The spider genera Mísumena, Mísumenops, and Thomisus (Araneae: Thomisidae of southern Africa).

\NJ\\ôu.r C$'.Nq\i,nnrcrtS ENTOMOLOGY MEMOIR DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA No.55 World List Abbreviation: Entomology Mem. Dep. Agric. Repub. S. Afr. The spider_genera Mísumena, Mísumenops, and Thomiszs (Araneae: Thomisida of southern Africa Runcínía e) ANNA S. DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN Plant Protection Research Institute, Private BàgX134, Pretoria 0001 February 1983 ISBN 0 621 07940 5 Printed in the Republic of South Africa by the Government Printer, Pretoria, and obtainable from the Director, Division of Agricultural Information, Private Bag X144, Pretoria 0001 1983 G CONTENTS 48STR4CT ............. UITTREKSEL..... INTRODUCTION MATERIALSANDMETHODS Study area... Materialstudied .......... Techniques Terminology .............. TAXONOMY ............. FAMILY THOMISIDAE ........... KeytothesubfamiliesoftheThomisidae ............. SUBFAMILY MISUMENINAE,..... MISU MENA-GROUP OF GENERA.............. Key to the genera of the Misumena-grorrp of southern Africa..... THOMISUS Walckenaer Key to the species of Thomisus from southern Africa Thomßus s piculos us Pocock Thomßus blandus Karsch Thomisus granulatus Karsch Thomisus scrupeus (Simon)..... Thomß us natalens is Lawrence Thomis us z uluanus Lawrence Thomisus schultzei Simon ....., Thomisw citrinellus Simon........ Thoniisus daradioides Simon ..... Thomisus k alaharinus Lawrence. Thomßus stenningi Pocock. ... . . Thomßus australis Comellini ... Thomisus dalmasi De Lessert .. Thomßus congoensis Comellini Thomßus machadoi Comellini . . Species incertae sedis Thomisus hottentotus Strand....... Thomisus lenziStrand RUNCINIA Simon........ Key to the species of Runciniafrom southern Africa Runciniafløvidø (Simon) .... ... ..... Runcinia johnstoni De Lessert Runcinia carae spec. nov........... Runcinia erythrina J ézéquel.... Runciniø depress a Simon Runciniatropica Simon Runciniaøffinis Simon Runcinia aethiops (Simon) ... PAGE 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 11 11 13 15 t7 t9 20 2t 22 25 27 28 30 33 35 36 36 36 36 36 38 39 40 4t 43 43 44 45 46 ul Page Runcinia I ate r alis (Koch) M IS U M E NOPS F. Pickard-Cambridge Misumenops rubrodecora¡e Millot. . . MISUM ENA Latreille.......... Misumena tuckeri De Lessert. . Species incertae sedis M ß ume na natalens is Lawrence ACKNOIWLEDGEMENTS ........... REFERENCES ......... APPENDIX2 APPENDIX3 APPENDIX4 INDEX 48 48 51 53 55 56 56 56 57 6I 64 65 65 66 lv ABSTRACT The southern Africa species of the genera Misumena, Mßumenops a¡d Thomisus are revised. A diagnosis and.new distribution records are provided for the genus R unclnia in addition to the description of a new species. These genera belong to the Misumena-group of genera of the subfamily Misumeninae. Keys are provided to the subfamilies, genera and species. Biological and distributional ãata for àll species are given. Twenty-five species are recognized, one new species is described and 13 species and eight sub-species are synonymized. Five species were recorded from this region for the first time. _ N.ew_¡qgcies:- Runcinia c¿rae..New_9y1onyms: Thomßus dottrensi Comellini, lg57 : T. spiculosus Pocock, l90l;T. anfåobiusPocock,1885, T. alboir fusSimon, lg07,T. susstiand, lg07,T. malevolus delesserti Di Caporiacco, 1941, T'. malevolw ocellitibiis Di Caporiacco, 1949 : Tl blandas Karsch, 1880; T. lawrencei Roewer, 1957 : T. grsnulatus Karsch, 1880; T. linderi Roewet, 1956 : T. scruperu (Simon, 1836); f. spiniþr decorala Millot, 1941, T. spiniþr maculitibißDi Caporiicco, 1947, T. spinifer obscurus Di Caporiacco, 1941,, T. spiniftr simoni Di Caporiacco, l94l :'T. citrinellus'Simon, 1875; T. lesnei De Lessert, 1936, T. sepiosus Lawrence, 1942 : T. daradioides Simon, 1890; T. urbensrs Lawrence, I ; T. weberi De Lessert, 1,923 : T. srenningipocock, 1900; T. mossambícus Comellini, lg17, T. ^orrorãbir^ weidneri Comel 1957; T. anthobioides Lawrence, 1942, T. anthobioides mongbwal¿rur Comellini, 1957 : T. dalmasi De Lessert, 1919. Species incertae sedis: T. hotrenlof6 Strand, 1907 ; T. lenz i Strand, 1907 ; M ß ume na natale ns is Law rence, 1947 . Uittrel<sel DIE SPINNEKOPGENERA MISUMENA, MISUMENOPS, RUNCINIA EN THOMISUS (ARANEAE: THOMISIDAE) VAN SUIDELIKE AFRIKA Die Suid-Afrikaanse spesies van die genera Misumena, Misumenops en Thomisus is hersien. Vir die genas Runcinia word daar diagnostiese kenmerke en nuwe verspreidingsrekords verskaf en'n nuwe spesie word beskryf. Hierdie genera behoort tot die Nltsumena-groep van genera van die subfamilie Misumeninae. Sleutels is voorsien vir díe subfamilies, genera en spesies. Biologiese en verspreidingsdata word vir elke spesie gegee. Vyf-en-twintig spesies word herken, een nuwe spesie is beskryf en I3 spesies en agt subspesies ß as sinonieme aangewys. Vyfvan die spesíes wal bestudeer is, is nuwe rekords vir hierdie area. Nuwe spesie: Runcinia carae. Nuwe sinonieme: Thomisus dottrensi Comellini, 1957 --'f . spiculosus Pocock, 1901;'l.anthobiusPocock, 1885,T. alboirroratus Simon, 1907, T. susStrand, 1907,T.malevolus delesserti Di Caporiacco, 1941, T. malevolus ocellitibiis Di Caporiacco, 1949 = T. blandus Karsch, 1880; T.lawrencei Roewer, I95I :T. granulatus Karsch, 1880; T. lindneri Roewer, j,956: T. scrupeus (Simon, 1886);T. spinifer decorcta Millot, 1941, T. spinifer maculitibiis Di Caporiacco, 1947,"t. spiniferobscurus DiCaporiacco, 1941.T. spinifersimoniDi Caporiacco, I94I:'1. citrinellus Simon, 1875;T. lesnei De Lessert, 1936,T. sepiosus Lawrence, 1942:T. daradioides Simon, 1890;'f . urbensis Lawrence, 1942 : -f . kalaharinus Luwrence, 1936; T. weberi De Lessert, 1923 = T. stenningi Pocock, 1900; T. drakensbergensisComellini, 1959,-f . mossambicus Comellini, 1957,T, mossambicus weidneri Comellini, 1957 : 'f . australis Comellíni, 1957; T. anthobioides Lawrence, 1942, '1. anthobioides mongbwalensis Comellrni, 1957 : T. dalmasi De Lessert, 1919. Spesies incertae sedis; T. hottentotus Strand, 1907; T. lenzi Strand, 1907; Misumena natalensis Lawrence, 1947. INTRODUCTION During the last two decades a considerable number of economically important inseet and mite pests have become resistant to various pesticides. This has stimulated research world-wide on the use of predators and parasites in the biological control of pests. In this research the importance of spiders as natural enemies of agricultural pests has generally been overlooked. Recently, however, laboratory and field studies have indicated that a \ilide variety of insect and mite pests are taken by spiders. Spiders (mygalomorphs excluded) normally live from one to two years. They are ubiquitous and occur in high densities during most of the year. Because of their abundance on plants throughout the year, their wide food range and their dispersal by air currents, the latter characteristic which enables them to spread rapidly, spiders are increasingly being considered as playing an important role in pest control (Menhinick, 1967; Bailey & Chada, 1968; Wheeler, 7973; Dippenaar-Schoeman, 197 6). Taxonomic and ecological research on spiders in South Africa has lagged behind that of other groups of arthropods, and only two ecological studies have been undertaken (Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1976;Dippenaar-Schoeman, Genis, Van Ark & Viljoen, 1978). Present knowledge of the taxonomy of South African spiders is fragmentary and unsatisfactory, and this alone may tend to discourage ecological investigations. The taxonomy of South African spiders therefore requires attention if students and researchers are to be encouraged to evaluate spiders as possible agents for the biocontrol of agricultural pests. The Thomisidae is a moderately large family of about 150 genera and 1 450 species. It has a worldwide distribution and the greatest species diversity is found in the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones. Although the family has been the subject of some studies in the past, the majority of genera still lack even preliminary revision. Most revisions of the family considered mainly the species-of Central and NorthAmerica. Sixty-one of the 150 thomisid genera are known from the Afrotropical region (= Ethiopian region, see Crosskey & White, 1977) and thirty-one from southern Africa; a very rich fauna compared with the nine genera known from North America. The true number for the southern Africa fauna is probably greater, for the spider fauna of this region is still poorly known. The largest and most significant contribution to the taxonomy of the Thomisidae was made by the renowned French arachnologist, E. Simon. Between 1895 and 1903 he published a world revision of the thomisids as part of his revision of the Araneae. He collected and described numerous species from the Afrotropical region. Most of the species described by him are recognized today, and his work forms the basis of thomisid taxonomy in Africa. Another author who made an important contribution was Pocock (1898-1903). He described numerous species from Central, East and southern Africa. Strand (1907a-c) described some thomisids from North and South Africa and De Lessert (1915-1943) published on collections from Za\re, Uganda, Morocco and South Africa, while Di Caporiacco (1939-L949) described thomisids from North and East Africa and Millot (1941) from East Africa. Comellini (19551959) published the only two revisions of thomisid genera Tmarus and Thomßus of Africa. Jézéquel (1964 and 1965) studied the thomisid fauna of the Ivory Coast. The largest and most valuable contribution to the systematics of the thomisids of southern Africa was made by the renowned South African arachnologist, R.F. Lawrence. From 7927 to Í947, he published several papers which dealt with, among otherfamilies, the thomisids of the area. This paper, which forms part of a proposed series on the Thomisidae of southern Africa, revises the species of the genera Misumena Latreille, Mßumenops F. Pickard-Cambridge and Thomßus Walckenaer of the Mßumena-grovp of genera of the subfamily Misumeninae. The only other genus from southern Africa which belongs to the Misumenagroup, Runcinia Simon, has been revised (Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1980). Species of Runcinia are included in this paper but only the most diagnostic characters, new information and locality records are provided. MATERIALS AND METHODS result of aerial translocation of the spiders by wind. They are often collected in areas that differ greatly in vegetation, climate and topography. Locality coordinates are given only for type-localities of species and their synonyms. Distribution records were compiled from the literature while the new records refer to the material studied. MATERIALSTUDIED A total of 1 100 specimens were examined, and included material in the following museums and institutions. A.M. - Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa. B.M. - British Museum (Natural History), London, England. H.E.C. - Hope Entomological Collection, University Museum, Oxford, England. M.N.B - Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, East Germany. - Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Geneve, Switzerland. - Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. - Museé royal de I'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium. - National Collection of Arachnida, Pretoria, South Africa. - Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. M.N.H.G M.N.H.P M.R.A.C. N.C.A. N.M.B - National Museum, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. - South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa. - Swedish Expedition, material temporarily housed in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown. - Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa. - Universität Hamburg, Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg, West Germany. s.A.M. Swe. Exp T.M. N.M Z.M.H STUDYAREA The area covered by the present study is southern Atïica south of 15" S. latitude. This area includes the following countries: Republic of South Africa, Lesothò, Swaziland, South Webt Africa/Ì.