Heterogeneous landscape of environmental indicators and other metrics used in the science-policy arena

Supplementary Material The socio-ecological system described by the extracted metrics Table A1: Elements and sub-elements of the socio-ecological system Elements Subelements Description Biodiversity State of biodiversity Status of populations, communities and/or species. Change in biodiversity Change or trends in populations, communities and/or species Genetic resources Information, access and/or safehouse of species genetic resources Genetic diversity Phylogenetics, genetic diversity Species conservation Species conservation status and/or action. Includes any mention to wildlife management policies Ecosystems State of ecosystems (coverage) Extent of natural ecosystems (this sub-category is only applied to terrestrial ecosystems) State of ecosystems (configuration) Configuration (fragmentation, connectivity) of natural ecosystems (this sub-category is only applied to terrestrial ecosystems) State of ecosystems (integrity) Integrity (quality) of natural ecosystems (this sub-category is only applied to terrestrial ecosystems) State of ecosystems (marine) Extent, configuration, and quality of marine ecosystems State of ecosystems (freshwater/coastal) Extent, configuration, and quality of freshwater and coastal ecosystems State of ecosystems Extent, configuration, and quality of ecosystems where no realm or other differentiation was done Change in ecosystems Changes or trends in natural ecosystems Area conservation Measures of protected areas, OECMs and indigenous lands. Includes any mention of land management and planning (e.g. green or blue urban spaces) Restoration efforts Status of restoration or regeneration activities. Abiotic conditions Temperature, precipitation, soil, water, air, sunlight (status and change) Ecosystem services Specific mention of sustainable use of species/ecosystems Sustainable use of Nature Specific monetary valuation of nature contribution Economic valuation of ecosystem services Nature contribution Nature’s Contribution to people (i.e., ecosystem services) with no differentiation between sustainable/unsustainable use or monetary/intrinsic values Human well-being Wellness Descriptions of happiness, general human wellness (holistic indicators) Healthy living conditions Metrics of environmental conditions required for a healthy livelihood Cultural diversity Descriptions of race and ethnicity diversity, identity Equity Metrics related to equality of gender, age and disability, justice and freedom of choice, land tenure rights Recreation Recreation in the broadest sense (including alcohol use) Direct drivers Land conversion Metrics on habitat loss, land use change Pollution Measurements of air and/or water pollution Specific mention of over-exploitation and unsustainable use of species/ecosystems Over-exploitation and unsustainable use of Nature (explicitly unsustainable or illegal), trade of threatened species, human footprint and food waste. Climate change Metrics of emissions, fossil-fuel use, climate change and their effects Invasive alien species Introductions, establishments, spread and impacts of invasive alien species (Infectious) diseases Spread of infectious diseases, hosts, vectors, zoonoses, and infectious diseases Natural drivers Natural disasters or extreme weather events Human assets State of economy Financial assets such as investments, loans, GDP Income Employment, access to jobs, fellowships, benefits Infrastructure (build-up area) Metrics on human infrastructure (e.g., build-up area, roads, hydroelectric developments, energy production) Coverage of basic needs Access to food, drinking/potable water, education, healthcare, housing (including metrics on consumption) Knowledge systems Information on biodiversity Information status on biodiversity (data on species, number of assessments, and knowledge gaps) Information on society and socio-economics Information status on social aspects (population trends, growth, etc.) Specific information on ILK and IPLC Information status on indigenous and local communities (IPLC areas, indigenous peoples’ populations) Specific information on human-nature relationship Actions describing people living in harmony with nature (recycling programs, environmental education) ILK Indigenous local knowledge (local calendar, artisanal