D2.2 CMRA Specification

HORIZON –CL4-2022-TWIN-TRANSITION-01-06 HORIZON Innovation Actions Grant Agreement No.: 101092295 Circular and Dynamic Manufacturing Supply Chain Orchestration and OptimiSation D2.2 CMRA Specification Report Identifier: D2.2 Work-package: WP2 Task: T2.2 Responsible Partner: FIWARE Foundation e.V. (FIW) Version Number: 1.0 Due Date 31/05/2024 Document Date: 17/06/2024 Distribution Security: PUB Deliverable Type: R Keywords: CMRA, Circularity, Manufacturing, Architecture, Standard Project website: https://circuloos.eu/ D2.2 CMRA Specification 2 | 46 Legal Disclaimer CIRCULOOS is an EU project funded by the Horizon Europe (HORIZON) research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101092295. The information and views set out in this deliverable are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. The information in this document is provided “as is”, and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any specific purpose. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. The CIRCULOOS Consortium members shall have no liability for damages of any kind including without limitation direct, special, indirect, or consequential damages that may result from the use of these materials subject to any liability which is mandatory due to applicable law. Copyright notice © Copyright by the CIRCULOOS Consortium This document contains information that is protected by copyright. All Rights Reserved. No part of this work covered by copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holders. D2.2 CMRA Specification 3 | 46 Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary...............................................................................................................................................................9 1.1 Deliverable Purpose.................................................................................................................................................9 1.2 Background..................................................................................................................................................................9 1.3 Vision........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Approach....................................................................................................................................................................12 2 The Circular Manufacturing Reference Architecture...........................................................................................13 2.1 Stakeholders Definition.......................................................................................................................................13 2.2 Problem Description and Reference Scenarios.........................................................................................15 2.3 Target Capabilities.................................................................................................................................................16 2.4 Design Principles....................................................................................................................................................18 2.5 Assumptions.............................................................................................................................................................20 2.6 Prioritized Concerns and Architectural Viewpoints...............................................................................21 2.6.1 Concerns and Viewpoints on Enabling Features for Federated Supply Chains............ 21 2.6.2 Concerns and Viewpoints on Supply Chain Optimisation Capabilities.............................22 2.6.3 Supply Chain Process Orchestration and Execution Capabilities........................................22 2.6.4 Stakeholder Engagement Capabilities.............................................................................................22 2.6.5 Reusable tools for MSMEs vertical solution development..................................................... 22 3 A Reference Implementation: The CIRCULOOS Data Platform........................................................................23 3.1 Overall Context........................................................................................................................................................23 3.1.1 The CIRCULOOS Project.........................................................................................................................23 3.1.2 Target Capabilities and Prioritized Platform Objectives.........................................................24 3.1.3 Overview of CIRCULOOS Industrial Pilot Requirements.........................................................26 3.2 CIRCULOOS Platform Description (Design Phase).................................................................................. 28 3.2.1 Generic Platform Capabilities and Software Enablers..............................................................28 3.2.1.1 Local Data Platform....................................................................................................................30 3.2.1.2 Data Sharing Framework.........................................................................................................31 3.2.1.3 Blockchain-based services for trustworthy and secure data sharing..................35 3.2.2 Circular Manufacturing Capabilities and Software Enablers.................................................36 3.2.2.1 Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration (RAMP).................................................36 D2.2 CMRA Specification 4 | 46 3.2.2.2 Supply Chain Process Orchestration and Execution Tool (SCPO Tool)...............37 3.2.2.3 Sustainability Assessment (GRETA Tool).........................................................................38 3.2.2.4 Supply Chain Digital Twin (SCDT Tool).............................................................................38 3.2.2.5 Supply Chain Optimization (SCOPT Tool)........................................................................ 38 3.2.2.6 CV-based system for composition detection...................................................................39 4 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................................................................41 4.1 Design Decisions and Trade-offs..................................................................................................................... 41 4.2 Implications for related Circular Manufacturing Projects....................................................................41 4.3 Future Directions....................................................................................................................................................41 D2.2 CMRA Specification 5 | 46 List of Figures Figure 1 The Ellen MacArthur Circular Economy Systems Diagram. The focus of the CMRA is on the set of cycles often referred to as R-Strategies (highlighted by red boxes in the picture).....................................................................................................................................................................10 Figure 2 The CMRA Capability Map......................................................................................................................17 Figure 3 Direct Supply Chain represent linear supply chain models while the reverse flows are circularity enablers implemented by R-strategies................................................................................24 Figure 4 Top Level View of the CIRCULOOS Platform (Global + Local Data Layers)..................... 