Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Tribal Women in Tourism Sector: A Study on Scheduled Areas of Madhya Pradesh

ISSN : 2349-4743 Journal of Tribal, Folk and Subaltern Studies (An International Refereed Research Journal) Volume II • Issue I • August 2015 (Special Issue on Women) Editor-in-Chief DR. VIPIN K. SINGH Editors DR. PRIYANKA SINGH DR. BASANTA K. MOHANTA ISSN : 2349-4743 JOURNAL OF TRIBAL, FOLK AND SUBALTERN STUDIES (An International Refereed Research Journal) (Volume II; Issue 1; August 2015) Editor-in-Chief : DR. VIPIN K. SINGH Editors : DR. PRIYANKA SINGH & DR. BASANTA K. MOHANTA EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD • DR VICKY SUE GILPIN, Dept. of English, Millikin University, Illinois, USA • DR MONICA GUIDOLIN, Social Anthropology and Ethnology, Paris. • PROF. R K SINGH, Dept. of English & Modern European Languages, UP. • PROF. KISHOR K BASA, Department of Anthropology, Utkal Uni. Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. • FARIDEH POURGIV, Associate Prof. of English Literature Shiraz Uni,Iran. • DR DEEPAK KUMAR SINGH, Dept. of English, Lucknow Uni, UP. India. • PROF. T. NAGESHWAR RAO, Head, Dept. of English Literature of Commonwealth Countries, EFLU, Hyderabad, India. • PROF. JAGANNATH DAS, Dept. of Anthropology, Utkal Uni. Odisha, India. • PROF. M. ZULFIQUAR ALI ISLAM, Dept. of Sociology, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. • DR. GAUTAM BERA, Anthropological Survey of India North-Eastern Regional Centre Mawblei, Madanriting, Shillong, India. • DR R.K. MOHANTY, Dept. of Archaeology, Deccan College, Pune, India. • DR. N. K. DAS, 56, Russa Road, First Lane, Tollygunge, Kolkata. • DR SHWETA SINGH, 6 Carland Close, Reading, United Kingdom. • DR. SUDHANSHU SHEKHAR MAHATO, Lecturer, Dept. Of Humanities, G.H.Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur. Worldwide Circulation through Authorspress Global Network Published 2015 by Authorspress Q-2A Hauz Khas Enclave, New Delhi-110 016 E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.authorspressbooks.com Copyright © 2015 Editor-in-chief Disclaimer: Concerned authors are solely responsible for their views, opinions, policies, copyright infringement, legal action, penalty or loss of any kind regarding their articles. Neither the publisher nor the editor will be responsible for any penalty or loss of any kind if claimed in future. Contributing authors have no right to demand any royalty amount for their articles. Contents Editorial 5 Research Papers: 1. Ima Keithel: The Traditional Market of Women in Manipur 7 N. SHAKMACHA SINGH AND PROF. K.K. BASA 2. A Study of Sexual Violence, Gender Discrimination and Trauma in Bapsi Sidhwa’s The Ice-Candy-Man 20 DR. DEEPAK KUMAR SINGH 3. Socio-Political Role of Sufi Women in the Horn of Africa (With special Reference to Sitti Alwiyya of Eritrea) DR. SHAMSHAD ALI 36 4. Tattoo: A Cultural Expression of the Baiga Women (A Study of the Tattoo Culture of the Baiga Women of Madhya Pradesh) 52 MANASH PRATIM GOSWAMI 5. Karnad’s The Fire and the Rain: A Tale of Subaltern Women 65 DR. R.P. YADAV 6. Women in Ancient Literature 75 DR. MOHAN LAL CHADHAR 7. Practices and Preventions of Female Genital Mutilation in Africa: A Medical Anthropological Analysis 99 BASANTA KUMAR MOHANTA Page 4 Journal of Tribal, Folk and Subaltern Studies 8. Violence Against Women in India: Punjab Unveiled 117 SARABJEET SINGH 9. Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Tribal Women in Tourism Sector:A Study on Scheduled Areas of Madhya Pradesh 132 DR. A. RAGHU & DR. PRASHANT KUMAR SINGH 10. Woman, Marriage and Motherhood: Simone’s Response 147 DR PRIYANKA SINGH 11. Marriage, Dowry and Female Subordination: A Shakespearean Canon 160 DR VIPIN K SINGH 12. Women Leaders of Odisha in the Nationalist Movement 175 MANAS KUMAR DAS 13. Mythologies Revealing the Hidden Consciousness of the Baigas: A Feminist Reading 195 DR VIPIN K SINGH 14. Tribal Women’s World: Revealing the Realities through Baiga Folklore 213 DR PRIYANKA SINGH Book Reviews: 1. Lips Have Nothing To Say 222 DR VIPIN K SINGH 2. Ethnographic Museum (A Pictographic Catalogue of the Ethnographic Museum of Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, M.P.) 225 DR. GAURI SHANKAR MAHAPATRA 3. Contemporary Issues in Postcolonial Theory 229 DR VIPIN K SINGH 9 Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Tribal Women in Tourism Sector: A Study on Scheduled Areas of Madhya Pradesh DR. A. RAGHU* & DR. PRASHANT KUMAR SINGH** *Asst.Professor, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, MP **Asst. Professor, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, MP Abstract The explicit development of marginalized communities is very important for a developing country. In order to catalyze their growth, self-employment is the best option. But, it is not possible to start business without a systematic investigation. So this study is conducted to investigate the suitable entrepreneurial opportunities in tourism sector, for tribal women residing in the state of Madhya Pradesh. To realize the objectives of present study un-structured interviews and participate observation method is