ДОМБЫРАНЫҢ РУХАНИ ЖӘНЕ МӘДЕНИ МҰРА РЕТІНДЕГІ ҚҰРЫЛЫМЫ

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE ON “MODERN APPROACHES AND TRENDS IN TEACHING FINE ARTS, DRAFTSMANSHIP AND MUSIC IN HIGHER PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION” OCTOBER 22-23, 2025 1199 ӘОЖ 37.017.4. ДОМБЫРАНЫҢ РУХАНИ ЖӘНЕ МӘДЕНИ МҰРА РЕТІНДЕГІ ҚҰРЫЛЫМЫ Адамқұлов Нұрали Мерекебайұлы І.Жансүгіров атндағы ЖУ-нің қауымдастырылған профессоры (доцент., п.ғ.к., Қазақстан педагогикалық ғылымдар академиясының академигі, "Этномәдениет" ШБО ҚБ жетекшісі, ҚР Мәдениет саласының үздігі https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17446937 Мақалада қазақ халқының төл аспабы домбыраның түрлері, құрылымы, қазіргі кездегі маңыздылығы, жасалу технологиясындағы ізденіс, зерттеулер сөз болады. В статье рассматриваются типы, структуры, значениев домбры в современном мире и исследования в создании казахского народного инструмента The article considered the types, structures, modern technologyand research of making Kazakh national instrument dombra. One of the most widespread music instruments in the cultural life of the Kazakh people is two stringed dombra. If in ancient times ancient instruments were used to support singing and ancient legends, now dombra is included in the list of complex instruments, dedicated to the performance of individual compositions. Due to various peculiarities of cultural treasures, as well as ethnography, the dombra was known even in the early Middle Ages. Nevertheless, we can not say for sure in which century the dombra was born. However, some statistical data and sculptures can be considered as a result of the written work of each year. "In one of the sculptures found during the significant years of the century, in the cities “Sogda” and “Koi kirilgan” (ancient Khorezm), a musical instrument with two stringed instrument dombra is depicted. The scientist-researchers decided that the instrument he had was a dombra of Kazakhs. The sculpture is 2400 years old. Yes, we can predict that the dombra that we hold today is widely spread throughout the country in the IV-Vth century[1], the well-known musician, composer Ensepov Zhasaral suggested in his candidate's dissertation in 2002, that the dombra was born in the IVth century [2]. At earlier times the dombra was mostly made of pine and juniper pitch. Nine stringed, later being used as fourteen stringed, dombra usually wasn’t very big. The total length was 1 (one) meter, the necklace is twice as much as the body. It is mostly cut off from the whole tree, the center of the body is torn off by the jaws, and the surface is covered with a thin pine tree and secured by wooden nails. Earlier masters painted and decorated the outside of the dombra’s body. And some of the craftsmen were able to embroider the dombra’s neck and ears with bones. There are many myths about the history of dombra in the country. The dombra has also been developed simultaneously with the Kazakh kuys. The appearance of new keys on the dombra illustrates the growth of the intonational thinking of folk talents. Al-Farabi, who had written fundamental works in his life, speaks about the instrument" TAMBUR "similar to a dombra. According to the scientist, Tambur had five keys. Two sound interruptions of this instrument are divided into pleasant and negative. In addition, the scientist gives valuable information about the INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE ON “MODERN APPROACHES AND TRENDS IN TEACHING FINE ARTS, DRAFTSMANSHIP AND MUSIC IN HIGHER PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION” OCTOBER 22-23, 2025 1200 effect of the device's sound output, about the features of the body and the flexibility of the upper and lower caps. Horasan has a variety of types and sizes. There were two holes on his neck, where the threshold was shut. It is done through the intestine. The intestine is packed in the ears to the opposite end of the neck. The number of keys on the Khorasan dampwas different. The number of keyboards has reached eighteen, depending on the performer's skill and the development of instrumental music. The location of the keys is related to the cleanliness of their intermediate sounds, - had written Al-Farabi. Khorasan damp is made of two intestines. One of the intestines illustrates the unison, and the range of the two intestines and the sound of their keys are equally,-described the scientist, [3]. Made up our mind, there are fourteen types of the dombra in the Kazakh nation. They are “song” dombra (commonly known as four-reel zhambyl dombra) and "Kuy" (commonly known as Abay’s dombra, which has round shape like the half of the pumpkin), "Widescreen" (two versions), "Amulet dombra". Four different versions are known as "Torsyk dombra", "Asha" (both sides), "Double stringed"(Two stringed), "Hollow neck", "Three strings" "Baby" (two versions), "Balashik" (two versions), “Shinkildek” (two versions), "Sherther",orchestra dombras: "Pleasant voiced dombra" (two versions),Thin voiced dombra, sharp voiced dombra, basdombra, "Contrabass" and others. The construction of a dombra is very complicated, each of them has its own function (picture 1) "[4]. This picture contains the names of the dombra. It is a duty of every dombra player to know the rules of creating and playing dombra, if he does not know the purpose of the titles, the rules of playing and making the dombra wouldn’t be good. "Dombra consists of 19 named keys. Here are three of the hacked keys, although they are used only by the best masters of playing dombra, and generally they are not used by simple beginners of dombra art. They are often ignored in the key tick. The first of the Kashagan keys is located in the middle of the ghost key and the orphan key. "Second Kashagan Key" is located in the middle of the Dashboard and the Second Orphan Key. And the "third keystroke" is located in the center of the key of the Qusar key and the Ket Buga’s key. "[5]. The next 20-digit number is "Bass Shutter". This shutter does not allow the intestine to be exposed to the surface of the lid, and if there wasn’t a shutter, the double-stranded blade would be blocked to the surface, and then even breaks through an ax, such as a sharp drop in the shutter system. The next 21-serial number is "Hook", which is a measure of the size of the dombra for a fortified fortress. The next 22th is called "Alakan". It is equipped with "Dual ear" on the 23-digit number for the twin truncation. The lower and upper "RE" and "SOL" ducts are used for it. Also, the palm rests on the 24-digit number "Thickness Tap". When playing a dombra, the threshold acts to lift the gutter to a certain extent. 