30 Figure 5 Detailed View of a Local Data Layer (Vertical Solution of a single Supply Chain Participant).............................................................................................................................................................30 Figure 6 Context Source Registration.................................................................................................................33 Figure 7 CIRCULOOS Platform main components..........................................................................................34 Other Figures (“Appendix A - CIRCULOOS Platform Demo”) - Figure A1. UI for outline extraction from 2D images……………………………………………………….44 34 - Figure A2. CSV to Orion-LD agent feature (Snapshot of the Web interface)……………………...45 - Figure A3. Extract of an input file (csv format)……………………………………………………………….45 - Figure A4. Part of the generated NGSI-LD JSON file…………………………………………...……………46 D2.2 CMRA Specification 6 | 46 List of Tables Table 1CMRA Reference Scenarios........................................................................................................................ 15 Table 2CMRA Capability Categories .....................................................................................................................16 Table 3Assumptions made for feasible CMRA based data platform designs.........................................20 D2.2 CMRA Specification 7 | 46 Abbreviations Acronym Description AAS Asset Administration Shell API Application Programming Interface BPMN Business Process Model and Notation CMRA Circular Manufacturing Reference Architecture CPS Cyber-Physical System CRUD Create, Read, Update, Delete operations DIDs Decentralized Identifiers IAM Identity and Access Management IT Information Technology IoT Internet of Things LCA Life Cycle Assessment MSMEs Manufacturing Small and Medium sized Enterprises MPMS Manufacturing Process Orchestration MVP Minimum Viable Product NGSI-LD Next Generation Service Interfaces - Linked Data OEE Overall equipment effectiveness PEP Policy Enforcement Point PoC Proof of Concept RAMI4.0 Reference Architectural Model Industrie 4.0 RAMP Robotics and Automation Marketplace RBAC Role-based access control SCDT Supply Chain Digital Twin Tool SCPO Supply Chain Process Orchestration and Execution Tool VC Verifiable Credentials VP Verifiable Presentations D2.2 CMRA Specification 8 | 46 D2.2 CMRA Specification 9 | 46 1 Executive Summary 1.1 Deliverable Purpose This deliverable documents the first iteration carried out within the CIRCULOOS Project to design an open and reusable reference architecture for more circular and sustainable supply chains in the manufacturing sector. The main purpose of the proposed Circular Manufacturing Reference Architecture (CMRA) is to contribute with an open reference model that accelerates the creation of innovative solutions to enhance the sustainability, resilience, and circularity of existing manufacturing supply chains as well as to ease, foster and promote the creation of new ones which embrace circularity practices at their very early stages. Tailored for both small to medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (MSMEs) and large manufacturers, major emphasis of the CMRA design is put on enabling the design of effective solutions to reduce waste, streamline resource utilization, and champion sustainability across all facets of the supply chain within intricate manufacturing ecosystems1. Aspects like reusability, modularity, portability and scalability will be driving the design process, always considering security, trust, and privacy preserving aspects as essential enabling pillars of successful designs. The document is structured in two main parts. The first part elaborates on the main principles and abstract design aspects of the CMR. In turn, the second part focuses on the ongoing work towards an open reference implementation of a CMRA based platform which is being carried out in the context of the CIRCULOOS project. 1.2 Background The CMRA builds on the Circular Economy Action Plan2and Ellen MacArthur Circular Economy Framework3as core conceptual circular economy frameworks, which serve as a compass to the purpose and goals of convenient design and specification activities for a reference architecture for circular manufacturing supply chains. In line with this, the alignment of manufacturing supply chains with strategic goals of the European Green Deal promoted by the CMRA will not be the result of reconfiguration of production processes, but rather of the inclusiveness of the involved actors. The ultimate goal is to accelerate innovative models which are “based on a closer relationship with customers, mass customisation, the sharing and collaborative economy, and powered by digital technologies, such as the internet of things, big data, blockchain and artificial intelligence”4. That is, circularity means for today’s economies data-driven collaborative production models. Yet, data is simply the means for digital technologies to timely communicate information from-and-to actors when ‘change’ is about to happen. It is ‘change’ that triggers the reconfiguration of the production models and this is instigated by the actors themselves. Putting in place the means to prevent, and in the worst case absorb, the negative impact of such changes while maximizing the sustainability and resilience of manufacturing supply chains is the great challenge to be addressed. 1The CMRA focuses particularly on accelerating systems and supply chain models which aim to maximize the effectiveness and impact of the R-Strategies suggested by the Circular Economy Systems Diagram developed by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation: Recycle, Remanufacture, Refurbish, Reuse, Redistribute 2https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN 3https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/overview 4Extract from the previously cited Circular Economy Action Plan D2.2 CMRA Specification 16 | 46 2.3 Target Capabilities Capabilities serve as abstract representations of what is necessary to achieve a desired outcome, incorporating goals and metrics to measure success. The following Table II is meant to highlight the major groups of capabilities which are more likely to be interdependent and/or tightly coupled in a CMRA based platform. Building on these categories, the CMRA aims to separate concerns and accelerate reusable capabilities which are agnostic to the way other capabilities are fulfilled. Table 2 CMRA Capability Categories Cat. Nº Capability Category Category Description 0 Field Equipment / Device Capabilities Capabilities that enable the physical manufacturing environment to be measured and controlled by information systems. 1 Communications, Interoperability and Data Sharing Capabilities that enable the exchange of data not only between applications, field equipment, and IT systems running locally and/or private clouds but also with external networks and information systems across the supply chain. 2 Asset and Operations Management Capabilities that enable the deployment, provision, and activation of the assets and services that aim to support the device communications and IT system integrations. 3 Data Management and Analytics Capabilities that enable the use of data from ingestion, through local processing and analysis stages to external sharing and publication. 4 Integration & Orchestration Capabilities to manage and orchestrate the processes and services that aim to support manual and computational activities. 