A new species of the genus Synanthedon Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from Korea

IntroductIon The genus Synanthedon Hübner, 1819 [1816] (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) was designated with the type species Sphinx oestriformis Rottemburg, 1775 (a junior synonym of Sphinx vespiformis Linnaeus, 1761) and comprises 234 species and nine subspecies worldwide (Pühringer and Kallies, 2024). Sixteen and eight species of the genus Synanthedon are known from the Russian Far East and Korea (Arita et al., 2004; Gorbunov and Koshkin, 2023). The species of the genus are distinguished by a well-developed proboscis, transparent forewing, and nearly identical venation of foreand hindwings (Gorbunov and Koshkin, 2023). Since this genus is species-rich within the family, question regarding its monophyly has been raised (Kallies, 2020) and the genus was divided into several taxa (Gorbunov and Arita, 1999; 2000; 2005; McKern and Szalanski, 2008; McKern et al., 2008; Taft et al., 2016; Lait and Hebert, 2018; Cognato et al., 2023; Kim et al., 2024). In 2023 and 2024, field surveys were conducted to investigate Synanthedon bicingulata (Staudinger, 1887), a species known to cause a significant damage to urban trees, particularly cherry trees in city forests and parks (Lee et al., 2004; Korea Forest Service, 2023). During these surveys, adult male specimens of Synanthedon were Journal of Species Research 14(2):213-223, 2025 https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2025.14.2.213 A new species of the genus Synanthedon Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from Korea Woo Jin Kim1,2, Sung-Soo Kim3, Seung Hyun Lee4, Jeong Sun Park4,5, Sei-Woong Choi6 and Iksoo Kim4,* 1Department of Forest-Bio, Jeollanam-do Forest Research Institute, Naju-si 58213, Republic of Korea 2Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea 3Institute for East Asian Environment and Biology, Seoul 05841, Republic of Korea 4Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea 5Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea 6Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea *Correspondent: [email protected] Synanthedon namdoelegans sp. nov., a new clearwing moth, is described from southern South Korea. It is closely related to Synanthedon soffneri Špatenka, 1983, Synanthedon bastak Gorbunov & Koshkin, 2023, and Synanthedon velox Fixsen, 1887, but can be distinguished by differences in the forewing’s black band, the hindwing’s discoidal vein spot, and male genitalia. The female and larval stages are unknown. DNA barcode sequences show minimal variation (0.46%) within S. namdoelegans, with divergence from other Synanthedon species ranging from 1.98% to 12.46%. Phylogenetic analysis shows separation of S. namdoelegans from its closest relatives, Synanthedon fulvipes Harris, 1839 and Synanthedon culiciformis Linnaeus, 1758. These differences provide clear morphological and molecular separation from other Synanthedon species. Keywords: clearwing moths, Lepidoptera, new species, South Korea, Synanthedon namdoelegans, Synanthedonini, taxonomy Open Access ©2025 National Institute of Biological Resources. This article was authored by [Woo Jin Kim, Sung-Soo Kim, Seung Hyun Lee, Jeong Sun Park, Sei-Woong Choi and Iksoo Kim] and is published by the National Institute of Biological Resources under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium are permitted, provided the original authors are properly credited and the work is not modified in any way. All content in the Journal of Species Research (JSR), published by the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), is Open Access, meaning it is freely accessible online to everyone without fees or the need for authors’ permission. Open Access articles are automatically archived in the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI)’s Open Access repository, AccessON. All JSR content is published and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. However, no modifications or derivative works are allowed. 