{aique, Zimbabwe and is also made to the dis- ¡emainder of the Afrotropical regign aird North Africa, which for this purpose is divided into the Central, East, West and North Africa. ' During the course of the present study various South African homelands gained independeirce but, for the sake of convenience, they have þeen considered to fall within the territory of the Republic of South Africa Most of the species studied are endemic to Africa and have a pan-African distribution, probably a .TECHNIQUES Specimens were examined in rr shallow glass vessel containing 70 "/" ethyl alcohol. They were manipulated with forceps and needles and held in the required position by glass chromatography beads or soft paper. Most of the drawings were made with a soft pencil on fleetpaste board using the method of Kraus (1968). Both the external epigynum and internal spermathecae were studied and drawn. The dissected epigynum was later placed in a microvial and stored with the specimen. 2 The left palp of males was amputated between the femur and patella. It was then cleared in lactic acid and mounted on a cavity slide. The ventral and the retrolateral sides of the palp were studied and drawn. The amputated palp was then stored in a microvial together with the specimen. Where numerous specimens were available for a given species, the genitalia were removed for more detailed observations. The epigynum of females was removed and freed of most of the muscle tissue with a sharp tungsten needle (see Levi, 1965). It was cleared in lactid acid and mounted on a cavity slide with Heinze's modified PVA mounting medium (see Meyer & Rodrigues, 7966). Where enough material was available, ten individuals of both sexes of each species were measured. Lack of material often resulted in smaller samples. Specimens were selected from various parts of the range to make the sample as representative as possible. An ocular micrometer in a stereo-dissecting microscope (Wild M8) was used for the measurements. All the measurements are given in millimetres with the observed range in parentheses. The following measurements \ryere taken and indices calculated for the species studied (abbreviations are given in parentheses): total length (TL), carapace length (CL), carapace width (CW) and carapace index (CI). The latter is derived by dividing the length of the carapace by its width (Fig. 1a). TERMINOLOGY The terminology used is explained in Fig. 1-3. Male genitalia. The tibiae of the Misumeninae are usually broader than long and armed with apophyses which vary in shape and are distinctive for the species (Fig. 2d and e). The retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) is situated on the more retrolateral and dorsal side; the ventral tibial apophysis (WA) is located more ventrally; in some species a third intermediate tibial apophysis (ITA) is present but it is seldom an independent structure, being fused with either the VTA or RTA. The tarsus is modified and enlarged into a spoon-shaped cymbium containing the genital bulb which is housed in a depression or concavity, called the alveolus. The genital bulb is characterized by the absence of a conductor for the embolus. In most of the thomisid genera a modification of the edge of the cymbium, the tutaculum, is found (Comstock, 1977), which serves to protect the tip of the embolus. It consists of a protective shallow, membraneous, tutacular groove along the distal and retrolateral margin of the alveolus. When not extended in copulation the apical portion of the embolus lies in the tutacular groove. In some species a tutacular apophysis is present. This is a retrolateral structure which is formed ventrally as a smooth and setaless, sclerotized outgrowth of the alveolus and dorsally as a setaceous extension of the dorsum of the cymbium. The alveolus is a depression which is situated ventrally and contains the basal and middle division of the genital bulb. The genital bulb is a structure which functions as a sperm storage organ. It expands during copulation for sperm induction. The genital bulb consists of a tegulum and an embolus. The tegulum is a subround plate which covers most of the genital bulb. On the retrolateral side a crescent-shaped reservoir is visible through the tegulum. The embolus is divided into a basal part \ilhich is a broad, generally paler coloured structure and ani apical tip, which may be long, curved or almost straight and which is usually strongly sclerotized and often black. Female genitalia.In the Misumeninae the epigynum is usually provided with a well-defined margin cHq.tctBA PAI,P EYIS cfEUcE¡l t^xtu.^ P^tt tA8ru¡l ¿ I.EG iE tEG t-EG I I LtG lv STNIA IOVEA CÂNAPACE c0xa STINiUM ¿Pt0tcEt ¡00f tuic IPIGYIUM tPtGlslitc tunn0w z - ê TiACIITAT SPINACIE sPtl{iltntts b External morphology of bodylUitwendige morþlogie van liggaam. (a). Dorsal viewlDorsale aansrg. (b). Ventral view/ Ventaleaansig a 3 aa 00 00 FIG. la-b or rim which is commonly oval or elliptical in shape (Fig. 2b). This rim surrounds a shallow to.deep depression, also known as a guide pocket or atrium. It may be divided by a median septum. In some species the anterior part of the rim is covered by a sclerotlzed plate which is hood-like in appearance and overlies the central depression. The main female internal organs of the Misumeninae include the following (Fig. 2c): bilaterally paired copulatory tubes or bursae copulatrix which connect the intromittent (spermathecal) orifices and the spermathecae. The sperrnathecae are also bilaterally paired and strongly sclerotized structures which are usually visible through the integument. Spermathecal organs are small rounded lobes on the anterior side of the spermathecae and are sometimes visible dorsally. The spermatþecal apophyses are small, strongly sclerotized structures located on the posterior side of the ,spgrmathecae and are usually visible as small dark st¡uctures through the integument. The spermathecal organs are small rounded lobes on the anterior side of the spermathecae and are sometimes visible dorsally, The spermathecal apophyses are small, strongly sclerotized structures located on the posterior sidê of the spermathecae and are visible as small dark structures through the integument. The fertilizing tubes originate on the spermathecal apophyses and connect the spermathecae with the vagina. Eyes. Eight in number, simple ocelli, arranged in two transverse rows of four each and notated in pairs as follows (abbreviations in parentheses) (Fig. 2a): anterior median eyes (AME); anterior lateral eyes (ALE); posterior lateral eyes (PLE). The area enclosed by the AME and PME is termed the median ocular quadrangle (MOO). The terms procurved and recurved are extensively used and can be explained as follows (Fig. 2a). When the lateral eyes, as viewed from above, are situated more to the front of the median eyes, the line drawn through the eyes is said to be procurved and when the lateral eyes are situated further back than the median eyes, the line drawn through the eyes is said to be recurved. The size and arrangement of the eyes are frequently used on familial, generic and specific levels. Carapace chaetotaxy. Formerly the chaetotaxy of spiders was mostly ignored in taxonomic descrip0t 0 op tl ROW OF EYES R0w0t tYEs 0rPRtssl0N I I I I -o (Ar8ri,M) qfftM SEPfUM IHÉCA! ItGUurM O0ßtflcE MEOIAI{ OCUI-Aß OUAOßAilGI,É aÈ:-lü,r.ifl|,' b BOTUS TU TACUI-UM TUTACUI,AR APOPHYSIS SPERMATHECA VTNTRAIIIBIAT APOPHYSES TU8É INTE d External and internal morphology/Ui twendige en inwendige morfologie. (a) . Eyes, dorsal view/Oë, dorsale aansig. (b). Epigynum of female, ventral view/Epígynium van wyfie, ventrale aansig, (c).Internal genitalia of fèmale, dorsal view/ Inwendige genitalieë van wyfie, dorsale aansí9. (d). Palp of male, ventral view lPølp van mannetjie, ventale aansig fUEE ORGAN TEGUI.AS AFOPTIYSIS c 4 FIG.2a-d CYMEIUM tM80r TUTACUI.UM INTERMEDIA 'tions. Schick (1965) studied the chaetotaxy of the thomisids and he recognized two types, namely primary and secondary setae. The primary setae are usually constant in position and number throgghout the group, while the secondary setae are moie¡ariable. He described 30 primary bilateral pairs of setae which he indicated by capital letters (C, P, S, T, A). These letters indicate the area where the setae occur while numeric subscripts refer to a particular pair or pairs of setae (Fig. 2f). Schick (1965) divided the cephalic area into prodiscus (P), mesodiscus (S) and metadiscus (T) and refers to the thoracic area as the a the thomisids the following p e present: clypeus (8), Cr-s; p (4), P¡.a; mesodiscus (area posterior of eyes) (7), Sr-z; metadiscus (part of thoracic arae\ (5), Tr-s; allatum (5), A¡-s. In some genera the setae are much reduced and easily also frequently clothed with numerous short, irregularly spaced setae. In some generã, ê.8. Thomisus, these setae vary in shape and have specific value. Abdomen. Two to three pairs of smooth depressions indicate the attachment of the internal muscles (Fig. 1a). The integument is usually smooth and clothed with short fine setae which vary in shape and length between genera and species. In certain genera (mainly Misumena-group) the abdomen is covered with striae that follow the contours of the abdomen. The striae are usually covered with rows of short setae. The abdomen varies much in appearance and usually has characteristic colours and/or patterns. It is usually oval, but may vary in shape. Legs. Eight, arranged in four pairs and numbered'from the anterior (I-N). Each leg has seven segments and a particular segment of a leg is referred to as e.g. metatarsus II in the text. In the Misumeninae legs I and ll are considerably longer and stronger than III and IV. In thè first instar this distinction is not yet clear, but it becomes more so as it approaches maturity. In this subfamily, the anterior two pairs of legs are twisted back and held sideways so that the prolateral surface faces dorsally. This is known as laterigrade and describes the crablike sideways motion of these spiders. By this arrangement the first pair of legs becomes an active grasping organ. % 3" dl a nJ'/ 'r/ tÞ t + ù L.J a ,þ AT ù /\ ef FIG.2e-f (e).Palp of male, retrolateral viewlPalp van mannetjie, retrolaterale aansig. (1). Chaetotaxy of carapace/Chaetotaksi van karapoks Selae. ^|he body and legs of the spider are covered with different types of setae: macro-setae (spines), setae and micro-setae (hairs). This classification s arbitrary and it is difficult to distinguish between the different types of setae especially if all three types are not represented together. The main criterign for distinguishing between them is size. Çlose y related species may have structures which coulo undoubtedly be called setae in one species, but are represented by stronger structures in another and are then called spines or macro-setae. Macro-setae are usually black in colour and found on the legs and palps. These setae may arise from the cuticle, but often originate from the top of a hollow tubercle. They originate from a colourless area of the exoskeleton and are surrounded by a darker ring. The shape of the base is always characteristic. Each seta is connected with a nerve ending (Fig.3e). Setae (Fig. 3b-d) are finer in structure than the macro-setae and often lie closer to the surface, instead of projecting at right angles to it. Unlike macro-setae, which usually form rows, the setae are found in patches. Setae are not erectile, and their bases,lie inside rings surrounding pores in the cuticle. The following types of setae are found in the thomisids; club-shaped setae which vary from clavate (broader at the apex than at the base) (Fig. 2c) 5 to a uniform thickness (Fig. 3d) and spiniform seta€ which are sharply