A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot: Sixty-Three Years of Dedicated Research on Ascidians

Directeur De la publication / Publication director : Gilles Bloch Président du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle réDactrice en chef / editor-in-chief : Laure Desutter-Grandcolas assistante De réDaction / assistant editor : Anne Mabille ([email protected]) Mise en page / Page layout : Anne Mabille coMité scientifique / scientific board : Nesrine Akkari (Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienne, Autriche) Maria Marta Cigliano (Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentine) Serge Gofas (Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Espagne) Sylvain Hugel (CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, France) Marco Isaia (Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italie) Rafael Marquez (CSIC, Madrid, Espagne) Jose Christopher E. Mendoza (Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Singapour) Annemarie Ohler (MNHN, Paris, France) Jean-Yves Rasplus (INRA, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France) Wanda M. Weiner (Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracovie, Pologne) couverture / cover : Françoise Monniot scuba diving. Photo courtesy of Nadine Monniot. 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Diffusion – Publications scientifiques Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CP 41 – 57 rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) Tél. : 33 (0)1 40 79 48 05 / Fax : 33 (0)1 40 79 38 40 [email protected] / https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2025 ISSN (imprimé / print) : 1280-9551/ ISSN (électronique / electronic) : 1638-9387 555 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.zoosystema.com Claudia RATTI Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles case postale 53, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected] Submitted on 31 January 2025 | Accepted on 4 April 2025 | Published on 16 October 2025 A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot: Sixty-Three Years of Dedicated Research on Ascidians urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C1E3F5D2-2365-45A3-A815-3C306F6B9B36 Ratti C. 2025. — A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot: Sixty-Three Years of Dedicated Research on Ascidians. Zoosystema 47 (25): 555-579. https://doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a25. http://zoosystema.com/47/25 The passing away of Françoise Monniot on December 1st, 2024, marks the end of an era in ascidian research. Undoubtedly, Françoise Monniot stands as one of the foremost specialists in the field of ascidian biology (Nydam etal. 2023), having meticulously described almost fifteen percent of ascidian species (Fig.1). Her scholarly contributions have left an enduring imprint on ascidian systematics and biology. Born Françoise Weinstein in Paris in 1936, she had an early affinity for the biological sciences. She acquired a high school diploma in “Experimental Sciences” and an undergraduate degree in zoology, physiology, botany, and geology. Her passion for marine life led her to pursue a Master’s in marine biology at the University of Paris in 1958, including internships at marine laboratories. Her journey continued when, in 1959, she was accepted at the Banyuls-sur-Mer laboratory under the direction of Professor Delamare-Deboutteville for a PhD thesis on the fauna of Amphioxus gravel beds, which she defended at the University of Paris (France) in 1961. During this time, she obtained two scuba diving certifications, later allowing her to explore shallow water organisms herself. She was appointed Assistant Lecturer at Nancy University (Meurthe-et-Moselle, France) in 1961, the same year she married Claude Monniot (1936-2008). She taught zoology here from 1961 to 1963. Realising that many of her students had never seen the ocean, she and her husband created an annual “introduction to oceanography” field course at the Wimereux laboratory (Lille University, Pas-de-Calais, France), available to all students from any discipline. In 1964, Françoise Monniot followed Dr DelamareDeboutteville to Paris as an Assistant Lecturer at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN), preparing a second PhD thesis on the interstitial ascidian species she had discovered during her previous stay in Banyuls (1959-1961). At the same time, she continued to identify marine mites in the family Halacaridae (Acariformes), eventually publishing descriptions of four new species and a new genus. Françoise Monniot published her D.Sc. (University of Paris) in 1965, “Les ascidies interstitielles des côtes d’Europe”. She joined the Centre national de la Recherche scientifique (CNRS) as Researcher Fellow under the direction of Professor C. Levi in 1967 and became Research Director in 1984 while work- 556 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Ratti C. Number of ascidian species described per decade Number of species described 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 19 64 301 182 111 5 2525 11 26 49 27 10 10 13 98 34 23 28 66 81 177 274 454 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 265 275 125 28 62 59 27 18 46 555 22 9 67 139138 161 255 7 129 Decade Authority Françoise Monniot Françoise and Claude Monniot Claude Monniot Other authorities Fig. 1. — Number of ascidian species described per decade indicating how many species were described by Françoise Monniot and Claude Monniot. Graph produced from data compilated from the World Register of Marine Species website. Fig. 2. — Françoise Monniot scuba diving. Photo courtesy of Nadine Monniot. 557 A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) ing at the MNHN marine invertebrate laboratory. Even after her official retirement in 2001, she exhibited an unwavering commitment by continuing to work at the MNHN laboratory almost daily. She continued until 2023 (Monniot 2023) when, at the age of 87, physical constraints made working at the microscope for prolonged periods difficult. Throughout her career, Françoise Monniot’s scholarly contributions were evidenced by her extensive publication record. She authored 164peer-reviewed articles, seven book chapters, and a book focusing on the Ascidians of New Caledonia (Appendix A). A notableaspect of her publications is the substantial emphasis on ascidian systematics, often conducted in collaboration with her husband. Françoise Monniot’s research legacy is characterized by the description of an extraordinary number of new taxa, comprising a new family, 27new genera and an impressive 563new species (Appendix B), representing almost fifteen percent of described ascidian species (Fig.1). Françoise and Claude’s seminal tabular key to ascidian genera of the world (Monniot& Monniot 1972), serves as a fundamental resource for colleagues to this day. The breadth and depth of Françoise Monniot’s research are underscored by the diversity of the material she studied, originating from all oceans of the world, from tropical latitudes to the Antarctic and Arctic regions and from littoral to abyssal depths. Her extensive fieldwork yielded littoral specimens collected throughout the Mediterranean, facilitated by her having a second home in Corsica. Her substantial travels abroad allowed her to collect specimens from around the globe. Long-term stays in laboratories outside metropolitan France (Sweden, Bermuda, Woods Hole U.S.A., Catania Italy, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Tahiti, New Caledonia) provided invaluable opportunities for systematic investigations and subsequent publications. Additionally, Françoise Monniot capitalized