Checklist of the mammals of Panama

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago,Field Museum of Natural History,1966. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2633 Fieldiana. Zoology. Special Publications.: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20461 Article/Chapter Title: Chapter: Checklist of the mammals of Panama Page(s): Page 753, Page 754, Page 755, Page 756, Page 757, Page 758, Page 759, Page 760, Page 761, Page 762, Page 763, Page 764, Page 765, Page 766, Page 767, Page 768, Page 769, Page 770, Page 771, Page 772, Page 773, Page 774, Page 775, Page 776, Page 777, Page 778, Page 779, Page 780, Page 781, Page 782, Page 783, Page 784, Page 785, Page 786, Page 787, Page 788, Page 789, Page 790, Page 791, Page 792, Page 793, Page 794, Page 795 Holding Institution: University Library, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign Sponsored by: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Generated 13 May 2021 4:40 PM https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf4/131112900020461.pdf This page intentionally left blank. Hall and Kelson, 1959) are marked with a dagger (f). In instances where I was not the initial collector of a species here reported in Panama for the first time, I have noted this fact in the account of the species. Geographic distribution has been determined from specimens and from literature (citations omitted for brevity). Most of the specimens of Panamanian mammals are in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the American Museum of Natural History, the British Museum (Natural History), the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard University), and the United States National Museum, or in collections in Panama. The brief notes on habits and habitat are based entirely on Panamanian observations. Order MARSUPIALIA Family Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus Waterhouse = Philander laniger Goldman Common at lower elevations (sea level up to at least 3200 feet) , probably throughout Panama. Evergreen and deciduous forest ; arboreal. Several Panamanian subspecies: (1) C. d. derbianus Waterhouse. Darien west to Canal Zone and La Chorrera (Panama) ; similar specimens from Guanico (Los Santos), Santiago (Veraguas), and Boqueron and Isla Parida (Chiriqui). (2) C. d. fervidus Thomas (=C. d. centrcdis Hollister). Caribbean coast of western Panama (mainland, Isla Bastimentos, and Cayo Agua, Bocas del Toro) and Santa Fe (Veraguas). (3) C. d. nautlcus Thomas. Islands off the Pacific coast of western Panama (Isla Brava, Chiriqui; Isla Gobernadora and Isla Cebaco, Veraguas) ; similar specimens from Parita (Herrera), and Panama Viejo (Panama). (4) C. d. pallidus Thomas. Pacific coast of extreme western Panama (Divala and Bugaba, Chiriqui) . Monodelphis adusta Thomas = Peramys melanops Goldman = Monodelphis melanops Hall and Kelson Rare at medium elevations in extreme eastern Panama. Specimens from Cana, 2000 feet, Guayabo, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) . Trapped among boulders on a dry, partially open gravel bar (Tacarcuna Village) and among rocks on a riverbank in heavy forest (Cana). Monodelphis adusta occurs from eastern Panama through Colombia and Ecuador [Begin Page: Page 755] HANDLEY : CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 755 to central Peru without exhibiting geographic variation. Peramys melanops Goldman and Peramys peruvianus Osgood are synonyms of adusta. Their supposed distinctive characteristics are merely individual variations. On the other hand, Monodelphis osgoodi Doutt of western Bolivia and southern Peru is probably a distinct species. It has been regarded as a subspecies of M. adusta. * f Marmosa impavida Tschudi Rare. At high elevations in extreme eastern Panama. 0. P. Pearson collected specimens on Loma Cana, 4900 feet, and Cerro Pirre, 5300 feet (Darien). The Panamanian subspecies is M. i. caucae Thomas. Marmosa invicta Goldman Rare. At medium elevations (1500-4000 feet), possibly throughout Panama, in suitable habitats. It has been trapped on the ground, and on or under logs in moist fog forest. Specimens from Cana, Tacarcuna Casita, and Tacarcuna Laguna (Darien) ; Cerro Azul (Panama) ; and Cylindro (Bocas del Toro). Marmosa mexicana Merriam = Marmosa mexicana Goldman (part.) Uncommon. In the lowland savannas of western Panama. The subspecies in Panama is M. m. savannarum Goldman. The relationship of M. mexicana to M. robinsoni is not clear. * f Marmosa species A species resembling Marmosa phaea Thomas has been taken at Tacarcuna Casita, 1500 feet (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; Salamanca Hydrographic Station (Canal Zone) ; and Almirante (Bocas del Toro). Evergreen forest; arboreal. Marmosa robinsoni Bangs = Marmosa fulviventer Goldman = Marmosa mexicana Goldman (part.) = Marmosa mitis Hall and Kelson Abundant throughout a large part of Panama from sea level to elevations of 4000-6000 feet. Semi-arboreal, but often trapped on the ground. Two subspecies have been reported in Panama : (1) M. r. fulviventer Bangs, Isla Saboga and Isla del Rey ; (2) M. r. isthmica Goldman, mainland. Practically ubiquitous. For use of the name Marmosa robinsoni Bangs in place of M. mitis Bangs, see Cabrera (1958, p. 24). Philander opossum Linnaeus = Metachirus opossum Goldman Locally abundant at lower elevations (up to 2000 feet) , possibly throughout Panama. Mostly terrestrial, but also climbs. Evergreen and deciduous forest. The subspecies in Panama is P. o. fuscogriseus J. A. Allen. [Begin Page: Page 756] 756 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Metachirus nudicaudatus E. Geoff roy St.-Hilaire Locally common at lower elevations (up to 2000 feet) , possibly throughout Panama. Terrestrial. Evergreen and deciduous forest. The subspecies in Panama is M. n. dentaneus Goldman. Where Metachirus nudicaudatus and Philander opossum occur together one is usually much more abundant than the other. Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus Abundant throughout Panama from sea level up to 5000 feet. Ubiquitous. Terrestrial, but also climbs. Three subspecies are thought to occur in Panama: (1) D. m. battyi Thomas, Isla Coiba; (2) D. m. caucae J. A. Allen (=Z). m. etensis J. A. Allen) , mainland ; (3) D. m. particeps Goldman, Isla del Rey. Chironectes minimus Zimmermann = Chironectes panamensis Goldman = Chironectes panamensis Hall and Kelson Locally common to abundant throughout, from sea level to 4000 feet, in suitable streams. Aquatic, possibly restricted to streams with large populations of shrimp. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya, Cana, 2000 feet, Guayabo, Rio Jaque, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000 feet (Panama) ; Fort Sherman, New San Juan, and Pedro Miguel (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Hoya, 1450 feet and Guanico (Los Santos) ; Rio Bubi and Rio Viejo, near Sona (Veraguas) ; Rio Colorado, 4000 feet (Chiriqui) ; and 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) . Study of specimens from Brazil, British Guiana, Venezuela, and Central America shows that only one species can be distinguished. Variations in coloration and perhaps in cranial characters as well suggest that the species is polytypic. The Panamanian subspecies is C. m. panamensis Goldman. Order INSECTIVORA Family Soricidae * Cryptotis endersi Setzer Rare. Known by one specimen from Cylindro (Bocas del Toro). Fog forest. Terrestrial. Cryptotis nigrescens J. A. Allen = Cryptotis merus Goldman = Cryptotis mera Hall and Kelson = Cryptotis tersus Hall and Kelson = Cryptotis zeteki Hall and Kelson Rare. At high elevations in evergreen forest. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) C. n. mera Goldman, Cerro Pirre, 4500 feet (Darien) ; (2) C. n. zeteki Setzer (= C. tersus Goodwin), Cerro Punta, 6500 feet, and Santa Clara, 4200 feet (Chiriqui). These subspecies are poorly differentiated from typical C. nigrescens of Costa Rica. [Begin Page: Page 757] HANDLEY : CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 757 Order CHIROPTERA Family Emballonuridae Rhynchonycteris naso Wied-Neuwied = Rhynchiscus naso Goldman Abundant near sea level, probably throughout Panama. Flies over or near forest-bordered streams or lakes; roosts on rocks, logs, or trunks of trees over water. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya, Paya Village, and Rio Jesucito (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Barro Colorado Island, Corozal, Fort Gulick, Gamboa, Lagartera, 2 mi. NW. of Pedro Miguel, Rio Mandinga, and Summit (Canal Zone) ; Almirante, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) ; and San Felix (Chiriqui). For use of the generic name Rhynchonycteris Peters in place of Rhynchisciis Miller, see Husson (1962, p. 35). Saccopteryx bilineata Temminck Abundant near sea level, probably throughout Panama; occasionally found to 2000 feet. Flies over or near forest-bordered streams, lakes, or beaches; roosts on trunks of trees, on logs and rocks, and in caves and houses. Specimens from Cituro, Cana, and Cerro Sapo (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; Alhajuela, Ancon, Balboa, Barro Colorado Island, Culebra, Fort Kobbe, Fort San Lorenzo, Fort Sherman, 3 mi. SE. of Gamboa, Gatun, Las Cascadas, Madden Dam, Orchid Island, Rio Puente, Summit, Tabernilla, Venado Beach (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Azul, Chilibre, Chilibrillo Caves, Isla Chapera, Isla San Jose, La Chorrera, Panama Vie jo, and Isla Taboga (Panama) ; Guanico (Los Santos) ; and Almirante (Bocas del Toro). Saccopteryx leptura Schreber Uncommon. Near sea level in the Canal Zone and eastern Panama. Flies over or near forest-bordered streams and lakes. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya and Paya Village (Darien) ; Pacora (Panama) ; and Alhajuela, Barro Colorado Island, Fort Randolph, and Gamboa (Canal Zone) . * Cormura brevirostris Wagner Uncommon. Lowlands of eastern Panama and on the Caribbean coast of western Panama. Evergreen forest. Roosts under logs and rocks. Specimens from Capeti (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; and Almirante (Bocas del Toro) . *Peropteryx kappleri Peters Rare. Lowlands of eastern Panama and on the Caribbean coast of western Panama. Roosting in a cave at Rio Puente and netted over a stream flowing through a pasture at Almirante. Specimens from Yavisa (Darien) ; Rio Puente (Panama); and Almirante (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is P. k. kappleri Peters. [Begin Page: Page 758] 758 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Peropteryx macrotis Wagner = Peropteryx canina Goldman Uncommon. Possibly widespread in the lowlands, but presently recorded only in and near the Canal Zone. Roosts in caves and rock crevices near water. Specimens from Buena Vista (Colon) ; Balboa, Gatun, and Santa Rosa (Canal Zone) ; and Rio Puente (Panama). The Panamanian subspecies is P. m. macrotis Wagner. Centronycteris maximiliani Fischer = Centronycteris centralis Goldman Rare. Lowlands of the Canal Zone and the Pacific coast of western Panama. Specimens from Cerro Mali (Darien) , Barro Colorado Island and Fort Clayton (Canal Zone) , and Bugaba (Chiriqui) . The Canal Zone specimens were taken in clearings. The Panamanian subspecies is C. m. centralis Thomas. Diclidurus virgo Thomas Rare. Canal Zone and Pacific coast of western Panama at low and medium elevations. Specimens from Albrook Field, Fort Gulick, and Gamboa (Canal Zone), and Boquete and Pueblo Nuevo (Chiriqui). Family Noctilionidae Noctilio labialis Kerr = Dirias albiventer Goldman Common at lower elevations, probably throughout Panama. Flies over streams and lakes ; roosts in hollow trees and houses. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; Pacora (Panama) ; Nuevo Limon (Colon) ; Barro Colorado Island, Empire, Fort Gulick, Galeta Island, Gamboa, Juan Mina, and Puma Island (Canal Zone) ; Guanico (Los Santos) ; and Almirante, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is N. I. labialis Kerr (= Noctilio minor Osgood. See Cabrera, 1958, p. 55) . * Noctilio leporinus Linnaeus Common at lower elevations, probably throughout Panama. Flies over streams, lakes, and sea. Roosts in hollow trees. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; Fort Sherman, Rio Chagres, and Rio Mandinga (Canal Zone) ; and Almirante and 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola (Bocas del Toro) . The Panamanian subspecies is 2V. I. mexicanus Goldman. Family Phyllostomidae Pteronotus parnellii Gray = Chilonycteris rubiginosa Goldman zz Chilonycteris parnellii Hall and Kelson from Fort Gulick (Canal Zone) and Almirante and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) . The Panamanian subspecies is M. c. keenani Handley. * Phyllostomus discolor Wagner Common at lower elevations, probably throughout Panama. Evergreen forest and fruit groves. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya, Paya Village, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila, Mandinga, and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000 feet, and Chilibrillo Caves (Panama) ; Barro Colorado Island (Canal Zone) ; Guanico (Los Santos) ; Almirante, 7 and 14 km. SSW. of Changuinola, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is P. d. discolor Wagner. [Begin Page: Page 762] 762 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Phyllostomus hastatus Pallas Common in lowlands, up to 2000 feet, throughout Panama. Forest and fruit groves. Roosts in hollow trees, caves, and houses. Specimens from Boca de Cupe, Boca de Rio Paya, Boca de Rio Punusa, Capeti, El Real, and Jaque (Darien) ; Armila and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Cabima, Cerro Azul, 2000 feet, Chepo, Chilibrillo Caves, Pacora, and Panama (Panama) ; Balboa, Barro Colorado Island, Fort Gulick, Juan Mina, Madden Dam, Paraiso, and Summit (Canal Zone) ; Guanico (Los Santos) ; Boqueron (Chiriqui) ; and Almirante, Boca del Drago, Cayo Agua, Isla Bastimentos, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is P. h. pana- mensis J. A. Allen. * Phylloderma stenops Peters =. Phylloderma septentrionalis Hall & Kelson Rare. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Armila (San Bias). The Panamanian specimens combine the characters of the nominal species P. stenops Peters and P. septentrionalis Goodwin, but are nearer the former. Thus, the Panamanian subspecies is P. s. stenops Peters. Trachops cirrhosus Spix Common in lowlands and up to 2800 feet, probably throughout Panama. Flies over forest-bordered streams. Roosts in caves and houses. Specimens from Rio Jesucito and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila, Mandinga, and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000 feet, Chepo, Chilibrillo Caves, and Pacora (Panama) ; Fort Sherman (Canal Zone) ; Guanico and Cerro Hoya, 2800 feet (Los Santos) ; and 7-20 km. SSW. of Changuinola, Isla Bastimentos, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is T. c. cirrhosus Spix. * Chrotopterus auritus Peters Rare. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Tacarcuna Casita, 1500 feet (Darien), Armila (San Bias), and Cerro Azul, 2000 feet (Panama). I doubt that subspecies are recognizable in C. auritus. Vampyrum spectrum Linnaeus = Vampyrus spectrum Goldman Rare. Netted over forest-bordered streams and in fruit groves. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; Boqueron (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) . The subspecies V. s. nelsoni Goldman does not appear to be recognizable. I have compared the type with other specimens from Panama (7), Venezuela (4), Trinidad (10), Ecuador (1), and Peru (1). Although the Mexican and Central American specimens average smaller than those from South America, the difference is not great. The dental and cranial characteristics that Goldman supposed would distinguish nelsoni all prove to be individual variations. [Begin Page: Page 763] HANDLEY : CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 763 * f Glossophaga commissarisi Gardner Common in the lowlands of eastern Panama, on the Caribbean coast of western Panama, and at medium elevations, possibly throughout Panama. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Boca de Cupe, Boca de Rio Paya, Paya Village, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Candelaria Hydrographic Station and Cerro Azul, 2000 feet (Panama) ; and Almirante, Boca del Drago, Cayo Agua, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). Glossophaga soricina Pallas Abundant in the lowlands in central Panama and on the Pacific coast of western Panama and locally common on the Caribbean coast. Deciduous and evergreen forest. Roosts in caves, culverts, houses, hollow trees, and hollow logs. Specimens from Mandinga (San Bias) ; Colon and Portobelo (Colon) ; Isla Saboga, La Chorrera, Nueva Gorgona, Pacora, Panama, and Panama Viejo (Panama) ; many localities throughout the Canal Zone; El Cope, Rio Hato, and Santa Clara (Code) ; Guanico (Los Santos) ; Isla Canal de Afuera (Veraguas) ; and Almirante, Boca del Drago, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, Isla Bastimentos, Isla Colon, Isla Escudo de Veraguas, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) . The Panamanian subspecies is G. s. leachii Gray. Lonchophylla mordax Thomas = Lonchophylla concava Goldman = Lonchophylla concava Hall and Kelson Rare. Evergreen forest. Roosts in caves. Specimens from Cana, 2000 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; and Armila and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) . The Panamanian subspecies is L. m. concava Goldman, which is only slightly differentiated from typical L. mordax. Lonchophylla robusta Miller Common. Eastern Panama and Caribbean lowlands of western Panama. Evergreen forest. Roosts in caves. Specimens from Cana, 2000 feet, Tacarcuna Casita, 2600 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000 feet, Chilibrillo Caves (Panama) ; Buena Vista (Colon) ; Barro Colorado Island, Salamanca Hydrographic Station and Summit (Canal Zone) ; and Almirante and Isla Bastimentos (Bocas del Toro). * f Lonchophylla thomasi J. A. Allen Rare. Known in Panama by a single specimen netted in a riverside clearing at Boca de Rio Paya (Darien) . * f Lionycteris spurrelli Thomas Rare. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Cana, 2000 feet (Darien) and Armila (San Bias) . First taken in Panama by O. P. Pearson. [Begin Page: Page 764] 764 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA * f Anoura cultrata Handley Uncommon. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Cerro Punta, 5300 feet (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet (Bocas del Toro). * Anoura geoffroyi Gray Uncommon. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Cerro Hoya, 3000 feet (Los Santos) ; Cerro Punta, 5300 feet (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena, 4800 feet (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is A. g. lasiopyga Peters. * Hylonycteris underwood! Thomas Rare. Known in Panama only by a specimen taken at Santa Clara, 4200 feet (Chiriqui) by F. A. Hartman. * Lichonycteris obscura Thomas Rare. Evergreen forest and fruit groves. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village, 3200 feet (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; and Almirante and upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet (Bocas del Toro). Carollia castanea H. Allen = Hemiderma castaneum Goldman = Carollia castanea Hall and Kelson (part.) Common at lower elevations throughout Panama. Forest and fruit groves. Apparently most abundant in evergreen forest. Found roosting under overhanging stream bank and in mine. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya, Cana, 2000 feet, Paya Village, Rio Seteganti, Tacarcuna Casita, 2600 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 3200 feet (Darien) ; Armila, Mandinga, and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000 feet (Panama) ; Frijolito (Colon) ; Barro Colorado Island, Chiva Chiva, and Fort Kobbe (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Hoya, 3000 feet (Los Santos) ; and Almirante, Boca del Drago, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). Carollia castanea is monotypic. It has been confused with Carollia subrufa Hahn, but it can be easily distinguished from that species by its smaller size (forearm usually less than 38 mm.) ; duller, less sharply defined banding of dorsal hairs ; occlusal outline of crown of inner lower incisor usually ovoid (wider than long) rather than triangular (longer than wide) ; first three lower post-canine teeth graded (increase in size from the first) rather than subequal ; Mt almost 'flat-crowned (all cusps obsolete) , significantly lower than adjacent teeth ; second upper premolar without posteroexternal cusp. Carollia castanea ranges from Costa Rica through Panama to northern and western Colombia. Carollia perspicillata Linnaeus = Hemiderma perspicillatum Goldman Abundant throughout the lowlands of Panama ; uncommon to rare above [Begin Page: Page 765] HANDLEY : CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 765 3000 feet. Ubiquitous. The Panamanian subspecies is C. p. azteca Saussure. * Carollia subrufa Hahn = Carollia castanea Hall and Kelson (part.) Locally abundant throughout eastern Panama and at high elevations and on the Caribbean coast of western Panama. Usually the most abundant species of Carollia above 3000 feet. Evergreen forest. Roosts in caves and in hollow trees. Specimens from Paya Village, Rio Chucunaque, Rio Seteganti, Tacarcuna Casita, 1500 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila, Mandinga, and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul (Panama) ; Cerro Punta, 5300 feet (Chiriqui) ; and Almirante, Boca del Drago, Cayo Agua, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, Isla Bastimentos, Isla Colon, upper Rio Changena, 2400-4800 feet, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) . Carollia subrufa has been confused with Carollia castanea, but actually it is most like and is more closely related to Carollia perspicillata. From C. perspicillata, C. subrufa differs in average smaller size (forearm 38-42 mm. vs. 41-45 mm.) ; average hairier forearm, tibia, and foot; average longer, silkier fur ; less crowded and posteriorly more divergent tooth rows ; reduced cusps of cheek teeth (especially protocone of M 1 ) ; outer incisors not reduced ; highest point of P 4 well ahead of the mid-length of the tooth. Carollia subrufa seems to be monotypic. It ranges from western Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela. Sturnira lilium E. Geoffrey St.-Hilaire Abundant at lower elevations (sea level to about 4000 feet) throughout Panama. Forests and fruit groves. Specimens from Boca de Cupe, Boca de Rio Paya, Paya Village, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila, Mandinga, and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 1800-2000 feet (Panama) ; Quebrada Bonita (Colon) ; Cerro Hoya and Guanico (Los Santos) ; Volcan de Chiriqui (Chiriqui) ; and Almirante and Isla Bastimentos (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is S. L parvidens Goldman. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village are larger than those from lower elevations in Darien and elsewhere in Panama and may represent an undescribed subspecies of <S. lilium. - Sturnira ludovici Anthony Abundant at higher elevations. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Cerro Mali, 4700 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Cerro Punta, 4600-5300 feet (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena, 2400-5000 feet (Bocas del Toro). Uroderma bilobatum Peters Abundant at lower elevations throughout Panama. Usually found near streams and in fruit groves. Roosts under palm leaves. Specimens from Boca de Cupe, Boca de Rio Paya, Capeti, Chepigana, Jaque, and Paya [Begin Page: Page 766] 766 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Village (Darien) ; Armila, Mandinga, and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Candelaria Hydrographic Station, Cerro Azul, 850 feet, Isla Saboga, Isla San Jose, Isla del Rey, La Chorrera, Pacora, Panama, and Panama Vie jo (Panama) ; Quebrada Bonita and Colon (Colon) ; Ancon, Barro Colorado Island, France Field, Rio Indio, and Summit (Canal Zone) ; Guanico (Los Santos) ; El Cope, 1450 feet, and El Potrero (Code) ; Boqueron and Bugaba (Chiriqui) ; and Almirante, Boca del Drago, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, Isla Bastimentos, Punta de Pena, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is U. b. bilobatum Peters (= U. convexum Lyon). * f Vampyrops dorsalis Thomas Uncommon. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien). Evergreen forest. Netted over forest-bordered stream. Vampyrops helleri Peters = Platyrrhinus helleri Hall and Kelson Abundant from sea level to 4000 feet throughout Panama. Forests and fruit groves. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya, Cana, 2000 feet, Jaque, Paya Village, Rio Seteganti, Tacarcuna Casita, 1950 feet, Tacarcuna Laguna, 3000 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila, Mandinga, and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Cabima, Cerro Azul, 2000 feet, Isla del Rey, and Isla San Jose (Panama) ; Bas Obispo, Chiva Chiva, and Paraiso (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Hoya and Guanico (Los Santos) ; Isla Cebaco (Veraguas) ; and Almirante, Boca del Drago, Cayo Agua, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, Isla Colon, Punta de Pena, upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). Vampyrops zarhinus H. Allen is a synonym. * Vampyrops vittatus Peters Enchisthenes hartii Thomas Uncommon. Evergreen and deciduous forest. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Quarry Heights (Canal Zone) ; and Cerro Hoya, 2600 feet (Los Santos) . * Centurio senex Gray Uncommon. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Las Cumbres and Nueva Gorgona (Panama) ; Barro Colorado Island and Cristobal (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Hoya, 1800 feet (Los Santos); and Almirante and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). First taken in Panama by Carl Koford. Family Desmodidae Desmodus rotundus E. Geoffrey St.-Hilaire Locally abundant throughout Panama, and on off-shore islands, from sea level to 5600 feet. Ubiquitous. Roosts in hollow trees, caves, and houses. The Panamanian subspecies is D. r. murinus Wagner. * f Diaemus youngii Jentink Rare. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Armila (San Bias) and Isla Bastimentos (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is D. y. cypselinus Thomas. Diphylla ecaudata Spix = Diphylla centralis Goldman Rare. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Boquete (Chiriqui) and Almirante and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). Diphylla ecaudata is probably monotypic (see Burt and Stirton, 1961, p. 37). Family Natalidae Natal us stramineus Gray = Natalus mexicanus Goldman = Natalus mexicanus Hall and Kelson Rare. Roosts in caves. Specimens from Chilibrillo Caves (Panama) ; Fort San Lorenzo (Canal Zone) ;Penonome (Code) ;IslaCoiba (Veraguas). [Begin Page: Page 770] 770 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA The Panamanian subspecies is N. s. mexicanus Miller (=N.s. saturatus Daiquest and Hall) . For the taxonomy of N. stramineus see Goodwin (1959) . Family Furipteridae * f Furipterus horrens F. Cuvier Rare. Evergreen forest. Known in Panama only by specimens found roosting with Mimon cozumelae in a small cave on the banks of the Rio Changuinola, 20 km. SSW. of Changuinola (Bocas del Toro). Family Thyropteridae *Thyroptera tricolor Spix Rare. Roosts in rolled Heliconia leaves. Specimens from Rio Jesucito and Tacarcuna Village (Darien) ; Barro Colorado Island and Corozal (Canal Zone) ; and on trail from Chiriquicito to Boquete (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is T. t. albiventer Tomes (=T. t. albigula G. M. Allen). Family Vespertilionidae * Myotis albescens E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire Common. Lowlands of eastern Panama and Caribbean coast of western Panama. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; San Pablo and Tabernilla (Canal Zone) ; and 7-20 km. SSW. of Changuinola and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) . * f Myotis chiloensis Waterhouse Rare. Evergreen forest. Roosts in caves. Known in Panama only by specimens from Cerro Punta, 5300-5800 feet (Chiriqui). First taken in Panama by Charles M. Keenan and Vernon J. Tipton. These specimens represent an undescribed subspecies. Myotis nigricans Schinz Abundant throughout at lower elevations, from sea level to at least 3200 feet elevation and perhaps ascending higher in the mountains. Roosts in caves and houses. The Panamanian subspecies is M. n. nigricans Schinz. It seems likely that Myotis nigricans, as now constituted, is a composite species. * f Myotis simus Thomas Uncommon. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; and Cerro Azul, 2000 feet (Panama) . The Panamanian subspecies is M. s. riparius Handley. Eptesicus brasiliensis Desmarest = Eptesicus propinquus Goldman Uncommon, at low elevations in central and western Panama. Ever- [Begin Page: Page 771] HANDLEY : CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 771 green forest. Roosts in houses. Specimens from Cerro Hoya (Los Santos) ; and 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is E. b. propinquus Peters. * Eptesicus chiriquinus Thomas Uncommon, on the Caribbean coast of eastern Panama and at medium elevations throughout. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000 feet (Panama) ;Boquete (Chiriqui) ; upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet (Bocas del Toro). Eptesicus f uscus Palisot de Beauvois Rare, at high elevations in western Panama. Evergreen forest. Roosts in tree holes. Specimens from El Valle (Code) ; Boquete (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena, 4800 feet (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is E. f. miradorensis H. Allen. * f Eptesicus innoxius Gervais Rare, at low elevations on the Pacific coastal plain. Specimens from San Pablo (Canal Zone) ; Tocumen (Panama) ; and Boqueron (Chiriqui). Rhogeessa tumida H. Allen =i Rhogeessa parvula Hall and Kelson (part.) Uncommon, at lower elevations. Open country. Roosts in houses. Specimens from La Palma (Darien) ; numerous localities (Canal Zone) ; Santa Clara (Code) ; Guanico (Los Santos) ; Bugaba (Chiriqui) ; and Almirante, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, and Isla Bastimentos (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is R. t. tumida H. Allen (Goodwin, 1958). Lasiurus borealis Miiller = Nycteris borealis Goldman Uncommon, although widely distributed both geographically and altitudinally. Netted over streams. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; Balboa and Fort Clayton (Canal Zone) ; Calobre (Veraguas) ; Cerro Hoya, 1800 feet (Los Santos) ; and Boquete, 3500 feet, and Cerro Punta, 5300 feet (Chiriqui). The Panamanian subspecies is L. b. frantzii Peters. * f Lasiurus castaneus Handley Rare. Evergreen forest. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) and Armila (San Bias). Lasiurus ega Gervais = Dasypterus ega Goldman = Dasypterus ega Hall and Kelson Rare. Specimens from Fort Clayton (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Hoya, 1800 feet (Los Santos) ; and Bugaba, 800 feet (Chiriqui) . The Panamanian subspecies is L. e. panamensis Thomas. For notes on the taxonomy of this species, see Handley (1960, p. 473). [Begin Page: Page 772] 772 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA * f Lasiurus egregius Peters Rare. Evergreen forest. A specimen from Armila (San Bias) and the holotype from Santa Catarina, Brazil, described in 1870, are the only known specimens of this species. Family Molossidae Molossops planirostris Peters = Cynomops planirostris Hall and Kelson Uncommon. Roosts in houses. Specimens from Pacora and Panama (Panama) ; and Balboa, Cocoli, Fort Amador, Fort Clayton, La Boca, and Miraflores Locks (Canal Zone) . The Panamanian subspecies is M. p. planirostris Peters. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village (Darien) probably represent another species of Molossops. * Tadarida brasiliensis I. Geoffrey St.-Hilaire Uncommon. Roosts in caves. Specimens from Cerro Punta, 5700 feet, and Rio Chiriqui Viejo at Palo Santo, 4200 feet (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is T. b. brasiliensis I. Geoff roy St.