pointed (Fig. 3b). Micro-setae (Fig. 3a) are also called hairs and are thinner and finer in structure than the setae. The main part of the body and legs are clothed with these setae. They may be smooth, finely ciliate or plumose and may be more or less erect or lie prone. If coloured they may 'form patterns or reinforce an existing colour pattern on the integument. Trichobothria (Fig.3f) are fine, often very long and thin, erect setae, located singly or in series at various places on the legs. Each seta has its origin in a tiny circle on the surface and is usually smooth, b a d c Types of setzelTipe setø. (a) Mic¡o-seta (hair)lMikroseta (haar). (b) Spiniform setzlStekelvormige seta. (c-d). Clubshaped setae/Kn uppelvormige seta. (e).Macro-seta/Makroseta. (f). TrichobothriumlTrigobothrium re 6 FIG.3a-f Juvenile. Body grey to cream;carapace with distinct mediolateral lines; pattern between eye tubercles indistinct, legs banded. Differs from T. blandus in that the body is covered with numerous long, spiniform setae. SYNONYMY AND RELATIONSHIPS The integument of T. spiculosus is similar to that of T. granulatus and T. albohirtus in being clothed with numerous long setae. Z. spiculosus is structurally closest to T. blandus and Z. tripunctatus, in being comparable in size, colour, and in the triangular pattern between the front eyes. Comellini (1957) described T. dottrensi on the basis of one male specimen from Zaire. In comparing the holotype male of T. dottrensi with maleslollected with L spiculosus females, I could find no differences between them, and therefore consider T. dottrensi the male of T. spiculosøs and hence a synonym ofthe latter species. TYPE-LOCALITY Salisbury, Zimbabwe (17"50'S, 31" 02'E), ?, (8.M.?). Type-locality of synonym: T. dottrensi Lukafu (Katanga), Zaïre (9'50'S, 26" 00'E), d (M.R.A.C. 'e69t6). DISTRIBUTION Zimbabwe, Zaire. New records: Nigeria, South Africa (Transvaal). Thomisus anthobius alboirroratus Simon ; Comellini, 1957: 6. Thomisus malevolus F. Pickard-Cambridge, 1907: 825; De Lessert, 1919: l2l; 1923: 169; t936: 258; Lawrence, 1947: 24; Di Caporiacco, 1941: 125; Comellini, 1957: 5. Thomisus sas Strand, 1907a: 539; Comellini, 1957: 30, syn. nov. Thomisus malev olus delessertü Di Caporiac co, l94l : 125, syn. nov. Thomisus malevolus ocellitibiis Di Caporiacco, 1949: 455, syn. nov. DESCRIPTION Female. Size (n:10): TL 9,1 (8,1-10,9); CL 3,9 (3,6-4,7); CW4,3 (4,1-4,8); CI0,9. Colour of carapace fawn, with two broad brown lines mediolaterally, cephalic area suffused with terally. In freshly caught specimens, abdomcl ¿.,,.,r legs tinged with a pale pink. Cephalic area high; eye tubercles directed laterad and slightly dorsad; both eyes rows slightly recurved. ALE larger than AME; posterior eyes equal in size. Tubercles on abdomen prominent. Legsifemora I with 5 spiniform setae dorsally; tibiae and metatarsi I and II with 4-5 and 5-6 pairs of macrosetae respectively. Integument: body covered with small tubercles, each one provided with a short clubshaped seta; posterior part of abdomen with spiniform setae of which the bases are usually darker. Epigynum: ovate, being an elevated plate, with a pair of sub-circular pits, separated by a broad median septum (Fig. 7d). Spermathecae as shown in Fig. 7c. Male. Size (n:10): TL 2,9 (2,6-3,6); CL 1,5 (1,3-1,8); Cw 1,7 (1,6-1,7); CI 0,e. Colour of carapace dark brown, with mediolateral lines which are a shade darker. Abdomen yellow to orange-brown. Legs brown, except the básal half of femora af all legs, which is cream; joints between all the leg segments white; metatarsi and tarsi of legs III and IV banded with white. Abdomen oval, without distinct tubercles on abdomen. Femora I-IV with short setae dorsally; metatarsi and tibiae I and II with 2-3 and 4 pairs of ively. Integument: body clothed ;,'.i13 i:iiili,i':"'ft li,"'*io: .Iuvenile. Triangular pattern present betweerr anterior eyes, pale in colour; carapace with distinct lines mediolaterally; body cream. Abdomen triangularin shape. BIONOMICS This species was collected from grass and trees. The only male was collected in November and the females during June, July and from November to January. Thomisus blandus Karsch, Fig. 7 a-d Thomisw blandus Karsch, 1880: 382. Thomisus anthobius Pocock, 1898a: 225;7898b: 445; 1901: 340; De Lessert, 1919: 208; Comellini, 1957: 5, syn. nov. Thomisus alboirroratus Simon, 1907: 316; Comellini, 1957: 6, syn. nov. SYNONYMY AND RELATIONSHIPS Cornellini (1957) synonymized Z. malevolus [described by Pickard-Cambridge (1907) from the 13 d Thomisus blandus Karsch. (a). Palp, ventral v¡ew/P¿ lp, venlrale aansig. (b). Carapace of female, anterior view/Karapaks van wyfie, anterioraansrg. (c). Internal genitalia, dorsal view/ /¿wendige genitalieë, dorsale aansig. (d). Epigynum, ventral view/Ep igy nium, v enta le aa ns íg . FIG.7a-d Cape Province], and T. alboirroratøs [described by Simon (1907) from Portuguese Guinea/Guinea-Bissaul, with T. anthobius [described by Pocock (1898a) from Estcourt, Natal]. Comellini (1957) Eave T. alboirroratus subspecies status based on minor colour differences. I studied the type-material of the following species: T. alboirroratns (M.N.H.P.), T. anthobius (8.M.), T. malevolus (H.E.C.), T. sus (M.N.B.) and T. blandus (M.N.B.) and consider them conspecific, w¡th the last species as senior synonym. This species is very characteristic and easy to identify. In the male the RTA is very distinct and in the female the epigynum and the dark triangular pattern between the anterior eyes are very characteristic. Di Caporiacco (1941; 1949) described two new subspecies of malevolus, namely delessertii and ocellitibiis respectively, on the basis of small colour differences. As these types of colour differences were frequently observed between individuals of this species, the two subspecies are not recognized. De Lessert (1919) described T. chubbi, lrom Ngare, Tanzania based on one male specimen. In another publication De Lessert (1936) suggested c that f. chubbi may be a synonym of T. anthobius, but he did not synonymize the two species. Comellini (1957) compared the type-material of T. chubbi with that of T. sus, a species described from Tanzania by Strand (I907a), and concluded that they are conspecific. The type-material of T. chubbi was unfortunately not available for study, but based on the findings of De Lessert (1936) and Comellini (1957) it remains possible that T. chubbi is also a synonym of T. blandus. The palp of the male T. blandus resembles that of T. ñpunctatus, whereas it resembles T. spiculosus in body size dnd the triangular pattern between the front eyes. TYPE-LOCALITY South Africa (no exact locality), d (M.N.B.) Type-localities of the synonyms: T. anthobius Estcourt, Natal, South Africa (29" 03'S, 29" 07'E), 9 (8.M.). T. alboirroraúus Bolama, Guinea-Bissau (11' 30'N, 15o 48'W), I (M.N.H.P.). T. malevolus Cape Province (no elait locality), South Africa, I (H.E.C.). T. malevolus delessertii Asile, Ethiopia (04' 52'N, 36' 4l'E), d (? type-material). T. male- 't4 volus Kenya (00' 10'S, 35" 31,E), ?-.{? T. sus A'mani, Tãnzania (õíJ 06's, N.B.) DISTRIBUTION South {frica (Natal and Cape province), Guine a-B iss au, Zaïr e, Moçambiq u e, Zambia, T anzania, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya. New records: Zimbabwe, Ivory Coast, Togo, Somali, South Africa (Transvaal). Reserve, 2.ii.\?77L A.S. Dippenaar, 6 juveniles (N. C.A. 791347); East Londoni Pineapple Ítesearch _S_t149.n, 7.xä.7977, A.S. Dippenaar, Q (N.C.A. 781377): Sundavs River Research Station, near Addo. 5-6,xii.1977, A.S. Dippenaar,2 d, juvenileó (N.C.A. 77ll2t"!;!ort A_!!r.gd. !. xiii.t977 , A.S. Dippenaar, d (N.C.A. 7717187): Kenton-on-Seã xi.1967, R. Jubb, 2 I (4.M.); Port Sr. Johns, 24: Ueckermann, juveniles (N.C.A. 791391\; Rustenburg Nature Reserve, 5.ii.1980, M. Stiller, 3 Ct roblersdal, ":g;fl3Ì: BIONOMICS T. blandus was collected from trees, grass, herbs and flowers. It was also collected from tnã following crops_: pomglo and pawpaw trees, pumpkins and cotton plants. Mature specimens were co[ècted throughout the year. Thornisus granulatw Karsch, Fig. 8 a-f Thomisus granulatus Karsch, 1880: 382; De Lessert, 1923: 173. Thomßus hysnix Lawrence, 1974l. 25 (name preoccupied, Nicolet, 1849). Thomisus lawrencei Roewer, l95l: 449, syn. nov. DESCRIPTION Female. Size (å:5): TL 8,8 (7,3-lt,l); CL 4,1 (3,5-4,6) ;CW 4,0 (3 ;4-4,6) ; CI 1,0. Colour of body and legs cream to fawn, covered with small tubercles of which the tips are cream, thus giying a spotted appearance to the body. Carapace with a white line medially. Eye area and prolaieral sides of legs sometimes tinged with black. Carapace as wide as long, flattened; eye tubercles sharp, directed dorsad and slightly laterad; ante15 rior row of eyes recurved, postèrior row almost straight. AME a little smaller than ALE and slightly nearer to each other than to ALE; PLE a little larger than PME, equidistant; anterior eyes a little larler than posterior eyes. Abdomen triangular in shape, tubercles on abdomen prominent, pointing laterad. Legs clothed with numerous long setae, legs III and IV with fewer setae than I and II; tibiae I and II with 3-4 pairs of macro-setae, metatarsi I and II with 5-6 pairs. Integument: body and legs covered with numerous small tubercles, which resemble polyps, each tubercle provided with a long spiniform seta (Fig. 8b); some setae and tubercles of a darker colour than the rest, especially on the abdomen. Epigynum: varies slightly in shape between individuals (probably because of the age of the individual) from trilobate to membraneous (Fig. 8d and f); spermathecae shown in Fig. 8e. Male. Size (n:2): TL 3,6; CL 1,7; CW 1,8; cI 0,9. Colour of carapace yellowish brown, faintly tinged with black; area around eyes cream. Abdomen yellowish brown, clothed with brown setae. Legs: coxae, trochanters and femora of legsl andll same colour as carapace; patellae, tibiae and metatarsi of these legs blackish brown, tarsi a paler colour.Smaller than females; eye tubercles sharply pointed, dorsad and slightly laterad. Legs: tibiae and metatarsi I clothed with numerous long, black hairs; with macro-setae not clearly visible; legs III and IV d Thomisus granulatus Karsch. (a). Male, dorsal viewlMannetjie, dorsale aansig. (b). Body setae/ Liggaamseta.