5 Generic Capabilities for Smart Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management Capabilities that enable the deployment of generic capabilities that may not contribute to one specific circularity concern but help deal with a well-known and relevant concern within the smart manufacturing domain. 6 Domain Specific Capabilities for Circular Manufacturing Operations and Supply Chain Management Capabilities that enable the deployment of specific accelerators and/or enabling features for circularity manufacturing practices not only for local and internal manufacturing processes but also for global processes that involve multiple supply chain participants and their interactions. 7 Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration Capabilities that enable supply chain participants to engage and collaborate with a large variety of stakeholders and collaborate towards strategic goals 8 Security, Sovereignty, and Trust Capabilities enabling integral security and trust apply across physical sites and assets, devices, systems, and people. Ultimate aim is to protect confidentiality, availability and integrity in a trusted digital context. 9 Common Services Enabling and/or supportive Capabilities that accelerate other Capabilities regardless of the layer in which the Capability is found. D2.2 CMRA Specification 17 | 46 These capabilities can be translated into actionable steps by aligning them with requisite human resources, processes, technologies, information, and assets. Alternatively, capabilities can be associated with various services that collectively enable their realization, encompassing IT application services, technical services, external services, and more. Capability Map Organizing capabilities into structured maps (Figure 2) facilitates planning and evaluation, revealing existing strengths, areas for improvement, and gaps in functionality. Capabilities are instrumental in understanding the implications of industry drivers, establishing priorities, and directing investments effectively. Specific Capabilities Per Category For each category a set of more granular capabilities can be identified to determine the scope of solutions which help address specific problems or concerns. Some examples of specific capabilities for each of the categories are given in the image below. Capability Matrices and Cross-Cutting Concerns Categories and Specific Capabilities can be interconnected through many-to-many relationships with organizational processes, services, personnel, departments, and IT applications (or their modules). This linkage is often visualized through an Application/Capability Matrix (or a series of them). This is often the case for almost every capability in categories 1, 8, and 9 (Communications and interoperability, Security and Trust, and common services). Figure 2 The CMRA Capability Map D2.2 CMRA Specification 18 | 46 2.4 Design Principles The design principles for the CMRA system emphasize creating robust, adaptable, and secure manufacturing solutions that cater to diverse industrial needs. These principles are essential for ensuring that manufacturing systems are efficient, sustainable, and capable of evolving with technological advancements and market demands. Reusability focuses on designing components that can be applied across various sectors, accommodating different manufacturer sizes and product life cycles. This principle advocates for the seamless integration of materials and products into circular supply chains, promoting sustainability through the most convenient R-strategy (e.g., recovery, recycling, or repurposing supply chain flows). Additionally, by implementing standardized interfaces, CMRA based platform components aim to be easily integrable into both legacy and homegrown manufacturing systems. Modularity involves breaking down manufacturing processes into smaller, specialized problems which can be solved by purpose specific software modules. This modular approach simplifies maintenance and upgrades, making it easier to address specific problems without disrupting the entire system. Standardized communication between modules, facilitated by open standards-based APIs and data models, is essential to ensure interoperability and enhance the flexibility required in modular solutions. Ultimate goal is that modules are designed with replaceability and upgradeability in mind so they can be easily swapped or enhanced to further support system adaptability while remaining cost-effective. Portability aims to ensure that CMRA based solutions for circular manufacturing systems are compatible with various environments and locations, facilitating easy adaptation and replicability between facilities. To that aim, promoting edgeand cloud-native solutions allows for more straightforward deployment and maintenance, making CMRA-based platforms more versatile and accessible across different operational contexts. Scalability is also crucial for accommodating the digital manufacturing systems to varying production demands. Systems must be designed to handle fluctuations in workload, with flexible resource allocation to manage increases or decreases efficiently. The ability to scale manufacturing processes up or down without significant reconfiguration or disruption shall be pursued to ensure that CMRA based platforms continuously meet evolving business needs effectively. Last but not least, Security and Trust principles are critical to prioritize protecting sensitive manufacturing data through robust access controls and secure communication features. For instance, cybersecurity measures are essential to prevent unauthorized access or tampering with manufacturing processes. Regarding trust aspects, accelerating interfaces with reference trust services, such as the Verifiable Credentials Framework13, is key to ensure that CMRA based solutions bring a high level of trust and 13 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/sites/display/EBSI/EBSI+Verifiable+Credentials D2.2 CMRA Specification 19 | 46 integrity in its operations, safeguarding against potential threats and maintaining the reliability of manufacturing processes. D2.2 CMRA Specification 20 | 46 2.5 Assumptions The CMRA considers the use of CMRA based data platforms as a core enabler of circular manufacturing value chains. However, the convenient design and implementation of such data platforms is still full of challenges, problems, and open questions. The following assumptions aim to provide a foundation for making it feasible to cope with such complexities and achieve meaningful platform Minimum Viable Products (MVPs), and Proof-of Concepts (PoCs). Table 3 Assumptions made for feasible CMRA based data platform designs Assumptions Description Environmental Awareness and Regulatory Compliance ●CMRA based data platforms will incorporate sustainability assessment tools and compliance monitoring features to measure the environmental performances of manufacturing processes, ensuring adherence to regulations and standards. ●Existing sustainability assessment frameworks will be leveraged to ease the evaluation of environmental and social impacts and streamline CMRA based innovation. Availability of Enabling Technologies and Infrastructure ●CMRA based platforms build on the availability of foundational technologies such as IoT devices, big data analytics, machine learning, and cloud computing, ensuring the feasibility of collecting, analyzing, and managing supply chain data at scale. ●The existence of robust infrastructure, including high-speed internet connectivity, ample data storage, and processing capabilities, is assumed to support the implementation and operation of the data platform through incremental improvements, avoiding