on the wealth of material she received from other institutions, notably the Smithsonian Institution, which entrusted her with abyssal ascidians collected by American ships in the Antarctic region. This exceptional material enabled her to discover original and deep-sea organisation forms and describe new genera and species of carnivorous ascidians. Over 15years of collaboration with the American “Coral Reef Research Foundation” in Palau further enriched her research. They continually provided new specimens collected during dives and with magnificent colour photographs of living animals, yielding numerous new taxa. She participated in numerous oceanographic cruises and continuously received prime study material from other expeditions by French research vessels (Calypso, Thalassa, Jean Charcot, Noroît, Alis) and from foreign vessels such as the Atlantis, Atlantis II, Chain and Seward Johnson. Material from later missions on the N/O Marion Dufresne in the southern Indian Ocean supplemented the inventory of Antarctic ascidians, and Arctic ascidians were provided from collecting events around Iceland. More recent joint IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement)-MNHN campaigns have been an ongoing source of new ascidian specimens, with the “Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos” and “The Planet Reviewed” biological exploration programs, which support expeditions worldwide. Her monumental research necessitated the consultation of an extensive bibliography. Over the years, she assembled a reference library with over 2300publications on tunicates in general and ascidians in particular, ranging from 1804 to 2023. Her entire bibliography has now been digitized and incorporated into the MNHN invertebrate bibliographic database on Zotero. Researchers wishing to consult the MNHN ascidian collection will thus benefit from this essential taxonomic tool. She meticulously curated all specimens she identified, preserved them in alcohol or formalin, and incorporated them in the MNHN collections, with the anatomical slides used for their study. This collection now houses over 9400specimens and is one of the largest ascidian repositories in the world. Most type specimens from her exhaustive publications are deposited here. From the outset, this collection was entered into a personal database initiated by Claude Monniot and updated continuously by Françoise as new identifications were made. This database was integrated into the MNHN relational database in 2010 and into the “World Register of Fig. 3. — Françoise Monniot and her dog Jim, at the marine invertebrate laboratory, MNHN. Photo courtesy of Nadine Monniot. 558 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Ratti C. Marine Species” (WoRMS) database by A. Gittenberger in 2013. This remarkable collection is still housed at the MNHN to ensure its accessibility for future investigations. During dissections, Françoise and Claude Monniot discovered that parasitic arthropods, particularly copepods, were frequently present inside ascidian tissues. They diligently extracted them and entrusted their study to specialists, describing well over a hundred new species and even new genera and subfamilies (Ooishi& Illg 1973; Illg& Dudley 1980; Stock 1993; Marchenkov& Boxshall 2005; Kim& Boxshall 2020, 2021). At least six new species and one genus of copepods (Monnioticopa) have been named after Françoise and Claude Monniot as a tribute to their work (see Appendix C for a list of all taxa named after Françoise Monniot). All extracted copepods have been incorporated into the MNHN crustacean collection and are available for further consultation. Beyond her taxonomic contributions, Françoise Monniot developed novel tissue staining techniques that provided increased precision in the description of anatomical characters and organs, and which could be mounted on permanent histological slides (Monniot& Monniot 1972; Monniot etal. 1991). These techniques continue to be used today (Vázquez& Young 1996; Rocha etal. 2012; De Moura Oliveira etal. 2014; Rocha etal. 2015; Palomino-Alvarez etal. 2019, 2022; Granthom-Costa etal. 2023). Her histological work on the filter-feeding of ascidians and the cells of the pharyngeal stigmata revealed that the mucus that retains ingested planktonic particles is, in fact, a mesh membrane with openings in the order of a 10-3μm(Monniot 1979a, b). Her studies demonstrated that ascidians are among the animals that most accumulate pollutants, particularly metals. For two years (1983-1985), she directed an ecotoxicological survey of pharmaceutical products (an “Action Thématique Programmée” funded by the French Ministry of Sea Transport). She conducted analyses in several French marinas and shellfish farming sites, sampling animals, seawater, and sediments. Her research established the value of ascidians as biological indicators (Monniot 1978; Monniot etal. 1986, 1990, 1991, 1994) and opened the doors to future studies in this domain (Naranjo etal. 1996; Agell etal. 2004; Parrinello etal. 2017). Other research interests included the chemical structure of mineral inclusions in different tissues: aragonite in Didemnidae and Polycitoridae spicules (Monniot 1970), calcium oxalate in Polyclinidae larvae (Monniot etal. 1995), and opal corpuscles in the oocytes of several families of ascidians (Monniot etal. 1992a, b). These studies were carried out using scanning Fig. 4. — “The Monniots and the Spaniards” at the marine invertebrate laboratory, MNHN in June, 1993. From left to right: Claude Monniot, Françoise Monniot, Xavier Turon, Elsa Vazquez, Alfonso Ramos. Photo courtesy of Xavier Turon. 559 A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and a microprobe. Her open-mindedness and never-ending scientific curiosity led her to continually embrace new techniques, such as DNA barcoding, well after her retirement (Dettai etal. 2011, Monniot& López-Legentil 2017). Her comprehensive engagement also encompassed international conferences, courses for divers and fishermen, and continued contributions as a referee for international journals. She received a large number of requests from professional divers for the identification of colour photos, which were included in guidebooks (Sterrer 1986; Humann 1992; Erhardt& Moosleitner 1995a, b; Erhardt& Baensch 1998, 2000; Allard 2003; Richmond 2011; Weinberg& Libert 2019). Another remarkable aspect of Françoise and Claude Monniot is that their lab was always open to anyone interested. She received not only her own students such as F. Lafargue (thesis on Didemnidae) and F. Gaill (thesis on the ascidian pyloric gland), but also a host of researchers and interns visiting for varying lengths of time, and often returning numerous times. Françoise welcomed everyone, including young researchers just starting their careers, and generously shared her vast knowledge and expertise with patience. Some of these interns have become eminent specialists who have and will continue her legacy (Patricia Kott, Australia; Luiz Saldanha, Portugal; Angelo Tursi and Mario Pestarino, Italy; Elsa Vazquez, Alfonso Ramos-Espla, Xavier Turon, Spain; Gretchen Lambert, USA; Teruaki Nishikawa, Japan; Rosana Rocha, Brazil; Noa Shenkar, Israel etc.). In conclusion, Françoise Monniot’s remarkable scientific journey has profoundly shaped ascidian research on taxonomical, ecological, chemical, and histological fronts. Her enduring legacy includes the taxa she meticulously described, the methodologies she developed, and the generations of researchers she influenced. Through her extensive and multifaceted research activities, Françoise Monniot has significantly advanced our understanding of ascidian biodiversity on a global scale, leaving an indelible mark on the field of marine biology. On a personal note, Françoise Monniot’s pragmatic demeanour and resilience were evident in her continued presence at the laboratory. At age 88, she remained intellectually sharp, embodying a tenacity that inspired those around her. It has been a great joy to be able to work alongside Françoise Monniot. Her daily presence will be missed, and we count on her publications for ascidian identifications for years to come. She will forever stand as a formidable example for future generations. Fig. 5. — Françoise Monniot with the ascidian collection at the zoothèque, MNHN in 2017. Photo courtesy of Noa Shenkar. Fig. 6 . — Françoise Monniot at her microscope at the marine invertebrate laboratory, MNHN in 2022. Photo credit Mélanie Van Weddingen. 