Supplementary Tables

Table S1. Summary Table of All Variables Variable Label Variable Category Total Exploratory Variables Arab ethnic___1 Yes 3 (0.1) No 3347 (99.9) (Missing) 0 (0.0) Black ethnic___2 Yes 1 (0.0) No 3349 (100.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) East Asian ethnic___3 Yes 3292 (98.3) No 58 (1.7) (Missing) 0 (0.0) South Asian ethnic___4 Yes 39 (1.2) No 3311 (98.8) (Missing) 0 (0.0) West Asian ethnic___5 Yes 1 (0.0) No 3349 (100.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) White ethnic___7 Yes 9 (0.3) No 3341 (99.7) (Missing) 0 (0.0) Aboriginal/First Nations ethnic___8 Yes 1 (0.0) No 3349 (100.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) Healthcare Worker healthwork_er term Yes 271 (8.1) No 2996 (89.4) (Missing) 83 (2.5) Microbio Lab Worker labwork_erter m Yes 12 (0.4) No 3249 (97.0) (Missing) 89 (2.7) Male sex Yes 1695 (50.6) No 1655 (49.4) (Missing) 0 (0.0) Age (years) age_estimatey ears Median (IQR) 57.0 (38.0 to 71.0) Pregnant pregyn_rptestc d Yes 49 (1.5) No 599 (17.9) (Missing) 2702 (80.7) Chronic Cardiac Disease chroniccard_m hyn Yes 189 (5.6) No 3159 (94.3) (Missing) 2 (0.1) Hypertension hypertension_ mhyn Yes 1746 (52.1) No 1601 (47.8) (Missing) 3 (0.1) Chronic Pulmonary Disease chronicpul_mh yn Yes 58 (1.7) No 3289 (98.2) (Missing) 3 (0.1) Asthma asthma_mhyn Yes 249 (7.4) No 3099 (92.5) (Missing) 2 (0.1) Chronic Kidney Disease renal_mhyn Yes 314 (9.4) No 3033 (90.5) (Missing) 3 (0.1) Obesity obesity_mhyn Yes 520 (15.5) No 2689 (80.3) (Missing) 141 (4.2) Moderate to Severe Liver Disease modliver_mhy n Yes 8 (0.2) No 3340 (99.7) (Missing) 2 (0.1) Mild Liver Disease mildliv_mhyn Yes 15 (0.4) No 3333 (99.5) (Missing) 2 (0.1) Asplenia asplenia_mhyn Yes 1 (0.0) No 3347 (99.9) (Missing) 2 (0.1) Chronic Neurological Disorder chronicneu_m hyn Yes 67 (2.0) No 3280 (97.9) (Missing) 3 (0.1) Malignant Neoplasm malignantneo_ mhyn Yes 22 (0.7) No 3325 (99.3) (Missing) 3 (0.1) Chronic Hematological Disease chronhaemo_ mhyn Yes 7 (0.2) No 3338 (99.6) (Missing) 5 (0.1) AIDS/HIV aidshiv_mhyn_ 2 Yes - on ART 16 (0.5) Yes - Not on ART 10 (0.3) No 443 (13.2) (Missing) 2881 (86.0) Diabetes Mellitus diabetes_mhy n_2 Yes - Type 1 30 (0.9) Yes - Type 2 939 (28.0) Yes - Gestational 24 (0.7) No 2312 (69.0) (Missing) 45 (1.3) Rheumatologic Disorder rheumatology_ mhyr Yes 39 (1.2) No 3308 (98.7) (Missing) 3 (0.1) Dementia dementia_mhy n Yes 69 (2.1) No 3278 (97.9) (Missing) 3 (0.1) Tuberculosis tb_mhyn Yes 30 (0.9) No 3318 (99.0) (Missing) 2 (0.1) Malnutrition malnutrition_ mhyn Yes 6 (0.2) No 3339 (99.7) (Missing) 5 (0.1) Ever Smoker smoking_mhyn Yes 666 (19.9) No 2484 (74.1) (Missing) 200 (6.0) COVID-19 Vaccine Count vacc_cov19 Median (IQR) 2.0 (0.0 to 3.0) Remdesivir antiviral_cmtrt ___7 Yes 1776 (53.0) No 1574 (47.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) Target Variables Mortality mortality Deceased 3220 (96.1) Discharged Alive 130 (3.9) (Missing) 0 (0.0) Length of Hospital Stay (LoHS) lohs Median (IQR) 6.0(4.0 to 9.0) Table S2. Exploratory Variables Stratified by Mortality Status Variable Category Discharged Alive Deceased Fisher p-value Chisq p-value ethnic___1 Yes 3 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 1.000 1.000 No 3217 (99.9) 130 (100.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) ethnic___2 Yes 1 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1.000 1.000 No 3219 (100.0) 130 (100.