214 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 14, No. 2 collected using sex pheromone traps, a method commonly employed in lepidopteran pest surveys. While their overall characteristics were similar to those of S. velox Fixsen, 1887 as redefined by Lee et al. (2011), notable morphological differences were detected. In this study, Synanthedon namdoelegans sp. nov. is described as new. All available information is presented, including the collection locations, and illustration of male and its genitalia. DNA barcodes are provided for precise identification. MaterIals and Methods Specimen collection and morphological analysis Six males of S. namdoelegans were collected from April 2023 to May 2024 using funnel traps (170×250 mm) installed with the pheromone lure specific to S. bicingulata (Green Agrotech, Gyeongsan, South Korea). Traps were installed on the branches of the cherry tree, Prunus × yedoensis, and neighboring trees at a height of 1.2 to 1.5 meters above the ground (Fig. 1). Three non-S. bicingulata from Suncheon (34°58ʹ44.4ʺN, 127°23ʹ06.7ʺE) (MNU14991, CNU17888, and CNU17889), two from Naju (35°02ʹ10.7ʺN, 126°42ʹ22.7ʺE) (MNU14989 and MNU14990), and one from Jangseong (35°18ʹ17.6ʺN, 126°46ʹ40.1ʺE) (CNU17891) in Jeollanamdo Province, South Korea, were collected in the S. bicingulata traps. For adult morphological examination, one specimen of S. namdoelegans, which was collected from Naju (MNU14990) was used. Type specimens were deposited at Mokpo National University, Muan, Korea under the voucher specimen numbers MNU14989 and MNU14990 from Naju and MNU14991 from Suncheon. Adult images of S. namdoelegans (MNU14990) were taken with a Canon EOS 70D camera and a 100 mm-macro lens. For male genitalia examination, the abdomen of MNU14990, one of the individuals collected from Naju, was boiled in 10% KOH solution for approximately 20 min, removed scales and tissues, were stained with Chlorazol black, and mounted on slides in Euparal solution (Miller, 1996). Molecular experiment To ensure an accurate species identification, we sequenced the COI (DNA barcoding region) and ND1 fragments in the mitochondrial genome and compared the genetic divergence of currant samples to those of Fig. 1. Synanthedon namdoelegans collected in pheromone trap. (A) A pheromone trap installed on cherry tree Prunus×yedoensis. (B) A riverside, where a pheromone trap was installed. (C) and (D) An adult male transferred to a conical tube. A C B D May 2025 Kim et al. A new species of Synanthedon from Korea 215 Synanthedon species that are publicly available. DNA sequencing was performed for four specimens, two from Suncheon, one from Naju, and one from Jangseong. The leftover tissues and DNA were deposited at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea under the sample numbers CNU17888 and CNU17889 for Suncheon samples, CNU17890 for Naju sample, and CNU17891 for Jangseong sample. The specimen, MNU14990, which was used for the examination of morphological features, was also used for DNA sequencing analysis (CNU17890). Total DNA was extracted from the hind legs using the WizardTM Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, WI, USA). The DNA barcode region is part of COI gene (658 bp), while ND1 fragment (585 bp) contains a portion of the 3ʹ end of the 16S rRNA gene, whole tRNALeu and a portion of the 5ʹ end of the ND1 gene. Primers for DNA barcode region were adapted from Hebert et al. (2004): LepF1 (forward primer), 5ʹ-ATTCAACCAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3ʹ and LepR1 (reverse primer), 5ʹ-TAAACTTCTGGATGTCCAAAAAATCA-3ʹ. Primers for ND1 fragment were adapted from Weller et al. (1994): forward primer, 5ʹ-TAGAATTAGAAGATCAACCAGC-3ʹ and reverse primer, 5ʹ-ACATGATCTGAGTTCAAACCGG-3ʹ. PCR was conducted under the following conditions using the AccuPower® PCR PreMix (Bioneer, Daejeon, South Korea): an initial denaturation step at 94°C for 5 min, 35-cycle amplification (94°C for 1 min, 48 - 56°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min), and the final extension step continued for 7 min at 72°C. Electrophoresis was conducted to confirm successful DNA amplification using 0.5× TAE buffer on 1% agarose gel. The PCR products were purified using a PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). DNA sequencing for both strands was conducted using the ABI PRISM BigDye Terminator ver. 3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit with an ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer (PE Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). Sequence analysis The boundary of each directional sequence was delimitated using the SeqMan software from the DNASTAR package (SeqMan NGen®, ver. 13.0, DNASTAR, WI, USA), and both directional sequences of each individual were aligned using MAFFT ver. 7 (Katoh et al., 2002) to have a complete individual sequence. A search of available public sequence databases, such as GenBank, through BLAST search (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Blast.cgi) and the BOLD system (https://v4.boldsystems. org/) was conducted to obtain the sequences belonging to the genus of Synanthedon. Forty-five DNA barcode sequences and six ND1 fragment sequences were obtained from GenBank, but one sequence for DNA barcode sequence was obtained from BOLD system (S. velox, unpublished, BOLD system acc. no. AEZ9646). Sequence divergence was analyzed by unrooted pairwise comparison using PAUP ver. 4.0b (Swofford, 2002). Phylogenetic analysis Phylogenetic analysis was conducted with DNA barcoding sequences, consisted of 46 downloaded and four current data with the addition of two congeneric species (Sophona snellingi and S. greenfield (unpublished; GenBank acc. no. HQ564703 and HQ564718) as outgroups. The GTR+GAMMA+I model was selected using PartitionFinder 2 with the greedy algorithm (Lanfear et al., 2017), which is integrated into PhyloSuite, ver. 1.2.3 (Xiang et al., 2023) and applied to IQ-TREE (Nguyen et al., 2015). Branch supports were assessed using 1,000 replicates of Ultrafast Bootstrap (UFBoot) (Minh et al., 2013) and the Shimodaira-Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT) (Guindon et al., 2010). The phylogenetic tree was visualized using FigTree ver. 1.42 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/accessed 25 October 2024). results and dIscussIon Systematics Taxonomy account Synanthedon Hübner, [1819] Synanthedon Hübner, [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. (9): 129. TS. Sphinx oestriformis Rottemburg, 1775 (= Synanthedon vespiformis (Linnaeus, 1761)). Korean name: Nam-do-meot-jaeng-i-yu-ri-na-bang Synanthedon namdoelegans Kim, Kim and Choi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C425E3CC-2FB4-4CFE-8B1F5121298651E6 Type material. Holotype. ♂ [MNU14991]. Suncheon, Jeollanamdo Province, 30. IV. 2024, Kim, Woo Jin leg. Paratypes. Suncheon, Jeollanamdo Province, 2♂ [CNU 17888, CNU17889], 26. IV. 2023, Kim, Woo Jin leg.; Naju, Jeollanamdo Province, 1♂ [MNU14989], 1. V. 2023; 1♂ [MNU14990], 30. IV. 2024, Kim, Woo Jin leg.; 1♂ [CNU 17891], Jangseong, Jeollanamdo Province, 1. V. 2024, Kim, Woo Jin leg. Diagnosis. Superficially, this new species resembles S. soffneri Špatenka, 1983, and S. bastak Gorbunov & Koshkin, 2023. However, it can be distinguished by subtle differences in the thickness and shape of the black band along the forewing’s outer margin and the spot on the discal vein of the hindwing. Additionally, while the male genitalia are similar to those of S. velox, the shapes 216 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 14, No. 2 of the crista sacculi and saccus differ. Description. Holotype (Fig. 2A and 2B). Alar expanse 26 mm; body length 14.5 mm; forewing 11.5 mm; antenna about 9 mm. Head: Antennae black with a blue sheen, scapus covered in black scales; frons black, narrowly covered with white scales between frons and the compound eyes; vertex dark brown to black. Labial palpus dorsally dark brown, ventrally covered with pale orange scales, with some black scales on the sides; pericephalic scales black. Thorax: Dorsally, laterally, and ventrally all black; patagia black; tegula and thoracic dorsum devoid of scales, laterally clearly marked with nearly triangular yellow scales, accompanied by a band of long pale yellow hairs anteriorly. Fore-, mid-, and hind-tarsi with yellow and black scales, otherwise all black, except for a few yellow scales on the ventral surface of the distal third of each femur; spurs black at the base but mostly yellow. Forewing glossy bluish with transparency; costal margin black, with a few indistinct yellow scales near the base; hind margin black, with a yellowish tinge at the basal third; discal spot black, almost as wide