560 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Ratti C. Acknowledgements I thank Virginie Héros, Anne Mabille and Serge Gofas for important information, Nadine Monniot and Noa Shenkar for providing photographs and Xavier Turon and Gretchen Lambert for providing both photographs and valuable feedback. I thank Susanna López-Legentil and Philippe Bouchet for helpful comments. I particularly thank Sarah Samadi for initiating this tribute and for her continuous input and support throughout the writing process. REFERENCES Agell g., Turon X., De CArAlT S., lópez-legenTil S. & uriz M. J. 2004. — Molecular and organism biomarkers of copper pollution in the ascidian Pseudodistoma crucigaster. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48 (7-8): 759-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpolbul.2003.11.001 AllArD g. 2003. — Faune et Flore d’Indonésie (réserve de BUNAKEN et détroit de LEMBEH). Stage de Formation et de découvertes – Sulawesi Juillet 2002 (avec la participation des Commissions Bio Provence et Vaucluse). D eTTAi A., A DAMowizC S. 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Journal of Zoology 238 (4): 599-610. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05417.x weinBerg S. & liBerT F. 2019. — Découvrir la vie sous-marine : mer Rouge, océan Indien, océan Pacifique – Guide d’identification ascidies, poissons, reptiles et mammifères Vol. 2. Challes-lesEaux, Éditions GAP, 592p. Submitted on31 January 2025; accepted on 4 April 2025; published on 16 October 2025. 568 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Ratti C. Appendix 2. — List of new taxa described by Françoise Monniot. Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Arachnida Order: Trombidiformes Family: Halacaridae Scaptognathides Monniot F. 1972 – genus –– – – – Coloboceras drachi Monniot F. 1962 – species Halacarus humerosus graveolus Monniot F. 1962 Copidognathus graveolus (Monniot F., 1962) species Scaptognathides planus Monniot F. 1972 – species Simognathus andrei Monniot F. 1961 Simognathus leiomerus Trouessart, 1894 species Class: Malacostraca Order: Mysida Family: Mysidae Corellamysis San Vicente C. S. & Monniot F. 2014 – genus –– – – – Corellamysis eltanina San Vicente C. S. & Monniot F. 2014 – species Phylum: Chordata Class: Sorberacea Sorberacea Monniot C., Monniot F. & Gaill 1975 (taxa divided into several other groups) class Class: Thaliacea –– – – – Order: Pyrosomatida –– – – – Family: Pyrosomatidae Pyrosoma benthica Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1966 Pyrosoma atlanticum Péron, 1804 species Class: Ascidiacea Order: Aplousobranchia Family: Clavelinidae Clavelina flava Monniot F. 1988 Pycnoclavella flava (Monniot F., 1988) species Clavelina maculata Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Family: Diazonidae Diazona angulata Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Diazona carnosa Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Diazona formosa Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Diazona fungia Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Diazona labyrinthea Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Diazona pedunculata Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Diazona tenera Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Pseudodiazona abyssa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Rhopalaea circula Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Rhopalaea desme Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Rhopalaea piru Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Family: Didemnidae Atriolum crusta Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Atriolum marsupialis Monniot F. 1989 – species Atriolum quadratum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Didemnum ahu Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum algasedens Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Didemnum anoi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 Didemnum nekozita Tokioka, 1967 species Didemnum apuroto Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum aures Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Didemnum biglutinum Monniot F. 1995 – species Didemnum bimasculum Monniot F. 1995 – species Didemnum brevioris Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1997 – species Didemnum calliginosum Monniot F. 1984 – species Didemnum captivum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1997 – species Didemnum contortum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1997 – species Didemnum dicolla Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1997 – species Didemnum diffundum Monniot F. 1995 – species Didemnum duplicatum Monniot F. 1983 – species Didemnum epikelp Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Didemnum flavoviride Monniot F. 1995 – species Didemnum globiferum Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species 569 A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Didemnum guttatum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Didemnum halimedae Monniot F. 1983 – species Didemnum hiopaa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum inauratum Monniot F. 1983 – species Didemnum lacertosum Monniot F. 1995 – species Didemnum lacustre Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Didemnum leopardi Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Didemnum ligulum Monniot F. 1983 – species Didemnum linguiferum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Didemnum madeleinae Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Didemnum megasterix Monniot F. 1995 – species Didemnum mekeald Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Didemnum mesembrinum Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Didemnum millari Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Didemnum mutabile Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum nigricans Monniot F. 1995 – species Didemnum nigrum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Didemnum nivale Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Didemnum nocturnum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1997 – species Didemnum obscurum Monniot F. 1969 – species Didemnum paa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum parau Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum parvum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Didemnum perlucidum Monniot F. 1983 – species Didemnum pitipiri Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum poecilomorpha Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Didemnum productum Monniot F. 1995 Didemnum tonga (Herdman, 1886) species Didemnum rodriguesi Rocha & Monniot F. 1993 – species Didemnum rubeum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Didemnum stercoratum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Didemnum