adopted. Implementable suggestions and recommendations are conceived out of this research study. Key words: Tribal Women, Entrepreneurship, Training, Handicrafts, Scheduled areas. Introduction “You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women” —Jawaharlal Nehru An attempt to write a research paper on the scope of creating entrepreneurial opportunities for tribal women is one of the Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Tribal Women Page 133 most important social concerns. Progress of marginalized communities is treated as important growth indicator and necessary for a developing country like India. Providing employment opportunities to all populace of this country, whether it is Government, non-government or private, is not possible. Hence, helping them to take up entrepreneurial activity is best possible alternative available with the Government. Tribal communities are democratic and house hold responsibility is shared equally between female and male members, so it gives fruitful results if the tribal women are bestowed with the earning opportunities. Gender based inequalities are scientifically researched by a social watch. It is involved in the collection of data and analysis is done by adopting, systematic methodology for preparation of gender equity index. It is used to categorize different countries. Third world countries are not significantly contributed to the fundamental knowledge of entrepreneurship theories, when compared with developed nations. If any such study is conducted it is confined to specific sectors or groups only. Action and applied research has to be carried out by the educational institutes, social organizations and international agencies to help the tribal women to make successful career in self-employment. The results conceived out of such serious research studies should be transformed into theories and those can be used for guiding women entrepreneurs in general and tribal women in specific. Jyoti Y. depicted Indian women as homely, soft, non-aggressive, introvert and faced cruel behaviour from the day one of her birth or even the days before. They are also facing violence against them, gender inequality, comparative low treatments in the sectors like education, employment, earnings, etc. despite all these problems in the society and within the family, they are involved in nation building. Page 134 Journal of Tribal, Folk and Subaltern Studies Modern woman is not equal to men, but they are more and they are confident, intelligent, innovative, talented, educated and creative. The above paragraph stands valid only for few segments or class of women. An attempt is made in this research paper to understand the status of tribal women inhabited in the scheduled areas of Madhya Pradesh. In the above statement status is concerned with their empowerment. Women entrepreneurship also contributes substantially for the economic growth, but unfortunately, some people with traditional mind set are not supporting them. (Kumbhar, V. M. 2). Aim and Objectives The aim of this research paper is to investigate the microlevel opportunities in tourism sector, mainly the activities suitable for tribal women, living in scheduled areas of Madhya Pradesh. The measurable and attainable objectives of the study are to know the challenges faced by tribal women in setting up an enterprise. the present paper attempts to mark the Identification of Tourist destination in the scheduled areas of Madhya Pradesh. Review of Literature Knowledge is created through the continuous effort made by different individuals in the dynamic environment. According to Sinha, (76) women enter into entrepreneur activity by three type of reasons, these are chance, force and created. Women has the ability to learn fast and cope up with the environment easily if the training is provided to them in a special environment, where only women participants are there. The tailor made training programmes yield better results and they imbibe the skills like confidence, credibility and inter- Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Tribal Women Page 135 personal skills comfortably (Vinnicombe and Singh 294396). The female Entrepreneurs have to work hard relatively, when compared to the male member to convince the customer, suppliers and run the business successfully. (Shabbir 1). Physical age of the women also play a vital role in diversifying her business, besides this, she has to take care of her home, children, family, relatives and business. If women receives good and supportive family members, her performance is certainly better and she can play all the roles equally good. It is remarkable that the technology helps tribal women to display their goods for potential customers in the physical and virtual markets. Research on various areas of women entrepreneurship is essential in the contemporary, dynamic markets. (De Bruin, A., et al. 223-339). Women always do their work systematically, with lot of patience and commitment. Their contribution also counts, so support from the family members, society and peer groups take them to new heights in their business ventures. The survey of literature on empirical studies in