as the costal margin, with a Fig. 2. Synanthedon namdoelegans collected in this study, along with available public data of S. velox. (A) and (B) The dorsal and ventral image of S. namdoelegans adult male, respectively (voucher specimen no. MNU14990). Photographed by one of the authors, Sung-Soo Kim. (C) The dorsal image of the proposed S. velox adult female collected from South Korea and registered in the BOLD system. Photographed by Sesiidae Research Group. (D) The dorsal image of S. velox adult male collected from South Korea and reported in Lee et al. (2011). (E) Copulation of S. velox on the ground, reported in Lee et al. (2011). (F) A schematic illustration of S. velox adult reported in Fixsen (1887). A C E B D F May 2025 Kim et al. A new species of Synanthedon from Korea 217 few yellow scales distally; veins black; outer margin dark brown; hind margin of the discoidal cell more strongly yellowish than other veins, turning yellow toward the base; cilia blackish-brown. Hindwing glossy bluish with transparency; discal spot narrow, tapering distally; veins and outer margin dark brown; cilia black, becoming longer with a few yellow hairs toward the underside. Underside of wings similar to upperside but with more abundant yellow scales at the base. Abdomen: Black with a bright blue sheen; tergite 1 yellow on the posterior third; tergites 3 and 5 each with a broad yellow stripe posteriorly; sternites black, except for sternite 5, which is orange with scattered black scales; anal tuft black with a bright blue sheen. Male genitalia (Fig. 3): Tegumen-uncus complex not very wide; scopula androconialis less developed, measuring less than half of the tegumen-uncus complex; crista gnathi medialis short; crista gnathi lateralis slightly narrower than crista gnathi medialis; valva elongated and trapeziform-oval; crista sacculi high and pocket-shaped, not separated from the sensory field of setae proximally; saccus slightly thick, with a somewhat bifurcate basally, and slightly shorter than the vinculum. Aedeagus narrow, onethird the width of the valva; vesica without a cornutus. Distribution. Korea (Jeollanamdo Province (Suncheon-si, Naju-si, and Jangseong-gun)]. Remarks. Most of the specimens suffered damage to their wings and bodies as a result of being trapped by the pheromone lures. Etymology. The meaning of the name of this new species is derived from the combination of the collection site, southern part of Korea, Jeollanamdo Province, and its fine clear wings, “elegant”. Molecular data. The barcode of Synanthedon namdoelegans sp. nov. Molecular analysis DNA barcode sequences of S. namdoelegans specimens were either identical or had a maximum difference of only 0.46% (3 bp) (Table 1). Comparison of S. namdoelegans sequences to those of other Synanthedon species showed the sequence divergence ranging from 0.3% (2 bp; S. velox, unpublished, BOLD system acc. no. AEZ9646) to 12.46% (82 bp; S. refulgens, Lait and Hebert, 2018, MH592815). Thus, the BOLD system-registered S. velox sequence is well within the divergence range of S. namdoelegans sequences. However, after excluding S. velox, the minimum sequence divergence increased to 1.98% (13 bp; Synanthedon fulvipes Harris, 1839, unpublished, JF848560) (Table 1). Therefore, our divergence estimates strongly indicate that the proposed S. velox registered in BOLD system is highly likely to be S. namdoelegans, given that no other S. velox sequence is available. For comparison of the ND1 fragment, four sequence sequences of S. namdoelegans and six individual sequences in three Synanthedon species registered in public data were used. S. namdoelegans sequences were either identical or had maximum difference of only 0.52% (3 bp), while comparison of S. namdoelegans to other species Fig. 3. Male genitalia of Synanthedon namdoelegans. (A) Tegumen-uncus complex. (B) Valva. (C) Saccus. (D) Aedeagus. A C B D 218 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 14, No. 2 Table 1. Pairwise comparisons among barcode sequences of Synanthedon species (658 bp) obtained from current study and public data. No. Species Accssion no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1S. namdoelegans This study - 0 0 0.46 0.30 7.90 7.90 9.42 10.18 10.03 7.30 8.83 9.27 8.82 9.27 