the series of specimens which he secured in Nickajack Cave on August 31 , 1908 . External measurements of Myotis grisescens Illinois : Locality Number Rosiclare . 16082 F.M. Do. 16083 Do. 16084 Do. 16074 Do. 16090 Do. 16097 Do. 16099 Do .. 16101 Do 16102 Do. 16103 Missouri : Marble Cave . 53023 U.S.N.M. Do ... 53024 Do ... 52820 999 999 9 9 10 10 10 10:40 51.8 43.2 15.6 10.0 44.0 8.4 41.0 38.4 15.2 12.0 8.4 9.2 42.4 7.0 38.8 36.6 14.4 11.6 9.4 9.6 43.4 8.0 39.8 37.6 14.4 12.0 9.0 9.6 45.4 7.2 41.6 39. 2 14.6 12.0 9.4 9.4 43.4 7.4 40.0 38.6 14.2 12.0 9.0 10.6 45.4 8.6 40.6 38.4 14.2 11.0 9.2 9.2 43.6 7.4 39.6 37.4 13.8 12.0 9.6 9.6 42.0 7.4 38.4 36.8 14.4 10.8 8.4 10. 2 43.2 8.4 40.0 37.8 13.8 10.4 9.0 9.4 43.0 8.0 39.0 36.8 15.2 11.0 8.0 49.8 38.0 16.6 49.6 41.8 17.8 51.0 41.4 18.0 52.0 40.0 17.0 48.4 38.0 18. 2 52.8 37.8 17.4 48.6 39.6 16.4 51.4 33.0 17.8 52.4 37.6 17.4 51.0 35. 4 17.2 9.6 42.4 8.4 40. 4 38.4 14.2 12.0 10.0 49.8 38.0 17.6 9.8 40.6 7.0 38.0 36.4 14.4 11.2 9.0 53.0 35.6 18.0 10.0 43.8 7.4 40.0 38.0 14.4 11.4 9.0 AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 85 External measurements of Myotis grisescens - Continued Locality Number Tennessee : Nickajack Cave .... Do Do Do Do Do. Do Do Do Do Do Alsbams : Fort Deposit . Do Do Do Rogersville Do. Do. IType . Head and body Tail Tibia Foot Forearm Third meta- carpal Fifth meta- carpal Ear from meatus Thumb Ear from crown Width of ear Sex 9101000100099999 99900091010 242 424 740 840 43.8 7.8 38.6 9.8 43.2 8.0 39.8 48.2 38.8 17 . 50.8 38.0 16.2 11.0 48.8 8.4 38.6 8.0 48.0 808 00004 TURC040 20 680 BEE DEgg 16.2 10.0 có có có có có cả c 67220 38.8 39.6 38.0 13.6 12.4 600 100000 8940 C 88 39.8 37.8 14.0 10.0 8.0 49.6 44.2 18.0 10.0 45.6 8.0 40.8 39.8 14.2 10.2 9 51.8 39.2 17.6 10.2 43.8 7.2 39.4 37.0 13.4 11.0 8.2 51.6 39.0 9.2 45.0 7.8 40.6 49.0 47.6 201940 48.6 38.0 8.4 40.0 7.0 39 . 042044062 Cranial measurements of Myotis grisescens Locality Number Maxillary breadth at m³ Mandibular tooth row Wear of teeth tooth row Sex Greatest length Condylobasal length Zygomatic breadth Interorbital constriction Breadth of brain case Occipital depth Mandible Maxillary Goizel d Illinois : Rosholare , Hardin County . list : Ram - 001-016066 15830 F. M. 16067 116068 16069 I bod - bar - s915831 Missouri : Stone Comp Pedisbee Nickajack Ton County -900 MAT 1000098999 16.0 15 . letti adt t brad 157523 B2 15758 ging 975240 092 11 888 Tacks Do Do. Do Type . 88009406 N∞22222 2 0000 3.8 7.4 080 B112112 44222224 18332433 08000000 66262248 11.2 68800088 có có có có có có có có có 2 3 33345 800008 6202026 EEEEEE 008604OO 2 2222224 233222332OTBT3 11.6 6.0 6.3 6.4 11.8 6.0 6.4 6,2 6.0 11.2 6.0 6.4 6.6 88884COBOOT∞∞∞∞ ט ~~~ IN MANNN ! 4444 44422 444 ဝံ ဝံ ဝံ 25455 ស 25942 ස්ල් ෆ් 86 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Cranial measurements of Myotis grisescens Continued 152070 LOB Locality Number Sex Greatest length Condylobasal length Zygomatic breadth Interorbital constriction Breadth of brain case Occipital depth Mandible Maxillary tooth row Maxillary breadth at ma Mandibular tooth row Wear of teeth 8 Tennessee Continued . Indian Cave , Grainger 02 County .. 894 Do. 895 18.0 Do .... 896 Do .... 897 Do .... 8980 Do .... 899 Do .. 900 OOOOOOO 15.9 15.0 4.0 15.8 14.8 9.8 4.0 7.4 5.8 11.8 7.6 6.0 11.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.1 6.4 6.0 16.1 15.0 10.0 4.0 7.8 5.8 11.8 6.0 6.4 6.4 16.0 15.0 10.0 4.0 7.8 5.8 11.6 6.2 6.1 6.6 16.0 15.2 10.0 4.0 7.8 5.8 11.6 6.2 6.1 6.6 15.9 15.0 10.2 4.2 7.8 5.8 11.4 6.0 6.4 6.4 16.0 15.0 10.0 4.0 7.8 6.0 11.4 6.2 6.2 6.4 Alabama : Fort Deposit . 201698 Do. 201699 Do. 201700 Do .. 201701 Do ... 201702 Do ... 201703 Do .. 201704 Do ... 201705 Do .. 201706 Do .. 201707 Rogersville . 202020 Do .. 202021 Do .. 202022 Do .. 202024 D Do ..... 202025.01 Do .... 202026 Do ... Do. Do .. 202029 202030 202031 555555555∞∞ O O O O O O O 15.0 9.8 4.0 8.0 6.0 11.6 6.0 6.2 6.4 16.1 15.0 1 6.0 11.4 6.0 6.5 6.2 16.0 15.0 10.0 3.8 7.6 5.8 11.4 6.0 6.2 6.2 15.8 14.8 10.0 4.0 7.8 6.0 11.4 6.0 6.2 6.2 16.5 15.2 10.0 4.0 7.8 16.0 15.0 3.8 7.8 6.0 11.6 6.0 6.4 6.0 11.4 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.6 16.2 15.0 10.0 4.0 7.6 11.8 6.0 6.4 6.6 15.8 14.8 10.0 15.8 14.6 4.0 7.8 6.0 11.2 5.8 6.3 6.2 4.07.6 6.0 11.2 5.8 6.3 6.2 15.8 14.8 9.6 4.0 7.6 5.6 11.2 6.0 6.1 6.2 16.0 14.8 10.0 4.0 7.8 6.0 11.4 6.0 6.5 6. 2 15.8 14.6 9.4 4.0 7.4 5.4 11.2 5.8 6.1 6.2 15.9 14.8 4.0 7.4 5.6 11.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 15.0 10.0 4.2 8.0 16.0 15.0 10.0 16.0 15.0 15.9 15.2 9.8 15.7 14.8 4.0 7.6 4.2 7.6 4.0 7.4 4.0 7.4 15.9 15.0 9.8 4.0 7.8 6.0 12.0 6.2 6.6 6.6 5.8 11.4 6.0 6.2 6.2 5.8 11.8 6.0 6.3 6.2 12.0 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.0 11.4 6.0 6.2 6.2 5.6 11.6 6.0 6.3 6.2 8118182 210LIS220STOC MYOTIS VELIFER ( J. A. Allen ) ( Synonymy under subspecies ) Distribution . - From Kansas and eastern Texas westward to south- ern Utah and southern California , thence southward through Mexico to the highlands of Guatemala . Diagnosis . - Size large among the American species of Myotis ; forearm usually 40 to 46 mm .; total length about 90 to 100 mm .; tail usually 39 to 42 mm .; average ratio of tail to head and body in 10 specimens from Arizona , 79.9 ; in 10 from Vera Cruz , 81.9 , in 4 from Lower California , 82.2 ; greatest length of skull ( except in a small race from Lower California ) usually more than 16.5 mm . ( 15.6 to 17.6 mm . ) ; maxillary tooth row 6.0 to 7.0 mm .; mandibular tooth row 6.2 to 7.2 mm .; greatest palatal breadth including molars slightly exceed- ing length of maxillary tooth row ; hind foot slightly more than one- half as long as tibia ; ear not specially elongated ; pelage dull ; sagittal crest well developed in adults ; cheek teeth robust , the breadth of the maxillary teeth , as compared with that of the palate , obviously greater than in other American members of the genus , Myotis occultus excepted ; upper molars with full complement of secondary cusps and ridges ; cingulum on inner side of crown of m¹ and m² well developed and conspicuous . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 87 Ears . - The ears are moderately long , reaching , when laid forward , to the nostril or slightly beyond it ; tragus slender , about one - half the height of the ear , its anterior edge nearly straight , broadest at base , narrowing in the terminal half to a bluntly rounded tip , and provided with small lobule at its base posteriorly . it boiss Foote 3 Luft oldures 2 htileib sel viit itales rewol odor ba o elamine od toale ad to dihis MAP 4 - DISTRIBUTION OF MYOTIS VELIFER : 1 , M. VELIFER VELIFER ; 2 , M. VELIFER INCAUTUS ; 3 , M. VELIFER PENINSULARIS Wing and membranes . - Wing membrane arising from base of toes . Third and fourth metacarpals usually subequal , the fifth decidedly shorter ; when folded the third metacarpal reaches to within 2.5 to 3 mm . of the elbow . Taking the third finger as 100 , the fourth is 86 , the fifth 80 ( 72 : 62 : 57.5 mm . ) . Tail involved in the membrane Except for the minute terminal and half the penultimate vertebrae 88 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM which are free . Border of uropataguim sprinkled with widely spaced stiff hairs , scarcely visible without the aid of a lens . Foot . The foot is strong , usually a little more than half the length of the tibia , the ratio of its length to that of tibia averaging 51.2 in 10 specimens from Arizona , 53.4 in a like number from Michoacan , and 54.1 in 9 from Lower California . Calcar well developed , and terminating distally in a minute lobule , the skin along its free edge thickened on the basal half but without forming a distinct keel . Fur and color . - The pelage is of moderate length , neither close nor yet full and fluffy , the longer hairs on the back averaging about 6 mm . in length , their tips not burnished . The general coloration is uni- formly dull sepia or drab above , somewhat paler below , the bases of the hairs everywhere dark except at the sides of the belly underneath , where the hairs are whitish throughout . --- Skull . - The skull is characterized by its broad rostrum , the area of which , when skull is viewed from above , is not conspicuously less than that of the brain case . ( Pl . 1 , p . 7 , fig . 6. ) Distance from ante- rior border of alveolus of inner incisor to narrowest region of inter- orbital constriction about equal to that from constriction to lambda . Breadth of rostrum across roots of canines greater than interorbital constriction . Maxillary breadth at m³ ( average in 20 specimens , 6.9 ) nearly equal to breadth of brain case ( average in 20 specimens , 7.2 ) . Brain case higher and narrower than that of Myotis lucifugus . In rear view the lambdoid crests are sharply defined . Seen from above they form a sharp transverse ridge posteriorly which meets the well- marked sagittal crest at the occiput and cuts off a raised triangular area . In side view the rostrum appears nearly flat anteriorly ; behind this region the forehead rises more abruptly than in Myotis lucifugus . Teeth . In their general structure the teeth resemble those of Myotis lucifugus . The secondary cusps and ridges ( see fig . 1 , p . 8 ) are all fully developed but the cingulum is usually less distinct than in the smaller animal . The hypocone tends to be lower relatively to the protocone than is generally the case in M. lucifugus , a peculiarity which is best appreciated when the teeth of the two animals are com- pared from their lingual aspect . The greatest width of the palate measured across the outer borders of the upper molars slightly ex- ceeds the maxillary tooth row ( front of canine to back of m³ ) and is practically equal to or is at most minutely less than the mandibular tooth row ( exclusive of incisors ) . The maxillary rows of cheek teeth as a whole are obviously more robust ( broader in proportion to the intervening area of palate ) than is usual in other large American members of the genus . This character can not be described with sufficient definiteness to insure the identification of a single specimen taken by itself , but it is at once obvious on comparison , of a few skulls of Myotis velifer with similar series of M. thysanodes or M. ་ ་ AMERICAN BATS OF THE NERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 89 grisescens or with a large indivual of M. lucifugus as in Plate 1 ( p . 7 ) , Figures 3a and 36. Firstnd second upper premolars slightly drawn in from the tooth row schat the second is partly hidden in exterior view behind the front ener of the third premolar . Habits - Myotis velifer is colonial species , typically a cave- dweller , so that its local distri'tion and abundance may frequently be conditioned in part by the resence of caves suitable for habita- tion . Ward ( 1891 , 1904 ) ford great numbers in a state of semi- hibernation in the tunnel - likcaverns formed in lava , on the vol- cano of Perote , in Jalapa , Va Cruz , Mexico , during the month of February . The animals are tick to take advantage of the artificial shelter offered by old builngs and are therefore considered as " house bats " in parts of Tes and Arizona . Bailey ( 1905 ) has de- scribed how they came frora considerable distance to drink at an artificial pool in the dry entry at Carlsbad , Tex . , flying appar- ently from the limestone his several miles away , " straight for the water pool without a croobr turn . " Mine tunnels are also used as roosting places . Remarks . In its structual details Myotis velifer suggests a large Myotis lucifugus , with th cheek teeth broadened but not sensibly altered in structure . Theorm of the skull is less flattened than in the smaller animal , the rtrum is broader , the interorbital constric- tion relatively narrower , nd the brain case fuller and more globose , with sharply defined sagtal crest ( compare figs . 3a and 36 , pl . 1 , p . 7 ) . Externally it rembles Myotis grisescens , which was con- fused with it by Miller a 1897 , but it is readily distinguishable by the normal insertion of he wing membrane on the foot , and by the darkened bases of the hirs on the back . MYOTIS ELIFER VELIFER ( J. A. Allen ) Vespertilio albescens TRUEProc . U. S. Nat . Mus . , vol . 7 , p . 603 , 1885 ( part , not of Geoffroy ) . Vespertilio velifer J. A. ALEN , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 3 , p . 177 , De- cember 10 , 1890.-H. I WARD , Amer . Nat . , vol . 25 , p . 744 , August , 1891 . Vespertilio albescens velifr H. ALLEN , Monogr . Bats North Amer . , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus ., No. 43 ( 893 ) , p . 92 , March 14 , 1894. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 32 , 1897 . Myotis velifer MILLER , Nrth Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 56 , October 16 , 1897.— TROUESSART , Catal . Mmm . viv . foss . , p . 1285 , 1899. - ELLIOT , Synops . Mamm . North Amer . , Field Glumb . Mus . , publ . 45 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , p . 401 , March , 1901 ; List Land and Sea Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 57 , zool . ser . , vol . 2 , 517 , June , 1901. - MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 255 , December 27 , 1901. - ELLIOT , Land and Sea Mamm . Middle Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 95 , zool . ser . , vol . 4 , p . 573 , 1904.- TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 92 , 1904. - WARD , Trans . Wisconsin Acad . Sd . , vol . 14 , p . 647 , 1904. - BAILEY , North Amer . Fauna , 58518-287 90 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED SATES NATIONAL MUSEUM No. 25 , p . 208 , October 24 , 1905. - LLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , zoolser . , vol . 6 , p . 473 , 1905 ; Catal . Mamm . Field Columb . Mus . , Field Columb . [ us . , publ . 115 , zool . ser . , vol . 8 , p . 500 , 1907. - MILLER , List North Amer . Lad Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 93 , December 31 , 1912 ; 1st North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 93 , pril 29 , 1924 . Myotis californicus jaliscensis MENEGAU . Bull . Mus . d'Hist . Nat . Paris , vol . 