THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TEACHING STUDENTS THE OPTICS DEPARTMENT IN DIGITAL EDUCATION

SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 170 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TEACHING STUDENTS THE OPTICS DEPARTMENT IN DIGITAL EDUCATION B.U. Imomov Teacher of the Physics Department of the Samarkand State Pedagogical Institute https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17311527 Abstract. This article analyzes the importance and effectiveness of using software tools in teaching students the "Optics" section of physics. The article consistently covers the main stages of developing software for the educational process - analysis of requirements, design, programming, testing and implementation - taking into account the content of the optics section and its didactic features. The methodological requirements, technical means and pedagogical approaches set at each stage are analyzed, and based on them, opportunities for deepening students' knowledge, skills and qualifications and developing independent learning activities are shown. The results of the research will serve to improve the teaching process of the optics section based on modern digital tools, increase educational efficiency and help students master the basics of the subject more deeply. Keywords: software, optics section, educational process, information technologies, educational effectiveness, design, testing. Introduction As a result of the reforms carried out in the fields of science, education and production in the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years, the educational and normative documents, material and technical base of the optics department of physics, along with all other disciplines, are being updated in the education system, and a new Digital aspiration is emerging among students. As a result of the implementation of teaching methods based on new technologies, students' interest in their specialty has increased, and qualified competitive personnel for the real sector of the economy are being trained. Naturally, there is a need for pre-planning of model working curricula by university professors and teachers for teaching physics based on the use of new interactive approaches. In the measures for further development of education in the optics department, "Study of important and highly demanded subjects such as physics, mathematics, computer science and foreign languages based on an in-depth modern approach" was identified as a priority task. One of the most urgent tasks facing our society today is to educate a well-rounded generation with new thinking, creative thinking, and intellectual potential. Improving the teaching of physics is an urgent issue, increasing the activity of students, deepening the scope of knowledge in their mental reserve, and introducing effective methods based on new opportunities. Students may encounter some difficulties in the process of studying, learning, and mastering physics. At this time, students may lack confidence in their knowledge, which may result in a negative situation such as boredom with science. Optics is considered one of the general vocational subjects and is studied in the fourth semester of the undergraduate Physics program. To master this section, students are required to have sufficient knowledge and skills from the curriculum sections "Mathematical Analysis", "Differential Equations", "Informatics and Information Technologies", "Mechanics", "Molecular Physics", "Electricity and Magnetism" of General Physics. The main principles of interactive SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 171 technologies in teaching optics: integrity, projectiveness, flexibility, completeness and final result. In teaching optics, it is necessary to implement lessons in an interactive-integrated form, virtual laboratory exercises, classification of optical instruments, mastering knowledge, skills, qualifications and competencies, and applying interactive methods in practice. It is important to create a pedagogical environment that affects the comprehensive development of the student. Creating a pedagogical environment that affects the comprehensive development of the student. Creating an environment that influences the student's all-round development Students need to master the knowledge and skills in the field of optics, thinking, understanding the world, researching it, studying its processes, and studying the relationship between events, phenomena, laws, and rules. To put it into practice, the student should say: “I have a very strong desire to study the chapter on optics”, “I can do it”, “I have developed an interest in the laws of optics and a desire to study optical instruments”, “My friends look at my interest with admiration” Within the framework of this approach, each student develops a sense of comprehensive development, an independent sphere of activity, and begins to create innovations. In teaching the optics department of the physics course, innovative technologies are innovations and changes in the pedagogical process and the activities of the teacher and student, and the main interactive methods are fully used in its implementation. Interactive methods are called collective thinking, that is, they are methods of pedagogical influence and are a component of the educational content. Their uniqueness lies in the fact that they are implemented only through the joint work of the teacher and the student. It is necessary to interpret the pedagogical-psychological, ergonomic conditions such as specially organized, organizational and implementing, value-oriented, meaningful-technological, goal-oriented, stimulating-motivational, cognitive-reflective, emotional-volitional, controlling, implementing, regulating, result