(c). Palp, ventral view/Palp, ventrale aansrg. (d). Epigynum, ventral view/Epigynium, ventrale aansig. (e). Internal genitalia, dorsal view//nn,endige genitalieë, dorsale aansig. (1). Epigynum, ventral view (variation)lEpígynium, ventrole aansig (variasie) b a FIG.8a-f 16 Juvenile. Similar to females; tubercles of abdomen sharply pointed; abdomen triangular in shape; colour of body greyish white, tinged with black. SYNONYMY AND RELATIONSHIPS T. granulatus is morphologically closest to T. spiculosus and Z. albohirtus. The three species are clothed with numerous long spiniform setae. However, they differ as follows: T. albohirtus, is a more robust spider with strong legs, the tubercles of the abdomen are blunt and pointing dorsad, while Z. granulatus is a more slender spider, with longer and thinner front legs. T. spiculosus differs from both species in having a triangular dark pattern between the anterior eyes. Lawrence (1947) described T. hystrix from Durban, on the basis of a single male specimen. According to Roewer (1951) the name T. hystrix was preoccupied by Nicolet (1849) and he consequently changed the name of the species to T. Iawrencei. Lawrence was of the opinion that T. hystrix could be the male of T. albohirtus or T. spiculosus. However, the male of T. albohirtus lrom Gondaraba was described by Di Caporiacco (1941) and the male of 7. spiculosus (collected with females) is described for the first time in this paper. The palps of both these species differ from that of L lawrencei. T. lawrencei was collected during an expedition of Dr I. Trägard (Sweden) to Natal and Zululand in 1904 and 1905. Dr Lawrence (formerly from Natal Museum) was asked to identify the spiders. According to Dr Waldén (in litt.) of the Naturhistoriska Museet Göteborg, Sweden, the material was probably lost in transit as it could not be found in either museum. Although the type-material was not seen, Lawrence (1947) made clear drawings and gave a detailed description of the species. Due to its apparent similarity to T. granulatus, especially as regards the palp and spinosity of the body, I consider T. lawrencelasynonym of T. granulatus. TYPE-LOCALITY Malawi (exact locality not known), I (M.N.B. 29e7). Type-locality of synonym: T. lawrencel Durban, Natal, South Africa (29'57'5, 30'59'E), d (type-material lost). DISTRIBUTION Malawi, South Africa (Natal). New records: Zambia, South Africa (Transvaal, Cape Province). with fewer setae. Integument: body and legs clothed with numerous thick, and very long spiniform setae (Fig. 8a). Palp as shown in Fig. 8c. MATERIAL EXAMINED ^ MALAWI: (no exact locality), Van Heyne, Ç-holotype (M.N.B. 2997). z/^Vtst{; NâbuTwo females from S.A.M. (8862) were measured and examined, their localities on the labels are only "K kloof". BIONOMICS Females were collected from September to December, and' males during November and December. They were collected mainly from grass. This species is well camouflaged on dry grass and closely resembles grass seed. Thomisw scrupeus (Simon), Fig. 9a-g Daradius scrøpeøs Simon, 1886a: 363. Thomisus scrupeus (Simon); De Lessert, 1919:270; Comellini, 1957 : 26; Jèzèquel, 1964 , ll2l. Thomisus caffer Simon, 1904:69; De Lessert, 1919: I77; 1923: 777; Lawrence, 7927 : 36; 1942: I57 ; Di Caporiacco, 1949: 455 ; Comellini, 1957 : 26. Thomßus amanicus Strand, 7907a: 537;1907b: 652; Comellini.l95T:26. Thomisus quadrituberculatus De Lessert, 1943: 327 ; Comellini, 7957:26. Thomisus lindneriRoewer, 1956: 47, syn. nov. DESCRIPTION Female. Size (2,7-3,6); C\^/ 3,6 TL 7,I (ó,5-9,8); CL 3,1 cr 0,9. (n:1 (3,2-40) ,1) 17 Colour of body varies from off-white to dark brown; abdomen usually with a dark brown band between tubercles of abdomen; area posterior to this band sometimes a darker colour thãn rest. Tibiae PLE slightly larger than PME. Abdomen bellshaped (Fig. 9f). Legs I and II robust (Fig. 9d) with femora, patellae and tibiae thickened; tibiae I ând II with 3-4 pairs of short and thick macro-setae, metatarsi I and II with 4-5 pairs covered with small tuberc ance (Fig. 9e); some tube IvIale Size (n=5): TL 3,1 (2,5-3,4); CL I,6 (L,6-1,7);CW 1,7 (1,6-L,8); CI 1,0. Structurally very similar to female, ditTers as follows. Smaller; body more flattened; abdomen without prominent tubercles on abdomen; ntacrosetae longer on tibiae and metatarsi of legs I and IL Palp: large with embolus short and tegulum enlarged, protuberant (Fig. 99). Juvenile. Similar to adult spider. SYNONYMY AND RELATIONSHIPS T. scrupeus can be readily separated from its African congeners by the shape of both the male and female genitalia, the granulated integument and the sturdy bodies. I studied the type-material of T. amanicui (M.N.B.) and T. quadrituberculatus (M.R.A.C.) and agree with Comellini (1957) who synonymized both species with T. scrupeus. Comellini also considered T. caffer a synonym of T. scrupeus. The typemaierial of the former species was unfortunately noi available for study but its description by Simon (1886a) and a redescription by De Lessert (1923) indicate that it is indistinguishable from scrupeus at the specific level. ffi.\rl b e a d Thomßus.scrupels (simg.Q' (a). fnternal genitalia, dorsal view/lnwendige genitalieë, dorsale aansrg. (b-c). Epigynum, ventral view_ (variations)/Epigynium, yentrgle aansig (variøsies). (a). I-ãg1, laterai view/poot I,"laàraíe aìnííg. @|. Body setae/Liggaamseta. (f). Female, dorsal view/Wyfie, dorsale aansig. (g). Éalp, ventr alview/paip,,ventrale aarÃig' ' FIC.9a-g 18 Roewer (1956) described T. lindneri from East Africa and it was hitherto known only from the fe-, male holotype. The type-specimen Ìvas not available for study but the description as well as the clear drawings of Roewer (1956) corresponds so well with that of. scrupeus that I have no doubt that Z. lindneri is a synonym of. T. scrupeus. TYPE-LOCALITY lijn, juvenile (N.C.A. 7617945); Gretna farm, GraDakar, Senegal, West Africa (14' 45tN, 17o 08'W), 6f, f. immature d (M.N.H.P. 7914'). Type-localities of synonyms: T. smanicus Amani, Tanzania (05" 06'S, 38" 38'E), I (M.N.B.); T. caffer Soutpansberg, Transvaal, South Africa -(23' 03'S, 29" 57'E), (M.N.H.G.); T, gltadltyberculatus Sankisia, Zaire (09" 12,5, 25" 46'E), d (M.R.A.C.); T. IindneriMsingi, near Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (03" 12iS, 37" O3'E), I (? type-material). DISTRIBUTION Senegal, Tanzania, Zaïre, South Africa (Natal, Cape Province, Transvaal), Kenya, Ivory Coast. New records: South West Africa, Malawi, Rwanda. MATERIALEXAMINED e, i-ii.197 , d I (M.R. , l.x 153.339); sir cqué, çl 148.073). RWANDA: Bugesera, 25.ä.1960, N. Leleup, Ç (M.R.A.C. 154.402). IVORY COAST: Bingoville, 7.ä.1963, J. Decelle. TANZANIA: (M.R.A.C. 72139); Kivu, v.1946, J. le Roy, g (M.R.A.C. sS.300). SOUTH WESTAFRICA:'Künene River, Erikson's Drift, iii.1923, R.F. Lawrence, I (S.A.M. 86139). SOUTH AFRICA: BIONOMICS The mature females were collected from December to May and the males from November to January. They were collected mainly from trees but also from grass. Thomßus natalensis Lawrence, Fig. 10a-d Thomßus natalensis Lawrence, 1942: 156; Comellini,1957:2L. DESCRIPTION Female. Size (n:2): TL 8,8; CL 4,3; CW 4,7; cI0,g. Colour: carapace and legs uniformly yellow, abdomen white; front pair of legs suffused with white dorsolaterally. Carapace: a little wider than long, high; eye tubercles not strongly pointed; tubercles form a distinct edge between clypeus and the dorsal part of carapace (like the carina of Runcinia) (Fig.10c); both eye rows recurved; AME smaller than ALE; posterior eyes equal in size. Abdomen as seen from above pentagonal in shape with almost straight sides; tubercles on abdomen not strongly developed. Legs: tibiae I and II with 2-3 pairs of macro-setae, metatarsi I and II with 5-6 pairs. Integument: body and legs covered with numerous minute tubercles, each tubercle provided with a club-shaped seta; generally a smoother appearance than T. scrupeus. Epigynum: very characteristic, ovate with the edge slightly darkened (Fig. 10b), internal genitalia shown in Fig. lOa. Male.Unknown. Juvenile. The immature female studied from Zimbabwe (T.M. 8062) is very similar to adult female; the body shape and the eye tubercles are very characteristic. RELATIONSHIPS Morphologically closest to T. scrupeüJ and ?" zuluanus. 19 a d Thomßus nøtaiensis Lawrence female/wyfie. (a). Internal genitalia, dorsal viewllnwendige genitalieë, dorsale aansig (b). Epigynum, ventral view/Epigynium, ventrale aansig. (c). Canpace, anterior viewlKaiapaks, anterioraansig. (d) Body seTae/ Liggaamseta b c FIG. 10a-d TYPE-LOCALITY Umhiali, North Coast, Natal, South Africa (29" 29',5,31' 16'E), ? (N.M.2923). DISTRIBUTION South Africa (Natal). New records: Zimbabwe. MATER,IAL EXAMINED ZIMBABWE: Changadzi River, 5m E of Birchenough Bridge, i. 1938, V. FitzSimons, immature 9 (T.M. 8062). SOUTHAFRICA: Natal: umhlali, North Coast, Ç-holotype (N.M. 2923); Lake Sibayi, 10.i.1969, A. Boshoff, I N.C.A. 80/35); Sodwana Bay, 19.v.1981, 2 juveniles (S.A.M. C326). BIONOMICS A poorly known species. The specimens from Sodwana Bay were collected from low growing vegetation. Thomßus zuluanus Lawrence, Fig. 11 a-c Thomisus zuluanus Lawrence, 1942: 155. DESCRIPTION Female. Size (n:1): TL 7,5; CL 3,7; CW 4,0; CI O,9. Colour: carapace and legs yellow, mottled with white; carapace with a triangular pattern when viewed from front, tinged with brown (Fig. 1Lc); cephalic area with a few faint white broken lines. Abdomen ivory-white. Carapace: elevated in cephalic area; both eye rows slightly recurved; anterior eyes equal in size but larger than posterior eyes; posterior eyes equal in size. Abdomen pentagonal in shape; tubercles on abdomen indistinct. Legs I and II stout; femora I and II with strong setae dorsally; tibiae I and II with 4-5 pairs of macro-setae and metatarsi I and II with 8-9 pairs, which are stronger than those of tibiae. Integument: body covered with small tubercles, each tubercle provided with a stout seta (Fig. 11b), which are, however, easily lost; abdomen with more tubercles than carapace; setae on abdomen slightly longer. Epigynum: not very distinct; with narrow median septum (Fig. 11a); the internal genitalia were not studied due to the lack of material. 20 a FIG. 11a-c Male.Unknown Iuvenile. Unknown RELATIONSHIPS The shape of the body resembles T. natalensß, but their genitalia differ. Resembles T. schultzei in the basic shape of the genitalia, but the shape of the carapace and eye tubercles differ. Thomßus zuluanus Lawrence female/wyfie. (a). Epigynum, ventral viedEp igynium, ventrale aansig. (b). Body setael Liggaamseta. (c). Carapace, anterior view/K¿ rapaks, anterioraansig TYPE.LOCALITY Kosi Bay, Natal (Zululand), South Africa (2f 03' S,33" 01'E), ? (N.M.1992). DISTRIBUTION Known only from type-specimen MATERIALEXAMINED SOUTH AFRICA: Natal: Kosi Bay, Toppin, Ç -holotype (N.M. 1992). Colour: carapace and legs fawn; cephalic area suffused with white and triangle between anterior eyes brownish. Abdomen white. Carapace: area in which eyes are situated slightly elevated (Fig. 12c); eye tubercles blunt, not very prominent; anterior eye row recurved; posterior row straight; anterior eyes equal in size; AME nearer to each other than the ALE; posterior eyes equal in size; PME nearer to pLE than to each Abiae I and II with 6 pairs. Integument: covered with numerous small tubercles, each tubercle provided with a short . spiniform rrcular pits (Fig. 12a); Male.Unkown. Juvenile. Unknown. RELATIONSHIPS This species resembles T. zuluunus in shape and size, and has the same type of setae on the body. However, the genitalia and eye tubercles differ. BIONOMICS Unknown DESCRIPTION Female. Size (2,2-3,6);CW3,2 Thomisus schultzeiSimon, Fig. 12 a-c Thomisus schultzei Simon, 1910: I94 Lawrence, 1936: 1.53 ; Comellini, 1957 :25 . TYPE-LOCALITY Keetmanshoop, Great Namaqualand, South West Africa (26" 30'S, 18' 05'E), ? (M.N.H.P. 244e1). DISTRIBUTION South West Africa, South Africa (Cape Province). (n:10): -tL 7,8 (4,9-9,8); CL 3,1 (2,3-3 ,6); CI 1,0. 21 MATERIALEXAMINED SOUTH WEST AFRICA: Gobabeb (dunes south of station), 6.iv.1967, C. Koch, I (e'U.); Gobabeb, 26.vi.1969, M. Jenson, Q (4.M.); Gobabeb, 30.i.7976, B. Wharton, I N.C'A. 80/55); Outjo, iv. 1925,9 (S.A.M. 86730); Kaoko Otavi, i-iv.I926, I (S.A.M. 87037); Kunene River, xi.1960, F. Gaerdes, I (S.A.M. B802\; Belleä.1975, F.C. de Moor, I (s.A.M. 8,66ß\; erdes, Ç (4.M.); Rosh ict, iv. 7973, A. Moritz, 9 (N.C.A. 761443). SOUTH AFRICA: Capg Pro; iir"et Calvinia, 1.vi.1902, Dr Marloth, ? (z.M.H.). BIONOMICS Known only from the warm and dry regions of southern Africa. The females were collected between November and June. According to Vy'harton (1930) T. schultzei was present almost throughout ìn" y"ut on Zygophytlum simplex in the central Namib Desert. It was observed feeding on Halictid and Tinaegeriid adults. Thomisus citrinel/as Simon, Fig. L3 a-e Thomßus citrinellus Simon, 1875: 253; Bonnet, 1959 : 457 8;Levy, L97 3 : lTl ;Benoit, 1978 : 900. Thomisus spiniþr decorata Millot, t94t: 47, syn. nov. Thomisus spiniþr obscurus Di Caporiacco, 1941: 727 ; 1949 : 456, sYn. nov. Thomßus spinifer simoni Di Caporiacco, t94l: 126; 1949:456,syn. nov. Thomßus spiniþr maculitibiß Di Caporiac co, 1947 a: 2L6, syn. nov. DESCRIPTION Female. Size (n:10): TL 5,9 (5,3-6,6); CL2,0 (7,9 -2,3) ;CW 1,9 (1,7 -2,3) ; CI 7,I. b c Thomßus schulrz¿i Simon femalelwyfie. (a). Epigynum, ventral vieilEpigynium, ventrale aansiS. (b). Internal genitalia,dorsalviewllnwendigegenitalieëldorsàieaai*slþ.1c¡.Carapace,anteriorviev lKarapaks,anterioraansis a FIG. l2a-c 22 DESCRIPTION rally; eye area and cephalic region suffused with white; abdomen and legs similar in colour to carapace; tubercles on abdomen sometimes with a black spot. . Carapace: as wide as long, cephalic region raised; eye tubercles not sharply poinied; bothlye rows recurved; posterior eyes smaller than anterior eyes, anterior eyes equal in size; AME nearer to each other than to ALE; posterior eyes equal in size; PME nearer to PLE than to each other. Abdomen blunt tubercles. Legs: dor- ; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs arsi I and II with 5-6 pairs. Integument: body and legs covered with numerous short setae. Epigynum: two circular pits ìvith meclian septum (Fig. 16d); spermathecae shown in Fig. 16c. ., ^Yl!".