subtile Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Didemnum toafene Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum tortile Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Didemnum uturoa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum vahatuio Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Didemnum valgum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Didemnum yolky Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1997 – species Diplosoma ata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Diplosoma glandulosum Monniot F. 1983 – species Diplosoma inflatum Monniot F. 1994 Diplosoma translucidum (Hartmeyer, 1909) species Diplosoma marsupiale Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Diplosoma matie Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Diplosoma multitestis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Diplosoma pannosum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Diplosoma pavonia Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 Diplosoma virens (Hartmeyer, 1909) species Diplosoma redika Monniot F. 1994 – species Diplosoma tritestis Monniot F. 1984 – species Diplosoma unitestis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Diplosoma versicolor Monniot F. 1994 – species Leptoclinides apertus Monniot F. 1989 – species Leptoclinides latus Monniot F. 1983 – species Leptoclinides multipapillatus Monniot F. 1989 – species Leptoclinides oscitans Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Leptoclinides planus Monniot F. 2010 – species Leptoclinides robiginis Monniot F. 1989 – species Leptoclinides sulawesii Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Leptoclinides torosus Monniot F. 1983 – species Leptoclinides uniorbis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Leptoclinides unitestis Monniot F. 1989 – species Lissoclinum abdominale Monniot F. 1983 – species Lissoclinum badium Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Lissoclinum calycis Monniot F. 1992 – species Appendix 2. — Continuation. 570 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Ratti C. Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Lissoclinum cornutum Monniot F. 1992 – species Lissoclinum guinense Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 Lissoclinum taratara Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987 species Lissoclinum mereti Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Lissoclinum multitestis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Lissoclinum nebulosum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Lissoclinum panthera Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Lissoclinum polyorchis Monniot F. 1992 – species Lissoclinum ravarava Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Lissoclinum rubrum Monniot F. 1975 – species Lissoclinum taratara Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Lissoclinum textile Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Lissoclinum textrinum Monniot F. 1992 – species Lissoclinum tuheiavae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Lissoclinum tumidum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Lissoclinum tunicatum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Lissoclinum vareau Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Lissoclinum vulgare Monniot F. 1992 – species Polysyncraton adelon Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Polysyncraton asterix Monniot F. 1974 – species Polysyncraton cerebellum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Polysyncraton horridum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Polysyncraton louminae Monniot F. 1984 – species Polysyncraton meandratum Monniot F. 1993 – species Polysyncraton multipapillae Monniot F. 1993 – species Polysyncraton otuetue Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Polysyncraton pavimentum Monniot F. 1993 – species Polysyncraton pontoniae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Polysyncraton poro Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Polysyncraton pseudorugosum Monniot F. 1993 – species Polysyncraton purou Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Polysyncraton reedi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1994 – species Polysyncraton rostrum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1997 – species Polysyncraton rugosum Monniot F. 1993 – species Polysyncraton thallomorpha Monniot F. 1993 – species Polysyncraton vestiens Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Trididemnum fetia Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Trididemnum hians Monniot F. 1983 – species Trididemnum inermum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 Trididemnum pseudodiplosoma (Kott, 1962) species Trididemnum lanugineum Monniot F. 2010 – species Trididemnum maratuae Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Trididemnum nubis Monniot F. 1991 – species Trididemnum palmae Monniot F. 1984 – species Trididemnum polyorchis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Trididemnum poma Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Trididemnum spongia Monniot F. 1991 – species Trididemnum tomarahi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Trididemnum vahaereere Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Family: Euherdmaniidae Euherdmania divida Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Euherdmania dumosa Monniot F. 1987 – species Euherdmania fasciculata Monniot F. 1983 – species Family: Holozoidae Scotiazoa Monniot F. & Tatian M. 2020 – genus –– – – – Distaplia corolla Monniot F. 1974 – species Distaplia crassa Monniot F. 1983 – species Distaplia kerguelense Monniot F. 1970 – species Distaplia megathorax Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1982 – species Distaplia progressa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Distaplia tahihuero Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Polydistoma azorensis Monniot F. 2003 – species Polydistoma oculeum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Protoholozoa anthos Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Protoholozoa cantarella Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – species Protoholozoa incrustans Monniot F. 2021 – species Protoholozoa lilium Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1982 Scotiazoa lilium (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1982) species Appendix 2. — Continuation. 571 A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Protoholozoa pigra Monniot F. 1975 – species Sycozoa melopepona Monniot F. 1975 – species Family: Polycitoridae Millarus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1988 – genus –– – – – Archidistoma richeri Monniot F. 1988 Pycnoclavella diminuta (Kott, 1957) species Archidistoma rubripunctum Monniot F. 1988 Pycnoclavella diminuta (Kott, 1957) species Cystodytes branchiatus Buge & Monniot F. 1972 Lissoclinum branchiatus (Buge & Monniot F., 1972) species Cystodytes fuscus Monniot F. 1988 – species Cystodytes hapu Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 Cystodytes philippinensis Herdman, 1886 species Cystodytes luteus Monniot F. 1988 – species Cystodytes mucosus Monniot F. 1988 – species Cystodytes multipapillatus Monniot F. 1988 – species Cystodytes planus Monniot F. 1974 – species Cystodytes punctatus Monniot F. 1988 – species Cystodytes senegalense Monniot F. 1969 – species Cystodytes solitus Monniot F. 1988 – species Cystodytes violatinctus Monniot F. 1988 – species Eudistoma album Monniot F. 1988 – species Eudistoma atrum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1997 – species Eudistoma atypicum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Eudistoma