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) ethnic___3 Yes 3164 (98.3) 128 (98.5) 1.000 1.000 No 56 (1.7) 2 (1.5) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) ethnic___4 Yes 37 (1.1) 2 (1.5) 0.663 1.000 No 3183 (98.9) 128 (98.5) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) ethnic___5 Yes 1 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1.000 1.000 No 3219 (100.0) 130 (100.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) ethnic___7 Yes 9 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 1.000 1.000 No 3211 (99.7) 130 (100.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) ethnic___8 Yes 1 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1.000 1.000 No 3219 (100.0) 130 (100.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) healthwork_e rterm Yes 271 (8.4) 0 (0.0) <0.001 0.001 No 2869 (89.1) 127 (97.7) (Missing) 80 (2.5) 3 (2.3) labwork_erter m Yes 12 (0.4) 0 (0.0) 1.000 1.000 No 3122 (97.0) 127 (97.7) (Missing) 86 (2.7) 3 (2.3) sex Yes 1626 (50.5) 69 (53.1) 0.592 0.626 No 1594 (49.5) 61 (46.9) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) age_estimate years Median (IQR) 56.0 (38.0 to 71.0) 73.0 (60.2 to 83.8) <0.001 Mann Whitney <0.001 Mann Whitney pregyn_rptest cd Yes 49 (1.5) 0 (0.0) 1.000 0.966 No 592 (18.4) 7 (5.4) (Missing) 2579 (80.1) 123 (94.6) chroniccard_ mhyn Yes 169 (5.2) 20 (15.4) <0.001 <0.001 No 3051 (94.8) 108 (83.1) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.5) hypertension_ mhyn Yes 1651 (51.3) 95 (73.1) <0.001 <0.001 No 1568 (48.7) 33 (25.4) (Missing) 1 (0.0) 2 (1.5) chronicpul_m hyn Yes 53 (1.6) 5 (3.8) 0.069 0.115 No 3166 (98.3) 123 (94.6) (Missing) 1 (0.0) 2 (1.5) asthma_mhyn Yes 238 (7.4) 11 (8.5) 0.605 0.736 No 2982 (92.6) 117 (90.0) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.5) renal_mhyn Yes 290 (9.0) 24 (18.5) 0.001 <0.001 No 2930 (91.0) 103 (79.2) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 3 (2.3) obesity_mhyn Yes 509 (15.8) 11 (8.5) 0.086 0.096 No 2590 (80.4) 99 (76.2) (Missing) 121 (3.8) 20 (15.4) modliver_mh yn Yes 8 (0.2) 0 (0.0) 1.000 1.000 No 3212 (99.8) 128 (98.5) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.5) mildliv_mhyn Yes 14 (0.4) 1 (0.8) 0.443 1.000 No 3206 (99.6) 127 (97.7) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.5) asplenia_mhy n Yes 1 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1.000 1.000 No 3219 (100.0) 128 (98.5) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.5) chronicneu_m hyn Yes 59 (1.8) 8 (6.2) 0.004 0.001 No 3160 (98.1) 120 (92.3) (Missing) 1 (0.0) 2 (1.5) malignantneo _mhyn Yes 20 (0.6) 2 (1.5) 0.205 0.463 No 3199 (99.3) 126 (96.9) (Missing) 1 (0.0) 2 (1.5) chronhaemo_ mhyn Yes 7 (0.2) 0 (0.0) 1.000 1.000 No 3211 (99.7) 127 (97.7) (Missing) 2 (0.1) 3 (2.3) aidshiv_mhyn _2 Yes - on ART 16 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 1 0.461 Yes - Not on ART 10 (0.3) 0 (0.0) No 418 (13.0) 25 (19.2) (Missing) 2776 (86.2) 105 (80.8) diabetes_mhy n_2 Yes - Type 1 30 (0.9) 0 (0.0) 0.091 0.053 Yes - Type 2 891 (27.7) 48 (36.9) Yes - Gestational 24 (0.7) 24 (0.7) No 2234 (69.4) 78 (60.0) (Missing) 41 (1.3) 4 (3.1) rheumatology _mhyr Yes 38 (1.2) 1 (0.8) 1.000 1.000 No 3181 (98.8) 127 (97.7) (Missing) 1 (0.0) 2 (1.5) dementia_mh