2.13 7.60 10.33 8.82 9.42 2S. namdoelegans This study 0 - 0 0.46 0.30 7.90 7.90 9.42 10.18 10.03 7.30 8.83 9.27 8.82 9.27 2.13 7.60 10.33 8.82 9.42 3S. namdoelegans This study 0 0 - 0.46 0.30 7.90 7.90 9.42 10.18 10.03 7.30 8.83 9.27 8.82 9.27 2.13 7.60 10.33 8.82 9.42 4S. namdoelegans This study 3 3 3 - 0.76 8.06 8.21 9.27 10.03 9.88 7.60 8.98 9.57 8.97 9.27 1.98 7.60 10.33 9.27 9.27 5S. velox AEZ9646 2 2 2 5 - 7.90 8.21 9.42 10.18 10.03 7.30 9.13 9.27 8.82 9.27 2.13 7.90 10.03 8.82 9.42 6S. soffneri KT782535 52 52 52 53 52 - 10.49 11.09 11.09 10.94 10.18 10.35 11.55 11.09 12.01 7.90 10.33 11.40 10.18 10.64 7S. formicaeformis HM873903 52 52 52 54 54 69 - 10.94 11.85 11.40 9.73 11.42 10.49 10.79 10.79 8.66 8.21 11.09 9.57 9.27 8S. scoliaeformis HM873899 62 62 62 61 62 73 72 - 11.40 11.55 10.33 10.96 12.01 10.94 10.79 9.42 8.97 11.55 11.25 11.70 9S. cruciate GU731637 67 67 67 66 67 73 78 75 - 0.46 11.40 6.09 12.01 12.61 12.92 9.57 9.27 13.98 12.61 12.61 10 S. loranthi GU731629 66 66 66 65 66 72 75 76 3 - 11.25 5.94 11.85 12.46 12.77 9.42 9.12 13.83 12.61 12.46 11 S. polaris MZ610629 48 48 48 50 48 67 64 68 75 74 - 10.81 10.64 10.94 10.79 8.36 8.66 11.85 9.42 11.85 12 S. tipuliformis MZ609921 58 58 58 59 60 68 75 72 40 39 71 - 12.18 11.72 12.48 8.98 9.59 12.18 11.72 10.96 13 S. vespiformis OU906976 61 61 61 63 61 76 69 79 79 78 70 80 - 11.55 11.25 8.97 9.12 12.01 10.79 13.22 14 S. novaroensis GU661886 58 58 58 59 58 73 71 72 83 82 72 77 76 - 4.56 8.36 9.27 12.16 10.03 12.16 15 S. pini JN279256 61 61 61 61 61 79 71 71 85 84 71 82 74 30 - 8.97 8.97 11.85 10.49 12.16 16 S. fulvipes JF848560 14 14 14 13 14 52 57 62 63 62 55 59 59 55 59 - 7.60 9.88 9.12 9.42 17 S. acerrubri JF848555 50 50 50 50 52 68 54 59 61 60 57 63 60 61 59 50 - 10.94 8.66 10.64 18 S. scitula HQ977589 68 68 68 68 66 75 73 76 92 91 78 80 79 80 78 65 72 - 11.25 12.77 19 S. sapygaeformis HQ977588 58 58 58 61 58 67 63 74 83 83 62 77 71 66 69 60 57 74 - 11.85 20 S. rubrofascia HQ977587 62 62 62 61 62 70 61 77 83 82 78 72 87 80 80 62 70 84 78 - 21 S. kathyae HQ977584 58 58 58 57 57 72 65 61 73 72 56 75 64 63 58 57 54 68 63 77 22 S. exitiosa HQ977582 49 49 49 51 49 67 60 60 69 68 65 66 65 59 60 52 46 69 63 71 23 S. decipiens HQ977579 57 57 57 59 57 74 58 74 72 72 67 76 72 75 72 54 55 79 55 70 24 S. acerni HQ977575 53 53 53 53 53 63 59 67 66 65 62 68 72 61 58 56 50 66 69 73 25 S. albicornis HQ977574 65 65 65 67 63 79 67 79 78 77 70 83 74 82 79 63 68 78 68 78 26 S. rhododendri HQ957068 64 64 64 65 64 71 74 71 74 73 70 76 77 69 65 65 61 81 70 77 27 S. mellinipennis HM902931 72 72 72 73 72 73 77 84 88 88 74 85 78 78 81 73 71 89 70 77 28 S. bibionipennis HM902929 75 75 75 76 75 74 74 74 80 80 78 77 79 77 81 75 63 83 74 82 29 S. saxifragae HM902927 50 50 50 52 50 62 61 75 75 72 58 68 66 68 67 49 56 72 63 70 30 S. bolteri HM902924 55 55 55 57 57 67 29 69 72 69 64 67 65 67 65 55 52 68 65 62 31 S. fatifera HQ564768 58 58 58 60 56 71 58 59 68 65 63 62 62 65 58 56 47 64 60 72 32 S. polygoni GU685617 71 71 71 70 73 77 74 80 78 78 77 78 90 70 75 72 64 77 75 81 33 S. flaviventris JF854645 71 71 71 70 73 77 74 80 78 78 77 78 90 70 75 72 64 77 75 81 34 S. spheciformis JF854620 67 67 67 67 65 71 75 69 73 74 66 70 77 79 79 71 72 80 90 94 35 S. mesiaeformis JF853916 54 54 54 53 52 67 65 51 74 73 66 74 66 65 69 49 56 76 70 69 36 S. culiciformis HM871045 31 31 31 32 31 61 57 74 72 71 62 68 62 64 62 29 57 67 64 68 37 S. alleri MH592905 53 53 53 52 54 71 64 61 72 71 58 72 64 62 57 50 54 65 63 75 38 S. pictipes MH592903 49 49 49 48 49 63 64 50 63 62 61 65 72 53 46 49 48 76 63 64 39 S. myopaeformis MH592898 64 64 64 65 64 74 75 67 78 77 72 76 73 70 61 63 62 74 62 79 40 S. sequoiae MH592890 59 59 59 59 59 67 66 71 74 73 73 73 72 48 38 56 53 77 61 76 41 S. sigmoidea MH592865 48 48 48 51 46 61 62 70 68 67 42 68 67 68 67 51 58 75 60 62 42 S. rileyana MH592838 72 72 72 71 72 94 89 84 88 87 89 88 87 86 85 76 86 92 94 102 43 S. canadensis MH592819 55 55 55 54 57 70 62 65 86 85 72 74 71 72 73 56 60 74 64 65 44 S. refulgens MH592815 82 82 82 81 84 84 85 80 95 95 79 92 79 87 85 77 74 97 80 94 45 S. geliformis MH592790 67 67 67 69 69 72 68 74 83 84 81 84 79 81 77 67 65 40 80 87 46 S. arkansasensis MH592782 79 79 79 80 79 91 84 79 84 82 87 85 85 88 94 76 80 91 78 89 47 S. arctica GU097106 59 59 59 57 57 71 70 71 72 71 44 76 72 74 71 57 63 86 73 73 48 S. andrenaeformis GU706630 53 53 53 54 53 58 64 69 69 68 67 70 67 64 67 56 54 74 64 72 49 S. cephiformis KX040880 68 68 68 69 68 79 84 84 48 48 80 49 88 81 85 70 77 88 83 84 50 S. stomoxiformis AJ864355 66 66 66 69 66 68 77 71 77 74 71 69 73 75 80 69 68 87 81 78 May 2025 Kim et al. A new species of Synanthedon from Korea 219 Table 1. Continued. No. Species Accession no. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1S. namdoelegans This study 8.82 7.45 8.66 8.06 9.88 9.73 10.94 11.40 7.60 8.36 8.82 10.79 10.79 10.18 8.21 4.71 8.06 7.45 9.73 8.97 2S. namdoelegans This study 8.82 7.45 8.66 8.06 9.88 9.73 10.94 11.40 7.60 8.36 8.82 10.79 10.79 10.18 8.21 4.71 8.06 7.45 9.73 8.97 3S. namdoelegans This study 8.82 7.45 8.66 8.06 9.88 9.73 10.94 11.40 7.60 8.36 8.82 10.79 10.79 10.18 8.21 4.71 8.06 7.45 9.73 8.97 4S. namdoelegans This study 8.66 7.75 8.97 8.06 10.18 9.88 11.09 11.55 7.90 8.66 9.12 10.64 10.64 10.18 8.06 4.86 7.90 7.30 9.88 8.97 5S. velox AEZ9646 8.66 7.45 8.66 8.06 9.57 9.73 10.94 11.40 7.60 8.66 8.51 11.09 11.09 9.88 7.90 4.71 8.21 7.45 9.73 8.97 6S. soffneri KT782535 10.94 10.18 11.25 9.57 12.01 10.79 11.09 11.25 9.42 10.18 10.79 11.70 11.70 10.79 10.18 9.27 10.79 9.57 11.25 10.18 7S. formicaeformis HM873903 9.88 9.12 8.82 8.97 10.18 11.25 11.70 11.25 9.27 4.41 8.82 11.25 11.25 11.40 9.88 8.66 9.73 9.73 11.40 10.03 8S. scoliaeformis HM873899 9.27 9.12 11.25 10.18 12.01 10.79 12.77 11.25 11.40 10.49 8.97 12.16 12.16 10.49 7.75 11.25 9.27 7.60 10.18 10.79 9S. cruciate GU731637 11.09 10.49 10.94 10.03 11.85 11.25 13.37 12.16 11.40 10.94 10.33 11.85 11.85 11.09 11.25 10.94 10.94 9.57 11.85 11.25 10 S. loranthi GU731629 10.94 10.33 10.94 9.88 11.70 11.09 13.37 12.16 10.94 10.49 9.88 11.85 11.85 11.25 11.09 10.79 10.79 9.42 11.70 11.09 11 S. polaris MZ610629 8.51 9.88 10.18 9.42 10.64 10.64 11.25 11.85 8.82 9.73 9.57 11.70 11.70 10.03 10.03 9.42 8.82 9.27 10.94 11.09 12 S. tipuliformis MZ609921 11.42 10.05 11.57 10.35 12.63 11.57 12.94 11.72 10.35 10.20 9.44 11.87 11.87 10.65 11.26 10.35 10.96 9.89 11.57 11.11 13 S. vespiformis OU906976 9.73 9.88 10.94 10.94 11.25 11.70 11.85 12.01 10.03 9.88 9.42 13.68 13.68 11.70 10.03 9.42 9.73 10.94 11.09 10.94 14 S. novaroensis GU661886 9.57 8.97 11.40 9.27 12.46 10.49 11.85 11.70 10.33 10.18 9.88 10.64 10.64 12.01 9.88 9.73 9.42 8.06 10.64 7.30 15 S. pini JN279256 8.82 9.12 10.94 8.82 12.01 9.88 12.31 12.31 10.18 9.88 8.82 11.40 11.40 12.01 10.49 9.42 8.66 6.99 9.27 5.78 16 S. fulvipes JF848560 8.66 7.90 8.21 8.51 9.57 9.88 11.09 11.40 7.45 8.36 8.51 10.94 10.94 10.79 7.45 4.41 7.60 7.45 9.57 8.51 17 S. acerrubri JF848555 8.21 6.99 8.36 7.60 10.33 9.27 10.79 9.57 8.51 7.90 7.14 9.73 9.73 10.94 8.51 8.66 8.21 7.30 9.42 8.06 18 S. scitula HQ977589 10.33 10.49 12.01 10.03 11.85 12.31 13.53 12.61 10.94 10.33 9.73 11.70 11.70 12.16 11.55 10.18 9.88 11.55 11.25 11.70 19 S. sapygaeformis HQ977588 9.57 9.57 8.36 10.49 10.33 10.64 10.64 11.25 9.57 9.88 9.12 11.40 11.40 13.68 10.64 9.73 9.57 9.57 9.42 9.27 20 S. rubrofascia HQ977587 11.70 10.79 10.64 11.09 11.85 11.70 11.70 12.46 10.64 9.42 10.94 12.31 12.31 14.29 10.49 10.33 11.40 9.73 12.01 11.55 21 S. kathyae HQ977584 - 8.82 10.03 8.36 10.49 9.88 11.09 10.79 8.97 9.12 8.97 10.49 10.49 10.18 9.42 8.82 1.82 8.06 8.82 8.51 22 S. exitiosa HQ977582 58 - 10.33 9.73 9.88 8.82 11.40 9.73 8.51 8.51 8.06 9.88 9.88 11.09 6.99 8.06 8.97 6.84 8.82 8.66 23 S. decipiens HQ977579 66 68 - 10.49 10.03 10.79 11.55 11.25 8.36 8.97 10.03 11.70 11.70 12.46 10.33 8.51 9.57 9.42 10.33 9.42 24 S. acerni HQ977575 55 64 69 - 9.27 10.33 10.79 10.18 9.73 8.66 7.90 10.03 10.03 10.49 10.33 8.51 7.60 8.82 9.73 8.82 25 S. albicornis HQ977574 69 65 66 61 - 12.16 11.85 12.46 9.27 9.27 9.42 12.61 12.61 10.49 10.94 10.49 10.49 9.88 11.09 10.18 26 S. rhododendri HQ957068 65 58 71 68 80 - 12.77 10.64 10.79 11.25 10.49 11.40 11.40 11.70 10.33 9.42 10.49 8.66 10.94 9.73 27 S. mellinipennis HM902931 73 75 76 71 78 84 - 9.73 11.09 11.40 10.79 9.88 9.88 13.83 11.70 11.70 10.79 11.09 12.46 12.01 28 S. bibionipennis HM902929 71 64 74 67 82 70 64 - 10.18 10.33 9.57 9.27 9.27 12.16 9.88 11.55 11.70 9.42 11.25 11.09 29 S. saxifragae HM902927 59 56 55 64 61 71 73 67 - 8.36 8.97 11.55 11.55 