7 , p . 321 , 1901 ( near Lake Zacoalco Jalisco , Mexico , type in Paris Mu- seum ) .- MILLER and REHN , Proc . Bcton Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 31 , p . 121 , August 27 , 1903. - ELLIOT , Land and Sea Mamm . Middle Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 95 , zool . ser . , vol.t , p . 579 , 1904. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 93 , 1904. - ELLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , aol . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 477 , 1905 . Type locality . - Santa Cruz del Valle , Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico . Type specimen . - Adult male , skin and skull , No. 2696 Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , collected at Santa Cruz del Valle , Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico , September 7 , 1889 , by Dr. A. C. Buller . Distribution . - From the highlands of Guatemala northward to western Arizona and southern California Diagnosis . - Size slightly below the maximum for the species ; greatest length of skull 15.6 to 17.0 mm .; color dark . “ Description . - Topotypes are a dull sepia " ( Ridgway , 1912 ) above , the hairs with their basal three - fourths about " blackish brown " ; below much paler , the tips of the hairs pale cream - buff , their dark " plumbeous - black " bases showing through slightly except at the borders of the thighs , where the hairs are pale cream buff throughout . Specimens from La Palma , Michoacan , Mexico , average a very little browner than two examined from Guadalajara . One in worn pelage from Lake Atitlan , Guatemala , is not appreciably differ- ent from topotypes . Northward from central Mexico to Arizona there seems to be very little change in tint . A skin from Tamaulipas , Mexico , and others from Tucson and the Mexican border ( monument 77 ) of Arizona are scarcely distinguishable , and seem best referred to true velifer , while a series from Roosevelt County , Ariz . , con- tains specimens some few of which are nearly as pallid as in incautus , while one or two are about as dark as typical Mexican ex- amples , so that the series is taken to show that intergradation between the typical form and the eastern M. velifer incautus occurs in this region . Measurements . For measurements see tables , pages 94 and 96 . Ward ( 1904 ) presents a detailed study of the variations in pro- portions among a series of 167 bats of this species from Las Vegas , Vera Cruz . The forearm measurement averaged about 42 mm . Specimens examined . - Total number 372 , from the following localities : AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 91 ARIZONA : Big Sandy Creek , 3 skins , 16 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Ehrenburg , 1 skin , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Gila Bend , Maricopa County , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Huachuca Mountains , 1 skin ( F. M. ) , 2 alc . ( M. C. Z. ) ; Montezuma Well , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Nantan Plateau , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Roosevelt , 10 skins , 39 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Santa Rita Mountains , 1 skin ( F. M. ) ; Tucson , 1 skin , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Tucson , 20 miles southwest , 1 skin ( U. C. ) ; no exact locality , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . CALIFORNIA : Needles , 3 skins ( U. C. ) . DURANGO : Huasamota , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Rio Sestin , 2 skins ( A. M. N. H. ) ; San Gabriel , 11 alc . ( A. M. N. H. ) . " ECUADOR " : 2 alc . ( B. M. ) . GUANAJUATO : Guanajuato , 25 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . GUATEMALA : Lake Atitlan , Panajachel , 1 skin ( F. M. ) ; Ciudad Vieja , 5 alc . ( B. M. ) , 1 alc . ( U.S.M.C. ) ; Sierra Sta . Elena , 1 alc . ( F. M. ) . HIDALGO : Tulancingo , 1 skin , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . JALISCO : Atenquique , 12 skins ( A. M. N. H. ) ; Guadalajara , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) , 2 alc . ( B. M. ) , 3 skins including type ( A. M. N. M. ) ; Lake Zacoalco , 4 alc . ( Paris ) , cotypes of jaliscensis , examined by Miller in 1904 ; Las Canoas , 5 skins ( A. M. N. H. ) ; San Marcos , 1 alc . ( A. M. N. H. ) ; Tonila , 1 skin ( A. M. N. H. ) ; Zavala , 7 alc . ( A. M. N. H. ) . LOWER CALIFORNIA : San Bernardino Ranch , 4 skins , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . MEXICO STATE : Ixtlapalapa , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Lerma , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mexico , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Valley of Mexico , 2 alc . ( M. C. Z. ) . MICHOACAN : Acambaro , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; El Molino , 1 alc . ( B. M. ) ; Lake Chapala , La Palma , 17 skins , 72 alc . ( F. M. ) , 6 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Negrete , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Patzcuaro , 3 skins , 8 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) , 5 skins , 3 alc . ( F. M. ) . MORELOS : Morelos , 10 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . NEW MEXICO : Fort Wingate , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . OAXACA : Isthmus of Tehuantepec , 1 alc . ( B. M. ) ; Tehuantepec , 1 alc . ( B. M. ) . PUEBLA : Esperanza , 2 alc . ( F. M. ) . QUERETARO : Jalpan , 2 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . SAN LUIS POTOSI : Ahualulco , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Rio Verde , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . SONORA : San Bernardino Ranch , 4 skins , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . VERA CRUZ : Las Vegas , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Orizaba , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) . 5 skulls , 28 alc . ( F. M. ) , 4 alc . ( A. N. S. P. ) ; Xuchil , 2 alc . ( F. M. ) . ZACATECAS : Hacienda San Juan Capistrano , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) . Remarks . Typical Myotis velifer is widely distributed on the Mexican table - land . The most southern record seems to be that of a specimen from Lake Atitlan , Guatemala , altitude 5,150 feet . Skins from central and northern Mexico are fairly uniform in tint , showing little or no approach to the pallid form incautus until the Texas border is reached . A single skin from near sea - level at Soto La Marina , Tamaulipas , though not quite so dark as the average of true velifer is yet not so pallid as typical incautus . Others from northern Sonora ( San Bernardino Ranch at junction of the river of that name with the Cajon Bonito Creek ) on the Mexican boundary are nearly typical , as are also three others from Big Sandy Creek , in western 92 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Arizona , a skin from Tucson , Ariz . , and one each from the Huachuca Mountains and the Santa Rita Mountains of