Effects of Different Training Methods on Selected Biomotor and Physiological Characteristics in Taekwondo Athletes

Aydemir & Kul, 2025. Uluslararası Sağlık, Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, (2025) International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences (IJOSS) ISSN: 3023-8382 RESEARCH ARTICLE / Araştırma Makalesi Open Access/Açık Erişim IJOSS © The Author(s), 2024. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows for unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, provided proper credit is given to the original author(s) and the source. A link to the Creative Commons license must be included, and any changes made to the original work must be clearly indicated. Unless otherwise specified in a credit line, all images or third-party materials included in this article fall under the article’s Creative Commons license. If any material is not covered by the Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by law or exceeds the permissible scope, you must obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Effects of Different Training Methods on Selected Biomotor and Physiological Characteristics in Taekwondo Athletes Farklı Antrenman Yöntemlerinin Taekwando Sporcularında Seçilmiş Biyomotor ve Fizyolojik Özellikler Üzerindeki Etkileri Burakhan Aydemir1*, Murat Kul2 Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different training methods on selected biomotor and physiological parameters in taekwondo athletes. The research was conducted using a randomized controlled experimental design with three groups: Experimental Group 1 (taekwondo-specific plyometric training), Experimental Group 2 (taekwondo-specific resistance band training), and a Control Group (taekwondo training only). Each group followed an 8-week training program. Preand post-tests included assessments of balance, agility, maximal power, fatigue index, relative power, and VO2 max. In addition, striking performance was evaluated using an electronic vest during specific taekwondo techniques. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25; the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for within-group comparisons, and the Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc analysis was applied for between-group comparisons. The resistance band group showed significant improvements in balance and agility, while the plyometric group demonstrated superior gains in maximal power, relative power, fatigue index, and VO2 max. In the striking tests, the resistance band group outperformed in paldingchagi and yopchagi techniques, whereas the plyometric group showed higher performance in the spinning paldingchagi technique. Keywords Taekwondo, Plyometric, resistance tire, kick performance, training ÖZ Bu çalışmanın amacı, tekvando sporcularında farklı antrenman yöntemlerinin seçilen biyomotor ve fizyolojik parametreler üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Araştırma, üç grupla rastgele kontrollü deney tasarımı kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi: Deney Grubu 1 (tekvandoya özel pliometrik antrenman), Deney Grubu 2 (tekvandoya özel direnç bandı antrenmanı) ve Kontrol Grubu (sadece tekvando antrenmanı). Her grup 8 haftalık bir eğitim programını takip etti. Ön ve son testler denge, çeviklik, maksimum güç, yorgunluk indeksi, bağıl güç ve maksimum VO2 değerlendirmelerini içeriyordu. Ayrıca belirli tekvando teknikleri sırasında elektronik yelek kullanılarak vuruş performansı değerlendirildi. Veriler SPSS 25 kullanılarak analiz edildi; grup içi karşılaştırmalarda Wilcoxon işaretli sıra testi kullanıldı ve gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda Bonferroni düzeltmeli post hoc analizi ile Kruskal-Wallis testi uygulandı. Direnç bandı grubu denge ve çeviklikte önemli gelişmeler gösterirken, plyometrik grup maksimum güç, bağıl güç, yorgunluk indeksi ve VO2 max değerlerinde üstün kazanımlar gösterdi. Çarpışma testlerinde direnç bandı grubu paldingchagi ve yopchagi tekniklerinde daha iyi performans gösterirken, plyometrik grup spinning chagi tekniğinde daha yüksek performans gösterdi Anahtar Kelimeler: Taekwondo, plyometrik, direnç bandı, tekme performansı, antrenman https://www.ijoss.org/Archive/issue2-volume3/ijoss-Volume2-issue3-16.pdf *Correspondence: Burakhan Aydemir [email protected]; Orcid: 0000-0003-3922-3693 *Bu makale tezden üretilmiştir 1Karadeniz Teknik Ünivertsitesi, Beden Eğitimi Bölümü, Trabzon, Türkiye Orcid: 0000-0003-3922-3693 [email protected]; 2Bayburt Üniversitesi, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Bayburt, Türkiye Orcid: 0000-0001-6391-8079 [email protected] https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17429050 Received / Gönderim: 15.09.2025 Accepted / Kabul: 20.10.2025 Published / Yayın: 24.10.2025 Volume 2, Issue 3, October, 2025 Cilt 2, Sayı 3, Ekim, 2025 Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, Issue 3, October 2025 Page 189 of 206 Introduction There are training methods that are of great importance to maximize the performance of taekwondo athletes (Kim, 2011). It is known that some performance parameters, in particular, need to develop at a high level (Sánchez & González, 2011). Taekwondo is one of the sports branches that require different physical abilities such as high speed and explosive power, strength, balance, agility, quickness, and flexibility to be at a high level (Dello et al., 2018; Aydemir et al., 2021). One of the training methods that athletes need to take these performance parameters to a higher level and develop is plyometric training. Studies that encourage high-level speed and power production, especially explosive force development, are widely used (Apollaro et al., 2024). Plyometric training can maximize muscle contraction within the tension-contraction cycle and contribute to the development of performance parameters such as jumping, kicking, and acceleration in sports such as taekwondo (Markovic & Mikulic, 2010). According to the information obtained from the literature, it is stated that plyometric training contributes significantly to the speed, balance, and agility performances of taekwondo athletes (Sáez et al., 2010; Xie et al., 2024; Yuan et. al., 2025). One of the most important issues of plyometric training is that the musculoskeletal system works more efficiently and is of great importance (Bishop et al.,2008). It allows the muscles to be stimulated quickly and respond faster, and allows for greater development of neuromuscular performance (Lopes et al., 2019). In sports such as taekwondo where kicking performance is important, the contributions of plyometric training to the development of kicking performance are reported (Kim, 2011). One of the training methods to improve the performance of athletes is known as resistance band training. Resistance band training is known as an important training method for strength and power continuity by applying resistance in addition to body weight [10]. Resistance bands are of different weights and allow athletes to reach resistance levels according to their development. Resistance bands contribute to the development of desired performance parameters in sports such as taekwondo that require strength, balance, stability, and speed (Lopes et al., 2019). Having easily accessible features facilitates access for athletes and makes it easy to achieve the desired performance (Ramirez et al., 2020). In addition, taekwondo is known as a sport where one-on-one contact is present in training and competitions. For this reason, it may carry risks of injury in joints, muscles, ligaments, and bones. According to the information obtained in the literature, it is stated that resistance band training causes strength development in muscle and connective tissues and thus can reduce the risk of injury (Bishop et al.,2008). In this study, it is aimed to examine the effects of resistance band and plyometric exercises applied to taekwondo athletes on biomotor, physiological, and taekwondo performance. There are studies in the literature that include the contribution of these training methods to the performance of athletes. Based on this information, the effects of resistance band and plyometric training on the biomotor, physiological, and kick performance of taekwondo athletes will be revealed and discussed in this study. The study is important in terms of seeing the contribution of current training met Materials and methods Research Model The experimental model with a control group, which is one of the quantitative research models, was used in the research (Şimşek, 2012). Each group created in the experimental Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 190 of 206 design with a control group was determined by the random assignment method. In this model, the experimental group is subjected to an application, while the control group is not subjected to a relevant application (Mertens, 2015). In experimental design studies, it is presented as a working style created to produce solutions to the sub-problems of the study or to test the hypotheses created for the study [(Büyüköztürk, 2015). Participation The participants in the research consist of athletes who reside in Trabzon province and are active in the sport of taekwondo with a license in the 2022-2023 period. The athletes who participated in this research on a voluntary basis were selected from athletes whose licenses were