yn Yes 59 (1.8) 10 (7.7) <0.001 <0.001 No 3160 (98.1) 118 (90.8) (Missing) 1 (0.0) 2 (1.5) tb_mhyn Yes 27 (0.8) 3 (2.3) 0.105 0.196 No 3193 (99.2) 125 (96.2) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.5) malnutrition_ mhyn Yes 4 (0.1) 2 (1.5) 0.019 0.007 No 3214 (99.8) 125 (96.2) (Missing) 2 (0.1) 3 (2.3) smoking_mhy n Yes 636 (19.8) 30 (23.1) 0.091 0.098 No 2407 (74.8) 77 (59.2) (Missing) 177 (5.5) 23 (17.7) vacc_cov19 Median (IQR) 2.0 (0.0 to 3.0) 0.0 (0.0 to 2.0) <0.001 Mann Whitney <0.001 Mann Whitney antiviral_cmtr t___7 Yes 1710 (53.1) 66 (50.8) 0.654 0.665 No 1510 (46.9) 64 (49.2) (Missing) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Table S3. Performance Metrics of All Classification Models Model Resampling Feature Selection F-measure AUPRC Logistic Regression No Resampling No FS 0.97475 0.98455 Logistic Regression No Resampling ROC FS 0.97475 0.98116 Logistic Regression No Resampling Boruta 0.97475 0.98343 Logistic Regression Over-Sampling No FS 0.81536 0.98369 Logistic Regression Over-Sampling ROC FS 0.79518 0.98070 Logistic Regression Over-Sampling Boruta 0.81536 0.98284 Logistic Regression SMOTE No FS 0.81210 0.98364 Logistic Regression SMOTE ROC FS 0.79031 0.98177 Logistic Regression SMOTE Boruta 0.81569 0.98282 Logistic Regression ADASYN No FS 0.81244 0.98330 Logistic Regression ADASYN ROC FS 0.78692 0.98153 Logistic Regression ADASYN Boruta 0.79815 0.98267 Logistic Regression UnderSampling No FS 0.75743 0.97687 Logistic Regression UnderSampling ROC FS 0.79143 0.98087 Logistic Regression UnderSampling Boruta 0.80808 0.98079 Logistic Regression NearMiss No FS 0.80992 0.98183 Logistic Regression NearMiss ROC FS 0.77830 0.97054 Logistic Regression NearMiss Boruta 0.76806 0.97994 Decision Tree No Resampling No FS 0.97475 0.97537 Decision Tree No Resampling ROC FS 0.97475 0.97537 Decision Tree No Resampling Boruta 0.97475 0.97537 Decision Tree Over-Sampling No FS 0.84650 0.98078 Decision Tree Over-Sampling ROC FS 0.77578 0.98015 Decision Tree Over-Sampling Boruta 0.84622 0.98064 Decision Tree SMOTE No FS 0.89003 0.97684 Decision Tree SMOTE ROC FS 0.79480 0.96726 Decision Tree SMOTE Boruta 0.87780 0.98092 Decision Tree ADASYN No FS 0.88813 0.97765 Decision Tree ADASYN ROC FS 0.78805 0.96718 Decision Tree ADASYN Boruta 0.86614 0.98316 Decision Tree UnderSampling No FS 0.83617 0.96669 Decision Tree UnderSampling ROC FS 0.71244 0.96098 Decision Tree UnderSampling Boruta 0.77516 0.97698 Decision Tree NearMiss No FS 0.66391 0.98091 Decision Tree NearMiss ROC FS 0.77903 0.97758 Decision Tree NearMiss Boruta 0.77736 0.97816 Random Forest No Resampling No FS 0.97475 0.98501 Random Forest No Resampling ROC FS 0.97475 0.97954 Random Forest No Resampling Boruta 0.97475 0.98420 Random Forest Over-Sampling No FS 0.92659 0.98463 Random Forest Over-Sampling ROC FS 0.90713 0.97658 Random Forest Over-Sampling Boruta 0.91523 0.98291 Random Forest SMOTE No FS 0.95501 0.98607 Random Forest SMOTE ROC FS 0.92270 0.97473 Random Forest SMOTE Boruta 0.94560 0.98381 Random Forest ADASYN No FS 0.95170 0.98615 Random Forest ADASYN ROC FS 0.91728 0.97400 Random Forest ADASYN Boruta 0.93106 0.98266 Random Forest UnderSampling No FS 0.79143 0.98427 Random Forest UnderSampling ROC FS 0.77316 0.98160 Random Forest UnderSampling Boruta 0.78457 0.98022 Random Forest NearMiss No FS 0.80776 0.98489 