the southeastern part of that State . It is in eastern Arizona and western Texas that inter- gradation takes place with the pale form , incautus . In this region the range of variation in tint among individuals from one locality is sometimes so great that it would be possible without violence to assign the extremes of a series to one or other of the two forms . Thus of two excellent skins from near the junction of the Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers , Tex . , one is as dark as the average true velifer , while the other is as pale as typical incautus . Again , a series of 10 skins from Roosevelt , Ariz . , is about intermediate ; for while the darkest individuals are of nearly the same dark tone as typical velifer , the majority are paler , though none is quite as pallid as incautus . Since the two forms hardly differ except in tint , it is often not pos- sible to assign alcoholic specimens with certainty to either , but in doubtful cases we have been guided by the indications of the series of skins . There are two alcoholic specimens in the collection of the British Museum labelled " Ecuador , " that were received many years ago from the Fraser collection . These appear to be perfectly typical Myotis velifer , but since there is no exact locality given and no other specimens are known from any part of South America , it seems likely that there has been some mistake , and that the locality " Ecua- dor " was supplied by inference , since Louis Fraser's name is so com- monly associated with the zoology of that Republic . MYOTIS VELIFER INCAUTUS ( J. A. Allen ) Vespertilio sp . , J. A. ALLEN , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 8 , p . 71 , April 22 , 1896 . Vespertilio incautus J. A. ALLEN , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 8 , p . 239 , November 21 , 1896. - MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 307 , December 27 , 1901 . V [ espertilio ] albescens ? H. ALLEN , in Miller , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 59 , October 16 , 1897 ( Texas specimens ) . Myotis velifer MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 56 , October 16 , 1897 ( part ) . STRECKER , Check - List Mamm . Texas , The Baylor Bulletin , Baylor University , Waco , Texas , vol . 29 , No. 3 , p . 9. August , 1926 . Myotis incautus MILLER , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 15 , p . 155 , June 20 , 1902.-J. A. ALLEN , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 19 , p . 611 , November 12 , 1903. - MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 31 , p . 121 , August 27 , 1903. — TrouessarT , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 92 , 1904.— BAILEY , North Amer . Fauna , No. 25 , p . 209 , October 24 , 1905. - ELLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , zool . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 473 , 1905. HOWELL , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 22 , p . 46 , March 10 , 1909. - MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 54 , December 31 , 1912 ; List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U , S. Nat . Mus ., No. 128 , p . 67 , April 29 , 1924. - STRECKER , Check - List Mamm . Texas , The Baylor Bulletin , Baylor University , Waco , Texas , vol . 29 , No. 3 , p . 9 , August , 1926 . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 93 Type locality - San Antonio , Bexar County , Tex . Type specimen . - Adult male , skin and skull , No. 4 Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , collected at San Antonio , Tex . , October 10 , 1896 , by H. P. Attwater . Distribution . - Open arid country from Texas and New Mexico northeastward to Kansas ; south in Mexico as far as Durango . ( See map 4 , p . 87. ) Diagnosis . - Size maximum for the species and for the American members of the genus ( pl . 1 , p . 7 , fig . 4 ) ; greatest length of skull 15.8 to 17.6 mm .; color pallid . Description . - Compared with that of true Myotis velifer the fur of M. v . incautus is usually of a much paler tint in mature animals . A paratype is nearly " tawny olive , " with the bases of the hairs not quite so dark as in M. velifer velifer ; below , the pale tips of the hairs are a trifle clearer , essentially the cartridge buff of Ridgway ( 1912 ) . Measurements . - For measurements see tables , pages 95 and 96 . Specimens examined . Total number 80 , from the following locali- ties : KANSAS : Medicine Lodge , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Sun City , 11 skins , 7 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . NEW MEXICO : Carlsbad , 14 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) . OKLAHOMA : Cache Creek , Comanche County , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Fort Reno , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . TAMAULIPAS : Soto la Marina , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) . TEXAS : East Painted Cave , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Japonica , 2 skins , 5 alc . ( U. S. N. M. ) ; Lampasas , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Langtry , 2 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; New Braunfels , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Pecos River mouth , 4 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; San Antonio , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) , 4 skins , including type ( A , M. N. H. ) ; Sonora , 10 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Toyahvale ( Davis Mountains ) , 7 alc . ( U. M. ) ; Uvalde , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . UTAH : Thistle Valley , 2 alc . , young ( U.S.N.M. ) . MYOTIS VELIFER PENINSULARIS Miller Myotis peninsularis MILLER , Ann . and Mag . Nat . Hist . , ser . 7 , vol . 2 , p . 124 , August , 1898. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , p . 1285 , 1899. - MILLER and REHN , Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist . , vol . 30 , p . 255 , December 27 , 1901.- ELLIOT , Land and Sea Mamm . Middle Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 95 , zool . ser . , vol . 4 , p . 573 , 1904. - TROUESSART , Catal . Mamm . viv . foss . , suppl . , p . 92 , 1904. - ELLIOT , Check List Mamm . North Amer . , Field Columb . Mus . , publ . 105 , zool . ser . , vol . 6 , p . 475 , 1905. - MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 55 , December 31 , 1912 ; List North Amer . Recent Mamm , 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 67 , April 29 , 1924 . Type locality . - San José del Cabo , Lower California , Mexico . Type specimen . - Adult female , skin and skull , No. 98.3.1.59 British Museum ( Natural History ) , collected at San José del Cabo , Lower California , Mexico , August 12 , 1896 , by Loye Miller . Dane Coolidge collection , No. 718 . 94 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Distribution . - Southern end of the Lower California peninsula . ( See map 4 , p . 