^_S_ize (n:10). TL 2,8 (2,5-3,2); CL I,3 (1,2-1,5); CW 1,5 (1,3-1,6); CI0,9. ' Colour: varies between individuals; body and legs fawn to off-white; carapace and legs occasio_ nally decorated with red markings, whichJade in al_ cohol. Carapace: cephalic area elevated; eye tubercles pointed. Body clothed with strong spiniform setae. Tibiae and metatarsi I and II without strong macrosetae, clo thin hair s short; pal that pate physis on side (Fig. s is the only with such Iuvenile. Very similar to females. It is difficult to distinguish juveniles of T. kalaha¡rnus from those of T. stenningi. b cd T'homisus stenningiPo ibial apophysis, retrolateral view/Palp, tibiale apofieses, retrolaterale aansig (b)' Palp, ventral view nslg. ('c).'Internal genitalia, dorsal viãw/øwendige genitalieë, dorsale aansig (d). Epigynum, ventral ,eitràte aansig a FIG. 16a-d 29 SYNONYMY AND RELATIONSHIPS Numerous females which correspond with the description o1 T. stenningiwere collected. Males collected with these females (occasionally on the body of the female) correspond with the description of T. weberi (De Lessert, 1923). As both the male of T. stenningi and the female of T. weberi were hitherto unknown, I consider T. weberi to be the male of T. stenningi, and therefore a synonym ofthe latter species. T. stenningi is very similar to T. onusúus in body shape and both species have the ability to change colour. The drawings of T. onustus (Levy, 1973: 726, Fig. 39-42) indicate that the two species differ in the shape of both the male and female genitalia. The shape of the embolus of the palp of T. stenningi is very similar to that of. T. boesenbergi and T. dalmasi. However, it differs from them in the presence of the apophysis on the patella. TYPE-LOCALITY Pirie Bush (Pirie forest), King William's Town, Cape Province, South Africa (27 " 27'8,32' 35'S), I (8.M.). TypeJocality of synonym: T. weberi Amatola Mountains, Hogsback, Cape Province, South Africa (27o O5'8, 32" 35'S), d (according to De Lessert, d-holotype is housed in the A.M. but I could not locate it in that collection). DISTRIBUTION South Africa (Natal, Cape Province), Zaire, Kenya, Angola, Guinea. New records: Uganda, Zambia, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Orange Free State, Transvaal). stroom, xi.1965, P. Ryke, I N.M. 9501); Kensington, xä.1973, A.S. Dippenaar, ? (N.C.A. 7617596); Springs, 27.1i.1965, 2 9 (swe. exp. A.Vt.)t Dendron, 5.vi.7967, A.S. Dippenaar, Ç (N.C.A. 7611283). Orange Free State: Reddersburg, 8.i.1979, C. Kok, 2 ct (N.C.A. 79169). Nafal: Margate, 8.v.1979, C.J. Cilliers, d (N.C.A. 791246); Makatini Flats, 5.v.1977, A.S. Dippenaar, 2 d (N. C. A. 79 137 0) ; Dukuduku, 29.äi.1977, A'S. Dìppenaar, d (N.C.A. 771650); Loteni Nature Reierve, 25.xä.1979, E. van den Betg, 2 Q, d (N.C.A. 791383), Cape Province; Knysna, Diepwalle, Forest Reserve, 74.vi.7976, N.J. Dippenaar, d (N.C.A. 761933); Mountain Zebra National Park near Cradock, 23.äi.7976, A.S. Dippenaat,2 d (N.C.A. 761600);12 km N Komgha, l.xii'1977, A.S. Dippenaar, d (N.C.A. 7711205); Stellenbosch, t912, vf. Volschenk, d (N.C.A. 77ß7\; Hermanus, 21.xii.1950, 2 d (swe' exp. A.M.); Fort Grey, East London,2.xä.7977, A.S. Dippenaar, d (N.C.A. 77 17797); Ladysmith, I.xä.I977, S. Neser, d (N.C.A. 781381); Jessievale, Warburton, 8.iii.1.978, N.J. van Rensburg, d (N.C.A. 791361); Keiskamma River, 5.xä.1977, A'S. Dippenaar, 'çl (N.C.A. 78147); Elsenburg, 14.ä.1972, A.S. Dippenaar, d (N.C.A. 761808);Jeffreys Bay, 25.i1i.I978, S. Stiemie, d (N.C.A. 781476); }Jt¡- mansdorp, De Vaselot Nature Reserve, 24.v.1978, N.J. Dippenaar,2 d (N.C.A. 781566\; Addo Ele79 1357); Dassiekrans, Grahamstown, xii. 1969, R.F. Ñeser, 9 N.C.A. 791334); Port Alfred, 7.1i.1968, A. Capener, I (N.C.A. 79135I); Plettenberg Bay, 76.i.I979,C. Kok, I N.C.A.'79185). BIONOMICS Adults were collected throughout the year, i.e. including winter. Their numbers were the highest from Oðtober to March. Specimens of this species were frequently collected from flowers. Some were also coileèted from grass and crops such as strawberries, cotton and lucerne. The females are able to change their colour from white to yellow and occasionally some freshly caught specimens have a pink tint. MATERIALEXAMINED ZAÏRE: Ngombe, 5.xi.1927, H. Schoutedeni, niles (swe. exp. A.Vt.); Maseru, 1951, d, I (swe, exp. A.M.).ZIMBABWE: Umtali, Palgrave, Greenside, 20.xi.t965, d (N.M.B. UM 15319). SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal: Johannesburg s.iii.1966, P. Brits, d (N.C.A. 791375\; Brits, xi.1975, A.S. Dippenaar, 2 d (N.C.A. 7611.658); Rust de Winter, 6.xä.I971, L. Pretorius, d (N.C. A. 79137 4); BronkhorstsPruit, 26. ii. 1978, N. J. Dippenaar, d, I (N.C.A. 791327); Heidelberg Nature Reserve, 74.ä.t979, A.S. Dippenaar, Cf (N.C.A. 791153); Pretoria 5.ix.1978, B. Fourie, 2 Ct (N.C.A. 79137t); Zeerust 30.iii.1975, J. Oosthuizen, d (N.C.A. 79191); Levubu, 28.ii1.7973, A.S. Dippenaar, cf (N.C.A. 791356); Roodeplaat, 1972, A.S. Dippenaar, 2 d (N.C.A. 761496); En' keldoorn, near Molotto, 6.viii.1974, A.S. Dippenaar, Cf (N.C.A. 761300); Piet Retief, xii.1976, I. Klingenberg, I (N.C.A. 7612003); PotchefThomisus ausú¡alr's Comellini, Fig. 17a-e Thomisus australis Comellini, 1957: 6;7959:JQ. __ Thomßus drakensberg¿ruis Comellini, 1959: 114, syn. nov. Thomisus mossambicus Comellini, 1957: 20, syn. nov. Thomßus mossambicus weidneri Comellini, L957: 20, syn. nov. 30 DESCRIPTION Female. Size (n:10): TL 6,5 (5,2-8,2); Cl 2,6 (2,2-3,2);CW 2,7 (2,2-2,8);CI 1 ,0. Colour: carapace yellowish, cephalic area white; browq triangular pattern between anterior eyes as viewed flom the front. Abdomen yellow. Leg$: dorselateral side of front legs suffused with white; tarsi o{front legs reddiih browi. Carapace: as wide as long;' cephalic region slightly elevated; eye tubercle blunt, anterior eye row recurved; posterior row almost straight; anterior rior eyes; posterior PLE than túbercles of moderate length. Legs: femora I and II with a few macro-setae dorsally; tibiae I and II With.3-4 pairs of macro-setae and metatarsi I and II with 6-7 paírs. Iirtegument: carapace clothed with numercus ìhort spiniform setae; aþdomen clothed with spiniform. setae that are of moderate length, arranged in rows; legs with short spiniform setae. Epigynum: large and horseshoe-shaped (Fig. 17d), sclerotized. Varies a between individuals (see Comellini, I and2 and p. lI4,Fig.7 and 8); not mmature specimens (Fig. l7c). Sperhown in Fig. 17e. . Vqþ. Size (n:8)' TL 3,0 (2,8-3,2); CL L,4 (1,3-1,5); CW 1,5 (7,4-7,5);CI 1,0. Carapace and abdomen more flattened than those of female; abdomen ovate; clothed with numerous dark spiniform setae dorsally with a few faint white markings on integument; macro-setae on the , the segrs. Palp: long; on d seta as showninFig.lTb. fuvenile. Similar to female, body yellow and triangle between eyes brown. Horseshoe-shaped epigynum, already discernable in immature -femaies (Fig.17c). named T. mossambicus weidneri, a new subspecies from Johannesburg. The holotype of ?. mosiambi_ cus was not available for study but I compared iden_ tified material of Z. mossambicus from the 8.M., and the type-material of T. mossambicus weidneri (Z.M.H.), with the type-material of T. australis. T ed' wit that of T. australis and I therefore regard the former species and T.m. weidneri as synonyms of. T. austraüs. T. australis bears a close resemblance to T. dal_ ma1i, !. stenningi_and T. kalaharinus in size, shape and colour but differs from them in the shape of tLe genitalia. TYPE-LOCALITY Mogambique [I could not trace Shilowana on the map of Moçambique but only a Shilowa in the on the Moçambique g (M.N.H.:G.)1. nneiburg, Tranñaal, 'E),I Ø.M.H.). DISTRIBUTION South Africa (Natal,Transvaal), Mogambique. New records: Tanzania, Burundi, Zaîre, Mralawi, South AÏrica (Cape Province), Lesotho. MATERIAL EXAMINED SYNONYMY AND RELATIONSHIPS Comellini (1957) described T. australis from mpagne Castle, Drakens- (1959) recorded a female considered it to be the female of T. australis. He (1959) also described T. drakensbergensis on the basis of three females from Champagne Castle. Mr P. Croeser collected a male and female, which were mating (N.C.A. 791380) at Hogsback in the Amatola Mountains. In compaiing these specimens with the type-material of T. austril's and T. drakensbergensis, I found that the male corresponds with those of T. austrqll¡ and the female with those of T. drakensbergensis. Additional material indicated that the specimens described as the female of T. australis are immature, while T. drakensbergensis isin fact the female of T. australis. Comellini (1957) described T. mossambicus on the basis of one female from Moçambique. He also TANZANIA: Mazumbai, W. Usambara Mountains, v.7969, K.M. Hoûell, immature Q LAWI: Viphya Mt, Chikangawa, iii-iv.1.978, R. Jocqué, I (M.R.A.C. 153.651). LESOTHO: Maseru, 8.x.1907, Dr Maclean, I (8.M.07.10.8.415). SOUTH AFRICA: Natal: Champagne Castle Hotel, Drakensberg Mountains, i.1958, R.F. Lawrence, Cf-holotype (N.M. 5689), 4 juveniles (N.M. 5690); from the same locality Ç-holotype of T. drakensbergensis and Ç-allotype T. australis (N.M. 6968); Royal Natal National Park, 5.iv.1951, Ç (swe. exp. A.M.); Loteni Nature Reserve, Drakensburg Mountains, 25.xä.1978, E. van den Berg, d, juveniles (N.C.A. 791384); Estcourt, I (swe. exp. A.M.). Cape Province.. Rondebosch, 30.i.1951, Ç (swe. exp. A.M.); , 16.i.1979, C. Kok, 7 juveniles ; King William's Town, 20.i.1977, , 9 (N.C.A. 791335); The Crag 31 b a d c e Thomßus australi.s Comellini. (a).Palp, ventral view/P¿lp, ventrale aønsig. (b). Palp, tibial apophysiq, retrolateral viewlPalp,.tibiale apofieses, retrolaterale aansig. (c).Immature female epigynum, ventral viewlOnvolwasse wyfie, epï gynium,'ventrale aansig. (d).Epigynum, ventral view/-Ep igynium, ventraiè aansig. (e).Internal genitalia, dorsal view/1nwendí ge gen italieë, dorsale aansi g FIG. 17a-e 32 BIONOMICS Females were collected from December to April and males from November to March, mainly from grass and flowers. . .Tþopigllç dalmasi De Lessert, Fig. 18a-d Thomßw dalmasi De Lessert, 7919:ll9; Comellini, 7957:70. Thomisus dalmasoides Millot, 194I: 47; Comellini, 7957:70. Thomisus unthobioides Lawrence, 1942: 154; Comellini, 1957:4, syn. nov. Thomisus anthobioides mongbwalenvs Comellini, 1957:4, syn. nov. Colour: body and with chelicerae and Carapace: as wi curved; AME sligh nearer to each other than to ALE. pME slightly smaller than PLE; PME nearer to each other thãn tó PLE; eye tubercles directed more laterad than dorsad. Abdomen pentagonal; weakly developed tubcrcles on abdomen. Legs: tibia I and II with 3 pairs of etatarsi I and II with 5-6 pairs. Inte_ h with few short setae. Epigynum: unded pits (Fig. 18b); spermathecae 18a. . Male. Size (n:9): TL 2,5 (2,3-2,7); CL I.i (1,0-1.,2) ; CW 1,2 (1, 1-1,3) ; CI 0,9. Colour: body yell fittc darker than the rest o lin, , mediolaterally; eye ar asiothe abdomen is reddish brown on the anteriolater I side. Juvenile. Similar to females, primary setae C¡ and 51 prominent. Tubercles in abdomen sometimes with a red spot. DESCRIPTION Female. Size 3,7 (3,1-4,r);CW3 (n:10): TL 8,1 (7,1-9,4); CL ,6(2,8-4,7);CI 1,0. ab Thomfus,dalmasiDe Lessert. (a). Internal genitalia, dorsal view/lnw endige