registered at the beginning of the season and who have the criteria to compete in national competitions (at least red-black belts). Age groups were also taken into account in the inclusion of these athletes in the research, and when determining the age group, the youth category (14-17 years old) was preferred because it was the category with the highest participation in the competitions. Considering the sports ages of the taekwondo athletes who constitute the research group, it was seen that they had similar demographic characteristics and at least 5 years of taekwondo background and their participation in the research was ensured. In terms of gender, 33 of the participants were female and 33 were male. The athletes who were suitable for our research limitations were assigned to 3 separate groups by random assignment method and training and relevant measurements were performed. These groups; They were determined as Experimental Group 1 (taekwondo-specific plyometric training), Experimental Group 2 (taekwondo-specific resistance band training) and Control Group (taekwondo training) Data Collection Tools Information on all data collection tools used to obtain the data collected within the scope of the research is provided in this section. Demographic Information In order to collect demographic data of the research group, some personal information was asked in the demographic information form prepared by the researcher. With this form, information about the participants' age, gender, sports history and undergraduate registration year was collected. Biomotor Measurements 20-Meter Speed Test: A 20-meter area was determined on a flat running surface. Marks were placed in the determined areas and a Microgate Witty branded photocell device with a sensitivity of 0.01 seconds was installed. At this stage, the participants first warmed up and made a few trials. At the beginning of the measurement, 23 areas were determined for them to start from one meter behind the photocell and when the participants felt ready, they ran in the 20-meter area. Then, after they had a full rest, their 2nd repetition was made. Their best degrees were taken into account and recorded in seconds (Rinaldo et al., 2020). Pro Agility (5-10-5 Agility Test): The Pro Agility test is also referred to as the 5-105 shuttle and is an effective change of direction test. Participants completed the test by running sideways in the marked area as desired. At the end of the test, which was repeated twice, the best score was recorded in seconds (Papagiannis et al., 2020). Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 191 of 206 Vertical Jump: The test was performed with the My Jump application, which has been previously validated and reliable (Balsalobre et al. 2015). The phone application has the ability to measure airtime and jump distance through recordings made at 240 Hz. Participants completed their warm-up before the test and performed a few repetitions. Participants completed this movement, which they started by bending their knees approximately 30 degrees on a flat surface, by jumping. The moment of the jump was recorded with a camera. The best degree of this test, which was performed with 2 repetitions, was also recorded in cm. Stork Balance: Stork balance test was used to measure the balance performance of the participants. The subjects were asked to fix their hands on their waists on a flat surface. When the participants felt ready, they were asked to rise to their toes with the supporting foot on the ground and the other foot at the knee level of the supporting foot. Releasing the hands, the foot touching the ground or the heel touching the ground were reported as the elements that ended the test. The test was applied with a stopwatch and the stopwatch was started when the athletes started. At the same time, the test was terminated when undesirable situations occurred. The results were recorded in seconds (Negra et al., 2017). Physiological Tests Rast (Anaerobic Based Test): Like the Wingate test, Rast was used to determine many features such as fatigue index and anaerobic power, and reliability-validity studies of this test were also conducted. For this test, a double-door photocell 25 was set up in a 35-meter flat running area. Participants completed their warm-up before the test and the test was introduced. Basically, this test consists of a running protocol repeated 6 times. The participant started running whenever he wanted and when he reached the area where the photocell was, the 1st running time was recorded. The second run was started 10 seconds later and the 2nd running time was recorded when the photocell was reached. In this way, 6 running times were recorded