AN ANALYSIS OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE TERM "DICTIONARY" IN WORLD LINGUISTICS

93 AN ANALYSIS OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE TERM “DICTIONARY” IN WORLD LINGUISTICS Rasulova Munojat, Oriental universiteti dotsent v.b 99-842-28-18. [email protected] Annotation Dictionaries occupy a distinctive position within linguistic scholarship because of their essential role in facilitating cross-linguistic communication, analyzing grammatical structures, establishing language norms, shaping national consciousness, enriching speech, and influencing socio-political awareness. By the early twentieth century, dictionaries came to be acknowledged as a significant means of enhancing educational effectiveness, which led to the rise of a new branch in linguistics— educational lexicography. Consequently, specialized school dictionaries began to appear in developed nations and soon became an integral part of the educational system. Key words: Modern education, specialized dictionaries, innovative teaching technologies, cognitive approach, independent learning, effective methods, Uzbek linguistics, later developments, educational standards. Annotatsiya Lug‗atlar tilshunoslik adabiyotida alohida o‗rin tutadi. Chunki ular tillararo muloqotni ta‘minlash, tilning grammatik tuzilishini o‗rganish, til me‘yorlarini belgilash, milliy tafakkurni shakllantirish, nutqni boyitish va ijtimoiy-siyosiy ongni rivojlantirishda beqiyos ahamiyatga ega. XX asr boshlariga kelib lug‗atlar ta‘lim samaradorligini oshirishda muhim vosita sifatida tan olina boshlandi va natijada tilshunoslikda yangi yo‗nalish — ta‘limiy leksikografiya shakllandi. Shuning uchun rivojlangan mamlakatlarda maxsus maktab lug‗atlari yaratilgan va ular ta‘lim tizimining ajralmas qismiga aylangan. Kalit so„zlar: Zamonaviy maktab, maxsus lug‗at, ilg‗or pedagogik texnologiyalar, kognitiv ta‘lim, mustaqil ish, samarali usul, o‗zbek tilshunosligi, keyingi davrlar, maxsus lug‗atlar, ta‘limiy talablar. Introduction. Every dictionary serves an instructive purpose. Yet, only those specifically designed for schools are considered textbooks, as they follow textbook parameters. Scholarly attempts to trace the origins of dictionaries began centuries after broader lexical studies had been undertaken in both European and Russian linguistics. Research in lexicographic history, however, demonstrates that the earliest dictionaries were originally created for school purposes, and general dictionaries evolved as extended versions of these educational tools. The word ―lexicography‖ derives from the Greek ―lexikos‖ (word/dictionary) and ―graphō‖ (to write). In English it dates back to 1680, in Russian to 1845, and in Polish to 1861. Each language has its own historical term for ―dictionary‖: English — 94 dictionaru, French — dictionnaire, Russian — dictionary, Sanskrit — kosha (amarakosha, meaning ―treasure‖) and nighantu (commentaries on the Vedas), among others. The progression of lexicography typically follows this sequence: translation dictionaries → linguistic dictionaries → encyclopedic dictionaries → educational dictionaries → electronic dictionaries. Studies in world linguistics suggest that the very first dictionaries were produced for pedagogical purposes. In ancient Mesopotamia (IV–III centuries BC), Sumerian and Akkadian captives, despite speaking different languages, were forced to coexist for extended periods. Their need for communication prompted a groundbreaking development: they compiled lists of plants, fruits, mountains, materials, gods, temples, and various objects, recording the equivalents in their own languages [1]. They also created a syllabic writing aid, marking syllables to facilitate learning [4]. This early lexicographic record was preserved in the Nippur temple library and eventually laid the foundation for the first language-learning manuals. The evolution of modern school dictionaries can be divided into three main stages: 1. Early school dictionaries; 2. Multilingual dictionaries; 3. Refined linguo-methodological dictionaries. The first stage represents the earliest efforts in lexicography, originating in cultural centers such as France, Italy, England, Russia, and elsewhere in Europe, beginning from ancient Rome through Byzantium. These traditions developed within Greco-Latin linguistic practices, closely connected with Eastern cultural influences. The earliest known dictionary works include those from Egypt and Mesopotamia, as well as by Aristophanes of Byzantium (3rd–2nd centuries BC) and Dionysius of Thrace (2nd century BC) [1]. Aristophanes compiled glossaries explaining obscure words found in classical texts, whereas Dionysius produced a school dictionary that categorized words grammatically—an ancient precursor to ideographic dictionaries [6]. Similarly, during the 4th–3rd centuries BC, Akkadian and Sumerian communities, despite their linguistic differences, increasingly interacted. This practical necessity spurred the production of bilingual school manuals, paving the way for systematic language learning. These early manuals can reasonably be regarded as the world‘s first pocket dictionaries. In modern times, the role of dictionaries in education has expanded significantly [4]. In general secondary education, they help foster independent and creative thinking, strengthen national identity, and cultivate the ability to articulate thoughts both orally and in writing [5]. After Uzbekistan‘s independence, mothertongue education underwent major reforms, with the goal of nurturing creative expression and ensuring that every graduate can competently use their native language in spoken and written form [8]. Cognitive technologies in native-language instruction further increased the demand for dictionaries, which have been officially recognized—alongside textbooks—as essential teaching resources in the state educational standard. These 95 advances demonstrate that Uzbek educational lexicography has entered a new developmental stage. REFERENCES 1. Islomov I. Bobojonov Sh. Uzbek Dictionary of Word Levels 2007-2009 2. Mengliyev B. Khudoiberdiyeva M. ―Dictionary of Uzbek language phrases‖ 2007-2009 3. Mengliyev B.M. Bahriddinova B.M. Uzbek Vocabulary Dictionary, 20072009 4. Mengliyev B.M. Bahriddinova BM, Kholiyorov O ‘. Uzbek word-formation dictionary, 2008 5. Mengliyev B.R. Modern Uzbek literary language. Phonetics-phonology. Graphics. Spelling. Lexicology-semiotics. Lexicography. Part I Against. 2004. 6. Nafasov T. Nafasova V. ―Dictionary of Uzbek pronunciation words‖ 2008. 7. Nafasov T. Nafasova V. ―Educational toponymic dictionary of the Uzbek language‖ 2007 8. Nematov H., Rasulov R. Fundamentals of systemic lexicology of the Uzbek language. -T .: Teacher. 1995.-p.127 . 9. O.Shukurov, B.Boymatova ―Dictionary of synonyms of the Uzbek language‖ 2007-2009. 10. A guide to compiling an explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language. T .: Fan. 1964, p.84 .