Random Forest NearMiss ROC FS 0.73084 0.97641 Random Forest NearMiss Boruta 0.78498 0.98555 Extreme Gradient Boosting No Resampling No FS 0.97550 0.98298 Extreme Gradient Boosting No Resampling ROC FS 0.97475 0.97611 Extreme Gradient Boosting No Resampling Boruta 0.97471 0.98040 Extreme Gradient Boosting Over-Sampling No FS 0.89840 0.98483 Extreme Gradient Boosting Over-Sampling ROC FS 0.84378 0.97874 Extreme Gradient Boosting Over-Sampling Boruta 0.85889 0.98249 Extreme Gradient Boosting SMOTE No FS 0.94297 0.98376 Extreme Gradient Boosting SMOTE ROC FS 0.89983 0.97579 Extreme Gradient Boosting SMOTE Boruta 0.91419 0.98513 Extreme Gradient Boosting ADASYN No FS 0.94400 0.98227 Extreme Gradient Boosting ADASYN ROC FS 0.90759 0.97606 Extreme Gradient Boosting ADASYN Boruta 0.90274 0.98377 Extreme Gradient Boosting UnderSampling No FS 0.80952 0.97938 Extreme Gradient Boosting UnderSampling ROC FS 0.77851 0.97958 Extreme Gradient Boosting UnderSampling Boruta 0.77054 0.97767 Extreme Gradient Boosting NearMiss No FS 0.77303 0.98232 Extreme Gradient Boosting NearMiss ROC FS 0.72549 0.97403 Extreme Gradient Boosting NearMiss Boruta 0.79065 0.98365 K-Nearest Neighbors No Resampling No FS 0.95618 0.97673 K-Nearest Neighbors No Resampling ROC FS 0.97156 0.97417 K-Nearest Neighbors No Resampling Boruta 0.97318 0.97866 K-Nearest Neighbors Over-Sampling No FS 0.95863 0.97640 K-Nearest Neighbors Over-Sampling ROC FS 0.95625 0.97452 K-Nearest Neighbors Over-Sampling Boruta 0.95761 0.97887 K-Nearest Neighbors SMOTE No FS 0.95208 0.97915 K-Nearest Neighbors SMOTE ROC FS 0.94033 0.97187 K-Nearest Neighbors SMOTE Boruta 0.93930 0.97855 K-Nearest Neighbors ADASYN No FS 0.95043 0.97890 K-Nearest Neighbors ADASYN ROC FS 0.94043 0.97097 K-Nearest Neighbors ADASYN Boruta 0.94511 0.97783 K-Nearest Neighbors UnderSampling No FS 0.74023 0.98223 K-Nearest Neighbors UnderSampling ROC FS 0.78578 0.97868 K-Nearest Neighbors UnderSampling Boruta 0.76072 0.97583 K-Nearest Neighbors NearMiss No FS 0.78472 0.97740 K-Nearest Neighbors NearMiss ROC FS 0.73858 0.97496 K-Nearest Neighbors NearMiss Boruta 0.76499 0.98058 • Note: Best model per algorithm based on initial evaluation is in bold text and highlighted in blue. Table S4. Performance Metrics of All Regression Models Model Transformation Feature Selection MAE RSQ Linear Regression No Transformation No FS 6.38698 0.00026 Linear Regression No Transformation CAR Score 6.37056 0.00041 Linear Regression No Transformation Boruta 6.42769 0.00011 Linear Regression Square Root No FS 0.70966 0.02507 Linear Regression Square Root CAR Score 0.71209 0.02297 Linear Regression Square Root Boruta 0.71609 0.02120 Linear Regression Yeo-Johnson No FS 0.36575 0.09754 Linear Regression Yeo-Johnson CAR Score 0.36708 0.09237 Linear Regression Yeo-Johnson Boruta 0.36718 0.09052 Linear Regression Percentile No FS 0.24033 0.12088 Linear Regression Percentile CAR Score 0.24234 0.11599 Linear Regression Percentile Boruta 0.24212 0.11829 Decision Tree No Transformation No FS 6.52040 0.00023 Decision Tree No Transformation CAR Score 6.52040 0.00023 Decision Tree No Transformation Boruta 6.63881 0.00001 Decision Tree Square Root No FS 0.70430 0.03795 Decision Tree Square Root CAR Score 0.70430 0.03795 Decision Tree Square Root Boruta 0.70430 0.03795 Decision Tree Yeo-Johnson No FS 0.36171 0.12024