and the test was ended. The RAST test provides researchers with anaerobic, maximum, minimum and average power outputs, fatigue indexes and relative (peak) power values (Zagatto et al., 2009). Yoyo (Aerobic Test): A yoyo test was applied to determine the aerobic endurance performance of the participants. The participants performed their tests with certain signals within a 20-meter area. Another 2.5-meter mark was placed behind the 20-meter mark. This area was determined as the active rest area after the 40-meter shuttle run. When the signal came, the athlete started running for the 2nd lap and continued until he got tired. The test of the participant who could not continue and was not in the marked area at the 2nd signal was terminated. According to the result, their aerobic capacities were determined (Bangsbo et al., 2008; Karakoç et al., 2012). Taekwondo Kick Frequency Performance: It was applied to determine the kick frequency of the participants. The participants took positions in front of the Haşado brand training mannequin, which is taekwondo material. They determined their positions according to the leg length distance. The palding-chagi kick, which is the easiest technique to apply, was performed for 30 seconds at the desired distance according to the determined point and leg length angle on the Haşado brand mannequin. The foot was asked to return to the starting point after each kick for 30 seconds. The foot that went outside the desired area and the kick that went outside the target were considered invalid. The participants were allowed to use their dominant feet. The hits that were accurate at the end of 30 seconds were recorded. The techniques hit for 30 seconds were recorded with a camera. Then, the videos were divided into 5-second time periods and the number of hits was recorded (Ölmez&Yüksek, 2021). Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 192 of 206 Taekwondo Electronic Vest Strike Test: Taekwondo electronic vest strike test is one of the special tests of our study. Participants performed the techniques determined by expert trainers on electronic vests. Techniques were repeated 5 times and the bars that appeared on the computer at each strike were recorded and the best score was recorded. Participants applied each technique they applied with their right and left feet. In this study, Dadeo brand Electronic Protection Scoring Systems (PSS) were used to measure the kick power of the participants. The World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) in-tegrated technology into the combat modality in 2009, leading to a more objective scoring system. The PSS include sensors that register the number and power of the hits scored. This scoring is achieved using different sensors located in different areas of the chest pro-tector and helmet, indicating the power and location of the hits. Currently, there are only two brands approved by the WTF for such purposes, namely Daedo and KPNP. Data on the energy from valid kicks in Joules (J) are collected from an electronic monitor and made available instantly by a wireless system (Márquez et al., 2022; Del Vecchio et al., 2011). Process and Application The participants of Experimental Group 1 consisted of 11 males and 11 female athletes. In addition to taekwondo training 3 days a week, a planned plyometric training program was applied to this group. The training program planned as 2 hours for 6 days a week (3 days plyometric, 3 days taekwondo) was applied for 8 weeks. The participants of Experimental Group 2, which had the same characteristics, consisted of 11 males and 11 female athletes. In addition to taekwondo-specific resistance band training 3 days a week, taekwondo training was applied to the athletes of Experimental Group 2. The training program planned as 2 hours for 6 days a week was applied for 8 weeks. Finally, the control group athletes were composed of participants with the same criteria as the athletes of Experimental Group 1 and Experimental Group 2. The athletes of Control Group continued their taekwondo training planned as 2 hours for 6 days a week for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8-week training programs applied to all these participants, performance tests were applied to examine the effects on some biomotor and physiological characteristics. Statistical analyses After the data was transferred to the electronic environment, it was first subjected to extreme value analysis. Then, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were performed to determine whether the data showed normal distribution. When the number of data was less than 30, Shapiro-Wilk test results were used, and when the number of data was 30 and above, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test results were used (Kalaycı, 2018). Since there were more than 30 data in this study, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test results were used to determine whether the data showed normal distribution. Since the data did not show normal distribution, nonparametric test techniques were used in the analyses. In the intragroup (pretest-posttest) comparisons of the biomotor and physiological developments of the plyometric, resistance and control groups in the study, the Wilcoxon test was applied, and in the intergroup comparisons of the pretests and posttests of the groups, the Kruskal Wallis test was applied. In cases where the Kruskal Wallis test result was found to be significant, Bonferroni corrected Posthoc multiple comparison tests were used to determine between which groups the difference was. SPSS 25.0 statistics program was used in the analysis of the data. The significance level was determined as "p<0.05" in evaluating the analysis results (Kalaycı, 2018) Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 193 of 206 Results Table 1. Comparison of Participants' Biomotor Measurements Between Groups (Pre-Test) (Kruskal Wallis) Variety Research Group n Average Rank 𝑿 𝟐 / KW p Bonferroni Speed (sec.) Plyometric 22 35,34 2,05 ,35 - Resistans 22 33,75 Control 22 36,41 Pro-Agility (sec.) Plyometric 22 33,68 4,19 ,07 - Resistance 22 34,00 Control 22 31,82 Vertical Jump (cm) Plyometric 22 32,48 4,73 ,06 - Resistance 22 30,57 Control 22 29,45 Flexibility (cm) Plyometric 22 29,70 4,25 ,03 * 2>3 Resistance 22 31,02 Control 22 27,77 Balance (sec) Plyometric 22 31,43 2,60 ,27 - Resistance 22 32,20 Control 22 30,86 * p<0,05; **p<0,05 Kruskal Wallis test was applied to compare the pre-test averages of 20 m. speed, pro-agility, vertical jump, sit-and-reach and stroking balance variables according to the training method applied to the athletes. According to the test results, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference in the pre-test rank averages of 20 m. speed, pro-agility, vertical jump, stroking balance sit-and-reach according to the type of training performed by the participants (p>0.05). Table 2. Intergroup Comparison of Biomotor Measurements of Research Groups ANCOVA Results Regarding Pre-Test Measurements Sum of Squares sd. Mean of Squares F p Group 195,71 4 48,928 ,745 ,621 Error 196,98 3 65,663 Total 21459,00 22 * p<0,05; **p<0,05 According to the ANCOVA test results, no significant difference between the groups could be detected. Table 3. Intragroup (Pre-Test-Post-Test) Comparison of Participants' Biomotor Measurements (Wilcoxon) Variety Measurement n Average Rank Total Rank Z p Plyometric Speed (20 m. Speed) (sn) Negative Order 21 12,00 252,00 -4,077 ,000** Pozitive Order 1 1,00 1,00 Equal 0 (Pro-Agility) (sn) Negative Order 22 11,50 253,00 -4,110 ,000** Pozitive Order 0 ,00 ,00 Equal 0 Vertical Jump (cm) Negative Order 1 14,50 14,50 -2,620 ,009** Pozitive Order 14 7,54 105,50 Equal 7 Flexibility (cm) Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -3,637 ,000** Pozitive Order 17 9,00 153,00 Equal 5 Balance (sn) Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,107 ,000** Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 Resista ns Speed (20 m. Speed) (sn) Negative Order 22 11,50 253,00 -4,110 ,000** Pozitive Order 0 ,00 ,00 Equal 0 Negative Order 22 11,50 253,00 Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 194 of 206 (Pro-Agility) (sn) Pozitive Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,110 ,000** Equal 0 Vertical Jump (cm) Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,179 ,000** Pozitive Order 22 11.50 253.00 Equal 0 Flexibility (cm) Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,127 ,000** Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 Balance (sn) Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,107 ,000** Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 Control Speed (20 m. Speed) (sn) Negative Order 17 11,26 191,50 -3,233 ,001** Pozitive Order 3 6,17 18,50 Equal 2 (Pro-Agility) (sn) Negative Order 19 11,00 209,00 -3,896 ,000** Pozitive Order 1 1,00 1,00 Equal 2 Vertical Jump (cm) Negative Order 1 3,00 12,00 -2,111 ,035* Pozitive Order 11 6,00 54,00 Equal 10 Flexibility (cm) Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -3,838 ,000** Pozitive Order 19 10,00 190,00 Equal 3 Balance (sn) Negative Order 6 5,25 31,50 -3,085 ,002** Pozitive Order 16 13,84 221,50 Equal 0 * p<0,05; **p<0,05 Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was applied to determine whether there was a significant difference between the 20 m. speed, pro-agility, vertical jump, sit-reach and stroking