NEONATAL SARIQLIK (YANGI TUG'ILGAN CHAQALOQLARDA SARIQLIK) SIMPTOMLARI VA DAVOLASH PROFILAKTIKASI

ILM FAN YANGILIKLARI KONFERENSIYASI OKTABR ANDIJON,2025 138 NEONATAL SARIQLIK (YANGI TUG‘ILGAN CHAQALOQLARDA SARIQLIK) SIMPTOMLARI VA DAVOLASH PROFILAKTIKASI Karimova Sevinch Dilyorbek qizi Qo`qon Universiteti Andijon filiali tibbiyot fakulteti Email: [email protected] Tel: +998932538585 Abstract: Neonatal jaundice is a common clinical condition in newborns characterized by yellowing of the skin and sclera. It is caused by an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood. This condition is often physiological, appearing on the 2nd–3rd day of life and usually resolving spontaneously within 7–10 days. However, in some cases, jaundice may become pathological and pose a risk to the infant’s health. The article discusses the main clinical signs of neonatal jaundice, including yellowing of the skin and sclera, lethargy, decreased sucking reflex, drowsiness, and in severe cases, convulsions. Diagnostic methods include measuring bilirubin levels in the serum, determining blood group and Rh factor, and the Coombs test. Phototherapy is the primary treatment method, while exchange transfusion is performed in severe cases. Immunotherapy and infusion therapy are also utilized. Preventive measures involve regular medical monitoring during pregnancy, identifying the blood groups of the mother and fetus, early breastfeeding, and hygienic care. Awareness of this condition plays a crucial role in maintaining newborn health and preventing severe complications. Keywords: Neonatal jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia, physiological jaundice, pathological jaundice, bilirubin, phototherapy, exchange transfusion, bilirubin encephalopathy, preventive measures. Annotatsiya: Neonatal sariqlik — bu yangi tug‘ilgan chaqaloqlarda keng tarqalgan klinik holat bo‘lib, teri va ko‘z skleralarining sarg‘ayishi bilan namoyon bo‘ladi. Buning sababi qon tarkibidagi bilirubin moddasining me’yordan ortib ketishidir. Ushbu holat ko‘pincha fiziologik bo‘lib, hayotining 2–3-kunida paydo bo‘ladi va 7–10 kun ichida o‘z-o‘zidan yo‘qoladi. Biroq ba’zi hollarda sariqlik patologik tus olib, chaqaloq salomatligi uchun xavfli bo‘lishi mumkin. Maqolada neonatal sariqlikning asosiy klinik belgilari — teri va skleralarning sarg‘ayishi, holsizlik, emish refleksining pasayishi, uyquchanlik va og‘ir hollarda tutqanoq kabi simptomlar yoritilgan. Diagnostika usullari sifatida qon zardobida bilirubin darajasini aniqlash, qon guruhi va rezus omil aniqlash, Kombe testi keltirilgan. Davolashda fototerapiya asosiy usul hisoblanadi. Og‘ir hollarda qon almashtirish (aylanma qon quyish) amalga oshiriladi. Shuningdek, immunoterapiya va infuzion davolash usullari ham qo‘llaniladi. Profilaktik choralar sifatida homiladorlik davrida muntazam tibbiy kuzatuv, onaning va homilaning qon guruhini aniqlash, chaqaloqni erta emizish va gigienik parvarish muhim ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu mavzu bo‘yicha xabardorlik chaqaloq salomatligini saqlash va og‘ir asoratlarning oldini olishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Kalit so’zlar: Neonatal sariqlik, giperbilirubinemiya, fiziologik sariqlik, patologik sariqlik, bilirubin, fototerapiya, qon almashinish, bilirubin ensefalopatiyasi, profilaktik choralar. Introduction ILM FAN YANGILIKLARI KONFERENSIYASI OKTABR ANDIJON,2025 139 Neonatal jaundice is a condition observed in newborns characterized by yellowing of the skin, sclera (the white part of the eyes), and sometimes mucous membranes, caused by an increased level of bilirubin in the blood. This condition occurs in approximately 60–70% of newborns and is often physiological, meaning it is a natural process. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells (erythrocytes) break down, and it is normally processed and eliminated from the body by the liver. In newborns, due to immature liver function, bilirubin can accumulate in the body. Hyperbilirubinemia refers to an abnormally high level of bilirubin in the blood. In many cases in newborns, this manifests as yellowing of the skin and sclera, known as jaundice. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed during the breakdown of blood cells (erythrocytes), which is normally processed by the liver and excreted through the stool. Types of Neonatal Jaundice: Physiological Jaundice (Normal Condition) Occurs in most newborns (60–70% of full-term infants). Begins on the 2nd to 4th day of life and resolves within 7–10 days. Cause: immature liver function leading to slow bilirubin clearance. Pathological Jaundice (Requires Attention) Appears within the first 24 hours after birth. Very high levels of bilirubin. Lasts longer (>14 days). Causes: Hemolytic diseases (related to blood group or Rh incompatibility) Infections Liver diseases Congenital metabolic disorders Types include: neonatal jaundice of prematurity, breastfeeding-associated jaundice, and kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy). Symptoms: Yellowing of the skin and sclera Lethargy, refusal to suckle Poor weight gain ILM FAN YANGILIKLARI KONFERENSIYASI OKTABR ANDIJON,2025 140 In severe jaundice: excessive crying, trembling, changes in muscle tone Phototherapy is a treatment using special blue or blue-green light (wavelength 425–475 nm) to convert bilirubin accumulated in the infant's skin into a form that can be excreted from the body. Mechanism of Action: Light acts on bilirubin molecules and converts them into: Water-soluble forms (lumirubin) These forms are eliminated through bile and urine. This process is independent of liver function, making it effective even if the newborn's liver is not fully developed. Indications for Phototherapy: When bilirubin levels exceed age-specific thresholds Intense jaundice within 24–48 hours after birth Even at low bilirubin levels in premature infants Monitoring during Phototherapy: Bilirubin levels every 12–24 hours Body temperature (to prevent heat loss) Hydration status and feeding to prevent dehydration Exchange Transfusion is a procedure used to gradually replace the infant’s blood with donor blood to reduce very high bilirubin levels and remove toxins from the body. Purpose: To rapidly reduce the bilirubin level in the blood To remove antibodies in hemolytic diseases To prevent bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus) How is the procedure performed? In a sterile environment by qualified medical professionals The infant’s blood circulation is connected to donor blood through two channels (inflow and outflow) ILM FAN YANGILIKLARI KONFERENSIYASI OKTABR ANDIJON,2025 141 Usually, donor blood equal to twice the infant’s blood volume is exchanged The entire procedure lasts 1–2 hours Bilirubin encephalopathy is a severe condition that occurs when very high levels of unconjugated (insoluble) bilirubin cross into the brain and exert toxic effects on neurons. Conclusion In conclusion, neonatal jaundice is a common condition in newborns and is often a physiological process that resolves on its own. However, this condition is not always harmless; severe and uncontrolled forms can seriously harm the infant’s health, potentially leading to neurological complications and brain damage. Therefore, early detection of neonatal jaundice, regular monitoring of symptoms, and timely treatment are crucial. The professional support of pediatricians and neonatologists, along with cooperation between mother and baby, plays a vital role in this process. Phototherapy and exchange transfusion are effective treatment methods that help maintain bilirubin levels under control and prevent serious complications. Additionally, natural elimination of bilirubin can be supported through breastfeeding and frequent feeding. Preventive measures, including continuous monitoring of maternal and fetal health during pregnancy, checking blood group compatibility, and early identification of Rh factor issues, help reduce the risk of developing neonatal jaundice. Parents also carry significant responsibility in safeguarding their newborn’s health. Early recognition of jaundice symptoms and timely consultation with healthcare providers are key factors in protecting children’s health. It is especially important to continuously observe the infant’s condition and not ignore even minor health changes. 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