management, linguistics) Governance Legislation/governance Descriptions of institutions and governance systems Nature-based funding Programs involving funding for conservation/restoration/climate change Nature-based legislation Legislation that supports nature-based and climate mitigation solutions Nature detrimental legislation Legislation that supports extractive and non-sustainable activities Legislation regarding ILK and IPLC Legislation on ILC National/international cooperation International legislation, multilateral cooperation and agreements (e.g., migration treaties). Includes any capacity building effort. Broken governance Measurements of corruption, broken laws, violence, assault, injustice Table A2: Elements of the socio-ecological system assessed in assessments and MEAs. Elements Number of metrics Proportion of metrics Biodiversity 190 10.39 Ecosystems 518 28.32 Ecosystem services 122 6.67 Human well-being 140 7.65 Direct drivers 222 12.14 Human assets 169 9.24 Knowledge systems 209 11.43 Governance 259 14.16 Table A3: Elements of the socio-ecological system assessed by source. Elements IPBES IPCC GEO GBF SDG RAMSAR CITES CMS UNCCD Biodiversity 126 9 17 53 4 2 2 8 1 Ecosystems 97 308 50 70 10 13 0 3 3 Ecosystem services 80 8 15 23 6 2 2 1 0 Human well-being 61 2 38 22 40 1 0 0 2 Direct drivers 117 43 51 33 16 1 0 0 0 Human assets 94 3 23 15 90 0 0 0 1 Knowledge systems 124 2 15 25 28 15 9 5 0 Governance 98 1 10 70 46 31 39 8 6 Table A4: Sub-elements of the socio-ecological system assessed by source. Elements Subelements IPBES IPCC GEO GBF SDG RAMSAR CITES CMS UNCCD Biodiversity Change in biodiversity 17 1 2 2 0 2 1 4 1 Genetic diversity 5 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 Genetic resources 4 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 Species conservation 6 0 0 8 1 0 1 0 0 State of biodiversity 94 8 15 36 2 0 0 4 0 Ecosystems Abiotic conditions 12 257 22 2 0 0 0 0 0 Area conservation 21 0 4 17 3 7 0 2 0 Change in ecosystems 10 11 7 7 2 1 0 1 2 State of ecosystems 30 31 13 25 2 0 0 0 0 State of ecosystems (configuration) 2 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 State of ecosystems (coverage) 14 2 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 State of ecosystems (freshwater/coastal) 2 2 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 State of ecosystems (integrity) 3 0 1 6 0 2 0 0 1 State of ecosystems (marine) 3 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Restoration efforts 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 Ecosystem services Nature contribution 59 8 9 10 2 0 0 0 0 Specific mention of sustainable use of species/ecosystems 10 0 5 11 2 2 1 1 0 Specific monetary valuation of nature contribution 11 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 Human well-being Equity 15 1 3 13 24 0 0 0 0 Healthy living conditions 28 1 35 5 11 1 0 0 2 Recreation 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Wellness 11 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 Cultural diversity 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 Direct drivers (Infectious) diseases 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Climate change 9 26 5 5 2 0 0 0 0 Invasive alien species 37 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 Land conversion 12 0 6 3 2 0 0 0 0 Natural drivers 6 10 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Pollution 28 7 36 14 5 0 0 0 0 Specific mention of over-exploitation and unsustainable use of species/ecosystems 22 0 3 4 5 0 0 0 0 Human assets Coverage of basic needs 26 0 8 3 40 0 0 0 0 Income 15 0 3 6 10 0 0 0 0 Infrastructure (build-up area) 30 2 7 3 19 0 0 0 0 State of economy 23 1 5 3 21 0 0 0 1 Knowledge systems ILK 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Information on biodiversity 18 0 0 7 0 5 3 2 0 Information on society and socio-economics 36 0 8 9 26 1 0 1 0 Specific information on ILK and IPLC 6 0 0 4 0 1 1 1 0 Specific information on human-nature relationship 19 2 7 5 2 8 5 1 0 Governance Broken governance 2 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 Legislation/governa nce 22 1 3 8 15 0 1 0 0 National/internationa l cooperation 12 0 1 10 6 17 21 0 3 Nature detrimental legislation 4 0 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 Nature-based funding 20 0 0 15 6 3 2 1 3 Nature-based legislation 38 0 3 33 16 11 13 7 0