balance pre-test and post-test scores of the athletes in the plyometric, resistance and control groups. As a result of the analysis, when the rank average and rank totals of all groups were examined, it was determined that the pre-tests were statistically significantly higher than the post-tests in the 20 m. speed and pro-agility measurements (p<0.05). In the vertical jump, sit-reach and stroking balance tests, it was seen that the post-tests were statistically higher than the pre-tests (p<0.05). Table 4. Comparison of Participants' Biomotor Measurements Between Groups (Post-Test) (Kruskal Wallis) Variety Research n Average 𝑿 𝟐 / p Bonferroni Speed (20 m Speed) (sn) Plyometric 22 39,70 2,973 ,226 - Resistans 22 36,66 Control 22 33,14 ProAgility (sec.) Plyometric 22 34,27 4,289 ,117 - Resistans 22 40,41 Control 22 32,82 Vertical Jump (cm) Plyometric 22 40,61 5,287 ,071 - Resistans 22 38,41 Control 22 35,48 Flexibility (cm) Plyometric 22 26,23 17,386 ,000** 2>1 Resistans 22 47,41 Control 22 26,86 Balance (sec.) Plyometric 22 35,07 8,427 ,015* 2>3 Resistans 22 41,00 Control 22 24,43 * p<0,05; **p<0,05 The Kruskal Wallis test results, which were conducted to compare the post-test means of 20 m. speed, pro-agility, vertical jump, sit-reach and sprint balance variables according to the applied training method of the athletes, are shown in TABLE 4. Kruskal Wallis test was applied to compare the post-test means of 20 m. speed, pro-agility, Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 195 of 206 vertical jump, sit-reach and sprint balance of the athletes participating in the study according to the applied training type. According to the test results, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference in the 20 m. speed, pro-agility and vertical jump means of the participants according to the type of training they underwent (p>0.05). However, it was observed that there was a statistically significant difference in the post-test means of sprint and sprint balance according to the type of training they underwent (p<0.05). Corrected Bonferroni was used to find the group that made the difference. As a result, it was observed that the mean ranks of the resistance training group were higher than the mean ranks of both the plyometric and control groups in the sit-reach post-test measurements. In the post-test measurements of stork balance, it was observed that the mean rank of the resistance training group was higher than the mean rank of the control group. Tablo 5. Intergroup (Pre-Test) Comparison of Participants’ Anaerobic (Running Based Test) and Aerobic (Yo-Yo Test) Endurance Measurements (Kruskal Wallis) Variety Research Group n Average Rank 𝑿 𝟐 / KW p Max. Strenght Plyometric 22 35,05 2,756 ,252 Resistans 22 33,11 Control 22 32,34 Min. Strenghy Plyometric 22 37,73 3,563 ,214 Resistance 22 35,75 Control 22 39,02 Avarage Strenght Plyometric 22 35,55 3,609 ,165 Resistance 22 30,27 Control 22 37,68 Fatigue Index Plyometric 22 32,05 ,219 ,896 Resistance 22 34,73 Control 22 33,73 Relative Strenght Plyometric 22 33,57 3,162 ,246 Resistance 22 28,30 Control 22 37,64 MaxVO2 Plyometric 22 37,18 2,876 ,284 Resistans 22 39,25 Control 22 36,05 * p<0,05; **p<0,05 Kruskal Wallis test was applied to compare the pre-test rank averages of max. power, min. power, average power, fatigue index and relative power of the athletes participating in the study according to the type of training applied. According to the test result, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference in the max. power, min. power, average power, fatigue index, relative power and maxVo2 rank averages of the participants according to the type of training perormed (p>0.05) Table 6. Intra-Group (Pre-Test-Post-Test) Comparison of Participants’ Anaerobic (Running Based Test) and Aerobic (Yo-Yo Test) Endurance (Wilcoxon) Variety Measurement n Average Rank Total Rank Z p Plyometric Max. Strenght Negative Order 3 7,00 21,00 -3,425 ,001** Pozitive Order 19 12,21 232,00 Equal 0 Min. Strenghy Negative Order 1 1,00 1,00 -4,074 ,000** Pozitive Order 21 12,00 252,00 Equal 0 Avarage Strenght Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4.107 ,000** Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 Fatigue Index Negative Order 7 12,57 88,00 -1,250 ,211 Pozitive Order 15 11,00 165,00 Equal 0 Relative Strenght Negative Order 1 7,50 10,50 -3,767 ,001** Pozitive Order 21 12,00 242,50 Equal 0 MaxVO2 Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,109 ,000* Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 Res ista nce Max. Strenght Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,107 ,000** Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 196 of 206 