25-serial number is "Neck". This part of the function is very large. It is designed to play fingerprints, to set the keys (1-19), [5], and "Notes dots" (26serial number). Notes dots play a composer's role when playing a dombra. In the dombra technology, the Compound dombra is attached to the neck over the neck by attaching the "additional neck" (36-serial number) tree. It is chosen from valuable and hardwoods. Because the notes on the necklace are fixed at the point. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE ON “MODERN APPROACHES AND TRENDS IN TEACHING FINE ARTS, DRAFTSMANSHIP AND MUSIC IN HIGHER PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION” OCTOBER 22-23, 2025 1201 1. Oguz key 2. General key 3. Indefinite key 4. vociferous key 5. The orphan key 6. Soft key 7. The Leader Key 8. Sad key 9. The Avenue Key 10. Second orphan key 11. Executive key 12. Orator key 13. Uisyn key 14. Roller key 15. Qusar Key 16. The key of Ketbuga 17. Deep key 18. Useless key 19 Apron key 20 Heel key 21 Hook 22 The palm 23 Ear Studs 24 Apron key 25 Neck 26 Points of note 27-28. Snacks (Re, SOL) 29. Patterns of the veneer tree 30. Voiced hole 31. Face cover 32. The Devil's key 33. The body 34. The pattern of veneer tree Picture1.Construction of dombra. Painter: Adamkulov N.M. 27 and 28 numbers perpendicular to RE SOL "Snacks." It may well be that they have been made into the goblet of the early masters by means of special technology, which is called the intestine, but it requires a lot of work and time. The strings which are made of the goat’s intestines are often stretchy. In this case the strings can be thin and thickand in some places it can become twisted. Especially, if the intestines are moist, this kind of strings fail at once. These shortcomings make negative impacts on the voice of dombra. In modern technology it is used plastic strings of size 0.7 mm. The 29th is design of the “veneer wood”, if it is not placed on a dombra surface, the face lids will become even sharp and even punctured as you play it. This INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE ON “MODERN APPROACHES AND TRENDS IN TEACHING FINE ARTS, DRAFTSMANSHIP AND MUSIC IN HIGHER PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION” OCTOBER 22-23, 2025 1202 type of the wood serves as a protective cover on the face, and on the other hand, it provides a dombra surface. The wood made from valuable nuts, oaks, hawthorn, birch, and other trees. If the black-and-white veneer is mixed with a white birch or blue poppy candle, the dombra surface is particularly beautiful. Occasionally, the craftsmen use bone, precious nonferrous metals instead of veneer wood. "Voiced Hole" on the 30th number, which is designed to release sound between the body and the face cover. One of the most sophisticated sound compositions of the dombra is "Face Cover" (31-serial number). The face cover, which gives all the pleasant and unpleasant sound, is the only reason for the dombra to be qualitative if it is competent. The next page is the moving part of the cover, "The devil’s key" (32th number). The name is derived from the legend about the appearance of dombra if the devil was not shut, the voice of the dombra would not sound. The next 33th numberis “the body”. The most important part of a dombra is the body, which consists of three and four domes for singing dombras, seven and nine domes for kuy dombras. And the dombra which are done by mowing, have body, neck and the palm connected, sometimes they can be done by connecting methods. The 34th number is the pattern of vaneer tree. This expression was also used as a protective cover for the face cover with dombra decoration. Later, the heel key was added. In the sequence number 35, the back of the body is placed. This part is composed of four hinges, one domino at the back of the dombra, and the other is a two-piece crevice. Some types of dombra are the same as their structures, but in contrast to the differences in the bones. But the dimensions of the length (body and neck, palm) are the same for all dombuses [6, 14]. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE ON “MODERN APPROACHES AND TRENDS IN TEACHING FINE ARTS, DRAFTSMANSHIP AND MUSIC IN HIGHER PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION” OCTOBER 22-23, 2025 1203 Picture 2.Scheme of dombra’s types. Painter: Adamkulov N.M. 1. Dombra with wide body (Cut shape), 2.Asha dombra, 3.Tumar dombra, 4.Dombra with wide body (Compound), 5.Tumar dombra, 6. Three stringed dombra. REFERENCES 1. Saribayev B. «Kazakh musical instruments». Almaty, Oner 1981. 26-42 p. 2. Adamkulov N.M. «The system of upbringing the students by teaching to make musical instruments», 13.00.01, PhD thesis, 2002. 4-p. 3. Saribayev B. «Kazakh musical instruments». Almaty, Oner 1981. 11p. 4. Adamkulov N.M “The technology of making musical instruments” Almaty 2007, 119p. 5. Talasbek Assemkululy «If the dombra speaks» Newspaper “Ana tily” Ana tily, 1994. 15p. 6. Adamkulov N.M. «Technology of making national musical instruments», Almaty, 2010., 1part. 58p. 7. Adamkulov N.M., Saipov A., Abuov A.E. “Technology of teaching students to the craft education”: "Technology" textbook. - Shymkent: "Alem", 2017. - 152 p. 8. Adamkulov N.M., Saipov A., Abuov A.E. “Technology of handicrafts” 2parts. 1-part./ - Shymkent: "Alem", 2017. – 372p. 9. Adamkulov N.M., Saipov A., Abuov A.E. “Technology of handicrafts” 2parts. 2-part./ - Shymkent: "Alem", 2017. -280p.