australe Monniot F. 1978 – species Eudistoma bifurcum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Eudistoma bituminis Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Eudistoma caliginosum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Eudistoma diasterum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Eudistoma dioicum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Eudistoma etiennae Monniot F. 2007 – species Eudistoma fasciculum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Eudistoma fluorescens Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Eudistoma fragum Monniot F. 1988 – species Eudistoma fucatum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Eudistoma hospitale Monniot F. 1998 – species Eudistoma ifani Monniot F. 1969 – species Eudistoma inauratum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Eudistoma incrustatum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Eudistoma laboutei Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Eudistoma niveum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Eudistoma occultum Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Eudistoma one Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Eudistoma partitum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Eudistoma pluritestae Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Eudistoma punctatum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Eudistoma pustulosum Monniot F. 2012 – species Eudistoma rubiginosum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Eudistoma santamariae Breton & Monniot F. 2007 – species Eudistoma stellatum Monniot F. 1988 – species Eudistoma vineum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Eudistoma vulgare Monniot F. 1988 – species Millarus diogenes Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1988 – species Polycitor africanus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1997 – species Polycitor epicolon Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Polycitor profundus Monniot F. 1971 – species Polycitorella coronaria Monniot F. 1988 Eucoelium coronarium (Monniot F., 1988) species Polycitorella graphicum Monniot F. 2012 – species Polycitorella stellifera Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 Eucoelium stelliferum (Monniot F. & Monniot C., 2001) species Family: Polyclinidae Amaroucium marchei Monniot F. 1969 Aplidium marchei (Monniot F., 1969) species Aplidiopsis atlanticus Monniot F. 1975 – species Aplidiopsis gelidus Monniot F. 1987 – species Aplidiopsis indicus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Appendix 2. — Continuation. 572 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Ratti C. Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Aplidiopsis ocellatus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Aplidiopsis parvastigma Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Aplidiopsis stellatus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 – species Aplidiopsis tubiferus Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Aplidium acropodium Monniot F. & Gaill 1978 – species Aplidium balleniae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Aplidium bilinguae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Aplidium bilingula Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Aplidium boucheti Monniot F. 2012 – species Aplidium breviventer Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Aplidium caelestis Monniot F. 1987 – species Aplidium cellis Monniot F. 1987 – species Aplidium cerebrum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Aplidium colini Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1997 – species Aplidium controversum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Aplidium convergens Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Aplidium crustatum Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Aplidium cyaneum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Aplidium cyclophorum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Aplidium didemniformis Monniot F. & Gaill 1978 – species Aplidium discum Monniot F. 2021 – species Aplidium enigmaticum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 – species Aplidium fistulosum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Aplidium gracile Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Aplidium granum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Aplidium haesitans Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Aplidium hestia Monniot F. 2012 – species Aplidium imbutum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Aplidium intextum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Aplidium latusexitus Monniot F. 1987 Aplidium uteute Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987 species Aplidium lepareurae Monniot F. 2016 – species Aplidium lineatum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Aplidium litum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Aplidium longithorax Monniot F. 1987 – species Aplidium longum Monniot F. 1970 – species Aplidium maru Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Aplidium millari Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1994 – species Aplidium minithorax Monniot F. 2012 – species Aplidium miripartum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Aplidium monile Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Aplidium nema Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Aplidium ocellatum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Aplidium ovum Monniot F. & Gaill 1978 – species Aplidium peresi Monniot F. 1970 – species Aplidium pictum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Aplidium pusillum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Aplidium rhyparon Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Aplidium rosaceum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Aplidium rubripunctum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1997 – species Aplidium sacciferum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Aplidium scyphus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Aplidium siderum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Aplidium solum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Aplidium undulatum Monniot F. & Gaill 1978 – species Aplidium uouo Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Aplidium uteute Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Aplidium venosum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Aplidium vexillum Monniot F. & Gaill 1978 – species Aplidium vulcanium Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Homoeodistoma omasum Monniot F. 1987 Condominium areolatum (Kott, 1963) species Polyclinum johnsoni Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1989 – species Polyclinum lagena Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Polyclinum pedicellatum Monniot F. 2012 – species Appendix 2. — Continuation. 