Studies on bats and bat parasites

FROM THE ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LUND AND THE ZOOLOGICAL LABORATORY OF THE AGRICULTURAL, DAIRY, AND HORTICULTURAL INSTITUTION OF ALNARP^ £. i (^p £ E £> B M STUDIES ON BATS AND BAT PARASITES ESPECIALLY WITH REGARD TO SWEDEN AND OTHER NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES OF THE NORTH I BY OLOF RYBERG STOCKHOLM BOKFOKLAGET SVENSK NATUR CONTENTS I>iige Introduction VII Acknowledgements i\ Contents XIII Corrigenda and Addenda xvi I. CHIROPTEROLOGICAL SECTION 1 Chapter 1. The Gradual Increase in the Number of Known Species and Subspecies in the Order of Chiroptera 1 Approximate Numbers of Forms Mentioned by Some Authors 2 Number of Recognized Forms, Species and Subspecies of Bats 3 Chapter 2. Geographical Distribution 6 Distribution of Families . 8 Chapter 3. Polar Limits 18 Northern Limits 18 Southern Limits 21 Light Summer Nights 22 Summer Temperatures in Relation to the Northern Limits 24 Winter Temperature and Hibernation 28 Chapter A. Altitudinal Limits 34 Some Records, at High Altitudes 35 Altitudinal Limits in Different Latitudes 39 PaTallellism Between Highland and Polar Limits 40 Chapter 5. Occurrence in Isolated Islands 43 Spreading to Isolated Islands- .....: 45 Chapter 6. Relation Between the Bat Faunas of the Old and the New Worlds 47 Presumtive Parallel Genera 51 Presumtive Parallel Species 52 Chapter 7. Manners of Displacement and Possibilities of Distribution 54 Flight 54 Ambulation 55 Climbing . 55 Swimming • ; .. 56 Possible Synanthropic Distribution 60 Circumstances Making Synanthropic Distribution Improbable :.. 61 Chapter S. Marking Experiments 63 The Theories of Migration in the Light of the Ringmarking Results .... 66 Refindings at Great Distances from the Marking-Place 68 Home-Flying Experiments '. 69 XIII I'age Home-Flying Experiments with Nyctalus nactula SCHREBER 1774 70 Home-Flying' Experiments with Plecotus auritus LINNAEUS 1758 71 Home-Flying Experiments with Pipislrellus pipistrellus SCHREBER 1774 71 Is Naturalization of Bats Possible? 74 Alternative Roosting-Places 74 Alternative Roosting-Places of Pipistrellus pipistrellus SCHREBER 1774 .. 76 Alternative Roosting-Places of Nyctalus noctula SCHREBER 177476 Age Determination 77 Chapter 9. Species Occuring in the North 79 Nomenclature 79 Distribution of the Northern Species 80 Species Wrongly Stated from the North 95 The Poverty of the Northern Fauna 97 Chapter 10. The Roosting Places of Bats 98 Chapter 11. Social Instincts 113 Chapter 12: Nutrition 116 Food, Feeding and Drinking 116 Abnormal Foods 118 Excreta, Defecation and Urination 122 Chapter 13. Flying and Hunting, Hunting Grounds 125 Chapter 14. Sound Production 130 Vocal Sounds 130 Buzzing Sounds 132 Nasal Sounds 133 Sounds in Connection with Eating and Drinking 133 Cleaning Sounds 134 Muscular Sounds 134 Wing Sounds 134 Chapter 15. Variation in Fertility and First Certain Observation of Triplet Birth in the Old World 136 Development and Fertility in Nyctalus noctula SCHREBER 1774. (Cf. also Diagram I) 136" - Doubtful Records of more than two Young 138 Occasional Occurrence of Supernumerary (3—4) Embryos 139 Reduction in Fertility and Number of Mamdllae in Relation to the Power of Flight 142 Fertility in Different Families and its Relation to Number of Mamillae and Types of Uterus. [Cf. also Table I) 142 Geographical Fertility Variation in European Species. (Cf. also Table II) 143 Variation in Fertility and Uterin Structure 145 Relation Between Fertility and Asymmetry in Uterin Function and Structure 146 Relation Between Fertility and Function of Female Sexual Organs .... 147 Relation Between Fertility and Mothers Age 150 Rearing Capacity and Development in Different Sized Litters 151 Number of Mamillae in Relation to Fertility 151 Occurrence of Pubic Mamillae and Mammae 155 Occurrence of Mamillae and Gynaecomastia in Male Bats 157 Chapter 16. Weight 159 Weight of Non-Pregnant, Adult Northern Bats 160 XIV II. PARASITOLOGICAL SECTION Chapter 17. Bat Parasites Breeding and Metamorposis of Bat Flies, Family Nijcteribiidoc (Diptera Pupipara) Hibernation Length of Life, Sexual Ability, and Fertility Copulation Pregnancy Preparations for Partus Partus Care of the Larva Puerperium The Larva " Puparium The Fresh Emerged Imago Explanation of Plates Plates Maps '. Explanation of Symbols Tables Bibliography Diagram Supplements Page 161 161 162 163 163 164 164 165 166 166 167 167 169 172 174 193 249 249 271 277 319 321 xv