major infrastructure overhauls. Access to Resources ●CMRA based platforms assume the accessibility to essential resources, including raw materials, components, energy, and skilled labor, to enable the targeted circular manufacturing processes. It is also assumed that management features are already in place for those essential resources, being the platform is responsible for enabling their seamless integration with advanced circularity services. ●Existing circular design principles and resource recovery strategies are assumed to be in place, providing a foundation for connecting by-products and waste streams with sustainable initiatives (e.g., R-strategy flows) within the platform. ●Collaboration features will enable and stimulate the offering and purchase of circular products. Additionally, collaboration features will support the manufacturers with effective means to join existing and/or engage in brand new supply chains. It is also assumed that collaboration features exist to help manufacturers share resources, knowledge, and expertise across the supply chain. Economic Viability ●It is assumed that CMRA based platform's designs build on top of cost optimization frameworks and resource efficient models as well as a consistent business plan so that derived platforms enable not only platform and service provider but also manufacturer businesses to achieve economic viability within the targeted circular manufacturing chain ecosystems. ●Stakeholder engagement mechanisms, including collaboration tools and marketplace features, are assumed to exist with a clear target on facilitating the connection and the exchange of resources, ideas, and best practices among participants, contributing to both the development of greater and more sustainable manufacturer businesses and to D2.2 CMRA Specification 21 | 46 the economic sustainability of the CMRA based platform. 2.6 Prioritized Concerns and Architectural Viewpoints In complex systems and platform architecture design, concerns and viewpoints play a crucial role in structuring and understanding of the problems to be solved as well as of the value proposition of alternative approaches to provide effective solutions. While concerns emphasize on representing areas of interest or focus on design problems within a system, the viewpoints aim to provide perspectives or lenses through which these concerns are examined and addressed. The ultimate goal of viewpoints is to help stakeholders analyze and communicate different aspects of a system's architecture, facilitating effective decision-making and problem-solving that results in a satisfactory architecture view which can be later on implemented by an actual system. Prioritization Criteria in the selection of Concerns and Viewpoints The scope for prioritizing concerns and viewpoints in the context of a reference architecture for enabling and accelerating circular manufacturing supply chains spans a vast landscape. In order to make the first iteration on the design of the CMRA a feasible exercise, the prioritized concerns and viewpoints are those which aim to help achieve major objectives of the CIRCULOOS14 Innovation Action. Therefore, the following list is not meant to be an exhaustive list of concerns and viewpoints for the CMRA but just an initial one: ● Core Enabling Features for Federated Circular Supply Chains ● Supply Chain Optimisation Capabilities ● Supply Chain Process Orchestration and Execution Capabilities ● Stakeholder Engagement Capabilities ● Reusable tools for MSMEs vertical solution development The list of concerns and viewpoints presented above is intended to grow in new releases of the CMRA specification along with blueprints and architecture views on the existing ones. 2.6.1 Concerns and Viewpoints on Enabling Features for Federated Supply Chains On the one hand, the digitization of manufacturing facilities plays a fundamental role in enabling value-added services within circular supply chains. Data layers implemented by manufacturers in concrete vertical solutions serve as sources of crucial information, capturing granular details about processes, materials, and interactions at the manufacturing facility level. Thus, specific architectural views should focus on the design of solutions to facilitate seamless access and utilization of manufacturing digitization tools across diverse manufacturing facilities and stakeholder types. On the other hand, as supply chains become increasingly interconnected and interdependent, the ability to share data securely and confidently becomes paramount. Secure and Trustworthy Data Sharing is fundamental to the development of value-added services that leverage shared data insights to drive innovation and optimization within circular supply chains. Thus, architectural 14 Innovation Action: 101092295 - CIRCULOOS Circular and Dynamic Manufacturing Supply Chain Orchestration and OptimiSation D2.2 CMRA Specification 22 | 46 views addressing robust data encryption, access controls, and identity management mechanisms are also of high priority. 2.6.2 Concerns and Viewpoints on Supply Chain Optimisation Capabilities In this category, concerns and viewpoints which emphasize the local needs of manufacturers in their own facilities mostly focus on problems related to model-based and data-driven approaches to analyze running processes, resource availability, and production capacity estimations. Outside the boundaries of the manufacturing facility, the challenges are associated with concerns and viewpoints which look for effective views and solutions to determine supply chain arrangements and yield optimal supply chain processes by connecting production capacity and demand forecasting features with the actual offerings and orderings registered by the circular supply chain. 2.6.3 Supply Chain Process Orchestration and Execution Capabilities The relevant concerns and viewpoints on process orchestration and execution capabilities for the CMRA are quite diverse. They mainly revolve around the need for an integrated tool that helps solve a wide range of heterogeneous problems. This means that architecture views and solutions for orchestration and execution shall cover features for aggregating local data from production processes, modeling and creating global digital replicas of the real-world processes, composing aggregate processes across the supply chain, monitoring the global process execution and, finally, assigns tasks or at least recommending convenient actions to the local processes being carried out by the IT systems, cyber-physical assets, and personnel of the supply chain participants involved. 2.6.4 Stakeholder Engagement Capabilities In the CMRA, the concerns and viewpoints on stakeholder engagement aspects are mostly focused on the challenges and problems associated with digital marketplace approaches. Architecture views and solutions are expected to address the design and implementation of digital marketplaces as digital environments which enable holistic, effective, and attractive user experience for an integrated series of features such as community building tools, organizations and inventory catalogs, matchmaking services, training, and dedicated support implementation of circular practices. In practice, this implies addressing the challenging design of successful functionalities for: ● enabling user onboarding (registration, profile display pages) and user interaction (messaging, request to develop a new service) ● creating and managing registries and/or communities of MSMEs with the potential to work together in a circular context ● promoting those interactions that are more likely to happen (for example connect companies that are geographically closer) ● automating and offering convenient frontend tools (marketplaces) to handle relevant steps in the search process for new resources, analyzing the data available in the digital platform. 