genitalieë, dorsale aansig. (b). Epigynum, ventral view/Epigynium, ventrale aanng FIG. 18a-b 33 d c FIG. 18c-d (c). Palp, tibial apophysis, retrolateral viewlPalp, tibiale apofieies, retolaterale aansig- (d). Palp, ventral viewlPalp, ventrale aansig SYNONYMY AND RELATIONSHIPS Immature specimens and females collected together with males of T. dalmasi correspond with the females of T. anthobioides. As the female of T. dalmasi was hitherto unknown, I consider T. anthobiordes the female of T. dalmasi, and therefore synonymous with the latter species. Comellini (1957) named a new subspecies T. anthobioides mongbwalensis which differs from the nominate subspecies in the shape of the eye tubercles and body colour. I compared the type-material of T. a. mongbwalensls (M.R.A.C. 1869) with the type and other specimens of T. anthobioides (N.M. 2924) but could not support its subspecies status. The colour and shape of the body of. T. dalmasi are very similar to those of T. australis, T. stenningi and T. kalaharinus, but it can easily be distinguished from them by the shape of the genitalia. The epigynum of T. dalmasi is similar to that of T. hararinus (Di Caporiacco,l94Ta); however, the holotype of the latter species was not available for detailed comparisons, TYPE-LOCALITY Kibonoto, Kilimanjaro. It is likely that Kibonoto is a misspelling of Kibongoto in the south-western foothills of Mt Kilimanjaro, Moshi District, Tanzania (03' 12'S,37" 07'E). cf(M.N.H.G.). Type-locality of synonyms: T. dalmasoides Dalaba, Guinea, West Africa 10' 33'N, 12" 25'W), d (M.N.H.P.). Z. anthobioides Umhlali, North Coast, Natal, South Africa (29" 28',S, 31o 28'.F-), I (N.M 2924). T. anmong,bwalensß Mongbwalu, Zaire 30o 03'E), ? (M.R.A.C. 1869). thobioides (01' 56',N, DISTRIBUTION T anzania, Guine a, Zaïr e,South Africa (Natal) . New records: Cameroun, Rwanda, Mocambique. MATERIAL EXAMINED olotype .186e); i:i2l 136.207); Kivu, Kambaila, vi.1.973, M. Lejeune, I (M.R.A.C. 145.780); Kivu, Kibati, 1953, J. Heeg, 9 (M.R.A.C. 787067); Kivu, Handa, 1952, vandelannoite, 4 I (M.R.A.C. 78509, 788193 and 788182); Kivu, Butembo, v.1967, R. Lejeune, 59 (M.R.A.C. L40.861, 732.805 and 132.818); Djugu, v.1977, Bzedo, çl (M.R.A.C. 213.5I). CAMEROUN: Buea, 2.ix.1968, J. van Mol, Ç (M.R.A.C. 135.325); Bakossi, 10.iii.1913, Comellini, Ç (Z.M.H.). RWANDA: Kisenyi (Gisenyi), 13.ii.1953, P. Basilensky, ? (M.R.A.C. 75298); Butare (:Astrida), iivii.1971, P. Nyalugaka, 4 9 (M.R.A.C. 139.073 and 140.701),22.x.1952, R. Laurent, I (M.R.A.C. 85129), 20.vi.7979, A. Vandenberghe, ? (M.R.A.C. 152.012); Kisenyi (Gisenyi), 13.ii.1953, P. Basilensky, C (M.R.A.C. 75294). MOçAMBIQUE: Gorondoza Mts (800 m), ix.1951, 4 d (N.M. 6935). SOUTH AFRICA: Natal: Umhlali, North Coast, ii.1940, 34 R.F. Lawrence, Ç-holotype, (N.M. 292a\; Mapelaan (dune forest), 1.v.1977, P. Reavell, I (N.C.A. x.7977,P._Reavell, 9 (N.C. 8.v.7979, C.J. Cilliers, Õ' .1977, d (N.C.A. 77t96e\. BIONOMICS Females were collected almost throughout the year. Thomisus congoensis Comellini, Fig. 19 a-b Thomßus congoensis Comellini, 1957 : 9. DESCRIPTION Female. Unknown. Male. Size (n=4): -IL 2,5 (2,2-2,6); CL I,3 (I,21,3); CW 7,3 (1,2-1,3); CI 1,0. Colour: carapace pale brown with abdomen yellow; leg I dark brown except tarsus which is yellow; leg II dark brown except coxa, trochanter and basal half of femur and tarsus which are yellow; joints between segments of all legs white. Carapace: eye tubercles sharply pointed; both eye ro\ils slightly recurved; anterior eyes larger than posterior eyes; anterior eyes equal in size; AME nearer to ALE than to each other; PME slightly smaller than PLE; PME nearer to PLE than to each other. Legs I and II without macro-setae. Integument: body covered with small tubercles, each tubercle provided with a short, stout erect seta. Palp: RTA broad; small tubercles on retrolateral side of tibia, at base of RTA each provided with a long thin seta (Fig.19a-b); these setae are easily lost (not present on drawing of d-holotype, Comellini, 1957: e). Juvenile. Unknown. RELATIONSHIPS This species was hitherto known only from the holotype. The palp is similar to that of T. machadoi but the two species differ in the shape of the embolus and RTA. The eye tubercles are more pointed in T. bbngoensß and with more setae on body. TYPE-LOCALITY The type-locality is given only as Zaite by the collector, De Lessert. The holotype is housed in the M.N.H.G. DISTRIBUTION Zaîre. New records: South Africa (Transvaal). MATERIALEXAMINED SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal: Naboomspruit, Nylsvley, xä.7977, G. Ferreira, d (N.C.A. 781525); Rust de Winter, 10.v.L972, L. Pretorius, Ct (N.C.A. 7611706); farm Amsterdam, 17 km NE Dendron, 7.i.I970, J. Viljoen, 2 d (N.C.A. 771846); Rustenburg Nature Reserve, ll.xä.1979, A.S. Dippenaar, $ (N.C.A. 80157). a Thomisus congoensß Comellini male lmannetjie. (a). Palp, ventral view/P¿lp, ventrale aanslg. (b). Tibial apophysis, retrolateral vieWTibiale apofiese, relrolaterale aansig FIG. 19a-b 35 DESCRIPTION Female. Unknown. Male. Size (n:1): TL 3,2; CL 2,1; CW 2,1;Cll,0, Colour: carapace brown; eye area slightly paler; abdomen a pale brown; lateral sides a darker brown; legs I-IV brown with legs I and II darker than rest; ¡neta1lrisi and tibiae I and II slightly banded. Carapace: elevated; eye tubercles not sharply pointed; directed slightly dorsad; anterior eyes larger than posterior eyes. Abdomen bell-shaped. Tihiae ¡.ncl metatarsi I and II with long, thin macro- :ìr':le. Integument: body clothed with short setae, less numerous than in T. congoensis. Palp: tip of F'rA r trrnded, near tip a small tubercle (Fig. 20a :ur.ì i,.); retrolateral side of tibia covered with small t.r'i.;ercles, each provided with a hair. Tubercles ilrr;,;'r'than those of T. congoensß. BIONOMICS Males were collected from trees, grass and on cotton during December, January and May. Thomßus machadoiComellini, Fig. 20 a-b Thomis us rnachado i Comellini, 1959 : 1 17. Juvenile. Unknown. RELAT'IONSHIPS Closeiy related to Z. congoensis TYPE-LOCALITY Angola, Mocamedes (15'20'S, 12" LL'E), dholotype (Museum de Dundo 19554). DISTRIBUTION Angola. New records: Cape Verde Islands, South Africa (Transvaal). MATERIALEXAMINED CAPE VERDE: Brava,7959,L. Pequeno, d (M.R.A.C. 131.151). SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal: farm Amsterdam, 17 km NE Dendron, district Soutpansberg, 7.i.1970,J. Viljoen, Cf (N.C.A. 791373). BIONOMICS A poorly known and collected species. The male from Transvaal was collected in January by means of a suction trap. SPECIES INCERTAE SEDIS Thomßus hottentotus Strand Thomßus hottentotus Strand, 1907a: 538; 1907b: 656; Roewer, 7954: 859; Comellini, 1957 : 14. The holotype of this species (Ç, collected in the Cape Province, no exact locality) is believed to have been deposited in the Museum of Natural History, Lübeck and destroyed during the Second World War. The species cannot be positively identified from the original description. Thomisus lenzi Strand Tho mis us le n z i Str and, 1907 a:538 ; I907b : 65 4. The holotype (Ç, collected in the Cape Province, no exact locality) also believed to have been deposited in the Museum of Natural History, b Thomßus machadoi Comellini malelmannetjie. (a). Palp, ventral view/P¿lp, ventrale aansig. (b). Tibial apophysis, retrolateral view/Tibiale apofieses, retrolaterale aansig FIG.20a-b 36 Lübeck and destroyed during the Second World War. RUNCINIASimon, 1g75 Runc,inio_psis Simon, 1881: 1; 1g95: 1019; I90I:21; 1903b ; 1012. Type-species: Runcinio psis ftavida Simon,1881. Machomenus Marx, 1893: 5g9; Simon I903b: 1072. Type-species: M achomenus qlbidus Marx, 1g93. Type-species: Thomisw laterqlis Koch, 1838. The bed by Dippe_ naar-Sch from iouthèrn Africa w were ne\ry records for this area. In a collection of Araneae re_ On the basis of the African material at hand, the genus Rø ncinia is defined as follows. , Juvenile. Very similar to females in shape and colour. DESCRIPTION Female. Size: small to moclerate-size (5,1_12,0 mm). Colour: body and legs fawn. Carapace with a white longitudinal line medially and ìwo broad brown lines mediolaterally; edge of carapace some_ times with dark rim. Abdomén usually with two longitudinal lines mediolaterally or with transverse bands on the posterior striae; sóme species with distinct patterns. Carapace: as wide as long or slightly longer, margin straight medially rinae) on each side; postece clothed with numerous short irregularly spaced setae, with a row of short DISTRIBUTION SPECIES FROM THE AFROTROPICAL REGION throughout southern Africa. R. lateralis (Koch) known from the Palaearctic region, is now for thé first time recorded from the Afiotropical region but 37 o aD e2 D õ 60 0 oå FtG.2l Known geographical distributio n of Runciniasirnonl'Bekend.e geografiese verspreiding vanRuncinia Simon only from Cape Town and Hout Bay in the extreme souih. It remáins possible that this species was introduced by sea freight. rica. It is a diurnal'species found only on grass. Immature forms, which were collected in March, 25 days with the number of young emerging per sac varying between 20 and 85. The young spiderlings are-imñrediately positively phototropic. They readily ted on the red spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). KEY ro rHE SPECIES ol*åiäf . FRoM sourHERN DISCUSSION found in the inflorescence, on which they position tnerr bodies, or between tne seeds, wtth thelr front legs pointing forwards or sideways. - The movements of Runcinia species are sluggish and their bodies and front legs are usually kept very seed. Biology. Very littte is known about the biology of the species of Runcinia. R. flavida is by far the most common species of this genus in southern Af1. Abdomen long and narrow;carina directed anterad " ' - Abdomen shorter, oval to triangular in shape; carinadirectedlaterad ......'... "' 2 ":::ï:::::1:::::Ï'-::::111"'þ;;;;r¡i;;;; shaPed "..... . " 4. Abàomrnal setae numerous, dark and spiniform; carapace convex; carina blunt. . 2 -t 4 8 5 38 Runcinia tro pica Simon, Fig. 27 a-b Runcinia ffinis tropica Simon, 7907:376 De Lessert, 1915: 37;7919: 123;1933:118; Lawrence, 7947 : 26; Di Caporaic co, 19 49 : 458. Runcinia tropica Simon, Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1980:316. DESCRIPTION Carapace clothed with short club-shaped setae, setae 51 and Aa present,long and spiniform. Abdomen oval (Fig.27b); striae provided with long transparent spiniform setae interspersed by shorter, clubshaped setae, similar to those of R. depressa. E,pigynum (Fig. 27a) very similar to that of. R. depressabut a little longer than wide in R. tropica. Male palp is illustrated by De Lessert (1919) showing a sharply pointed, slightly outwardly directed RTA with the LTA typically hookJike. SYNONYMY A.ND RELATIONSHIP Simon (1907) described R. ffinis tropica as a setae. R. tropica is related to R. depress¿ but can be easily separated from the latter by the shape of the internal genitalia and the unflattened body. TYPE-LOCALITY Annobon, a small island off the West Coast of Africa, in the Gulf of Guinea (1. 35'S, 5'35',E), I, d (M.N.H.P.). DISTRIBUTTON Annobon, Zaîre, Kenya, Tanzania, AneoiaSouth Africa (Natal), Cabinda, South West Aflrica, Rwanda, SaoThomé. j,'r: . .:, ìl:. 'rì; ,;;: a Runcinia tropica (Simon). (a). Epigynum, ventral view/Epigynium, ventale aansig. (b). Female, dorsalview/Wyfie, dorsale aarcig b ü FIIG.27a-b 45 NEWRECORDS RWANDA: Kisenyi, ix.1951, E. Bertrand, 1 immature ct (M.R.A.C. 70090). SAO THOMÉ: 8-10.x. 1973, G. Schmitz, I (M. R. A. C . 