-Hilaire. * Tadarida yucatanica Miller Uncommon. Roosts in houses. Specimens from Pacora and Panama (Panama) and Miraflores (Canal Zone). Molossus bondae J. A. Allen Common at lower elevations in eastern Panama and on the Caribbean coast of western Panama. Openings in evergreen forest. Roosts in houses. Specimens from Tacarcuna Village (Darien) ; Escobal and Salud (Colon) ; Chiva Chiva, Fort Kobbe, Fort Sherman, and Juan Mina (Canal Zone) ; and Almirante, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). Molossus coibensis J. A. Allen = Molossus major Hall and Kelson (part.) Abundant at lower elevations in central Panama and on the Pacific coast of western Panama. Open country. Roosts in houses. Specimens from Isla Taboga, La Chorrera, Pacora, and Panama (Panama) ; Ancon, Balboa, Barro Colorado Island, Bohio, Chiva Chiva, Corozal, Culebra, Curundu, Fort Clayton, Fort Sherman, Gamboa, Gatiin, Margarita, Paraiso, San Pablo, Summit, and Tabernilla (Canal Zone) ; Escobal, Frijoles, and Salud (Colon) ; Isla Coiba and Isla Gobernadora (Veraguas) ; andBoqueron (Chiriqui). It is possible that there is more than one species of pygmy Molossus. Therefore assignment of M . coibensis to any particular one on the basis of size alone is premature. * Molossus nigricans Miller = Molossus rufus Hall and Kelson Uncommon. Roosts in attics of houses. E. L. Tyson took specimens at [Begin Page: Page 773] HANDLEY: CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 773 Alanje, 50 feet, Boqueron, 600 feet, 2 mi. W. of El Volcan, 4100 feet, and La Concepcion, 800 feet (Chiriqui). M. ater E. Geoffrey St.-Hilaire ( = M. rufus E. Geoffrey St.-Hilaire), M. nigricans Miller, and M. pretiosus Miller are similar and further study may show them to be conspecific. Molossus sinaloae J. A. Allen Uncommon at lower elevations in eastern Panama and on the Caribbean coast of western Panama. Roosts in houses. Specimens from Boca de Cupe and El Real (Darien) ; Fort Amador and Fort Clayton (Canal Zone) ; and 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola and Punta de Pena (Bocas del Toro) . The Panamanian subspecies is M. s, trinitatus Goodwin, a form which heretofore has been considered to be a distinct species confined to the island of Trinidad. * Promops centralis Thomas Rare. Roosts in houses. Specimens have been taken by Charles M. Keenan and Vernon J. Tipton at Corozal, Fort Amador, and Fort Clayton (Canal Zone). Promops centralis Thomas, P. occultus Thomas, and P. davidsoni Thomas may be conspecific. The oldest name is P. centralis. * f Eumops amazonicus Handley Rare. Known in Panama by a single specimen from Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien). Netted over forest-bordered stream. Eumops auripendulus Shaw =i Eumops glaucinus Goldman = Eumops abrasus Hall and Kelson Uncommon. Roosts in houses. Specimens from Frijoles (Colon) ; Bohio, Empire, Fort Clayton, Fort Kobbe, Paraiso, and Summit (Canal Zone) ; and 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola (Bocas del Toro). For nomenclature, see Goodwin (1960). Eumops bonariensis Peters = Eumops nanus Goldman Rare. Specimens from Boqueron and Bugaba (Chiriqui). The Panamanian subspecies is E. b. nanus Miller. * Eumops glaucinus Wagner Rare. Roosts in attics of houses. E. L. Tyson took specimens at David, 150 feet, and La Concepcion, 800 feet (Chiriqui). Sibube (Bocas del Toro). (2) S. b. incitatus Bangs, Isla del Rey. (3) S. b. messorius Goldman. Specimens from Boca de Cupe, Cana, 1800 feet, Jaque, Tacarcuna Casita, 1500 feet, Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet, and Tapalisa (Darien) . Specimens from Cerro Punta, 5300 feet (Chiriqui) may represent an undescribed subspecies. Order RODENTIA Family Sciuridae Sciurus granatensis Humboldt = Sciurus hoffmanni Goldman = Sciurus gerrardi Goldman Abundant. Throughout Panama at all elevations. Perhaps no other Panamanian mammal is so wide-ranging. In all sorts of forest. Arboreal, but spends much time on the ground. Subspecies in Panama: (1) S. g. [Begin Page: Page 777] HANDLEY : CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 777 chiriquensis Bangs, western Panama, from 6 mi. E. of El Valle (Panama) and Guanico (Los Santos) west into Costa Rica; (2) S. g. morulus Bangs ( = S. g. choco Goldman) , Canal Zone and eastern Panama. The population that has hitherto borne the prior name S. g. morulus is an intergrade between the small, plain-colored S. g. chiriquensis and the large, varicolored S, g. choco, but is more like the latter. Sciurus variegatoides Ogilby Abundant at lower elevations in the Canal Zone and western Panama. Fruit groves, scrub, and semi-open country. Arboreal. Panamanian subspecies: (1) S. v. helveolus Goldman. Pacific coast of central Panama. Specimens from Chiva-Chiva, Cocoli, Corozal, Empire Range, Fort Clayton, Pacific, Paraiso, and Summit (Canal Zone) ; Arraijan, La Chorrera, Nuevo Emperador, and Panama (=Calidonia) (Panama); Parita (Herrera) ; and Santiago (Veraguas). (2) S. v. melania Gray. Pacific coast of western Panama. Specimens from Guanico (Los Santos) ; Pese (Herrera) ; Isla Cebaco, Rio Mariato, and Sona (Veraguas) ; and Boqueron, Boquete, 2000 feet, Bugaba, David, Divala, Isla Brava, Isla Insoleta, Isla Sevilla, and Remedies (Chiriqui). (3) S. v. thomasi Nelson. Caribbean coast of western Panama. Specimens from Almirante and 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola (Bocas del Toro). Syntheosciurus brochus Bangs Rare. Fog forest. Known only from the upper Caribbean slope of the Continental Divide, north of Boquete, 7000 feet (Bocas del Toro). Microsciurus alfari J. A. Allen Uncommon. Probably occurs throughout the forested parts of Panama. Arboreal. Diurnal. Subspecies in Panama: (1) M. a. browni Bangs. Pacific coast of western Panama. Specimens from Bugaba, 600 feet, Quebrada Santa Clara, 3600-4200 feet, Rio Gariche, 5300 feet, Sereno, 36003700 feet, and Siolo, 4100-4300 feet (Chiriqui) . (2) M. a. fusculus Thomas. Extreme southeastern Panama, south and west of the Rio Tuira. Specimens from Cana, 2000 feet, Cerro Sapo, and Rio Seteganti, 2600 feet (Darien). (3) M. a. venustulus Goldman. Central Panama and the Caribbean coast of western Panama. Specimens from Mandinga (San Bias) ; Portobelo (Colon) ; Cerro Azul, 2000-2500 feet, and Rio Pequeni (Panama) ; Barro Colorado Island and Gatun (Canal Zone) ; and Almirante and upper Rio Changena, 5000 feet (Bocas del Toro). (4) Specimens from Armila (San Bias) and Tacarcuna Casita, 1500 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) , represent an undescribed subspecies. Microsciurus mimulus Thomas = Microsciurus boquetensis Goldman = Microsciurus boquetensis Hall and Kelson = Microsciurus isthmius Goldman = Microsciurus isthmius Hall and Kelson [Begin Page: Page 778] 778 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Rare. In fog forest possibly throughout Panama. Subspecies in Panama: (1) M.m. boquetensis Nenson. Cerro Mali, 4900 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Cerro Azul, 2500-3000 feet (Panama) ; and high ridges above Boquete (Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro). (2) M. m. isthmius Nelson ( = M. m. vivatus Goldman). Specimens from Cana, 3500 feet, 20 mi. S. of Cana, 5000 feet, Cerro Sapo, 3000 feet, and Rio Jaque (Darien). Family Geomyidae Macrogeomys cavator Bangs = Macrogeomys pansa Goldman Locally common. Extreme western Panama. Fossorial. Mostly in fields. Subspecies in Panama: (1) M. c. cavator Bangs. Boquete, 4800 feet, and Cerro Punta, 5300-7800 feet (Chiriqui). (2) M. c. pansa Bangs. Bugaba, 600 feet (Chiriqui). Macrogeomys dariensis Goldman Abundant in the lower Rio Chucunaque and upper Rio Tuira basins in eastern Panama. Fossorial. Fields, fruit groves, and forest. Specimens from Boca de Cupe, 250 feet, Boca de Rio Paya, 500 feet, Cana, 2000-2500 feet, Tacarcuna region, 1500-2500 feet, and Tapalisa (Darien). Mounds seen at Yavisa. Family Heteromyidae Liomys adspersus Peters Abundant in the semi-arid savannah country of the Pacific coast of western Panama. Open thorny scrub and weedy fields. Terrestrial. Specimens from Cerro Azul, 1500 feet, and Chepo (Panama) ; Albrook Field, Balboa, Chiva Chiva, Cocoli, Curundu, Empire, Farfan, Fort Clayton, Fort Kobbe, Madden Forest, and Summit (Canal Zone) ; Guanico (Los Santos) ; and Paracote and Santa Fe (Veraguas) . Heteromys australis Thomas Abundant. Lower elevations in eastern Panama. Forest. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) H. a. conscius Goldman. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya, 500 feet, Cana, 1800-2000 feet, Rio Seteganti, 2600 feet, Tacarcuna Casita, 1500-1700 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien). (2) H. a. pacificus Pearson. Known only from Amagal, 1000 feet, S. of Guayabo Bay (Darien) . Heteromys desmarestianus Gray Common at higher elevations throughout, and to sea level on the Caribbean coast and in Chiriqui (no specimens have been taken elsewhere on the Pacific coast). Terrestrial. Forest, usually evergreen. Subspecies in Panama: (1) H, d, chiriquensis Enders. High elevations in extreme west- [Begin Page: Page 779] HANDLEY : CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 779 ern Panama. Specimens from Cerro Pando and Cerro Punta, 6800-7800 feet (Chiriqui). (2) H. d. crassirostris Goldman. High elevations in extreme eastern Panama. Specimens from Cerro Mali (= "Mount Tacarcuna"), 4900 feet, and Cerro Pirre, 4500-5000 feet (Darien). (3) H. d. panamensis Goldman. Medium elevations in central Panama. Specimens from Cerro Azul, 2000-3000 feet (Panama) ; and Cerro Bruja, 2000 feet (Colon) . (4) H. d. repens Bangs. Lower and middle elevations in western Panama. Specimens from Boqueron and Boquete, 4000 feet (Chiriqui). (5) H. d. zonalis Goldman. Lower elevations in central Panama and on the Caribbean coast of western Panama. Specimens from Fort Sherman, Gatun, Madden Dam, and Rio Indio (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Campana, 6 mi. E. of El Valle, and Maxon Ranch, Rio Trinidad (Panama) ; Salud (Colon) ; and Almirante, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, and upper Rio Changena, 23002600 feet (Bocas del Toro) . (6) Specimens from the San Bias coast represent an undescribed subspecies. Family Cricetidae Oryzomys albigularis Tomes = Oryzomys devius Goldman = Oryzomys devius Hall and Kelson = Oryzomys pirrensis Goldman i= Oryzomys pirrensis Hall and Kelson Uncommon. High elevations in eastern and western Panama. Fog forest. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) O. a. devius Bangs. Specimens from Boquete, 4000-5000 feet, and Cerro Punta, 6800-7800 feet (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena, 4800-5000 feet (Bocas del Torro). (2) 0. a. pirrensis Goldman. Specimens from Cerro Mali (="Mt. Tacarcuna"), 4900 feet, and Cerro Pirre, 4500 feet (Darien). Oryzomys alfaroi J. A. Allen Uncommon. Higher elevations in eastern and western Panama. Evergreen forest. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) O. a. alfaroi J. A. Allen. Specimens from Boquete, 4000 feet, Cerro Punta, 5000-5800 feet, and El Volcan, 4200 feet (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet (Bocas del Toro). (2) O. a. dariensis Goldman. Specimens from Cana, 2000-2500 feet, Cerro Mali (="Mt. Tacarcuna"), 4800 feet, Tacarcuna Casita, 1500 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien). * Oryzomys bicolor Tomes = Oryzomys endersi Hall and Kelson = Oryzomys trabeatus Hall and Kels'on Rare. At lower elevations in the Canal Zone and eastern Panama. Evergreen forest. Arboreal. Specimens from Guayabo, Pelisa, 500 feet, and Rio Jesucito (Darien) ; Armila and Puerto Obaldia (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000 feet (Panama) ; and Barro Colorado Island and Fort Sherman (Canal [Begin Page: Page 780] 780 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Zone) . The Panamanian subspecies is O. b. trabeatus G. M. Allen and Barbour (=Oryzomys endersi Goldman). For notes on the nomenclature of this species see Hershkovitz (1960, p. 518). Oryzomys bombycinus Goldman Rare. Middle elevation evergreen forest. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) O. b. alleni Goldman. Upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet (Bocas del Toro). (2) O. b. bombycinus Goldman. Cerro Azul, 2000-3000 feet, and 6 mi. E. of El Valle (Panama) and Cerro Bruja, 1000 feet (Colon). (3) O. b. orinus Pearson. Cerro Pirre (Darien). Oryzomys caliginosus Tomes Abundant. Lower elevations in eastern Panama and on the Caribbean coast of western Panama (seemingly absent from most of the Pacific coast of western Panama). Evergreen forest and clearings. Subspecies in Panama : (1) O. c. chrysomelas J. A. Allen. Western Panama. Specimens from Bugaba, 600 feet (Chiriqui) and Almirante, Boca del Drago, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, Isla Bastimentos, and upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet, (Bocas del Toro). (2) O. c. idoneus Goldman. Central and eastern Panama. Specimens from Cana, 1800-2800 feet, El Real, Tacarcuna Casita, 15001700 feet, Tacarcuna Laguna, 3000 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000-2500 feet, Cerro Campana, 6 mi. E. of El Valle, and Rio Trinidad (Panama) ; and Empire Range, Fort Sherman, and Gatun (Canal Zone). Oryzomys capito Olfers = Oryzomys talamancae Goldman =. Oryzomys talamancae Hall and Kelson = Oryzomys laticeps auctorum Abundant. At lower elevations, probably throughout Panama, but not recorded on the Pacific coast west of the Azuero Peninsula. Forest, both evergreen and deciduous. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) O. c. carrikeri J. A. Allen. Caribbean coast of western Panama. Specimens from Almirante and Boca del Drago (Bocas del Toro). (2) O. c. talamancae J. A. Allen (= Oryzomys panamensis Thomas). Central and eastern Panama. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya, Cana, 2000 feet, Cituro, Jaque, Rio Seteganti, 2600 feet, Tacarcuna Casita, 1500 feet, Tacarcuna Village, 3200 feet, and Tapalisa (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000 feet, Cerro Campana, 6 mi. E. of El Valle, and Rio Trinidad (Panama) ; Cerro Bruja (Colon) ; Fort Sherman, Gatun, Madden Road, and Mohinga Valley (Canal Zone) ; and Cerro Hoya, 3000 feet (Los Santos). For use of the name capito, see Hershkovitz (1960, p. 544) and Cabrera (1961, p. 387). Oryzomys concolor Wagner = Oryzomys tectus Goldman = Oryzomys tectus Hall and Kelson Uncommon. Lower elevations possibly throughout Panama. Semi- [Begin Page: Page 781] HANDLEY: CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 781 arboreal, in tall grass and herbaceous growth in savannas and forest openings. Specimens from Cana, 2000 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Corozal and Madden Road (Canal Zone) ; and Bugaba, 800 feet (Chiriqui). The Panamanian subspecies is O. c. tectus Thomas (= O. frontalis Goldman) . For notes on the nomenclature of this species see Hershkovitz (1960, p. 515). Oryzomys fulvescens Saussure Common. Confined largely to the Pacific slope of central and western Panama. Savannas and forest openings. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) O. f. costaricensis J. A. Allen. Lower elevations. Specimens from Cerro Azul, 2000-3000 feet, Cerro Campana, 6 mi. E. of El Valle, La Chorrera, Pacora, and Panama Viejo (Panama) ; Albrook Field, Barro Colorado Island, Curundu, Fort Clayton, and Fort Kobbe (Canal Zone) ; and Cerro Punta, 4800-5600 feet (Chiriqui). (2) O. /. vegatus Bangs. Higher elevations, western Panama. Specimens from Boquete, 3800-4800 feet, and Cerro Punta, 6800-7800 feet (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena, 4800 feet (Bocas del Toro). Oryzomys palustris Harlan =i Oryzomys gatunensis Goldman = Oryzomys gatunensis Hall and Kelson Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord = Sigmodon hispidus Goldman = Sigmodon austerulus Goldman Abundant. Low elevations. Central Panama, the Pacific coast of western Panama, and the western extreme of the Caribbean coast. Savannas and forest openings. Terrestrial. Specimens from the Canal Zone and the Pacific coast are of the subspecies S. h. chiriquensis J. A. Allen : Cerro Azul, 1000 feet and Cerro Campana (Panama) ; many localities, throughout the Canal Zone; El Valle (Code) ; Cerro Hoya, 3000 feet, and Guanico (Los Santos) ; Rio Mariato and Santa Fe (Veraguas) ; and Boqueron and Bugaba (Chiriqui). Specimens from Almirante and 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola (Bocas del Toro) represent an undescribed