2.6.5 Reusable tools for MSMEs vertical solution development In the manufacturing sector, digitisation is still a great challenge and the potentiality for concerns and viewpoints in this dimension is endless. In the context of CMRA, prioritized architecture views in this category include: i) I4.0 Connectors for Trustworthy Data Sharing, ii) Advanced Circularity D2.2 CMRA Specification 23 | 46 Model Builders; iii) Low/No Code Model Composers, iv) Reconfigurable User Centric Apps, v) software for demand and production capacity forecasting and vi) IoT enabled perception and cyber-physical automation tools. 3 A Reference Implementation: The CIRCULOOS Data Platform 3.1 Overall Context 3.1.1 The CIRCULOOS Project The CIRCULOOS platform builds on the CMRA model and aims to accelerate circular manufacturing chains by seamlessly integrating orchestration, sustainability assessment, and optimization features. Its primary aim is to equip manufacturers with the necessary tools to embrace and champion sustainable production practices throughout the entire lifecycle of products. This encompasses everything from resource acquisition to the creation of subassemblies, kits, and final products, culminating in their reincorporation as resources (not necessarily in the same supply chain). However, demonstrating and validating the CIRCULOOS approach as enabler of novel circular business processes is not straightforward. The CIRCULOOS project needs to put in place the right platform capabilities to generate evidence of effective support to manufacturers that results in measurable impact such as: 1. Increased and/or improved connections between direct supply chain flows generating waste, by-products, and End-of-Life (EoL) products reverse R-strategy flows which allow their reinjection as resources in a new supply chain (see the diagram in Figure 3). 2. Increased number of loops demonstrating successful circularity and/or greater efficiency in closing, extending and narrowing existing ones. D2.2 CMRA Specification 24 | 46 Figure 3 Direct Supply Chain represent linear supply chain models while the reverse flows are circularity enablers implemented by R-strategies 3.1.2 Target Capabilities and Prioritized Platform Objectives The CIRCULOOS platform emerges as an open reference implementation of a series of CMRA target capabilities (Section 2.3) in a fully integrated software ecosystem that addresses the Prioritized Concerns and Architectural Viewpoints (Section 2.6). To that aim, the current list of prioritized CIRCULOOS platform objectives includes: 1. Reusable tools for MSMEs vertical solution development: providing a comprehensive suite of customizable software modules and frameworks tailored specifically for the needs and challenges faced by MSMEs. Since data is the essential resource for the CIRCULOOS platform to become operative, the major aim of these tools is to accelerate the digital transformation of MSMEs by bringing efficiency and cost-effectiveness into the design, implementation, deployment, and maintenance of vertical data-driven solutions. 2. Circular End-to-End Supply Chain Orchestration: Implementing collaborative workflows integrating planning and execution metrics, alongside advanced visualizations and analytics. Visualizations are facilitated through comprehensive Digital Twins representing supply chains, factory processes, and product design phases. 3. Supply Chain Optimization: Monitoring both global (across the supply chain) and local (within the factory) processes and executions, analyzing inputs, outputs, and configuration parameters. This enables data-driven AI decision-making, supporting continuous optimization of performance and sustainability parameters. D2.2 CMRA Specification 25 | 46 4. Dynamic Sustainability Assessment: Assessing alternative supply chain scenarios quickly, including variations in materials, processing technologies, suppliers, and circular economy practices. This assessment measures sustainability and circular economy profiles. 5. Supply Chain Data Spaces: Facilitating seamless, multi-level data flow across supply chain partners. This supports material reuse, product lifecycle extension (e.g., remanufacturing), and data-driven collaboration decisions efficiently. 6. Cybersecure Data Sharing: Ensuring secure data sharing across the supply chain using a distributed, trusted Identity and Access Management system. This system coordinates IoT object identities and enables trustworthy data sharing among members, aligning with established trust frameworks. 7. Customized Tools for Circular Manufacturing: Developing tools for automatic recognition of recyclable parts using modern Machine Vision and Advanced Robotics. This optimizes selection processes for recyclable materials. It is crucial to emphasize that the development of the CIRCULOOS Platform aims to be use case driven and result in a catalytic system for realizing the target CMRA capabilities in real-world settings. Consequently, to ensure alignment between the platform's requirement specifications, integrations, and tests with actual manufacturer needs, three industrial pilots hosted by the CIRCULOOS project engage in daily collaboration with platform developers to steer its design and objectives for the first release. In future releases, the platform resulting from this work will be tested and extended not only by the hosted pilots but also by 16+ external projects that will receive funding from the CIRCULOOS innovation action. D2.2 CMRA Specification 32 | 46 a standard API for managing context information, supports linked data principles and enables semantic interoperability, defining how context data should be structured and exchanged. Federation in this context refers to the process of interconnecting multiple context brokers to enable data sharing and collaboration across different organizations and domains. In a federation architecture, federated context brokers operate independently but are interconnected through federation protocols. Each broker can publish and subscribe to context information from other brokers within the federation. Common data models and schemas are essential for interoperability, and NGSI-LD offers a standardized approach to defining entities, attributes, and relationships using linked data principles. Security and privacy are critical components of federated systems, necessitating authentication, authorization, and encryption mechanisms to ensure secure data exchange and protect sensitive information. Additionally, clear governance structures and policies are necessary to manage datasharing agreements, access controls, and compliance with regulations. The federated approach enhances collaboration by allowing multiple organizations to share data without compromising control over their own information. This fosters partnerships and drives innovation across various domains and industries. Scalability is another significant advantage, as federated systems can efficiently distribute the workload across multiple context brokers, reducing bottlenecks and improving overall performance. Organizations benefit from retaining control over their data, ensuring compliance with local regulations and policies, which is particularly important in industries with strict data governance and privacy requirements. Resource optimization is achieved by processing and managing data closer to its source, reducing latency and improving the