10.94 8.51 9.12 9.12 8.36 10.03 9.73 30 S. bolteri HM902924 60 56 59 57 61 74 75 68 55 - 7.75 10.94 10.94 10.79 10.49 8.36 8.97 8.66 10.79 9.88 31 S. fatifera HQ564768 59 53 66 52 62 69 71 63 59 51 - 10.94 10.94 10.18 8.97 9.73 8.51 8.21 8.06 9.27 32 S. polygoni GU685617 69 65 77 66 83 75 65 61 76 72 72 - 0 12.61 10.79 11.40 10.03 9.73 11.55 11.09 33 S. flaviventris JF854645 69 65 77 66 83 75 65 61 76 72 72 0 - 12.61 10.79 11.40 10.03 9.73 11.55 11.09 34 S. spheciformis JF854620 67 73 82 69 69 77 91 80 72 71 67 83 83 - 11.40 11.40 10.64 10.33 12.01 12.16 35 S. mesiaeformis JF853916 62 46 68 68 72 68 77 65 56 69 59 71 71 75 - 9.12 9.73 7.45 10.33 9.57 36 S. culiciformis HM871045 58 53 56 56 69 62 77 76 60 55 64 75 75 75 60 - 8.66 8.82 9.88 8.36 37 S. alleri MH592905 12 59 63 50 69 69 71 77 60 59 56 66 66 70 64 57 - 8.51 8.82 8.66 38 S. pictipes MH592903 53 45 62 58 65 57 73 62 55 57 54 64 64 68 49 58 56 - 9.73 7.60 39 S. myopaeformis MH592898 58 58 68 64 73 72 82 74 66 71 53 76 76 79 68 65 58 64 - 10.03 40 S. sequoiae MH592890 56 57 62 58 67 64 79 73 64 65 61 73 73 80 63 55 57 50 66 - 41 S. sigmoidea MH592865 58 54 62 62 66 69 70 69 50 50 57 76 76 67 58 55 62 52 67 69 42 S. rileyana MH592838 79 81 87 75 91 86 94 99 74 86 88 91 91 95 77 82 74 77 86 82 43 S. canadensis MH592819 67 61 69 66 76 64 78 71 60 65 63 75 75 89 66 61 65 62 67 71 44 S. refulgens MH592815 79 82 82 86 93 82 91 85 81 87 89 88 88 94 79 83 81 81 89 84 45 S. geliformis MH592790 74 71 72 68 81 79 85 75 70 67 67 77 77 75 74 67 75 75 82 74 46 S. arkansasensis MH592782 74 76 81 91 83 79 86 87 75 75 72 93 93 89 84 85 79 74 81 93 47 S. arctica GU097106 64 64 75 67 69 77 82 83 59 62 65 83 83 69 68 67 70 59 69 77 48 S. andrenaeformis GU706630 62 60 62 58 72 60 78 67 58 65 53 76 76 78 68 57 61 58 62 62 49 S. cephiformis KX040880 78 73 71 80 91 75 94 82 75 82 78 80 80 87 77 73 79 67 72 75 50 S. stomoxiformis AJ864355 67 63 72 74 72 73 79 78 69 66 66 83 83 68 70 71 72 65 85 77 220 JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCH Vol. 14, No. 2 Table 1. Continued. No. Species Accession no. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 1S. namdoelegans This study 7.30 10.94 8.36 12.46 10.18 12.01 8.97 8.06 10.33 10.03 2S. namdoelegans This study 7.30 10.94 8.36 12.46 10.18 12.01 8.97 8.06 10.33 10.03 3S. namdoelegans This study 7.30 10.94 8.36 12.46 10.18 12.01 8.97 8.06 10.33 10.03 4S. namdoelegans This study 7.75 10.79 8.21 12.31 10.49 12.16 8.66 8.21 10.49 10.49 5S. velox AEZ9646 6.99 10.94 8.66 12.77 10.49 12.01 8.66 8.06 10.33 10.03 6S. soffneri KT782535 9.27 14.29 10.64 12.77 10.94 13.83 10.79 8.82 12.01 10.33 7S. formicaeformis HM873903 9.42 13.53 9.42 12.92 10.33 12.77 10.64 9.73 12.77 11.70 8S. scoliaeformis HM873899 10.64 12.77 9.88 12.16 11.25 12.01 10.79 10.49 12.77 10.79 9S. cruciate GU731637 10.33 13.37 13.07 14.44 12.61 12.77 10.94 10.49 7.30 11.70 10 S. loranthi GU731629 10.18 13.22 12.92 14.44 12.77 12.46 10.79 10.33 7.30 11.25 11 S. polaris MZ610629 6.38 13.53 10.94 12.01 12.31 13.22 6.69 10.18 12.16 10.79 12 S. tipuliformis MZ609921 10.35 13.39 11.26 14.00 12.79 12.94 11.57 10.65 7.46 10.50 13 S. vespiformis OU906976 10.18 13.22 10.79 12.01 12.01 12.92 10.94 10.18 13.37 11.09 14 S. novaroensis GU661886 10.33 13.07 10.94 13.22 12.31 13.37 11.25 9.73 12.31 11.40 15 S. pini JN279256 10.18 12.92 11.09 12.92 11.70 14.29 10.79 10.18 12.92 12.16 16 S. fulvipes JF848560 7.75 11.55 8.51 11.70 10.18 11.55 8.66 8.51 10.64 10.49 17 S. acerrubri JF848555 8.82 13.07 9.12 11.25 9.88 12.16 9.57 8.21 11.70 10.33 18 S. scitula HQ977589 11.40 13.98 11.25 14.74 6.08 13.83 13.07 11.25 13.37 13.22 19 S. sapygaeformis HQ977588 9.12 14.29 9.73 12.16 12.16 11.85 11.09 9.73 12.61 12.31 20 S. rubrofascia HQ977587 9.42 15.50 9.88 14.29 13.22 13.53 11.09 10.94 12.77 11.85 21 S. kathyae HQ977584 8.82 12.01 10.18 12.01 11.25 11.25 9.73 9.42 11.85 10.18 22 S. exitiosa HQ977582 8.21 12.31 9.27 12.46 10.79 11.55 9.73 9.12 11.09 9.57 23 S. decipiens HQ977579 9.42 13.22 10.49 12.46 10.94 12.31 11.40 9.42 10.79 10.94 24 S. acerni HQ977575 9.42 11.40 10.03 13.07 10.33 13.83 10.18 8.82 12.16 11.25 25 S. albicornis HQ977574 10.03 13.83 11.55 14.13 12.31 12.61 10.49 10.94 13.83 10.94 26 S. rhododendri HQ957068 10.49 13.07 9.73 12.46 12.01 12.01 11.70 9.12 11.40 