subspecies. The nominal species "S. austeru j us Bangs", known only by the holotype, is now thought a synonym of S. h. borucae J. A. Allen and to have come from Costa Rica, not the summit of Volcan de Chiriqui as labeled (Enders, 1953, p. 508) . * Rheomys hartmanni Enders Rare. Known only by two specimens from the hot springs on the Rio Cotito, 4900 feet (Chiriqui). Aquatic. Rheomys raptor Goldman Rare. Known only by three specimens from Cerro Pirre, 4500 feet (Darien). Aquatic. * Rheomys underwood! Thomas Rare. One specimen from El Volcan (Chiriqui). Aquatic. Family Muridae * Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout Uncommon. Urban. Terrestrial. Specimens from Cristobal and Mount Hope (Canal Zone). Introduced. [Begin Page: Page 785] HANDLEY : CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 785 Rattus rattus Linnaeus Abundant. Now found around human habitations and in some wild areas throughout much, if not all, of Panama. Partly terrestrial, partly arboreal. Three color phases are encountered: black (= "R. r. rattus Linnaeus"), brown with gray belly (="R. r. alexandrinus E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire"), and brown with white belly ("R. r. frugivorus Rafinesque"). Introduced. Mus musculus Linnaeus Uncommon. In human habitations. Specimens from El Valle (Code) Isla del Rey, Las Cumbres, and Rio Avaso (Panama) ; Fort Clayton (Canal Zone) ; and Cerro Punta, 5000 feet (Chiriqui). Introduced. Family Erethizontidae Coendou mexicanus Kerr = Coendou mexicanum Goldman In western Panama, from high elevations on the Pacific slope (common) to near sea level on the Caribbean coast (rare). Arboreal. Specimens from Boquete and Cerro Punta, 5300-6200 feet (Chiriqui), and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is C. m. laenatus Thomas. Coendou rothschildi Thomas Uncommon. At lower elevations, possibly throughout Panama, except on the Caribbean coast of western Panama. Arboreal. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya (Darien) ; Armila (San Bias) ; Barro Colorado Island, Cativa Road, Fort Davis, Fort Kobbe, Fort Sherman, France Field, Gatun, Rio Indio, and Tabernilla (Canal Zone) ; Parita (Herrera) ; Guanico (Los Santos) ; and Boqueron, Isla Brava, and Isla Sevilla (Chiriqui). Family Hydrochaeridae Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris Linnaeus = Hydrochoerus isthmius Goldman = Hydrochaeris isthmius Hall and Kelson Uncommon. Eastern Panama. Semiaquatic. Stream banks and marshes. Specimens or observations from El Real, Marraganti, and Rio Seteganti, 2600 feet (Darien) ; 15 mi. E. of Panama (Panama) ; and Juan Mina (Canal Zone). The Panamanian subspecies is H. h. isthmius Goldman. Family Dasyproctidae Agouti paca Linnaeus = Cuniculus paca Goldman Common throughout Panama except where it has been excessively [Begin Page: Page 786] 786 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA hunted. Forest. Terrestrial. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya, Cana, 2000 feet (observation), and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien); Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000 feet (Panama) ; Barro Colorado Island, Gatun, and Rio Indio (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Hoya, 28003000 feet (Los Santos) ; Cerro Punta, 5300 feet, and Divala (Chiriqui) ; and Almirante, Boca del Drago, Cayo Agua, Isla Bastimentos, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro). The Panamanian subspecies is A. p. virgatus Bangs. Dasyprocta coibae Thomas Common. Known only on Isla Coiba. Forest. Terrestrial. Dasyprocta punctata Gray = Dasyprocta callida Goldman Common throughout Panama. At all elevations, though more common in lowlands. Forest. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) D. p. bellula Kellogg. Isla San Jose. (2) D. p. callida Bangs. Isla Pedro Gonzalez and Isla del Rey. (3) D. p. dariensis Goldman. Eastern Panama. Specimens from Aruza, Boca de Cupe, Boca de Rio Paya, Cana, Cerro Pirre, 5200 feet, Chepigana, Cituro, El Real, and Rio Chucunaque (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; and Ancon Hill (Canal Zone). (4) D. p. isthmica Alston. Central Panama and at higher elevations in western Panama. Specimens from Cerro Azul, 2000 feet, and Rio Trinidad (Panama) ; Colon (Colon) ; Barro Colorado Island, Cocoli, Fort Sherman, Gamboa, Gatun, Madden Dam, Paraiso, and Rio Indio (Canal Zone) ; and Boquete (Chiriqui) . (5) D, p. nuchalis Goldman. Pacific lowlands of western Panama, except the Azuero Peninsula. Specimens from Bugaba and Divala (Chiriqui). (6) D. p. pallidiventris Bole. Azuero Peninsula. Specimens from Cerro Hoya, 2600-3000 feet, and Guanico (Los Santos) ; and Isla Cebaco and Paracote (Veraguas). (7) D. p. richmondi Goldman. Caribbean coast of western Panama. Specimens from Almirante, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, and Sibube. Family Echimyidae Proechimys semispinosus Tomes Abundant throughout the forested portions of Panama at lower elevations. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) P. s. burrus Bangs. Isla del Rey. (2) P. s. goldmani Bole. Azuero Peninsula. Specimens from Cerro Viejo, Paracote and Rio Mariato (Veraguas). (3) P. s. ignotus Kellogg. Isla San Jose. (4) P. s. panamensis Thomas (=P. s. chiriquinus Thomas). Lowlands throughout, except on the Azuero Peninsula. Specimens from Boca de Cupe, Boca de Rio Paya, Cana, 2000 feet, Cituro, El Real, Rio Chucunaque, Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet, and Tapalisa (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, Chiman, and Rio Trinidad (Panama) ; many localities throughout the Canal Zone; Boqueron, Bugaba, 800 feet, and Divala (Chiriqui) ; and Almirante, Boca del Drago, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, and Isla Bastimentos (Bocas del Toro). [Begin Page: Page 787] HANDLEY: CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 787 Hoplomys gymnurus Thomas Locally uncommon to abundant. Eastern Panama and the Caribbean coast of western Panama. Evergreen forest. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama: (1) H. g. goethalsi Goldman. Specimens from Cana, 2000 feet, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Cerro Azul, 2000-2100 feet (Panama) ; Fort Sherman, Gatun, and Rio Indio (Canal Zone), and Almirante, Boca del Drago, Cayo Agua, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, Isla Bastimentos, Isla Colon, upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) . (2) H. g. wetmorei Handley. Isla Escudo de Veraguas (Bocas del Toro) . Diplomys labilis Bangs = Diplomys darlingi Goldman = Diplomys darlingi Hall and Kelson At low elevations in the Canal Zone and eastern Panama. Arboreal. Nests in tree holes. Subspecies in Panama: (1) D. I. darlingi Goldman. Rare. Specimens from Cerro Mali, 5000 feet, Marraganti, and Tapalisa, 400 feet (Darien) ; Armila and Mandinga (San Bias) ; and Ancon, Fort Kobbe, and Juan Mina (Canal Zone) . (2) D.I. labilis Bangs. Common on Isla del Rey (Panama). Order CETACEA Family Physeteridae * Physeter catodon Linnaeus Rare. Definitely recorded only for the Gulf of Panama, but probably occurs off both coasts. Marine. Family Delphinidae * Stenella graffmani Lonnberg Common. Gulf of Panama, Gulf of Chiriqui, and probably other Pacific coastal waters. Marine. * Stenella longirostris Gray Rare, Pacific. Specimen taken between Panama and Galapagos Islands. Marine. Possibly more pelagic than S. graffmani. * Stenella plagiodon Cope Possibly common. Gulf of San Bias and probably other Caribbean coastal waters. Marine. *Tursiops nuuanu Andrews Pacific. Specimen taken 70 mi. S. of Panama. Marine. * Globicephala species? On 29 March 1962, Dr. Alexander Wetmore observed a group of small whales off Isla Cebaco (Veraguas) which he took to be Globicephala. [Begin Page: Page 788] 788 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA Family Balaenopteridae * Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus Possibly uncommon. Caribbean. Marine. * Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski Uncommon. Pacific. Observed in Gulf of Panama. Marine. *Sibbaldus musculus Linnaeus Possibly rare. Caribbean. A dead specimen washed ashore at Cristobal (Canal