the area of women entrepreneurship revealed that tribal women are still lagging in the areas of education, health, agriculture, political leadership, basic amenities, business, employment, social mobilization. They should be exposed to sensitization on various, schemes, methodologies, and scope for the development. Shivaraj, B. M. C. G. H., and Dileepkumar, M. G. M. (2012). It is essential to know the factors responsible for boosting and motivating women to start business of their own, those factors are leading behavour, strong determination and risk taking attitude. Panda, S. S. (2013). In order to create successful ventures women should have good education, professional qualifications, managerial skills, passion, radiant personality, independent, decision making ability, proactive and confident. Kaur, G., and Singh, D. S. (2013). Page 136 Journal of Tribal, Folk and Subaltern Studies Methodology The method adopted to realize the objectives of the study are a series of in-depth interviews with local tribal community members, tourism officials and the same assumptions are adopted to other locations, because the target group is more or less same at the all the locations, as understood that they are women members of the tribal groups residing in the same state. Personal semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 women members in Anuppur District. Participatory direct observation method is followed to know the daily routine of the women members, their role in earning financial resources to take-care of their family. Further this also provides scope to collect the present tourism related activities available at the destination. Secondary data is collected through the research articles, proceedings of the tribal welfare department, research projects, white papers, unpublished thesis and the authentic documents provided by the entrepreneurship development organizations. Study Area Madhya Pradesh is located in the central part of the country, it is otherwise called “Heart of India”. The state is bestowed with rich cultural and heritage resources, monuments, forests, mountain ranges, hill stations, wild life sanctuaries and spiritual destinations. In 1950, former British Central Province, Berar, princely state of Makarai and Chhattisgarh was formed into 3 new states, they are Bhopal, Vindhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Due to the reorganization of states, these three regions merged into Madhya Pradesh, in 1956. It was originally the biggest state in India with 61 districts until 1st November, 2000 and thus divided into Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh after that. Now it is the second largest state in India and the physical areas of this state Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Tribal Women Page 143 skills, so that, they can design innovative products. Sarma, G. (2014). The social and cultural barriers like taboos, superstitions, customs, gender, caste, occupation, and class are not allowing them to gain financial freedom. In order to overcome all these problems, they should be provided with basic education and required skills, (Sindhi, M. S. 2012). A major shift in traditional attitude and mind set of the people in the society can only eliminate the obstacles for tribal women and help them to establish successful enterprises. Mahajan, S. (2013). Whether men or women, their work always helps for the nation building, it also helps their family, in present era of competition women are also willing to take up business activities, and they should be trained in strategic management and risk management. Jyothi, P. N. (2014). India has already experienced the contribution of women entrepreneurs for the growth of economy, women from rural and tribal communities should be trained to utilize the edge of technology, import and export procedures, (Venugopal, R. K., & Konchada, S. 2014). Training and skill development programmes for tribal women make them to eligible for setting up of their own business ventures. Education, liberal thinking, make them radiant and economically independent, (Pushpanadham, K., & Sindhi, S. 2014). Tribal women should use the schemes and incentives provided by the government to raise the funds, nongovernmental organizations should help them in dissemination of government policies and various bodies from time to time, which are related to entrepreneurship. Conclusion There is a need for substantial research in the field of entrepreneurship opportunities for tribal women. They are playing vital role in contributing financial resources to Page 144 Journal of Tribal, Folk and Subaltern Studies maintain their family. Whether tribal women or men, they are facing lot of challenges in their routine life. Tribal women are facing health problems, lack of education, sanitation, safe drinking water and societal problems. Sometimes the taboos, superstitions also make them tricky. As they are facing difficult situation to lead their livelihood, it is the responsibility of every person, Government and Nongovernmental organizations to work for the progression of the tribal communities. 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