efficiency of data-driven operations. Cost efficiency is another key benefit, as sharing infrastructure and resources across multiple organizations can reduce overall costs and provide economies of scale without the need for heavy investment in standalone systems. The implementation components of this framework include context information management, which involves managing entities, attributes, and relationships in a standardized manner, including CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) and advanced query capabilities. Subscription and notification mechanisms support real-time data exchange through subscription to context changes and notifications when changes occur. Cross-broker queries enable queries that span multiple context brokers, allowing for a holistic view of the distributed data landscape. Interoperability middleware facilitates communication and data exchange between different context brokers, handling protocol translations and data format conversions as needed. In the context information management system, an event csourceRegistrations (Figure 6 is triggered by the global CIRCULOOS context broker environment to the local/pilot instance of context broker (Local Orion-LD) for data provided by Context Producer 1. This setup allows any Context Consumer to register and receive updates from Local Consumer 1. The process works as follows. Context Producer 1 sends data to the local/pilot context broker. Upon receiving the data, the local/pilot context broker can forward relevant information to the CIRCULOOS context broker using the csourceRegistrations event. The CIRCULOOS context broker D2.2 CMRA Specification 33 | 46 acts as a higher-level broker that receives forwarded data from the local/pilot context broker. Any Context Consumer registered with the CIRCULOOS context broker can receive updates about this data. Local Consumer 1 is a consumer registered with the local/pilot context broker to receive updates from Context Producer 1. Figure 6 Context Source Registration Additionally, Data Producer 2 is another data producer that sends data only to the local/pilot context broker. This data is not forwarded to the CIRCULOOS context broker and remains accessible only to consumers registered locally. By utilizing the registration infrastructure of the context broker, a more fine-grained data forwarding scheme can be implemented. For instance, a specific subset of measurements from Context Producer 1 can be selectively forwarded to the CIRCULOOS context broker, allowing for precise control over which data is shared and which remains local. This example demonstrates how the CIRCULOOS Data sharing Framework can be used to manage context information efficiently, ensuring that data is shared appropriately across different levels of context brokers while maintaining the flexibility to keep certain data local. Another crucial aspect of the CIRCULOOS platform is to be a cybersecure, trustworthy data-sharing framework that integrates robust Identity and Access Management (IAM) and long-term storage of information. D2.2 CMRA Specification 34 | 46 Figure 7 CIRCULOOS Platform main components The CURCULOOS Platform utilizes FIWARE components (Figure 7), designed to be implemented on factory premises or in the cloud. It is compatible with the NGSI-LD specifications. The main components of the CIRCULOOS platform are: ●Orion-LD as Context Broker: This component handles real-time data and context information management, ensuring that the platform can ingest, query, and manage data efficiently. ●Mintaka as NGSI-LD Temporal Retrieval API: Mintaka facilitates the retrieval of historical data, enabling users to access and analyze past data trends and patterns. ●Keycloak as a Single Sign-On with Identity and Access Management: Keycloak manages authentication and authorization processes, ensuring that only authorized users can access specific data and functionalities. ●Kong as PEP (Policy Enforcement Point) Proxy for Orion-LD and Mintaka: Kong enforces security policies, acting as a gatekeeper to control access to both real-time and historical data managed by Orion-LD and Mintaka. To ensure secure and controlled data access, any actor needing to access current data (via OrionLD), historical data (via Mintaka), or add data to the CIRCULOOS platform must have credentials. These credentials are issued by the platform administrator team, following a strict verification process. When a new dataset is to be added to the CIRCULOOS platform, the actor (user or device) requesting to add data must first obtain the necessary credentials from the platform administrator. This involves verifying the actor’s identity and determining the appropriate access level. D2.2 CMRA Specification 35 | 46 Once credentials are obtained, the actor can submit data through a secure API endpoint. The data must comply with NGSI-LD specifications to ensure compatibility and seamless integration into the platform. Upon submission, the data undergoes validation checks to ensure it meets the platform's quality and format standards. This step is crucial for maintaining data integrity and reliability. Validated data is then stored within the platform. Orion-LD manages the context data, allowing realtime access and updates, while Mintaka handles the temporal data, making historical data available for retrieval and analysis. Throughout the process, access control policies managed by Keycloak and enforced by Kong ensure that only authorized users can interact with the data, maintaining a high level of security and privacy. By following these procedures, the CIRCULOOS platform ensures that data addition is secure, reliable, and compliant with industry standards, supporting its mission to be a cybersecure, trustworthy data-sharing framework. 3.2.1.3 Blockchain-based services for trustworthy and secure data sharing The CMRA considers the Blockchain technology as a core enabling element which offers a secure, transparent, and immutable way to manage data and transactions. The pilots and use cases analyzed in the CIRCULOOS project reveal that incorporating Blockchain can enhance various aspects of circular manufacturing by providing robust traceability, facilitating trust among stakeholders, and enabling new economic models. The technical approach for Blockchain integration along with the data platform, and other technical components, will be to provide a REST API for any Blockchain functionality to be used inside CIRCULOOS. Blockchain services will not be the front application for end users, in any case, but designed to be used and integrated with backend applications. The current selection of features considered as potential blockchain-based services for the next release of the CIRCULOOS data platform include: ●Traceability and Transparency: Blockchain can create an immutable ledger of all transactions and processes within the supply chain. Each step, from raw material acquisition to recycling, can be recorded on the Blockchain, ensuring complete transparency and traceability. This is crucial for verifying the origins, quality, and processing methods of recycled materials, thus enhancing trust among all parties involved. ●Smart Contracts: Smart contracts, self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code, can automate and streamline various processes in the circular economy. For instance, they can automate payments once certain conditions are met, such as the delivery of recycled materials, ensuring efficiency and reducing the need for intermediaries. This automation can provide economic incentives for companies to engage in sustainable practices. ●Tokenization: Tokenization can