147 .694). Runcinia ffinfu Simon, Fig. 28a-c Runcinia ffinis Simon, 1897b: 289, 292 1903a: 96; 7906: llíí;Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1980: 317. Runcinia cataracta Lawrence, 1927: 36; DippenaarSchoeman, 1980:317. DESCRIPTION Setae 55 and Aa presentoncarapace,ofmedium length and spiniform. Abdomen longer than wide, ovate (Fig. 28b); abdominal striae clothed with clubshaped setae, interspersed with longer setae of the same shape. Epigynum small; a small depression situated centrally; anterior partly covered by a coneshaped hood (Fig. 27a). Nlale resembles the female, but differs in the following. Carapace somewhat flattened, with a row of short setae very prominent bordering the carapace edge. Male palp illustrated in Fig.28c. SYNONYMY AND RELATIONSHIPS Dippenaar-Schoeman (1980) synonymized R. cataractaLawrence with R. affinß. Runcinia affinis resembles R. tropica in the shape and colour of the body, but differs in the shape of the abdominal setae and the shape of the external genitalia. TYPE-LOCALITY Kurrachee,India, 1 I (M.N.H.P,). Type-locality of synonym: R. cataracl¿ Kunene River, South West Africa (17" L5'S, llu 46'E), I (s.A.M.8614e). DISTRIBUTION India, Egypt, Algeria, South West Africz,Zimbabwe. South Africa. NEWRECORDS ZAÏRE: Ishanga, 26-29.xä.1968, R.P. lejeune, 2 9, d (M.R.A.C. 135.383); Kivu, 13.vi.1972, R.P. Lejeune, 9, d (M.R.A.C. 144.577); rasongo, ix.1959, P.L.G. Benoit, 2 I (M.R.A.C. 154.400+401). TOGO: Vangan, 1963, Y. Due, 9 (M.R.A.C.124430). Runcinis aethiops (Simon),Fig. 29a-d Runciniopsis aethiops Simon, 1901: 21. Kuncirua (Runciniopsß) aethiops (Simon), De Les-' sert, 1915: 39; Di Caporiacco, 1939: 361. Runcinia aethiops (Simon), Strand, I907c: 1.10; De Lessert, 1979: 126; 7928: 320; Di Caporiacco, 1949: 458; Jézéquel, 1964: 1.122; Dippenaar-, Schoeman, 1980: 320. DESCRIPTION Carapace and legs usually mottled, white and dark brown. Carapace slightly flattened; setae 51 present, long and spiniform. Carina sharply pointed. Abdomen triangular in shape (Fig. 29a), covered with club-shaped setae (Fig. 29d). Epigynum large and very distinct (Fig. 29b). Male smaller and darker in colour; abdomen more oval; striae on abdomen with longer and stronger setae. Palp large (Fig. 29c); RTA broad at base with a slight knob laterally near terminal end, which is broad with a corrugated edge. RELATIONSHIPS Runcinia aethiops is characteruedby the triangular abdomen and the distinct markings on the body. The epigynum and palp are large in comparison with the other African species. R. aethiops and R. lateralis are the only African species bearing clubshaped setae on the abãomen. TYPE-LOCALITY Fthiopia, East Africa (no exact locality) (go 0'N, 40'0'E), 9, d (M.N.H.P. 1g00) DISTRIBUTION 'a FIG.28a Runcinia a¡finrs Simon. (a). Epigynum, ventral yiew/ Epigynium, ventrale aanstg. Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, Ivory Coast , Zaire, Botswana, Rwanda, Uganda, Togo, SouthAfrica. NEWRECORDS BOTS\ryANA: Okavango Delta, Xugana Lasoon, U. Wilmot, juveniles (N.M.B. 4286). ZAIRE: Kivu, 13.vii.1968, R.P. Lejeune, d (M.R.A.C. 135.645); Kivu, reserve Kásongweri, iv.I970, R.P. Lejeune 2 Ç (M.R.A.C. 137.590 + 593); Kivu, valley Kiharo, vi.I973, R.P. Lejeune, 9 (lr4.R.A.C. 1,46.077'l; Kivu. near Ruindi. 46 .t;, Bi: V; !Íi 'ü b FIG.28b-c (b). Female, dorsalviewlwyfie, dorsareaansig. (c). parp,ventrarvrew/palp,ventrareaansig Runcinia aethiops (Simon)' (a). Fernale, dorsal view/lïylie, dorsale aansig. (b). Epigynum, ven:ualview/Epigynium, ventrale aansig b a FIG.29a-b 47 d c FIG. 29c-d (c).:Palp, ventralviewlPalp, ventale aawig. (d). AbdominalsetaelAbdominaleseta L0.vü.1972, R.P. Lejeune, 9, 2 immature (M.R.A.C. 1,44.644); Kivu, near Semliki, 8.viii.1968, R.P. Lejeune, ?, 4 d (M.R.A.C. 135.440); Lokandu, v.1939. Marice, Ç (M.R.A.C. 3989); Uvira, vi.1958, juvenile (M.R.A.C. 772.622). KENYA: Karura Forest, 8.xii.1979, P. Reavell, juveniles (N.C.A. 80/46). RWANDA: Nyanza; 5.viii.1953, P. Basilensky, Ç (M.R.A.C. 75.76I). UGANDA: Musenyi Bay^, Lake Victoria, iv.1968, E. Vertriest, ? (M.R.A.C. 134.789). TOGO: Mt Agou, 26.vi.1963, Y. Duc, I (M.R.A.C. L24435); Palime, 1.963, Y. Duc, 3 juveniles (M.R.A .C. 724425). open as two dark sclerotic rings ventrally to epigynal plate. - No males were examined. I-evy (L973) gives a description of the rnale PalP. RELATIONSHIPS In R. lateralrJ the abdomen is oval, yellowish white in colour and the legs stout, with the epigynum very distinct. It has the same type of abdominal setae asR. aethiops. TYPE.LOCALITY Europe, exact localitY not known' DISTRIBUTION Widely distributed throughout Europe, the Middle East, Turkestan and China. In Africa known from Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and South Africa (Cape Town). It is possible that this species was introduced into South Africa by marine traffic' Runcinis lateraft's (Koch), Fig. 3a-b Thomis us lateralis Koch, 1938 : 43. Runcinia lateralis (Koch); Simon, 1875:- 255; Levy, I97 3 : L32;Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1980: 323. DESCRIPTION Carapace not much flattened (Fig. 30b); covered with a few club-shaped setae, irregularly spaced; carina and margin of carapace with a few sñort club-shaped setae; ietae 51 short, club-shaped. Abdomen oval (Fig. 30b); striae bearing short transparent club-shaped setae, evenly spaced. Epigynum ünguliform, with a thickened rim (Fig. 30a); lower margin forming two loops medially; spermathecae MISUMENOPS F. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 Mß 48 ì.t $¡ ¡ril $' $iÌ a b FIG.30a-b Runcinia lateralß (Koch). (a). Epigynum, ventrai view/Epigynium, ventrale aansig. (b). Female, dorsalview/Wyfie, dorsale aansig Type-species: Misumena msculisparsc Keyserling, 1891. Misumenops was established by Pickard-Cambridge (1900) and contains some species formerly referred to the genera Diaea, Mßumena and Synaema. He regarded MisumenopJ as a genus of convenience, intermediate between Misumena and Disea. Gertsch (1939), however, considered Misumenops as being representative of a group of spidèrs quite different from related genera. Some species of Mßumenops of the Afrotropical region, as recognized in this paper, has previously been placed in the genus Misumena. De Lessert (1919) regarded Mßumenops as a subgenus of. Misumena. Members of the genus Misumenops resemble those of Misumena in shape and colour, but differ in having many erect setae on the body and legs. According to Dondale & Redner (1978) the status of this genus should be re-evaluated.Misumenops is not well represented in the Afrotropical region and is now for the first time recorded from southern Africa. It is represented by one species which has a wide distribution in this area. On the basis of the African material at hand, the genus Mr.rumenopsisdefined as follows. lines on carapace and abdomen; legs I and II sometimes banded with red or brown. Carapace as wide as long, low and slightly convex; surface clothed with numerous erect spiniform setae. Eyes in two recurved rows (Fig. 31a); lateral eyes larger than median eyes, situated on conjoined tubercles; MOQ wider than long. Clypeus vertical, with 4 pairs of long primary setae on margin. Sternum heart-shaped. Abdomen round in dorsal view (Fig. 31b); flattened, clothed with numerous erect, spiniform setae. Legs: anterior two pairs approximately equal in length and thickness, longer and stronger than posterior pairs; prolateral surface of femora I and II with strong setae; vetral surface of tibiae and metatarsi with double row of macro-setae. Epigynum simple, usually with shallow atrium, a narrow median septum and a small hood anteriorly. Male. Size: smaller than female (1,5-4,0 rnm). Colour: similar to female, except anterior legs with dark bands. The male differs structurally from the female as follows. Setae on body, especially those on abdomen, longer and more numerous; legs longer and thinner and macro-setae on tibiae and metatarsi I and II weakly developed. Palp: RTA sharply pointed; VTA absent or very short; embolus slender, terminal part of embolus follows margin of bulb closely. Juvenile. Very similar to females in shape, colour and type of integument. DESCRIPTION Female. Size: small spiders, 4,4-6,7 mm. Colour: yellow to pale green (green fades in alcohol to yellow); sometimes with red or brown patterns or 49 DISTRIBUTION Mßumenops is a large genus and comprises about 60 species with the following distribution: Afrotropical region (3); Palaearctic region (1); Oriental region (1); Australian region (17); Nearctic 'region (27) and the Neotropical region (1). This indicates that the species of Misumenops are more concentrated in the warmer countries of the western hemisphere (Fig. 32). SPECIES FROM THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Misumenops is not well represented in the Afrotropical region and only four species have been recorded to date, of which two were formerly placed in the genus Mßumena. Misumenops is now for the first time recorded from southern Africa and is represented by one species, M. rubrodecorataMillot. b FIG.3la-b Misumenops sp. Temalelwyfie. (a). Carapace, anterior viewlKarapaks, anterioraansig. (b). Body, dorsal view/Liggaam, dorsale aansig Known geographical distribution of Mßumenops F. Pickard-CambridgelBekende geografiese verspreiding van Misumenops F. Pick ar dCamb ridge a ô aU q, ^D ù ê Ø 0 oÞ, FIG,32 50 . Appendix 3 lists the species of the Afrotropical region as well as their known distribution. M isumenop s rubrodecorata Millot,Fig. 33a-f Misumenops rubrodecorqta Millot, I94l:37 . DESCRIPTION ^ Millot (1941) gave a complete description of the female. Some variation in the-shape of thä epigynum was observed (Fig. 33b and c). DISCUSSION males were. not fully mature and the epigynum only partly developed. ^ -!!ology. Very little is known about the biology of Mßumenops. A biological study of M. celer w@ c Ø b @ e dt Misumenops rubrodecorata.Millo.t. (a). Internal genitalia, dorsal v.iewllnwe-ndige genitalieë, dorsale aansrg. (b-c). Epigynum,ventral view (variations)lEpigynium, ventrale aansig_(uariasies). (d). F"eniale, aoríalvrewtwy¡ii,'dàrrol" oors¡g. (e). Palp, retrolater alview/Palp, ràfiolaterale aanslg. (Ð.Þatp, ve "tí"liié*iäi), v:entrale aansig t t I t \ 1l )\ ìì t FIG.33a-f 51 The internal genitalia are shown in Fig. 33a. Male. The male of this species is described here for the first time. Size (n=10); fl 1,8 (1,6-1,9); Cl 0,7 (0,70,8); CW0,8 (0,7-1,1); CI0,9. Colour: body and legs uniformly yellowish brown; basal parts of tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of legs I and II darkened (Fig. 33d). Carapace almost as wide as long, clothed with numerous long and dark, spiniform setae. Abdomen ovate (Fig. 33d), covered with the same type of setae. Legs long and thin, especially I and II; macrosetae on legs I and II much reduced; tibiae and metatarsi I and II clothed with long thin hairs. Palp: RTA long and thin; VTA absent (Fig. 33e and f). Iuvenile. Similar to females, spiny appearance verydistinct. RELATIONSHIPS The genitalia of Mßumenops rubrodecorata resemble thosè of Misumena nana while they are morphologically closest to M. spinulosissimø. The placement of the last two species in the genus Mßumenais doubtful. According to their descriptions their bodies are clothed with numerous erect setae, which indicate a closer relationship with Mßumenops. TYPE.LOCALITY Kindia, Guinea (10' 0'N, 12" 52'w), I (M.N.H.P.1482). DISTRIBUTION Guinea, Sudan, Upper Volta. New records: Mali, Zimbabwe, South West Africa, South Africa. 20.iv.L967, A.S. Dippenaar,2 Q (N.C.A. 7611298\:20 km N Mtubatuba. 31.iii.1977, A.S. Dippenaar, I (N.C.A. 771679);20 km E Dukuduku, 29.üi.1977, A.S. Dippenaar, juvenile (N.C.A. 791327); between Jozini and Ndumi,4.iv.1977, A.S. Dippenaar, 2 9, 4 ct (N.C.A. 771713); Pietermaritzburg, iv.1944, R.F. Lawrence, I (N.M. 4635); Champagne Castle, i.1968, R.F. Lawrence, 10 9 (N.M.7329 and 6972); Paddock, 17.i.1979, C.J. Cilliers, Q (N.C.A.79142); Margate, t4.ä.t978, C.J. Cilliers, Ç (N.C.A. 79149); Shakaskraal, 13.äi.1979, C.J. Cilliers, I (N.C.A. 79 l33O). Transv aal : Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve,' 4.äi.7979, A. le Roy, juvenile (N.C.A. 791325); Abe Bailey Nature Reserve, 1I.i.I979, A. le Roy, Ç (N.C.A. 791374); Buffelspoort, 15.iii.1970, M.K.P. Meyer, juveniles (N.C.A. 761L855); Zeerust, 30.iii.1975, J. Oosthuizen, I I, d d (N.C.A. 7611607); Swartklip, 26.