Min. Strenghy Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,107 ,000** Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 Avarage Strenght Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,107 ,000** Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 Fatigue Index Negative Order 7 7,00 49,00 -2,516 ,012** Pozitive Order 15 12,60 204,00 Equal 0 Relative Strenght Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,107 ,000** Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 MaxVO2 Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,108 ,000* Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 Control Max. Strenght Negative Order 3 6,33 19,00 -3,490 ,000** Pozitive Order 19 12,32 234,00 Equal 0 Min. Strenghy Negative Order 4 3,75 15,00 -3,620 ,000** Pozitive Order 18 13,22 238,00 Equal 0 Avarage Strenght Negative Order 2 6,50 13,00 -3,685 ,000* Pozitive Order 20 12,00 240,00 Equal 0 Fatigue Index Negative Order 8 6,50 52,00 -2,419 ,016** Pozitive Order 14 13,00 201,00 Equal 0 Relative Strenght Negative Order 3 5,00 15,00 -3,493 ,000** Pozitive Order 18 12,00 216,00 Equal 1 MaxVO2 Negative Order 0 ,00 ,00 -4,114 ,000* Pozitive Order 22 11,50 253,00 Equal 0 * p<0,05; **p<0,05 In order to determine whether there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of athletes in plyometric, resistance and control groups in terms of maximum power, minimum power, and average power, fatigue index, relative power and maxVo2, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was applied. As a result of the analysis, when the average rank and total ranks of athletes in the plyometric group were examined in all groups and tests except for the fatigue index variable (p>0.05), it was determined that the post-tests were statistically significantly higher than the pre-tests (p<0.05). Accordingly, it can be said that the trainings done by the groups increased their posttests. Table 7. Comparison of Participants' Anaerobic (Running Based Test) and Aerobic (Yoyo Test) Endurance Measurements between Groups (post-test) (Kruskal Wallis) Variety Research Group n Average Rank 𝑿 𝟐 / KW p Bonfer. Max. Strenght Plyometric 22 39,11 ,382 ,01** 1>3 Resistans 22 30,66 Control 22 23,20 Min. Strenghy Plyometric 22 31,09 ,145 ,93 - Resistans 22 30,18 Control 22 40,23 Avarage Strenght Plyomettic 22 32,18 ,183 ,91 - Resistans 22 34,64 Control 22 33,68 Fatigue Index Plyometric 22 44,50 1,701 ,00** 1>3 Resistans 22 34,00 Control 22 27,00 Relative Strenght Plyometric 22 44,77 ,803 ,00** 1>3 Resistans 22 35,25 Control 22 28,48 MaxVO2 Plyometric 22 44,39 ,882 ,00** 1>3 Resistans 22 36,27 Control 22 28,84 *p<0,05; **p<0,01 The Kruskal Wallis test was applied to compare the post-test rank averages of max. power, min. power, average power, fatigue index, relative power and maxVo2 of the Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 203 of 206 training may be more beneficial for athletic, jumping, and spinning techniques. Literature on this topic is scarce, which makes our study unique and a valuable contribution to understanding taekwondo performance. This study demonstrates that plyometric and resistance band training yield distinct benefits for taekwondo athletes. Plyometric training primarily enhances power, speed, and explosive performance, while resistance band exercises improve balance and flexibility. These findings provide practical guidance for coaches to tailor training programs based on specific performance goals. Given that the training methods providing the greatest contributions in the research groups were plyometric and taekwondo-specific resistance band training, it is recommended that athletes in the relevant age group incorporate these methods in addition to their regular taekwondo training. To enhance taekwondo athletes’ biomotor and physiological characteristics, it is recommended to include taekwondo-specific resistance band and plyometric training in preparatory-period programs. It is recommended that these training methods also be integrated into the programs of athletes participating in development camps organized by the federation and in the youth preparatory squads of sports clubs, as they can contribute to biomotor and physiological performance. As this research protocol was conducted with competitive taekwondo athletes in the youth category, it is recommended to replicate it with different age groups. The findings thus obtained could provide insights for both the literature and stakeholders (e.g., athletes, coaches). Comparative studies are recommended involving athletes from other combat sports in which biomotor and physiological attributes are prominent (e.g., judo, karate), to enable comparison with our findings. To observe the study in