convert rights or assets into digital tokens that can be traded on Blockchain platforms. In the context of CIRCULOOS, this could mean creating tokens for recycled materials, which can then be traded in secondary markets. This not only D2.2 CMRA Specification 36 | 46 creates new revenue streams but also encourages the use of recycled materials, promoting circularity. ●Decentralized Data Management: By using Blockchain, CIRCULOOS can manage data in a decentralized manner, reducing the risk of data breaches and ensuring that all participants have access to the same, up-to-date information. This decentralized approach can improve the efficiency of resource management and optimize the use of recycled materials across different companies. ●Integration with Existing Tools: Blockchain can integrate seamlessly with existing tools like the Supply Chain Process Orchestration and Execution Tool (SCPO) and the Sustainability Assessment (GRETA Tool). By providing real-time data and ensuring its integrity, Blockchain can enhance the functionality of these tools, leading to better decision-making and more effective circular practices. Last but not least, since the design of the CIRCULOOS platform follows a end-user and implementation driven approach, there is selection of use cases which are driving the prioritization, implementation, and integration of the aforementioned features as blockchain-based services: ●Smart Agreement: Blockchain tokenization of contractual agreements between different involved participants, stating the terms and conditions of the process. ●Material Verification: Use Blockchain to verify the origin and quality of recycled materials, ensuring compliance with environmental standards. ●Smart Recycling Contracts: Implement smart contracts to automate and ensure transparent transactions within the recycling process. ●Resource Tokenization: Tokenize recycled materials to facilitate their trade in secondary markets, creating new business opportunities. ●Decentralized Collaboration: Foster a decentralized network where companies can share data and collaborate more effectively on sustainability initiatives. ●Digital payments: Through tokenized deposits, and other approaches (eg. stablecoins), digital payments can be implemented in Blockchain, for atomic transactions with real time clearance and settlement. 3.2.2 Circular Manufacturing Capabilities and Software Enablers 3.2.2.1 Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration (RAMP) RAMP is a digital platform, which primarily acts as a community building tool. Its objective is to help MSMEs make the transition towards the digitization of their production activities and connect D2.2 CMRA Specification 37 | 46 MSMEs (potentially across industry sectors), as well as MSMEs with providers of innovative digital services that offer new solutions to manufacturing challenges. CIRCULOOS adds one more facet to the set of functionalities offered, that of supporting MSMEs in the implementation of circular practices. RAMP interacts with its users via the Marketplace, which readily offers several community-building functionalities, like user onboarding (registration, profile display pages) and user interaction (messaging, request to develop a new service). CIRCULOOS will exploit the existing community and functionalities of RAMP to build on top new functionalities that help: 1. to create a registry/ community of MSMEs with the potential to work together in a circular context 2. promote interactions that are more likely to happen (for example connect companies that are geographically closer) 3. implement the vendor onboarding in a systematic way, 4. automate parts of the search for new resources by analyzing the data available in the digital platform. The RAMP Marketplace will be considered as the main interface of the CIRCULOOS platform for many of the tools developed. Its functionalities will be described in more detail in the second release of the CMRA and the respective deliverables under WP4. 3.2.2.2 Supply Chain Process Orchestration and Execution Tool (SCPO Tool) The Supply Chain Process Orchestration and Execution Tool (SCPO) delivers two main functionalities: (a) coordinates the activities in situations of multi-actor collaboration by filtering and passing the relevant information to the appropriate recipients and (b) monitors that production processes deliver the value promised (in terms of sustainability performance) by incorporating real-life data to the simulation environment. Its functionality is based on the definition of the underlying process in a BPMN - compatible format. Such process representations will be created or collected for each of the production processes considered in the Circuloos platform. The composition of multiple production processes will be the subject of the application Scenario IV (see Sec. 2.2). In this application scenario SCPO will develop the unified supply chain model (defined by the SCOPT tool - see the following) and will incorporate real-life data to verify that the initially estimated sustainability targets are reached. SCPO will also serve as the orchestrator/ coordinator of different actors, when business level decisions implicate a number of different actors, such as the onboarding of new Vendors/ suppliers. This methodology will build on previous experience gained from the high tech manufacturing business20. 20 Vanderfeesten, I. et al. (2019). Developing Process Execution Support for High-Tech Manufacturing Processes. In: Lübke, D., Pautasso, C. (eds) Empirical Studies on the Development of Executable Business Processes. Springer D2.2 CMRA Specification 38 | 46 3.2.2.3 Sustainability Assessment (GRETA Tool21) Sustainability Tool Service Providers offer solutions that enable manufacturers of any size to analyze the environmental, social and economic impacts of their products throughout their entire lifecycle. In the context of the CMRA, the sustainability assessment tool requires access to comprehensive datasets related to material and energy balances, resource consumptions, processing times, transportation distances, prices, geographic location of all the life cycle stages: acquisition of raw/recycled materials, manufacturing processes, maintenance, logistics and end-oflife operations. Leveraging this data in predefined scenarios, the sustainability assessment tool is responsible for generating detailed sustainability assessments for target products and processes, including outputs such as carbon footprint calculations, fossil fuel depletion, environmental toxicity evaluation, and social and economic indicators. The ultimate goal is to equip manufacturers with valuable insights into the true sustainability impacts of their products, especially those revised including circular practices. This empowers them to optimize specific variables, make informed decisions, and ultimately transition towards more sustainable practices in the context of Circular Economy. 