573 A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Polyclinum pute Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Polyclinum sacceum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Polyclinum tingens Monniot F. 2012 – species Sidnyum hians Monniot F. & Gaill 1978 Aplidium hians (Monniot & Gaill, 1978) species Sidnyum indicum Renganathan & Monniot F. 1984 Aplidium indicum (Renganathan & Monniot F., 1984) species Sidnyum leviventer Monniot F. & Gaill 1978 Morchellium leviventer (Monniot & Gaill, 1978) species Sidnyum pentatrema Monniot F. 1972 Aplidium pentatrema (Monniot F., 1972) species Sidnyum polytrema Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 Aplidium polytrema (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1983) species Sidnyum radicosum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1979 Aplidium radicosum (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1979) species Synoicum daucum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Synoicum floriferum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Synoicum howei Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1988 – species Synoicum laboutei Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Synoicum ostentor Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Synoicum partitionis Monniot F. 1987 – species Synoicum polygyna Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1980 – species Synoicum salivum Monniot F. & Gaill 1978 – species Family: Protopolyclinidae Monniotus pacificus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Monniotus papillosus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Monniotus paucistigma Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Monniotus spica Monniot F. 2012 – species Family: PseudodistomidaeCitorclinum Monniot F. & Millar 1988 – genus –– – – – Citorclinum laboutei Monniot F. & Millar 1988 – species Pseudodistoma citrinum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Pseudodistoma coronatum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Pseudodistoma delicatum Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Pseudodistoma digitata Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Pseudodistoma megalarva Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Pseudodistoma nigrum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Pseudodistoma poculum Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Family: Ritterellidae Pharyngodictyon bisinus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Pharyngodictyon cauliflos Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 Pharyngodictyon cauliformis Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1991species Pharyngodictyon magnifili Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Pharyngodictyon melanesius Monniot F. 2022 – species Ritterella circularis Monniot F. 1987 – species Ritterella folium Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Ritterella glareosa Monniot F. 1974 – species Ritterella mirifica Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Ritterella rete Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Ritterella solida Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Order: Phlebobranchia Family: Agneziidae Agneziidae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – family –– – – – Agnezia Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – genus –– – – – Adagnesia charcoti Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 – species Adagnesia fissa Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Adagnesia henriquei Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Adagnesia rimosa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Adagnesia weddelli Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1994 – species Agnesia arnaudi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 Agnezia arnaudi (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974) species Agnesia atlantica Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 Agnezia atlantica (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1973) species Agnesia biscoei Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 Agnezia biscoei (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1983) species Appendix 2. — Continuation. 574 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Ratti C. Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Agnesia celtica Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 Agnezia celtica (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974) species Agnesia tenue Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 Agnezia tenue (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1983) species Caenagnesia complementa Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Pterygascidia inversa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Pterygascidia kanakae Monniot F. 2021 – species Family: Ascidiidae Fimbrora Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – genus Plurascidia Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2000 Phallusia Savigny, 1816 genus Psammascidia Monniot F. 1962 – genus –– – – – Ascidia alisea Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2006 – species Ascidia alterna Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Ascidia azurea Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Ascidia colleta Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1970 – species Ascidia fistulosa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1967 – species Ascidia fusca Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1989 – species Ascidia iberica Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1988 – species Ascidia lambertae Monniot F. 2007 – species Ascidia ornata Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Ascidia prona Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1994 – species Ascidia tapuni Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Fimbrora calsubia Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Plurascidia marquesana Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2000 Phallusia polytrema (Herdman, 1906) species Psammascidia teissieri Monniot F. 1962 – species Family: Cionidae Araneum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 – genus Tantillulum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 – genus –– – – – Araneum pedunculatum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Araneum sigma Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 – species Ciona imperfecta Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1977 – species Ciona pomponiae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1989 – species Tantillulum molle Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 – species –– – – – Family: Corellidae Clatripes Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – genus Dextrogaster Monniot F. 1962 – genus Mysterascidia Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1982 – genus –– – – – Abyssascidia millari Monniot F. 1971 – species Clatripes flaccidus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Corella brewinae Monniot F. 2013 – species Corynascidia alata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Corynascidia cubare Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1994 – species Corynascidia hartmeyeri Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1994 – species Dextrogaster suecica Monniot F. 1962 – species Mysterascidia symmetrica Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1982 – species Xenobranchion tenue Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Family: Dimeatidae Dimeatus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1982 – genus –– – – – Dimeatus mirus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1981 – species Family: Octacnemidae Cibacapsa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – genus Cryptia Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – genus Myopegma Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – genus Cibacapsa gulosa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Cryptia planum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – species Myopegma melanesium Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Myopegma midatlantica Monniot F. 2011 – species Octacnemus alatus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – species Octacnemus zarcoi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 – species Situla cuculli Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Situla galeata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Situla lanosa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 – species Situla macdonaldi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1977 – species Situla rineharti Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1989 – species Appendix 2. — Continuation. 