and evaluation of lessons in optics teaching for selected experimental groups of students at the undergraduate level of education, i.e. during their student years, as the most priority manifestations of improving the teaching of optics. The priority of the principles of volitionalism and creative approach in interactive education allows the teacher to freely choose interactive methods. However, certain requirements are also taken into account when choosing interactive methods. L.N. Vavilova, O.A. Golubkova and T.S. Panina divided interactive methods of education into the following groups according to their communicative tasks: 1) methods based on discussion, i.e. dialogue, group discussion, selection and analysis of life situations; 2) methods of a game nature, i.e. didactic games, creative, business and role-playing games, organizational and activity games; 3) interactive methods of a psychological nature, i.e. sensitive and communicative training, empathy. Whatever sphere of human activity, whether it is material production, solving scientific puzzles or solving educational problems, their center, as well as their driving force, is reflected in the tasks. The English scientist U.D. Reitman wrote half a century ago: in organizing the scientific SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 172 and innovative activity of students, it is important to increase their activity and educational efficiency by giving them problematic issues and tasks. Among such research, we can include the pedagogical and methodological research works of V.V. Matkin, Sh.R. Raykhonov, M.N. Skatkin. The scientific Digital activity of students is such a means of education that, by implementing it in the educational process: - the enthusiasm for digital reading and learning of the optics section is further increased, the continuation of the motives formed during the lesson is ensured; - leads students to knowledge, to expand the circle of competence; - prepares the ground for students to continue their work independently on the studied educational material; - the ability of modern computers to significantly increase the speed of teaching in the electronic manual. - the teacher's guidance of students' activities is facilitated to a certain extent. The following questions were asked in the questionnaire on the activity of students' scientific research digital activities: 1) What topics in the optics department of physics interest you? 2) Are you interested in solving problems in the optics department (why)? 3) What types of problems interest you? 4) How do you use the textbook and additional literature? 5) Can you do creative work, applying the laws of the optics department of physics in practice? 6) Would you like to participate in a circle session in the optics department of physics? 7) Can you continue to study topics and solve problems independently? 8) Can you make a test in physics? 9) Do you want to make scientific discoveries in the future? 10) Are you interested in making scientific digital inventions in your profession in the future? Questionnaires were given to first-year students. The analysis of the answers to the questions showed that students have a desire to create more inventions and new technical devices, and they have a desire to increase their practical knowledge in technical enterprises. In order to increase the effectiveness of education, ensure that the individual is at the center of education and that young people acquire independent knowledge, it is necessary to prepare for educational institutions and, in addition to solid knowledge in their field, to study and develop the ability to use and understand the principles of operation of modern technical devices. Therefore, fundamental reforms in the field of education require a deep study of the optics section of physics. According to data, by the 20th century, the main issue in the world is the study of natural sciences, physics, and mathematics by young people. This trend is especially evident in developed countries such as the USA and Japan. Modern Japanese youth are increasingly preferring the technical field. The requirements of the times require the development of the use of the laws of optics in physics in our country, its practical application, bringing foreign investment to our country and making a worthy contribution to development, therefore, although our country is at the forefront of technological development in this regard, we have the opportunity to further accelerate development in our country. The program to strengthen the material and technical base of higher educational institutions and radically improve the quality of training of technical specialists As a result of the draft Presidential Decree on the development of the Program for radically improving the higher education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017-2021: 1) educational programs will be developed and approved, which will include: organizing the educational process; gradually developing the independence of higher educational institutions by expanding their powers in providing paid services and searching for additional sources of financing. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 173 2) Higher education based on the competitiveness of national personnel and global practice will lead to an increase in the quality of the National system. It is difficult to imagine the development of our country at the level of modern requirements without science. Fundamental research plays an important role in the development of science. Teaching the Department of Optics in the context of digital technologies education is relevant today. Knowledge of physics is necessary for every boy and girl to work effectively in production, master techniques and technologies, and actively participate in invention. All this leads to the conclusion that there is a great opportunity to cultivate and improve students' interest in the optics department of physics. The use of visual aids, orientation to independent performance of experiments, and the personal qualities of the teacher play a decisive role in arousing students' interest in the optics department of physics. Factors such as knowledge of the importance of physics knowledge in everyday life and technology are of great importance in forming students' interest. Students' interest in the subject is related to their choice of profession in the future. Teaching the optics department in higher educational institutions in digital education conditions leads to improving the preparation of students for specialization, developing their sociocultural communication skills, in particular, improving the functional forms and methods of teaching the studied physics, practical and theoretical knowledge in teaching physics. The third chapter of the dissertation provides a comparative analysis of the situation in practice and the results of experimental work on improving the preparation of students for specialization in higher education based on these modules. Stages of improving the methodology for teaching optics to students in higher educational institutions in digital education conditions № Contents of the Optics Department Work to be done by students in studying optics in a digital learning environment 1. Forming empirical conclusions through theoretical generalization of optical concepts. conducting pedagogical observations, analyzing the activities of teachers and students in the process of teaching the optics department; scientific study of teaching tools, methods and forms of the optics department and designing a methodology for their application; planning the teaching process of the optics department and forming initial experiences in the use of teaching methods; systematization and assimilation by students of the optics course materials; familiarization of students with optical equipment, formation of skills for conducting experiments; demonstration of students' knowledge in familiar and unfamiliar situations during practical training and application in practice. 2. Generalization of theoretical knowledge and application in practice with practical work in the students' ability to improve and generalize knowledge in the field of optics (general questions, formation of physical laws and concepts, specific questions); to develop students' optical research skills in conducting simple pedagogical research; to teach students to conduct experiments in the field of optics, SCIENCE AND INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 4 ISSUE 9 SEPTEMBER 2025 ISSN: 2181-3337 | SCIENTISTS.UZ 174 optics department identify and use malfunctions, and solve problems. 3. Extended empirical inference, study of patterns to study modern technologies in the teaching of the optics department and develop the principles of their application; students' study of the necessary regulatory documents and their importance in practice during the study of physics; students' ability to conduct physical experiments during the study of the optics department and use them in practice and various methods of solving problems; students' creation of startups and digital projects during the study of the optics department and their use in everyday life. Therefore, the rapid development of society determines the requirements and goals for the formation of a person, priority values, and therefore the study of the optics department is also changing. " Thus, all relations between education and the educator, which represent a pedagogical process aimed at the development of the individual, are carried out within the framework of the above structure. The factors of development of the educational process in all periods are reflected in the changes in the characteristics of the elements of the pedagogical system, their interrelationships and structure. It is important that the structure of the pedagogical system clearly shows the two fundamental concepts of any scientific theory: task and implementation technology. The structure of the didactic task reflects the goal of any human activity. The didactic goal indicates that the difference between the initial and subsequent states of the individual is improving the comprehensive development of the student, and information is determined by the content of the subject. Conclusion The main advantages of using software in education are as follows. Interactivity and Active participation of students increase, the possibility of independent learning, ease of planning and monitoring lessons for teachers, transparency of the educational process and quick analysis of results. At the same time, there are some difficulties in this process. For example, some teachers may have difficulty mastering new technologies. Also, the lack of high-quality technical infrastructure in all educational institutions is a problem. In conclusion, familiarization with teaching software materials is an important tool for improving the quality of education. By approaching it systematically, an innovative and effective learning environment can be created. REFERENCES 1. R.S.Arefev Формирование готовности к самопроектированию коммуникативной компетентности у студентов педагогического ВУЗа: Дисс. канд. пед. наук., 2004. – 190стр. 2. T.M.Isaqulov, 3D formatli interaktiv elektron qo‘llanmani yaratishga qo‘yiladigan talablar // Xalq ta’limi. – Toshkent, 2020. – 5-son. – B. 102-105. 3. U.N.Taylakov Elektron axborot ta’lim muhitini yapatish texnologiyalari. Umumiy o’rta ta’lim maktablari uchun // Monografiya. –Toshkent, 2016. 4. 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