Zone). Marine. Order CARNIVORA Family Canidae * Urocyon cinereoargenteus Schreber Rare. Canal Zone and Pacific coast of western Panama. Semi-arid savanna and scrub country. Terrestrial. Specimen from 3 mi. W. of Balboa (Canal Zone). The Panamanian subspecies is U. c. furvus G. M. Allen and Barbour. Speothos venaticus Lund = Icticyon panamensis Goldman = Speothos panamensis Hall and Kelson Rare. Definitely known only in extreme eastern Panama, but reported from Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, and Chiriqui. Forest. Terrestrial. Specimens from Cerro Pirre, 5000 feet (Darien). The Panamanian subspecies is S. v. panamensis Goldman. For use of this name combination, see Hershkovitz (1957, p. 161). Family Procyonidae Bassariscus sumichrasti Saussure Rare. Known in Panama only by a specimen from Boquete, 6000 feet (Chiriqui) . Arboreal. The Panamanian subspecies is B. s. notinus Thomas. Procyon cancrivorus Cuvier Uncommon. Eastern Panama and the Caribbean coast of western Panama. It has been reported on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Mostly terrestrial. Specimens from Boca de Rio Paya, Cana, 2000 feet, Rio Pucro, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (observation only) (Darien) ; Armila (observation only) and Mandinga (San Bias) ; Panama (Panama) ; Portobelo (Colon) ; Gatun (Canal Zone) ; and 3.7 miles SE. of Almirante (Bocas del Toro) . The Panamanian subspecies is P. c. panamensis Goldman. Procyon lotor Linnaeus Locally common. Central and western Panama. Mostly arboreal. Sub- is T. m. manatus Linnaeus. Order PERISSODACTYLA Family Tapiridae Tapirus bairdii Gill = Tapir ella bairdii Goldman Common at all elevations in eastern Panama and on the Caribbean coast, but now rare or absent on the Pacific coast of western Panama. Largely [Begin Page: Page 792] 792 ECTOPARASITES OF PANAMA terrestrial, although often frequenting streams and lake shores. Specimens from Cana, 2000 feet, and Cerro Pirre, 5000 feet (Darien) ; Mandinga (San Bias) ; Gatun and Mount Hope (Canal Zone) ; Boquete, 5000 feet (Chiriqui) ; and upper Rio Changena, 2400 feet (Bocas del Toro) . Order ARTIODACTYLA Family Tayassuidae Tayassu pecari Link Uncommon, but probably distributed locally throughout the forested parts of Panama. Terrestrial. Specimens from Rio Changuinola (Bocas del Toro). On geographical grounds the subspecies in Panama should be T. p. spiradens (Goldman) . For notes on the use of the name Tayassu pecari Link rather than Tayassu albirostris Illiger as recommended by Cabrera (1961, p. 316) see Hershkovitz (1963, p. 85). Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus = Pecari angulatus Goldman Common throughout Panama except where it has been excessively hunted. Forest and forest clearings. Terrestrial. Specimens from Boca de Cupe, Boca de Rio Paya, El Real, and Tacarcuna Village, 1950 feet (Darien) ; Barro Colorado Island, Gamboa, Gatun, and Madden Dam (Canal Zone) ;Escobal (Colon) ; Paracote (Veraguas) ; Boquete (Chiriqui) and Almirante, 7 km. SSW. of Changuinola, Rio Teribe, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) . The names T. t. bangsi Goldman, Boca de Cupe (Darien) , and T. t. crusnigrum Bangs, Boquete (Chiriqui) , are available for Panamanian populations. Family Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann = Odocoileus chiriquensis Goldman =z Odocoileus rothschildi Goldman = Dama virginiana Hall and Kelson Uncommon. Pacific coast of central and western Panama, Canal Zone, and western extreme of Caribbean coast. Apparently absent from the remainder of the Caribbean coast and eastern Panama. Terrestrial. Usually in thickets in savannas or in patches of wild cane along rivers, but inhabiting dense forest on the Azuero Peninsula. Subspecies in Panama: (1) 0. v. chiriquensis J. A. Allen. Specimens from Rio Bayano (Panama) ; Corozal and Gatun (Canal Zone) ; Cerro Hoya, 2800 feet (Los Santos) ; and Boqueron and Boquete (Chiriqui). (2) 0. v. rothschildi Thomas. Isla Coiba. (3) O. v. truei Merriam (= O. costaricensis Miller). Sibube (Bocas del Toro). Mazama americana Erxleben = Mazama sartorii Goldman Common. Probably throughout the forested parts of Panama. Terrestrial. Subspecies in Panama : (1) M. a. cerasina Hollister. Caribbean [Begin Page: Page 793] HANDLEY: CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 793 coast of western Panama. Specimens from Almirante, 14 km. SSW. of Changuinola, Rio Teribe, and Sibube (Bocas del Toro) . (2) M. a. reperticia Goldman. Mainland Panama, except the western Caribbean coast. Specimens from Boca de Cupe, Cana, Chepigana, Cituro, El Real, Rio Chucunaque, Tacarcuna Casita, 1600 feet, Tacarcuna Laguna, 3000 feet, Tacarcuna Village, 3200 feet, and Tapalisa (Darien) ; Maxon Ranch, Rio Trinidad (Panama) ; Gatun (Canal Zone) ; and.Boquete, 4000-4800 feet (Chiriqui). * Mazama gouazoubira Fischer Uncommon. Terrestrial. Known in Panama only on Isla San Jose. The Panamanian subspecies is M. g. permira Kellogg. [Begin Page: Page 794] References cited BURMEISTER, H. 1854. Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens. Pt. 1. Berlin, x + 342 pp. BURT, W. H., and STIRTON, R. A. 1961. The mammals' of El Salvador. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 117, 69 pp., 2 figs. CABRERA, A. 1958 & 1961. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Rev. Mus. Argentine Cien. Nat. "Bernardino Rivadavia," Cien. Zool., 4, nos. 1 and 2, pp. xxii + 732, 1 pi. ENDERS, R. K. 1953. Is Sigmodon austerulus a valid species? Jour. Mamm., 34, pp. 508-509. GOLDMAN, E. A. 1920. Mammals of Panama. Smiths. Misc. Coll., 69, no. 5, 309 pp., 39 pis., 24 figs., map. GOODWIN, G. G. 1958. Bats of the genus Rhogeessa. Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 1923, 17 pp. 1959. Bats of the subgenus Natalus. Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 1977, 22 pp., 2 figs. 1960. The status of Vespertilio auripendulus Shaw, 1800, and Molossus ater Geoffrey, 1805. Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 1994, 6 pp., 1 fig. 1963. American bats of the genus Vampyressa, with the description of a new species. Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 2125, 24 pp., 14 figs. GOODWIN, G. G., AND GREENHALL, A. M. 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 122, art. 3, pp. 187-302, 113 figs., 40 pis., 2 maps. 1962. Two new bats from Trinidad, with comments on the status of the genus Mesophylla. Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 2080, 18 pp. HALL, E. R. 1960. Oryzomys couesi only subspecifically different from the marsh rice rat, Oryzomys' palustris. Southwestern Naturalist, 5, pp. 171-173. HALL, E. R., and KELSON, K. R. 1959. The mammals of North America. Ronald Press, N. Y. 2 vols., 1373 pp., 1216 illus. HAMLETT, G. W. D. 1939. Identity of Dasypus septemcinctus Linnaeus with notes on some related species. Jour. Mamm., 20, pp. 328-336. HANDLEY, C. 0., JR. 1960. Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus'., 112, pp. 459-479. 794 [Begin Page: Page 795] HANDLEY: CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS 795 HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1957. A synopsis of the wild dogs of Colombia. Noved. Colombianas, Mus. Hist. Nat. Univ. del Cauca, no. 3, pp. 157-161. 1960. Mammals of northern Colombia, preliminary report no. 8 : Arboreal rice rats, a systematic revision of the subgenus Oecomys', genus Oryzomys. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 110, pp. 513-568, 6 figs., 12 pis. 1963. The nomenclature of South American peccaries. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 76, pp. 85-88. HUSSON, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh., Rijksmus. Van Nat. Hist., Leiden, no. 58, 282 pp., 39 figs'., 30 pis. KOOPMAN, K. F. 1955. A new species' of Chilonycteris from the West Indies and a discussion of the mammals of La Gonave. Jour. Mamm., 36, pp. 109-113, 1 pi. MILLER, G. S., JR., and KELLOGG, R. 1955. List of North American recsnt mammals. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 205, xii + 954 pp. SIMPSON, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 85, xvi + 350 pp. WAGNER, J. A. 1855. Die Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Suppl. 5, xxvi + 810 pp.