87. ) Diagnosis . - Size minimum for the species ; forearm usually less than 40 mm .; greatest length of skull 14.2 to 15.6 mm .; color pallid . Color . - Two color phases are exhibited in the original series : One duller , the other more intense ; the duller specimens are not dis- tinguishable except by size from dull specimens of the large Myotis velifer incautus , but the brighter - colored individuals are more red- dish above , approaching " clay color . " Skull and teeth . - Except for their smaller size , the skull and teeth are counterparts of those of typical Myotis velifer . Masurements . - For measurements see tables , pages 95 and 97 . Specimens examined . Total number 25 , from the following localities : - LOWER CALIFORNIA : La Paz , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Miraflores , 5 skins ( A. M. N. H. ) ; San José del Cabo , 5 skins ( B. M. ) , 5 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Santa Anita , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Santiago , 6 skins ( C. A. ) . Remarks . It was supposed at first that " the extremely short tail of the new species , " Myotis peninsularis , was " its most strongly marked character , " as seemed to be indicated by the collector's flesh measurements . But this apparent peculiarity was doubtless due to some peculiar way of measuring , for in alcoholic specimens of the animal no such feature appears ( ratio of tail to head and body in 4 specimens in alcohol 82.2 , as compared with 81.9 in 10 from Vera Cruz and 79.9 in 10 from Arizona ) . One skin in the original series ( 93553 U.S.N.M. ) is albinistic with a considerable sprinkling of white hairs on the nape and especially on the lower back and the sides , where a noticeable patch of white is seen just behind each shoulder . External measurements of Myotis velifer Locality Number Myotis velifer velifer Arizona : Roosevelt . Do .. 212073 212074 Do .. Do. Do. 212075 212087 212096 Do. 212098 Do. 212104 Do. 212105 Do. 212106 Do .. 212107 44.4 36.2 16.2 51.8 42.4 16. 2 51.8 42. 2 18.0 8.2 40.4 8.8 42.2 9.4 42.4 50.8 38.4 17.6 47.0 41.2 17.2 52.0 38.0 16.8 48.6 42. 4 17.0 49.8 42.0 17.8 50.0 41.6 17.6 47 , 4 38.4 16.4 9.0 42.6 8.6 41.6 9.2 40.6 8.8 42.4 8.4 43.0 9.0 43.0 8.2 40.4 6.8 37.0 35. 4 14.8 12.2 9.4 7.4 39.0 37.8 14.0 12.8 9.0 7.2 39.4 37.4 14.8 11.2 7.4 38.6 37.0 14.6 12.6 9.4 8.4 7.0 37.2 35.8 14. 4 11.4 9.0 6.6 38.0 36. 2 15. 2 12.0 9.8 7.2 38.0 36.0 14.0 12. 2 9.2 7.2 40.0 38.0 15.0 12.0 9.0 6.4 38.4 37.0 14.6 13.0 10.0 6.8 ) 38.8 36.2 13.6 11,8 8.4 Бона б бааб б AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 95 External measurements of Myotis velifer - Continued Locality Number Do ... Do ... Do ... Myotis velifer velifer- Continued Jalisco : Lake Zacoalco . 1 Paris Paris Paris Paris Michoacan : Lake Chapala , La 8503 F. M. Palma Do .. 8504 Do .. 8505 Do ... 8507 Do .. 8509 Do ... 8512 Do .. 8577 Do .. 8578 Do. 15847 Do. 15848 Do .. Do ... Do .. Do .. Do ... Do .... Do ..------- Do ... 14528 14612 14616 14526 14611 14521 . 14505 14530 14533 9009999101010 10910101010999 1001089 52.0 42.0 18. 0 50.0 40.0 16.4 53.0 42.0 17.4 51.0 41.0 16.6 7.8 44.0 7.4 8.0 42.0 7.0 8.0 42.6 7.6 8.8 43.6 8.0 16.0 13.0 10.4 15.0 12.4 11.0 16.6 13.6 10.2 15.0 12.6 10.4 Vera Cruz : Orizaba Do ... 14607 F. M. 52.4 46.0 19.0 52.2 46.6 17.0 9.6 44.2 54.2 42.4 18.0 9.2 46.0 51.4 41.6 17.2 10.0 45.0 50.0 39.0 17.0 10.6 42.4 54.0 44.0 18.4 10.0 46.4 54.2 39.6 18.0 8.4 45.6 50.0 43.4 18.2 9.8 47.0 52.2 39.0 18.0 8.4 43. 2 53.0 41.0 17.4 9.6 45.6 51.0 38.0 17.2 9.2 44.0 50.0 47.0 18.0 9.0 44.8 52.0 45.0 17.6 9.0 45.4 48.8 41.0 17.6 9.2 44.2 50.4 44.6 18.0 10.0 45 , 6 7.2 42.4 40.8 15.6 11.4 10.0 7.4 41.2 39.6 14.0 11.0 8.2 9.0 41.8 40.4 15.2 11.8 10.2 7.2 40.0 37.6 15.8 12. 6 9.8 7.0 40.8 39.2 16.0 13.0 10.0 7.2 40.2 38.8 15. 2 12.8 9.0 8.0 40.4 38.0 15.0 10.8 8.8 7.4 41.4 39.6 15.0 12.0 7.0 40.2 38.0 14.2 12.0 8.0 42.0 41.0 15.6 13. 2 9.4 9.0 9.6 51.0 45.0 17.6 50.2 40.4 18.0 10.0 45.4 47.4 39.0 18.0 8.8 45.0 51.0 39.8 16.8 8.8 43.4 44.2 38.0 17.2 9.4 44.0 7.6 40.2 38.4 14.2 12.0 8.6 6.8 42.0 40.2 15.0 13.0 9.2 8.0 40.4 38.0 14.6 11.0 10.0 7.6 40.8 38.0 14.4 12.0 9.4 9.0 44.0 9.4 45.0 7.0 41.0 39.0 14.6 12.6 7.4 41.8 40.0 15.4 12. 6 7.2 41.8 39.4 14.0 12.0 9.4 7.2 42.2 40.8 15.2 13.6 10.4 7.4 40.2 38.0 13.8 11.0 8.2 7.8 38.0 36.0 15.0 11.6 9.6 9.4 9.0 Myotis velifer incantus 53,8 46.8 18.0 47.8 42.0 18.4 52.4 39.6 17.0 53.0 42.6 18.4 48.0 41.0 17.4 53,0 38.0 18.0 53.2 41.2 17.8 8.6 45.4 9.0 46.2 9.0 44.6 9.0 46.0 9.2 43.6 9.8 47.0 8.6 47.0 50.0 43.2 18.2 10.2 45.6 51.2 43.4 18.4 10.0 46.0 48.4 43.4 19.4 10.2 46.6 51.4 40.2 18.0 10.0 43.0 49.0 46.0 18.0 8.0 43.8 52.0 36.0 18.4 9.6 43.8 7.2 42.4 40.8 13.4 11.4 9.0 8.0 43.0 41.4 14.6 12.0 10.0 7.6 41.2 39.0 13.0 11.6 11.0 7.6 43.0 40.2 15.0 12.0 9.4 8.0 40.8 39.0 14.8 12.0 9.2 7.6 43.0 40.4 15.0 12.0 10.2 6.8 42.0 40.0 14.0 11.4 9.0 8.4 42.4 41.0 15.4 12.4 11.4 7.6 41.8 40.0 15.6 11.6 10.0 8.0 42.6 41.6 14.2 12.0 8.8 7.8 40.2 38. 0 14.6 12.0 10.0 7.0 41.0 39.4 15. 2 12.8 10.2 7.0 39.0 37.4 14. 8 11. 6 9.0 ૦૦૧ ૧,૦૦,૧૧૧૦ 880 Kanges : Sun City . 203949 Do. 203950 Do ... 203951 Do .. 203952 Do ... 203953 Do .. 203954 Do .. 203955 Oklahoma : Fort Reno .. 19150 Do .... 19151 Do ... 19152 Teras : East Painted Cave .... 23595 Lampasss ... 233729 Uvalde . 230750 Myotis velifer peninsu- laris Lower California : Santa Anita . 148359 Do ... 148360 Do .. 148362 La Paz .. 13687 San Jose del Cabo . 93551 Do ..... 93552 Do .. 93553 Do .. 93554 Do .. 93555 Santiago 2698 C. A. Do. Do ... Do .. Do .. De ... 2699 2700 2701 2703 2704 46.0 38.2 15.4 8.0 39.2 45.0 40.8 16.0 9.0 40.6 48.0 40.4 15.0 8.0 40.0 49.8 35.8 15.0 7.6 37.2 46.0 31.0 17.0 7.6 39. 2 55.0 40.4 16.6 7.8 38.4 44.8 32.0 16.4 8.0 39. 8 50.4 29.4 15.4 8.2 38.4 52.2 33.2 16.4 8.0 39. 0 16.0 8.4 15.0 7.8 37.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 36.4 34.2 14.6 11.8 6.2 37.0 35. 4 14.8 12.0 6.6 37.0 35.0 15.4 12.0 9.2 5.2 34.0 31.8 14.2 10.4 8.2 6.0 36.2 33.4 6.0 35.2 34. 0 6.6 36.8 33. 8 5.6 35.2 32.6 15.6 8.4 38.6 6.2 37.4 35.0 6.6 36.0 6.6 34.0 32.4 6.6 36.0 33.6 16.4 7.8 39.4 6.2 35.6 33. 2 17.0 16.4 8.4 39.6 8.4 39.4 6.6 35.6 34.0 6.8 36.6 34.8 5005558005855∞∞ 1 Cotypes of Myotis californicus falixensis ; measured by Miller in 1904 . 96 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Cranial measurements of Myotis velifer Locality Number Myotis velifer velifer Arizona : Huachuca Mountains . Big Sandy Creek . Roosevelt Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Nantan Plateau . Lower California : San Bernardino Ranch . Michoacan : Do. Do .. La Palma . Do. Do. Do. Do Do. Do Patzcuaro . Do. Do Do. Do. Do. Do .. Zacatecas : San Juan Capistrano . - Do .. Jalisco : Guadalajara . Do .. Vera Cruz : Orizaba . Do Do. Xuchil Guatemala : Sex Greatest length Condylobasal length Zygomatic breadth Interorbital constriction Breadth of brain case Occipital depth Mandible Maxillary tooth row Maxillary breadth at mi Mandibular tooth row Wear of teeth 1066 F. M. O 2 118311 U.S.N.M. 212203 16.0 15.0 212205 16.0 15.4 10.2 212206 Q 212207 Q 16.2 15.4 10.4 16.0 15.0 10.6 212208 212209 212210 212211 212212 212716 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 + 16.0 15.2 15.6 15.0 15.6 14.8 16.0 15.2 15.6 15 . 