a competition context, it is recommended to relate the outcomes to actual competition results. For demanding and athletic techniques, it is recommended to add plyometric training to taekwondo routines; for direct and explosive strikes, it is recommended to add taekwondo-specific resistance band training. Finally, it is recommended to include delayed post-tests in future studies so that the results can be tracked over the long term. Kısaltmalar / Abbreviations SD Standard deviation X Mean SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences p value Probability value t test Independent Samples t Test F value F statistic KBF Kişisel Bilgi Formu PI Form Personal Information Form N Kişi Sayısı Min Minimum Maks Maksimum Medyan Ortanca Değer Beyanlar / Declarations Etik Onay ve Katılım Onayı / Ethics approval and consent to participate Çalışmanın tasarımı, protokolü ve ilişkili riskler tüm katılımcılara ve yasal temsilcilerine açık bir şekilde iletilmiştir. Etik onay, Bayburt Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’nün 05.12.2022 tarihli ve E-83542712050.99-106065 sayılı resmi yazısına istinaden alınmıştır. Çalışma, insan araştırmaları için Helsinki Bildirgesi’nin etik Aydemir & Kul, 2025. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences Vol 2, issue 3, October 2025 Page 204 of 206 ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Tüm katılımcılardan ve reşit olmayanların yasal temsilcilerinden yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam formları alınmıştır. The study design, protocol, and associated risks were clearly communicated to all participants and their legal guardians. Ethical approval was obtained in accordance with the official letter from the Directorate of the Graduate Education Institute of Bayburt University Rectorate, dated 05.12.2022 and numbered E-83542712-050.99-106065. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki for human research. Written informed consent forms were obtained from all participants and the legal guardians of minors. Veri Ve Materyal Erişilebilirliği / Availability of data and material Bu çalışmanın bulgularını destekleyen veriler, makul talepler üzerine sorumlu yazardan temin edilebilir. Veri seti yalnızca akademik amaçlar için erişilebilir olacak ve verilerin herhangi bir kullanımı, orijinal çalışmayı referans gösterecek ve katılımcıların gizliliğini koruyacaktır. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The dataset will be accessible only for academic purposes, and any use of the data will recognize the original study and maintain the confdentiality of the participants. Çıkar Çatışması / Competing interests Yazarlar, bu makalede sunulan çalışmayı etkileyebilecek herhangi bir çıkar çatışması veya kişisel ilişkiye sahip olmadıklarını beyan etmektedirler. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Yazar Katkıları / Authors’ Contribution Statement Çalışmanın tasarımı ve planlanması: BA.; Veri toplama, analizi veya yorumlanması:.B.A, Makalenin yazımı: B.A M.K.; Veri düzenleme, yöntem belirleme, yazım --- özgün taslak, yazım --- gözden geçirme ve düzenleme: M.K, Tüm yazarlar, makalenin önemli noktalarını eleştirel bir şekilde gözden geçirmiştir. Tüm yazarlar makalenin son halini onaylamıştır. Study design and planning: B.A.; Data collection, analysis, and interpretation: B.A.; Manuscript writing: B.A., M.K.; Data organization, methodology development, writing --- original draft, writing --- review and editing: M.K. All authors critically reviewed the key aspects of the manuscript, and all authors have approved the final version of the manuscript. Fon Desteği / Funding This Bu çalışma, kamu, özel veya kar amacı gütmeyen sektörlerdeki fon sağlayıcı kurumlardan herhangi bir özel destek almamıştır. This research received no external funding. Teşekkür / Acknowledgements None. APA 7 Citation Aydemir, B., & Kul, M. (2025). Effects of different training methods on selected biomotor and physiological characteristics in taekwondo athletes. International Journal of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences (IJOSS), 3(2), 188--- 206. https://www.ijoss.org/Archive/issue2-volume3/ijoss-Volume2-issue3-16.pdf https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17429050 References / Kaynaklar Apollaro, L., González-Badillo, J. J., & Garcia-García, F. (2024). Effect of plyometric training on explosive strength: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(2), 107–118. Atan, T., & Ünver, Ş. (2019). Amatör basketbolcularda dominant ve non-dominant el top sürme sürelerinin karşılaştırılması. Sport Sciences, 14(4), 33–39. Aydemir, B., Yüksek, S., Ölmez, C., & Şar, H. (2021). 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