3.2.2.4 Supply Chain Digital Twin (SCDT Tool) The Supply Chain Digital Twin (SCDT) module is developed to create the 3D Digital Twin of Supply chain, production and products. An SCDT, as digital representation of the real environment, is created to visualize the processes and allow the analysis, the data quality control, and the easy reconfiguration of ecosystems towards alternative scenarios creation and sustainability & circularity assessment computation. The SCDT is a decentralized entity, modeling the internal and external states that are related to the supply chain topology of each actor. Each supply chain actor has his own SCDT, implemented either locally or in a cloud setting but maintained locally (by the actor). Each SCDT models the local supply chain topology and it has to communicate with their peers to determine the behavior of the whole supply chain. The goal of the SCDT module is the autonomous evolution of the represented supply chain in order to achieve the real-time visualization of the physical supply chains and data flows while forecasting the reaction of the real environment and the fast comparison between back or estimated data and real-time data. 3.2.2.5 Supply Chain Optimization (SCOPT Tool) The Supply Chain Optimization (SCOPT) is an AI and Data-driven tool for supply chain optimization in order to ensure the improvement and effectiveness of overall business performance and the costs reduction through manufacturing operations. The SCOPT module extracts the formal models for each actor of the supply chain. The aim of the module is to provide global (i.e. between the factory and the suppliers) and local (within the factory) supply chain optimizations. The module models and analyzes the running processes and the availability of resources, determines the supply chain arrangements, and yields the optimal sequence of the processes. 21 https://www.treasureproject.eu/media/greta-tool-developed-by-supsi/ D2.2 CMRA Specification 39 | 46 3.2.2.6 CV-based system for composition detection The CV-based System for composition detection is an illustrative enabling capability that falls into the CMRA category of Reusable tools for MSMEs vertical solution development. Often, cyber-physical automation service providers are responsible for implementing, deploying, and/or maintaining the solutions that supply chain participants need to streamline and enhance the sustainability of their local production processes. Driven by the needs of the manufacturer, major responsibilities of Cyber-physical System (CPS) based services include sensing the real world and automating physical actions in the manufacturing plant. From the CMRA point of view, CPS based services are the enablers of truly repeatable and traceable manufacturing processes by producing added value data out of the aforementioned physical actions. In the context of the CMRA, added value data are considered those data services and telemetries the CPS contributes to describe and/or allow the real-time monitoring of manufacturer production processes. Potential consumers of the CPS data include other CMRA services such as LCA tools, Supply Chain Digital Twins, and Supply Chain Optimizers. In the particular case of the tool under discussion, the CV-based technology aims to help manufacturers not only to separate plastic types that until now were discarded as waste but also to incorporate such plastics back into the production process. Therefore, the use case is a model kind to the CMRA purposes since it targets the increment of material flow through a convenient Rstrategy and enables a very efficient and narrow circularity loop. As a reusable tool and/or building block of a larger solution, the CV system is designed to operate as a pluggable unit into existing recycling chains. The need for accurate input data to successfully configure and run the CV-based process is one of the core aspects being addressed for this enabler. The tool must allow the manufacturer to specify the type of plastic in the process under discussion and, based on his/her input, the CV tool shall automatically fine tune its working mode to effectively look for the potential waste resulting from executing the process. A second core aspect being addressed is the design of convenient features that go beyond the local optimization of a manufacturing process to generate valuable data that can be used by other facilities, added value services, or external supply chain participants. As a first step, the enhancements to the CV-system aim to enhance low level telemetries with a higher level data management layer and convenient interfaces to the CIRCULOOS Local Data Platform. Driven by the requirements of the industrial end-user, the objectives set for the advanced telemetries include: ● Mass of the scraps that is being charged each moment ● The distribution of materials identified in the scraps (percentages) ● Public ID of the company that is producing the scraps ● Stock of scraps available for recyclers along with its chemical/quality features per lot ● Generic workstation metrics for manufacturer data historians such as ● Number of incidents / stops ● Production Capacity / Throughput / Material Processing Speed ● Public ID of the current machine operator ● Energy consumption parameters D2.2 CMRA Specification 40 | 46 ● OEE related parameters (Availability, Performance, Quality) D2.2 CMRA Specification 41 | 46 4 Conclusions 4.1 Design Decisions and Trade-offs The version of the CMRA presented in this document represents a significant milestone in the CIRCULOOS Project's endeavor to design an open and reusable reference architecture for circular and sustainable supply chains in manufacturing. Throughout the development process, careful consideration was given to various design decisions and trade-offs to ensure the CMRA's practicality and effectiveness. A key focus of the first iteration on the CMRA design and specification has been to enable the creation of innovative solutions that enhance the sustainability, resilience, and circularity of manufacturing supply chains. Emphasizing generic principles such as reusability, modularity, portability, and scalability, the CMRA aims to go beyond them and deep dive into specific principles that may have direct impact on circular manufacturing performance indicators. This entails contributing with effective designs, reference scenarios, and architecture models to accelerate data-driven solutions to relevant challenges such as reduction of waste, optimization of resource utilization, and promotion of sustainability best practices across manufacturing ecosystems. Additionally, security, trust, and privacy preservation have been integrated as essential cross-cutting pillars into the design. The ultimate aim of the CMRA specification is to be instantiated by functional systems and, therefore, ensuring the integrity and reliability of those systems becomes paramount. Last but not least, the CMRA aims to be a business case, end-user, and implementation driven specification for circular manufacturing platforms. The requirements, objectives and hosted pilots of the CIRCULOOS Project were the major drivers to achieve that in the current release of the CMRA. 4.2 Implications for related Circular Manufacturing Projects The current version of the CMRA specification has great focus on the three pilots hosted by the CIRCULOOS Project. In the next release the specification will evolve to become the reference framework for a new series of projects that will implement 16+ circular manufacturing demonstrators across Europe. These projects will be developed and implemented by organizations that are external to the CIRCULOOS project, expanding the applicability of the CMRA to wider areas and application cases within the circular manufacturing domain. 4.3 Future Directions Next steps will focus on the implementation and deployment of CMRA-based functional systems as well as on conducting extensive pilot testing and validation of the CMRA in diverse real-world scenarios. This will ensure a new CMRA release which is more robust, reliable, and capable of addressing the varied challenges faced by different sectors within the circular manufacturing industry. Extensions to the current CMRA will come in the form of new reference scenarios, architecture concerns, viewpoints and architecture/system views.