222 ggg 0000 100 00 có cả ng 443 8880 4.0 7.4 3.8 7.4 4642 2223 22 5.4 12.4 8880∞∞ 08 080 212 3.8 7.2 5.8 12.6 6.4 4.0 7.4 5.8 12.4 3.6 7.6 6.0 12.0 5.6 11.8 8860 6.0 00 5 бона б б б бахо ба 55 4444 17.0 16.0 11.0 20 10.0 16.9 16 . 10.4 6 12 086600∞∞0 00 00 00 260 24 88 ∞∞∞ONNNNNNNN NN NN 800 220 0880 60 00 có có có có có có có có có có có có có NN 28000∞∞ 80 + ∞∞2 8- 00 16 . 10.4 4.0 17.0 16 . 11.2 Q 16. 2 16.0 11.0 4.0 0000 6080 8 80 - 15.8 15.2 ……… .. 33 6.0 12.0 16.2 15.4 10.4 4.0 7.4 5.6 12.2 6. 4 3.6 7.4 2022 180 600000100030002 Non ~~ 222EEE 2 2NONNN 522 40B46000000 DO 6.6 888 SO 44 22 00 1700 86 8608 ỏ có có có có có có có có có có có có có có CƠ N CÓ 406 268 88 222 222222222222222 2222 22222 6.6 10 88 6.8 6.6 6.4 26 1 ∞ ∞∞∞∞66 ~ ~ NNNNNNON76 6.6 7.0 7.0 6.6 7.0 7.0 6.4 ! 1 12212 . OOOO - 0008008 760 880 110 62222ENG N NENNEN 20 1310 22 80 26 22 N222 2222 0001011 111000 22 6202022 2 OOOOO2 6.8 0 7.0 1 No exact locality . Sierra Sta . Elena Myotis velifer incautus Kansas : Medicine Lodge 36571 U.S.N.M. 15957 F. M. Sun City Do. Do Do Do. Do. Do Do. Do Do. Do Oklahoma : Fort Reno . Do. Do .. New Mexico : Carlsbad . Do Do. Do. 899 % 10103 10 10 10 10401010 1995 16. 2 16.0 10.6 4.0 16.0 15.8 10.8 8.0 6.0 12.6 4.0 16.4 16.0 10.6 4.0 17.0 16.4 11.0 4.0 7.8 6.0 12 , 2 7.6 6.0 12.2 8.0 5.8 12.8 16.6 15.8 10.6 4.0 7.6 6.0 12.4 17.6 16.6 11.2 4.0 8.0 6.4 13.0 222222 6 6.6 6.8 7.1 6.8 7.0 6.8 220 8700 110102120332 77002 ~ O ~~ 220 429 0808 16.8 16.6 11.0 4.0 8.0 6.0 13.0 6.6 7.1 16.8 16.0 11.0 4.0 8.0 6.4 12.8 6.8 17.0 15.8 11.0 4.0 16.8 16.0 11.0 3.8 16.8 16.0 10.8 16.2 15.8 OR ONG ON 808 669 820 11.0 FF F8 20 444 44 828 200 16.0 15.0 10.2 4.0 0000 7.0 16.0 10.8 16. 2 16.0 11.0 16.0 15. 10. 2 4444 0020 280 ထံ ထံ တံ ထံ ထံ ထံ ထံ ထံ 6.0 12.6 6.8 6 4 12 800 800 220 222222 222 8888 0000 0808 6.8 ÖÓ NÓ ÓÓÓÓ 86 980 2994 ONONHOOLOQOT AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 97 Cranial measurements of Myotis velifer — Continued Locality Number Myotis velifer incautus— Continued New Mexico - Continued . Carlsbad ... 244456 Do .. 109210 Do .. 109211 Do .. 109212 Do .. 109213 Do. 224454 Do .. 244457 Do .. 244458 Do .. 244459 10 10 10 10 10 10 + 0 + 0 Texas : San Antonio . 113667 Langtry . 126277 Do ... 126276 Mouth of Pecos River .. 49329 Tamaulipas : Soto la Marina 116606 obobo 16.2 15.6 10.4 3.8 7.8 5.8 12.0 6.6 7.0 7.2 16.6 15.6 10.4 4.0 7.8 6.0 12.6 6.8 7.2 7.0 15.8 15.2 10.2 4.0 8.0 6.0 12.0 6.6 7.0 7.0 16.7 15.8 11.0 4.0 7.8 5.8 6.6 7.0 16.0 15.4 10.6 4.0 7.8 6.2 12.2 6.4 7.0 7.0 16.0 15.0 10.2 4.2 7.8 6.0 12.0 6.2 6.8 6.8 16.6 15.8 10.2 4.0 7.8 5.8 12.6 6.6 6.8 7.0 16.4 15.8 10.6 4.0 8.0 5.8 12.8 6.6 6.8 15.8 15.2 10.0 3.8 7.6 5.6 12.0 6.4 6.8 7.0 16.1 15.0 4.0 7.6 6.0 12.0 16.0 15.4 4.0 7.6 6.0 12.2 16.2 15.6 10. 8 4.0 7.8 6.0 12.8 16.4 6.0 10.8 4.2 8.0 5.8 12.6 6.6 6.7 7.0 6.8 7.0 7.0 6.8 7.0 7.2 16.8 15.8 11.0 4.0 8.0 5.8 12.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.2 21112TILO 6.6 6.8 7.0 0331T Myotis velifer peninsularis Lower California : La Paz . 38600 14.2 13. 6 9.4 3.6 7.0 5.2 11.0 6.0 6. 1 6.2 Santa Anita . 148359 Do ... 148360 Do .. 148362 15.0 14.2 14.8 14.2 10.0 3.8 7.2 15.4 14.8 10.0 3.8 3.6 7.0 5.2 11.2 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.4 11.2 6.0 6. 1 6.4 7.2 5.8 11.6 6.2 6.5 6.6 San José del Cabo . 93552 Do .. 93553 Do. 93554 Do .. Do. Do. 93555 93551 98.3.1.20 B.M. Do .. 21 Do .. 22 Do .. 23 Do .. 24 Santiago . 2698. C. A. Do .. Do. 2699 2700 Do .. 2701 Do. 2703 Do .. 2704 ббааб 5 ббас ббббаа 15.6 14.2 10.0 3.6 7.2 5.4 11.8 6.2 6.5 6.4 15.0 14.6 9.8 3.6 7.0 5.6 11.6 6.0 6.3 6.4 14.6 13.8 9.2 3.4 7.0 5.2 11.2 6.0 6.3 6.4 15.4 14.8 10.2 3.6 7.2 5.6 12.0 6.0 6.4 6.4 15.0 14.0 9.6 3.6 7.2 5.4 11.4 6.2 6.2 6.6 14.8 14.2 9.4 3.6 7.0 5.6 11.2 6.0 6.6 6.4 15.0 14.4 9.8 3.6 7.0 5.4 11.6 6.2 6.4 6.6 14.2 9.0 15.0 14.2 9.8 3.8 7.2 3.8 7.0 6.2 5.2 11.2 6.0 6.5 6.4 0 5.4 11.2 1000LLONIL HO 1 6.5 6.6 15.0 14.0 3.4 7.0 5.2 11.2 6.0 6.4 6.4 1 15.6 14.6 9.8 3.6 7.2 5.2 12.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 1 15.2 14.6 9.6 3.6 7.0 5.0 11.4 6.2 6.2 6.6 1 15.2 14.4 10.0 3.8 7.0 5.4 11.4 6.2 6.4 6.8 1 15. 4 14.6 9.8 3.6 7.2 5.2 12.0 6.2 6.2 6.6 15.6 14.8 10.0 3.6 7.0 5.4 12.0 6.4 6.6 15.6 14.8 10.0 3.8 7.0 7.2 5.6 11.6 6.2 6.6 7.0 1 MYOTIS OCCULTUS Hollister Myotis lucifugus longicrus MILLER , North Amer . Fauna , No. 13 , p . 65 , October 16 , 1897 ( part ; one of the two specimens listed from San Francisco Mountain , Arizona ) . Myotis sp . , J. A. ALLEN , Bull . Amer . Mus . Nat . Hist . , vol . 22 , p . 235 , July 25 , 1906 ( Sinaloa ) . Myotis occultus HOLLISTER , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 22 , p . 43 , March 10 , 1909. - MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus ., No. 79 , p . 55 , December 31 , 1912.-J. GRINNELL , Proc . California Acad . Sci . , ser . 4 , vol . 3 , p . 276 , August 28 , 1913 ; Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 12 , p . 263 , March 20 , 1914. - ELLIOT , Check - List Mamm . North Amer . , suppl . , p . 155 , 1917.-H. W. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 17 , p . 261 , January 31 , 1918.-J. GRINNELL , Univ . California Publ . Zool . , vol . 21 , p . 314 , January 27 , 1923. - MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 68 , April 29 , 1924 . Myotis baileyi HOLLISTER , Proc . Biol . Soc . Washington , vol . 22 , p . 44 , March 10 , 1909 ( Ruidosa , New Mexico ) .- MILLER , List North Amer . Land Mamm . 1911 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 79 , p . 55 , December 31 , 1912. - ELLIOT , Check 98 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM List . Mamm . North Amer . , suppl . , p . 154 , 1917. - MILLER , List North Amer . Recent Mamm . 1923 , Bull . U. S. Nat . Mus . , No. 128 , p . 67 , April 29 , 1924 . Myotis bayleyi LYDEKKER , Zool . Record , 1909 , Mammalia , p . 59 , 1910 ( misprint ) . Type locality . - West side of the Colorado River , 10 miles above Needles , San Bernardino County , Calif . Type specimen . - Adult male , skin and skull , No. 137098 United States National Museum ( Biological Survey collection ) , collected on the west side of the Colorado River , 10 miles above Needles , Calif . , May 14 , 1905 , by N. Hollister . Original No. 2237 . off MAP 5. - DISTRIBUTION OF MYOTIS OCCULTUS Distribution . - From central and southwestern New Mexico , across the southern half of Arizona southwestward on the Mexican high- lands as far at least as southern Sinaloa . Diagnosis . - Size and general external characters about as in Myotis velifer peninsularis ( average ratio of tail to head and body in 7 specimens , 81.8 ) , but color strongly ochraceous and hairs of back with obviously burnished tips which impart to the fur a gloss like that present in M. lucifugus ; skull with rostrum even more enlarged rela- tively to area of brain case than in M. velifer ( compare figs . 8 and 6 of pl . 1 , p . 