575 A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Family: Perophoridae Ecteinascidia aranea Monniot F. 2016 – species Ecteinascidia faaopa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Ecteinascidia modesta Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Ecteinascidia remanea Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Perophora longigaster Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Family: Plurellidae Plurella colini Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2004 – species Plurella kottae Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Plurella melanesiae Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2000 – species Plurella monogyna Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2000 – species Plurella testacea Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2000 – species Order: Stolidobranchia Family: Hexacrobylidae Gasterascidia Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1968 Oligotrema Bourne, 1903 genus Hexadactylus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1990 Asajirus Kott, 1989 genus Sorbera Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 Oligotrema Bourne, 1903 genus –– – – – Gasterascidia lyra Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 Oligotrema lyra (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1973) species Gasterascidia sandersi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1968 Oligotrema sandersi (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1968) species Hexacrobylus dichotomus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 Asajirus dichotomus (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1984) species Hexacrobylus eunuchus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913) species Hexacrobylus gulosus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 Asajirus gulosus (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1984) species Hexadactylus antarcticus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1990 Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913) species Hexadactylus hemisphericus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1990 Asajirus hemisphericus (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1990) species Hexadactylus ledanoisi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1990 Asajirus ledanoisi (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1990) species Hexadactylus longitestis Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1990 Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913) species Hexadactylus millari Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1990 Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913) species Hexadactylus ovirarus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1990 Asajirus ovirarus (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1990) species Hexadactylus seeligeri Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1990 Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913) species Sorbera digonas Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 Oligotrema psammites Bourne, 1903 species Sorbera unigonas Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 Oligotrema unigonas (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974) species Family: Molgulidae Minipera Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – genus Namiella Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1968 – genus Protomolgula Monniot F. 1971 – genus Bostrichobranchus crosnieri Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2008 – species Eugyrioides borealis Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1977 Eugyra borealis (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1977) species Eugyrioides greenwichensis Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 Eugyra greenwichensis (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974) species Eugyrioides polyducta Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 Eugyra polyducta (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1983) species Fungulus curlus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Fungulus minutulus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Minipera papillosa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Minipera pedunculata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Minipera tacita Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – species Molgula brieni Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1976 – species Molgula caminae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1988 – species Molgula coactilis Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1977 – species Molgula crustosa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1988 – species Molgula delicata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Molgula dextrocarpa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Molgula estadosi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Molgula fortuita Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 – species Molgula herdmanina Monniot F. & Dettai A. 2015 – species Molgula hirta Monniot F. 1965 – species Appendix 2. — Continuation. 576 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Ratti C. Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Molgula karubari Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Molgula pigafettae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Molgula pila Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – species Molgula pumila Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Molgula riddlei Monniot F. 2011 – species Molgula robini Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Molgula satyrus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1993 – species Molgula susana Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1976 – species Molgula tethys Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1974 – species Molgula topata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Molgula vara Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1979 – species Molguloides crenatum Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Molguloides cyclocarpa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1982 – species Molguloides longirecta Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – species Molguloides mollis Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Molguloides tonsus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Molguloides translucidus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Namiella bistigmata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1968 – species Paramolgula canioi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Pareugyrioides chardyi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1977 – species Protomolgula bythia Monniot F. 1971 – species Protomolgula cornuta Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Family: Pyuridae Bathypyura Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 – genus Cratostigma Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1961 – genus Pyurella Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 Microcosmus Heller, 1877 genus Bathypyura asymetrica Monniot F. 1971 – species Bathypyura celata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 – species Boltenia hirta Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1977 – species Bolteniopsis perlucidus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – species Bolteniopsis sessilis Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1970 – species Culeolus anonymus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Culeolus caudatus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Culeolus elegans Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Culeolus hospitalis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Culeolus pinguis Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1982 – species Hartmeyeria bouilloni Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1976 – species Herdmania armata Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Herdmania colona Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Herdmania insolita Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 Herdmania mauritiana (Drasche, 1884) species Heterostigma fagei Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1961 – species Heterostigma gonochorica Monniot F. 1965 – species Heterostigma melitensis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Heterostigma reptans Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1963 – species Microcosmus bitunicatus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Microcosmus longicloa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Microcosmus pacificus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Microcosmus psammiferus Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Microcosmus santoensis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Microcosmus vesiculosus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Pyura columna Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 Herdmania columna (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1991) species Pyura hebridensis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Pyura honu Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Pyura lycoperdon Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Pyura multiruga Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1982 – species Pyura ocellata Monniot F. 2016 – species Pyura pennata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 Herdmania pennata (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1991) species Pyura pilosa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Pyura polyducta Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1989 Herdmania polyducta (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1989) species Pyura praia Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1967 – species Pyura styeliformis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Pyura tongaea Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1976 Pyura gangelion (Savigny, 1816)species Pyurella hernia Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1973 Microcosmus hernius (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1973) species Appendix 2. — Continuation. 577 A Tribute to the Academic Journey of Françoise Monniot ZOOSYSTEMA • 2025 • 47 (25) Higher Classification Original name Author(s) Year Current name if different from the original Taxon rank Family: Styelidae Amphicarpa paucigonas Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 Stolonica paucigonas (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1984) species Bathyoncus arafurensis Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Bathyoncus lanatus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Bathyoncus tantulus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Bathystyeloides anfractus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – species Bathystyeloides dubius Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1984 – species Bathystyeloides laubieri Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Bathystyeloides mexicanus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Bathystyeloides miriducta Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Botryllus closionis Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Botryllus eilatensis Shenkar & Monniot F. 2006 – species Botryllus firmus Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996 – species Botryllus pumilus Monniot F. 2016 – species Cnemidocarpa acanthifera Monniot F. 2011 – species Cnemidocarpa captiva Monniot F. 2016 – species Cnemidocarpa digonas Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1968 – species Cnemidocarpa eposi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1994 – species Cnemidocarpa jacens Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Cnemidocarpa pilocincta Monniot F. 2022 – species Cnemidocarpa univesica Monniot F. 2011 – species Cnemidocarpa victoriae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1983 – species Dicarpa antarctica Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1977 – species Dicarpa intritae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1976 – species Dicarpa lata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1976 – species Dicarpa mysogyna Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1982 – species Dicarpa spinifera Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1976 – species Distomus antiborealis Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Distomus pacificus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Metandrocarpa asymmetra Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Metandrocarpa manina Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Monandrocarpa humilis Monniot F. 2009 – species Pelonaia quadrivena Monniot F. 2011 – species Polyandrocarpa arianae Monniot F. 2016 – species Polyandrocarpa aurorae Monniot F. 2018 – species Polyandrocarpa griffithsi Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths & Schleyer 2001 – species Polyandrocarpa polypora Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Polyandrocarpa tarona Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 Monandrocarpa tarona (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1987) species Polycarpa arenosa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1976 – species Polycarpa arnbackae Monniot F. 1964 – species Polycarpa atromarginata Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Polycarpa biscayensis Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Polycarpa camptos Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Polycarpa carpocincta Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Polycarpa caudata Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1974 – species Polycarpa delta Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1968 – species Polycarpa indiana Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1985 – species Polycarpa inhacae Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1976 – species Polycarpa itera Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1977 – species Polycarpa longitubis Monniot C., Monniot F. & Leung Tack 1987 – species Polycarpa macra Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1991 – species Polycarpa maruhi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1987 – species Polycarpa nigerrima Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Polycarpa offa Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1988 – species Polycarpa pentarhiza Monniot F. 1965 – species Polycarpa perstellata Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Polycarpa porculus Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1979 – species Polycarpa producta Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2003 – species Polycarpa pseudoalbatrossi Monniot C. & Monniot F. 1968 – species Polycarpa reviviscens Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001 – species Appendix 2. — Continuation.