11.09 27 S. mellinipennis HM902931 10.64 14.29 11.85 13.83 12.92 13.07 12.46 11.85 14.29 12.01 28 S. bibionipennis HM902929 10.49 15.05 10.79 12.92 11.40 13.22 12.61 10.18 12.46 11.85 29 S. saxifragae HM902927 7.60 11.25 9.12 12.31 10.64 11.40 8.97 8.82 11.40 10.49 30 S. bolteri HM902924 7.60 13.07 9.88 13.22 10.18 11.40 9.42 9.88 12.46 10.03 31 S. fatifera HQ564768 8.66 13.37 9.57 13.53 10.18 10.94 9.88 8.06 11.85 10.03 32 S. polygoni GU685617 11.55 13.83 11.40 13.37 11.70 14.13 12.61 11.55 12.16 12.61 33 S. flaviventris JF854645 11.55 13.83 11.40 13.37 11.70 14.13 12.61 11.55 12.16 12.61 34 S. spheciformis JF854620 10.18 14.44 13.53 14.29 11.40 13.53 10.49 11.85 13.22 10.33 35 S. mesiaeformis JF853916 8.82 11.70 10.03 12.01 11.25 12.77 10.33 10.33 11.70 10.64 36 S. culiciformis HM871045 8.36 12.46 9.27 12.61 10.18 12.92 10.18 8.66 11.09 10.79 37 S. alleri MH592905 9.42 11.25 9.88 12.31 11.40 12.01 10.64 9.27 12.01 10.94 38 S. pictipes MH592903 7.90 11.70 9.42 12.31 11.40 11.25 8.97 8.82 10.18 9.88 39 S. myopaeformis MH592898 10.18 13.07 10.18 13.53 12.46 12.31 10.49 9.42 10.94 12.92 40 S. sequoiae MH592890 10.49 12.46 10.79 12.77 11.25 14.13 11.70 9.42 11.40 11.70 41 S. sigmoidea MH592865 - 13.98 10.64 12.01 11.09 11.25 4.26 8.66 10.79 8.21 42 S. rileyana MH592838 92 - 13.83 15.65 14.29 15.05 13.98 13.83 13.83 14.89 43 S. canadensis MH592819 70 91 - 12.31 10.79 12.92 12.01 9.88 12.31 11.09 44 S. refulgens MH592815 79 103 81 - 13.53 15.65 12.77 12.77 13.83 13.83 45 S. geliformis MH592790 73 94 71 89 - 14.29 12.31 10.49 13.68 12.61 46 S. arkansasensis MH592782 74 99 85 103 94 - 12.01 12.46 14.89 12.92 47 S. arctica GU097106 28 92 79 84 81 79 - 10.18 12.61 10.79 48 S. andrenaeformis GU706630 57 91 65 84 69 82 67 - 11.25 10.49 49 S. cephiformis KX040880 71 91 81 91 90 98 83 74 - 12.31 50 S. stomoxiformis AJ864355 54 98 73 91 83 85 71 69 81 - The numbers above the diagonal are the mean distance values; the numbers below the diagonal are the absolute distance values. May 2025 Kim et al. A new species of Synanthedon from Korea 221 revealed the sequence divergence ranging from 2.61% (15 bp) to 11.34% (65 bp), indicating a distinct difference of S. namdoelegans to other species (Table 2). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the current four samples of S. namdoelegans formed a well-supported inclusive group with higher nodal supports (SH-aLRT=76.5, UFBoot=97), but S. namdoelegans and the proposed S. velox formed the sister group with the higher nodal supports (SH-aLRT=90.2, UFBoot=97) (Fig. 4). As mentioned in pairwise comparison of barcode region, however, the proposed S. velox may have been misidentified as S. velox, instead of S. namdoelegans. Excluding the Table 2. Pairwise comparisons among ND1 sequences of Synanthedon species (585 bp) obtained from current study and public data. No. Species Genbank no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1S. namdoelegans This study - 0.17 0.17 0.35 2.79 3.14 2.96 2.79 2.97 11.01 2S. namdoelegans This study 1 - 0.00 0.52 2.61 2.96 2.79 2.62 2.79 10.84 3S. namdoelegans This study 1 0 - 0.52 2.61 2.96 2.79 2.62 2.79 10.84 4S. namdoelegans This study 2 3 3 - 2.79 3.48 2.96 3.14 3.31 11.34 5S. culiciformis AY304162 16 15 15 16 - 1.04 0.17 1.22 1.05 9.97 6S. culiciformis AY304163 18 17 17 20 6 - 1.22 0.87 0.70 10.14 7S. culiciformis AY304166 17 16 16 17 1 7 - 1.39 1.22 10.12 8S. pamphyla AY304164 16 15 15 18 7 5 8 - 0.17 9.79 9S. pamphyla AY304165 17 16 16 19 6 4 7 1 - 9.62 10 S. spheciformis AY304167 63 62 62 65 57 58 58 56 55 - The numbers above the diagonal are the mean distance values; the numbers below the diagonal are the absolute distance values. Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood tree for 50 DNA barcode sequences of Synanthedon genus, including Synanthdon namdoelegans. The numbers at each node specifies SH-aLRT/UFBoot values. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Sophona snellingi (HQ564703, unpublished), and Sophona greenfield, (HQ564718, unpublished) were used as outgroups. S. namdoelegans sequenced in this study are provided for the specimen number and collected locality within parenthesis. GenBank or BOLD system accession numbers for public data are provided in parentheses after the scientific names.