7 ) ; brain case lower and more flattened than in M. lucifugus lucifugus , not higher and narrower as in M. velifer ; cheek AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 99 teeth enlarged as in M. velifer , but small premolars showing an obvi- ous tendency toward crowding and elimination . Ears , membranes , and feet . The general features of external form do not differ appreciably from those of Myotis velifer . Average ratio of foot to tibia in 10 specimens , 51.9 . Fur and color . - The fur is more full and soft than that of Myotis velifer , its quality essentially as in M. lucifugus . Tips of hairs on upper surface of body distinctly burnished . Color above bright ochraceous tawny . Below ochraceous buff , sometimes with a grayish tinge ; bases of the hairs both above and below blackish - slate . Ears and membranes brownish . This phase is brightest in the series of six skins from near Yuma , in the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology , University of California . A duller , olive phase essentially like the ordinary coloring of typical Myotis lucifugus also occurs in specimens from parts of Arizona and New Mexico . Immature individuals may be nearly wood - brown above , and grayish below . The ears and membranes of some indi- viduals are blackish . Skull . — The skull is well differentiated from that of any other American species of Myotis by the combination of low , flattened brain case and enlarged rostrum . When the skull is viewed from above ( pl . 1 , p . 7 , fig . 8 ) the area of the rostrum as compared with that of the brain case is greater than in any other American member of the genus yet discovered . This character is obvious when the skull is compared with that of Myotis velifer ( pl . 1 , p . 7 , fig . 6 ) ; it is very conspicuous on comparison with M. lucifugus ( pl . 1 , p . 7 , fig . 12 ) and still more so on comparison with M. volans , one race of which occurs in the same region as M. occultus and bears a super- ficial external resemblance to it . Breadth of rostrum across canines decidedly greater than interorbital constriction . Distance from an- terior border of alveolus of inner incisor to narrowest region of interorbital constriction frequently exceeding that from narrowest part of constriction to lambda . Sagittal crest always present in adults but rarely as high as in average specimens of Myotis velifer . Teeth - The larger cheek teeth of Myotis occultus present the same feature of unusual robustness which characterizes those of M. velifer and distinguishes these two species from the other American mem- bers of the genus . Secondary cusps and ridges as in Myotis velifer . The small premolars are peculiar in the tendency which they show toward crowding and elimination . The second premolar in the upper jaw ( p³ ) , rarely found to be missing in other American Myotis , is more often absent than not ( seventeen times in 24 speci- mens ) ; and if it is present , it is usually pushed out of the tooth row into the angle between the first and fourth premolars , where it is not visible in side view . In the lower jaw the second premolar is nor- 100 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM mally present ( lacking on both sides in 2 out of 24 skulls ) , but it is crowded inward from the tooth row , or sometimes stands quite in the row though closely pressed between the two other premolars . Measurements . - For measurements see tables , pages 100 and 101 . Specimens examined . Total number 27 , from the following locali- ties : ARIZONA : Fort Verde , 1 skin ( A.M.N.H. ) ; Fort Whipple , 1 skin ( U.S. N.M. ) ; Lakeside , 3 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Mojave Desert , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M ) ; Montezuma Well , 1 skin ( U.S.N.M. ) ; San Francisco Mountain , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) . CALIFORNIA : Imperial County , ten miles above Needles , 1 skin , 1 alc . ( U.S.N.M. ) , type of occultus ; 4 miles south of Potholes , 1 skin ( U.C. ) ; 5 miles northeast of Yuma , 5 skins ( U.C. ) . NEW MEXICO : Luna , 3 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Ruidosa , 1 skin , type of baileyi , 2 alc , ( U.S.N.M. ) ; Zuni Mts . , Bear Ridge , 4 skins ( U.S.N.M. ) . SINALOA : Escuinapa , 1 skin ( A.M.N.H. ) . Remarks . - The combination of large rostrum , flattened brain case and burnished fur differentiates Myotis occultus very sharply from other American species . Unusually robust cheek teeth are also found in M. velifer but in this animal the brain case is high and the rostrum is less enlarged . Elimination of the second upper unicuspid tooth is here more frequent than in any other known Americar . species . Externally Myotis occultus differs from M. velifer in the glossy fur , ochraceous color of the back , and conspicuously buff underparts . The series of specimens now available shows that the characters which Hollister regarded as distinguishing Myotis baileyi from M. occultus lie within the range of individual variation . External measurements of Myotis occultus Locality Number Sex Head and Tail body Tibia Foot New Mexico : Ruidosa .. Do. 1 125787 125788 Do. 125789 Luna ... 158583 Do. 158584 Do. 158585 Zuni Mountains .. 160073 Do ... 160074 Do ... 160076 Do .. 160077 Arizona : Lakeside . 209917 Do .. 209918 Do. Montezuma Well . San Francisco Mountain .. 209919 214686 18695 California : Needles .. Do .. 90 1101088 109880889101010 45.0 49.0 32.8 14.4 49.0 32.8 17.0 17.4 44.0 40.6 16.4 46.0 35.0 16.4 49.8 29.6 16.0 49.0 34.0 16.0 8.6 40.6 9.2 37.0 8.0 38.4 7.8 38.0 8.2 36.4 37.0 8.0 39.4 7.0 37.6 36.0 7.0 36.0 34.8 14.6 11.2 9.0 7.4 34.0 34.0 14.4 11.8 9.4 6.6 33.0 31.4 6.0 33.0 31.0 6.0 34.0 33.8 6.8 37.0 34.8 49.8 33.6 17.2 8.0 39.0 6.0 37.0 34.0 45.0 32.6 17.2 49.0 8.0 7.0 35.6 35.0 17.0 8.6 6.4 36.0 35.0 45.4 37.4 17.0 47.8 37.0 17.0 137461 2 137098 48.8 38.2 16.6 50.4 32.0 15.6 48.0 39.0 16.8 44.0 33.8 14.6 43.8 39.2 16.0 1 Type of Myotis baileyi Hollister . 9.0 36. 6 8.0 33.0 6.2 36.0 33.6 14.8 12.4 9.6 6.6 37.0 35.8 15.0 12.4 10.0 15.0 12.2 9.8 7.0 36.0 6.2 34.8 33.0 6.8 35.6 34.4 14.4 10.6 9.2 6.0 34.0 31.6 14.4 12.0 9.8 6.2 33.2 31.8 11.2 10.6 9.0 2 Type . 8.2 40.2 9.0 40.4 9.0 39.8 7.8 36.2 8.0 39.4 Forearm Thumb Third meta- carpal Fifth meta- carpal Ear from meatus Ear from crown Width of ear AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 101 Cranial measurements of Myotis occultus Locality Number Sex Greatest length Condylobasal length Zygomatic breadth Interorbital constriction Breadth of brain case Occipital depth Mandible Maxillary tooth- row Maxillary breadth at ma Mandibular tooth row Wear of teeth New Mexico : Luna .. Do .. Do. Ruidosa .. Do .. Do. Zuni Mountains . Do ... Do .... Do .... Arizona : Fort Verde . Lakeside .. Do .. Do .. Montezuma Well .. San Francisco Moun- tain . California : Needles . Do. Near Yuma . Do .. Do. Do .. Do .. Potholes .. 158583 U.S.N.M. 158584 158585 1 125787 125788 125789 160073 160074 160076 160077 2451 bis A.M.N.H. 209917 U.S.N.M. 209918 209919 214686 38905 2137098 137461 10703 U.C. 10704 10705 10706 10707 10702 Бобб ба аббою б баааааа 15.2 14.2 3.9 7.5 5.0-11.0 6.0 6.2 6.2 15.3 14.4 . 4.0 7.2 4.9 1.2 6.1 6.0 6.5 15.0 14.6 3.8 7.0 5.0 11.6 6.0 6.4 6.8 15.6 15.0 10.0 4.0 7.6 5.4 11.6 6.0.6.6 6.8 15.4 15.0 10.0 4.0 7.4 5.4 11.6 6.0 6.4 6.4 15.0 14.2 9.4 3.8 7.1 5.0 11.2 6.0 6.4 6.4 ' 10.1 3.9 16.0 15.4 10.5 3.8 7.5 5.2 15.8 15.0 10.4 4.0 7.8 15.4 14.6 15. 1 16.0 15.0 15.2 14.4 3.9 12.3 6 : 46.87.0 12.2 6.4 6.6 7.0 12.2 6.4 6.6 ° ZO 5.2 12.6 6.6 6.8 - Z.L 11.4 6.0 6.0 6 12 . 00000N3VI8 12220 9.8 3.6 7.2 5.0 11.9 6.0 6.2 6.3 2 9.5 3.7 7.3 5.0 11.8 5.8 6.2 6.5 4.0 7.4 5.3 12.0 6.0 6.2 6.7 9.3 3.9 7.5 5.0 11.2 5.6 5.8 6.1 16.0 15.0 10.0 4.2 7.6 5.0 11.8 6.2 6.6 6.8 15.0 14.6 9.6 4.0 7.0 4.9 15.0 14.0 10.0 3.9 7.3 5.0 11.2 5.8 6.4 6.2 11.0 5.6 6.2 6.2 11.4 6.3 6.0 6.5 1 Type of Myotis baileyi Hollister . 9.8 4.0 15.7 15.0 10.4 4.0 7.6 5.2 11.6 6.3 5.8 6.5 15.0 14.5 9.8 3.9 7.4 5.2 11.3 6.3 5.9 6.4 15.6 14.7 9.74.1 7.5 5.0 11.7 6.4 5.8 6.2 15.4 14.8 10.0 4.0 7.5 5.1 11.2 6.2 5.9 6.2 15.4 14.6 10.0 3.8 7.5 5.1 11.6 6.3 5.7 6.4 MYOTIS KEENII ( Merriam ) ( Synonymy under subspecies ) 1 Туре . 11021221 Distribution - Northern North America from the limits of tree growth south in the east to South Carolina and Arkansas , and in the west to northwestern Washington . Diagnosis . Size and general appearance much as in Myotis luci- fugus , but tail relatively longer ( average ratio of tail to head and body in 8 specimens from eastern Canada , 85.3 ; in 8 from New York , 89.4 ; in 5 from Missouri , 87.4 ; and in 5 from the Northwest Coast 85.7 ) ; ear actually longer ( height from meatus usually 15.6 to 17.0 mm . ) , extending slightly beyond tip of nose when laid forward ; tragus more slender ; foot about half as long as tibia instead of ob- viously more than half as long ; forearm usually 35 to 38 mm .; skull more slender than that of M. lucifugus ( compare pl . 1 , p . 7 , figs . 15 and 14 ) , its greatest length ranging from 14.8 to 15.6 mm .; sagittal crest occasionally present ; maxillary tooth row about 6 mm . in length and slightly exceeding the greatest width of palate including molars . Ears . - The ears are narrower and longer than in Myotis lucifugus ; when laid forward they reach about 4 mm . beyond the nose ( alcoholic specimens ) . Tragus long , the distance from its inner base to tip about 47 per cent of total height of ear ( 8:17 mm . ) ; its inner margin 102 BULLETIN 144 , UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM straight , its outer edge with a small rounded basal lobe , succeeded by a shallow notch , above which it is nearly straight to the acute tip . Wing and membranes . - Wing membranes from the base of the toes . Metacarpals 3 , 4 , and 5 practically equal in length ( in an ab- normal individual me 4 of the right side is 2 mm . shorter than 3 and 5 ) . When folded , the third metacarpal falls 2 mm . short of the elbow . Fourth and fifth fingers of nearly equal length ; taking the third finger as 100 , the fourth is 84 , and the fifth is 82 ( 61 : 52:51 mm :) . The edge of the uropatagium is essentially bare , though with the aid of a lens , a few short hairs may sometimes be MAP 6. - DISTRIBUTION OF MYOTIS KEENII : 1 , M. KEENII KEENII ; 2 , M. KEENII SEPTENTRIONALIS seen at irregular intervals , along its border , occurring singly , and never forming a fringe . Terminal caudal vertebra and most of the penultimate vertebra free from membrane . Foot . The foot is usually a little more than half the length of the tibia ; in 6 specimens from the Pacific coast the ratio of foot to tibia averages 51.2 ; in 10 from the northeastern part of the animal's range it averages 50.4 ; and in a series containing the same number from Illinois , Indiana , Wisconsin , Tennessee , and Missouri it aver- ages 50.5 ; in exceptional individuals it falls as low as 45.2 . Calcar long , slightly thickened at the base , terminating in a small lobule situated about one - half the distance from the foot to the tip of tail . AMERICAN BATS OF THE GENERA MYOTIS AND PIZONYX 103 Fur and color . - Pelage fine and full , the longest hairs on the back about 9 mm . in length . The quality and distribution of the fur are essentially as in Myotis lucifugus , but the longer hairs tend to be less burnished ; consequently the back is usually less glossy , a char- acter not always obvious in single specimens but quite apparent when series of skins of the two animals are compared . The general color approximates that of two of the races of Myotis lucifugus - the typical form in the east , and M. lucifugus alascensis on the northwest coast . Skull . — The skull is narrower in proportion to its length than that of Myotis lucifugus , so that the distance from the last molar to the tip of the hamular process exceeds the distance between the last molars instead of equalling it as it does in M. lucifugus , while the length of the maxillary tooth row ( front of canine to back of last molar ) very slightly exceeds the greatest palatal width including the upper molars whereas in M. lucifugus the reverse is true . In dorsal view the less robust rostrum is usually an evident feature of the skull as compared with that of M. lucifugus , and the width of the interorbital constriction less evidently exceeds that of the rostrum across roots of canines ( compare pl . 1 , p . 7 , figs . 13 and 12 ) . From the skull of Myotis evotis that of M. keenii is distinguishable by its smaller size and relatively smaller auditory bullæ . Teeth . - As compared with the teeth of Myotis lucifugus , those of M. keenii may in most instances be distinguished by rather obvious peculiarities in the structure of the upper molars . The protoconule and metaloph are less developed , the metaloph usually confined to the bottom of the valley between the bases of the hypocone and meta- cone . The main cusps on the lingual side of the crown tend to be less robust , a feature which is especially noticeable in the protocone ; this cusp , when compared with the protocone of Myotis lucifugus lucifugus , having a peculiar shrunken appearance , difficult to de- scribe , but appreciable after comparison of a few specimens of the two animals . The cingulum , on the other hand , is better developed , rather frequently extending uninterruptedly around the entire base of the protocone , a condition which occurs in 13 out of 44 skulls selected at random , while it is not once found in 30 skulls of M. luci- fugus lucifugus . The structure of the teeth in Myotis keenii is essentially similar to that in M. evotis , but the size of the molars is obviously less than in the longer - eared animal , the crown of m² usually about 1.25 to 1.35 by 1.60 to 1.75 mm . instead of 1.45 to 1.50 by 1.95 to 2.00 mm . , a difference appreciable to the unaided eye , even without direct comparison of specimens . 1 Remarks . - This bat may readily be distinguished from Myotis lucifugus , with which it is everywhere associated , by the approxi- mately equal instead of obviously graded metacarpals , nearly equal [Document text truncated for crawler view.]