äi.7978, G. Nel, 9, d (N.C.A. 781477, 791122); Rustenburg, 20.ii.1975, A.S. Dippenaar, 2 d'(N"C.A. 7611624); Pretoria, 25.tx.7975, E Theron, I (N.C.A. 7611550); Roodeplaat, near Pretoria, L4.äi.1972, A.S. Dippenaar, Ç (N.C.A. 7913t8); Kameeldrift, near Pretoria, 7.xä.t977, 1. van Zyl, ? (N.C.A. 78115); between Pretoria and Bronkhorstspruit, 26.iv.L977 , A.S. Dippenaar, 2 ? (N.C.A. 771785);3 km Verena, 10.ii.1977, L Vosloo, d (N.C.A. 77lt4l); 8 km S Dennilton, 20.iv.1979, A.S. Dippenaar, Q N.C.A. 791375); 20 km Molotto, n.ä.1975, J. Oosthuizen, I (N.C.A. 761278); farm Enkeldoorn, near Molotto, 25.xä.1975, A.S. Dippenaar, Ç (N.C.A. 791304); Rust de Winter (various occasions), L. Pretorius, 9 9, d G.t.c.A. 7617t47, 7611t64, 79147, 79147); 4 km Marble }J.all, 27.ä.1975, J. Oosthuizen, ÇÇ, dd (N.C.A. 761277); Loskopdam Nature Reserve, 5.iv.1973, A.S. Dippenaar, 2 I (N.C.A. 76180t, 761t784); 7 km Groblersdal, 10.vii.1977, I. Vosloo, d (N.C.A. 771444); Warmbaths, f.äi.L977,I. Vosloo, I (N.C.A. 771439); Sterkrivierdam, near Potgietersrust, xi.I973, L. Smit, d (N. C. A. 7 61772) ; Potgietersru st, 24.ä.L978, E. van den Berg, I N.C.A. 781262); Nylsvley, near Naboomspruit, i-xä.7976, G. Ferreira, 2 9, d (N. C. A. 7 81 492, 79 l32L) ; Pietersburg, 2.v .7979, C.J Cilliers, I (N.C.A. 791312);30 km W Louis Trichardt, 23.ii.1976, A.S. Dippenaar, 2 d (N.C.A. 76113); farm Amsterdam, near Dendron, L2.v1.1969, A.S. Dippenaar, Ç (N.C.A. 771843); Huwi Nature Reserve, near Ellisras, 12.iv.1974" A.S, Dippenaar, 5 I (N.C.A. 76179I,80a); 1a km F Middelburg, 11.iv.1978, S. Stiemie, I (N.C.A. 79ß\; ß km Bethal, 13.iv.1978, G. Nel, 2 d (N.C.A" 7 81362) ; 23 km Wonderfontein (on Hendrina road), L2.iv.1978, G. Nel, 9, ct (N.C.A. 78ßaQ; 20 km Nelspruit (on Plastron road), I9.äi.t977, V. Burger, 99, dd (N.C.A. 77ßA0); Ohrigstad, 22.ti.I978, E. van den Berg, I (N.C.A. 781237);15 km N Gravelotte,25.ä.7976, A.S. Dippenaar, 4 I N.C.A. 76168); 10 km Sabie, 20.ä.t978, E. van den Berg, I (N.C.A. 781216); 70 km Tzaneen,24.ä.L978, E. van den Berg, 2 t' (N.C.A. 781260); Levubu, 28.äi.1973, A.S. Dippenaar, 2 9, 4 d (N.C.A. 7 61802, 7 61828). MATERIAL EXAMINED MALI: Zamblara, viii'1970, G. Pierrard, çf (M.R.A.C. 138.$a); Fana, ix.1969. G. Pierrard, 3 cf (M.R.A.C. 136.811), I (M.R.A.C" 142.36)). ZIMBABWE: Kezi, 6.iv.1980, C.A. Car, 3 Y (N.M.B. 4852); Matopos Malene Dam, 12.iv.1'980, c.A. car, 3 I N.M.B. A464) SOUTH WEST AFRICA: Kaokoveld, 16.vi.7967, Ç (swe. exp. A.M'); Kowares, Kaokoveld, 3.vi.1951, 2 Ç (swe. exp. A.M.). SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Provinc¿.' Mountain Zebra National Park, Cradock, 23.äí.7976, A.S. Dippenaar, juveniles (N.C.A. 761623); Pineapple Research Station, East London, v-vi.l9i9, D. Keetch, immâture d (N.C.A. 79145\; lVinburg, 7.x.re't4, H. de Lange, I (N.C.A. 761376); Edenville, 5.iv.7967, A.S. Dippenaar, cl (N.C.A. 771830). Natal: Loteni Nature Reserve , 25 .xii. 1978, E. van den Berg, 99, dct. (N.C.A. 79144 and 320); Pongola, 52 BIONOMICS. M. rubrodecorata is by far the most common thomisid species yet recorded from South Africa. Adults were collected throughout the year, except in the winter months. They inhabit grass, shrubs, flowers and trees. It is the species most frequently encountered on cotton at Rust de Winter ãnd ôudestad, near Groblersdal. They were also collected from strawberryplants and citrus. MISUMENA Latreille, 1804 Misumena Latreille, 1804: 135; Simon, 1895: 1025; 1903b: L0l2; F. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: 141; Gertsch, 1939:374; Schick, 1965: 107; Dondale & Redner, 1978: 131. Type-species: Araneus vatius Clerck,1757 . Male. Size: smaller than female. nterior pair structurally and thinner tened and abdomen ovare. palp: tibia i,äìlliifi: ratedRTA; VTA shorter and simpler. I uvenile. Very similar to female. DISTRIBUTION Misumena includes typical crablike spiders. with short, robust bodies and long powerful iaterigrade front legs. It has attracted thèãttention of naturalists because of the ability of some species to change colour reversibly type ofhabitat. _ According to Simon (1895) the genus Massuria, known from two species described fiom Burma and Java, is close to Mßumena. They differ only in the posterior eye row, which is a little more rècurved than the anterior row in Massuria, and in the median eyes which are situated closer to each other than to the lateral eyes. Misumena is not well represented in southern Africa and only two species are recorded. With the material at hand, the geñus Mßumena can be defined as follows. DESCRIPTION Female. Size: small to moderate-large. Colour: carapace fawn to yellow, sometimes with a greenish pink tint, body usually with red markings. Carapace: as wide as long, smoothly convex along lateral margin (Fig. 34a); clypeus vertical with three pairs of primary setae on margin; carapace with a few pairs of primary setae, not as spinose as Mßumenops. Eyes arranged into two transverse recurved rows, posterior row more so than anterior row; lateral eyes slightly larger than median eyes and situated on conjoined tubercles; MOQ wider than long. Abdomen round to slightly oval in dorsal view, flattened; lacking erect setae but clothed with nuII usually alexcept vennum: simple, In all approximately 60 species, with the following endemic distribution, are currently recognized: Palaearctic (13); Afrotropical (5); Oriental (9); Australian (6); Neotropical (22) and Nearctic (a) (Fig. 35). SPECIES FROM THE AFROTROPICAL REGION Misumena is represented in the Afrotropical region by five species (Appendix 4). Two speèies, M. tuckeri and M. natalensß are known from southern Africa. The latter species was described from a subsequently lost. According drawings of Lawrence (1947) his species actually belongs to DISCUSSION culate; the armature of the legs and the vestiture of the tarsi. He thereby reduced the number of species previously placed in Misumena. However, a number of species still remain intermediate between relationship with Misumenops. De Lessert (1919), however, treated Misumenoþs as a subgenus of it4isutnena. Morphological' adaptations. Misumena is common in the U.S.A. an-i Europe and has attracted much attention because of ttre ãbitity of the adult fein African species. 53 a b FIG.34a-b Misitmenasp. (a). Carapace, anteriorview/K¿rapaks, anterioraansig. (b). Body, dorsalviewlLiggaam, dorsaleaarcig FIG. ¡5 Known geographical distributionof Misum1naLat¡eillelBekende geografiese verspreidingvanMiswe¡a Laîreille eD eP D B ã â d ¿Þ o ô 54 1P.l9yDI{ 1! Pecies of rhomr'stts known from the Afrotropical region : their synonymy and distribution AANITANGSEL 1 Spesies van Thomisus v¿¿ I ie Afrotropieie gebiãd: hul sinonieme enverspreiding o) J Distribution Verspreiding Central and East Africa NorthAfrica CentralAfrica C.entralAfrica North Africa, Yemen and A¡abia East, Central and southern Africa Central Africa North andEastAfrica North, East, West, 'Central and southem Africa Madagascar Arabia CentralAfrica Synonyms/ Sinonieme Thomisus gabonensis, Comellini, 7957 il3; 1959 : I 10 (Ct, M.N.H.P.) Thomisus milloti De Lessert, 1943:325 Comellini, 1959: ll0 (d, M.N.H.c.) Thomisus drokensbergensis Conellini, 1959:j.14, syn. nov. (g, N.M.) Thomisus mossambicus C-omellini, 1957:20, syn. nov. (Q, M.N.H.G.) T. mossambicus weidneri Comellini, 1957:20, syn. nov., 1i:,2.U.H.) Thomisus alboirroraflr Simon, 1907:316, syn. nov (Q, M.N.H.p.) Thomisus mnlevdus F. pickard-Cambridge, 1fr7:g25; Comellini, 19s7:s (Ç, H.E.c.) Thomisus anthoäirer Pocock, 1898a:225, syn. nov. (Q,B.M.) Thorzisr¿ss¡rs Strand, l9û7a:539,syn. nov. (Cf , M.N.B.) Thomisus m¿levohts delesserti Di Caporiacco, l94l:l?5, syn. nov. (d, ttyne¡ Thomisus ¡nalevolus ocellitibiß Di Caporiacco, 1949:,455, syn. nov. (9, ?type) Type-collections Tiepversamelings 9(M.N.B.) 9(M.N.H.P.) I (rtvpe) I (? type) I (8.M.) ct(N.M.) d(M.R.A.C.) t,Cf (MuseumHelsinki) d(M.N.B.) d(z.M.H.) I (?type) Ç (Deutsches.Ent. Inst., Berlin) Species/SpesÍes albe rtianus Str a¡d, l9I3 :392 albohirtus Simon, 1884: 13 ongularulus Roewer, 195 I :449 angus tif r o ns Lucas, I 858 : 402 ¿¡¿áic¡¿s Simon, 7882 :225 ' awtalis Comellini, 1957:6 benoiti Comelhni, 1959 :ll2 bi¿entatus Ktúczynski, 1901 : 3 ' b landus Kzr*h, I 880 :382 boesenbe rgi Le,nz, l89l : 165 bonnieri Simon, lW2:252 äue¿¡r¡s Strand, 1915: 146 APPENDDí4 AN H AN G S E L 1 (continued/vervolg) o) 1\) c andidus Blackwall, 1 8ó6 : 456 ' cítrinellus Simon, 1 875 : 253 + co ngoens is Comellini, 1957 : 9 * dalmasi De Lessert, 1919: 1 19 * daradioides Simon, 1890: 108 dartev elle i Comellini, 1957 : 10 de s tef ønií Di CaPoriacco, 19 4l : 47 ques quiere i De Lessert, 1943 :323 + granulatus Karsch, 1880 :382 úar ar inus D i Capori acco, 19 47 a:217 hilar ulus Simo¡, 187 5 :252 ' ho tte ntotus Sirand, 1907a :538 j an inøe Comellini, 19 57 : 6 + kalaharinus Lawrence, 1936: 153 kiwu¿ruis Strand, 1913:391 Ç (? type) ?,d(H.E.c.) d(M.N.H.G.) d(M.N.H.G.) 9(M.N.H.P.) I (M.R.A.c.) Q,cf (? træ) ct(M.R.A.C.) 9(M.N.B.) Ç (Museum National Budapest) I,d(M.N.H.G.) Ç (Museum Lübeck, tYPe destroyed) 9(M.R.A.c.) ? (r.M.) Thomßus spíniþr decorata Millot, 1941:47, syn. nov. (9,M.N.H.P.?) Thomßus spinifer obscurus Di Caporiacco , I94t:t27 , syn. nov (Q, ? type) Thomisus spiniþr simoni Di Caporiacco, 1941"126, syn. nov. (Q, ? tvpe) Thomsus spinifer maculitibüs Di Caporiacco, 1947a:216, syn. nov. (9, ? typ") Thomisus dalmasoidcs Millot, 1941:47; Comellini, 1957:1O (d, M.N.H.P.) Thomisus anthobioides Law¡ence, I942:l54,syn nov. (Q, N.M.) Thomßus ønthobíoides mongbwalensß Comellini, 1957:4, syn.nov, (9,M.R.A.c.) Thomisus lesnei De Lessert, 1936:256, syn. nov. (d, M.N.H. G.) Thomßus sepiosus Lawrence, 1942 lÍ2,syt.nov. (9, N.tvt.) Thomßus hystrix Lawrerrcæ, 1947.,25 (name preoccupied Nicolet, 1849) Thomisus lawrencei Roewer, 1951 : 449, syn' nov (d, type lost) CentralAfrica Africa, Israel, Yemen, Arabia and France Central and southern Africa East, West, Central andsouthern Africa East, Central and southernAfrica,India and Arabia Cent¡alAfrica EastAfrica CentralAfrica SouthernAfrica North Africa, Canary Islands SouthernAfrica CentralAfrica East, lVest, Central andsouthern Africa CentralAfrica EastAfrica Distribution Verspreiding SynolrymslSinonieme Type-collections Tiepversamelings SpecieVSpesies ? (M.R.A.C.) Thomßus urbensús Lawrence, 1942:153, syn. nov. (Q,t¡.¡4.¡ APPENDDI,4 AN HAN G S E L I (contiwtedl v ervolg) O) (¡) Distribution Verspreíding Madagascar SouthernAfrica CæntralAfrica Central and southern Africa Madagascar Southern Africa Madagascar East Africa NorthAfrica, Europe WestAfrica EastAfrica CentralAfrica SouthernAfrica East, West. Central and southern Africa Centra[, West and southern Africa East, West, Central and southern Africa Central and rilest Africa SouthernAfrica Synonyms/Sinonieme Thomßus caffer Simon, 1904:69; Comellíni,1957:26 (?, M.N.H.G.) Thomßus amønicus Strand, 1907a:537; Comellini, 1957:26 (g,M.N.B.) Thomisus q uadrituberculntus De Lessert, 1943 :327 ; Comelli¡i, 1957 :26 (cl,M.R.A.c.) Thomisus lindneri Roewer, 1956:47, syn. nov. ( Cl , ? type) Thomisus dofrreruiComellini, 1957:10, syn. nov. (Cf , M.R.A.C.) Thomisus weberiDe Lessert, lV23:147,syn. nov. (d , A.M.?) Type-collections Tiepversamelings I,Ct (Museum Lübeck, type destroyed) d (Museum Lübeck, type destroyed) Subadult Ç d (Museum Dundo, Angola) I (M.N.H.c.) I (N.M.) Q r(Museum Lübeck, type destroyed) Ç (National Museum Budapest) (? type) (? type) 9(M.N.H.c.) d(M.R.A.c.) I (M.N.H.P.) d(M.N.H.P.) I (8.M.?) ? (8.M.) Q (? type) ' I (N.M.) Species/Spesies lamp e rti Str and, l9O7 d,:7 3 4 ' le nz i Strand, 1907a : 538 /i¡oris Strand, 19 13 :394 + machadoi Comellini, 1959 : 1 17 madagas cariensis Comellini, 1957:17 + nalale ns is Law¡ ence, 1942:756 no s s ib e e ns ß Str and,, l9{7 d:7 3 4 o b s c ur at us Di Caporiacco, 19472:216 onusfru Walckenaer, 1805:32 obusetulos us Roewer, 196L :73 r o ew e r i Comelhn, 19 57 :21 s c ho ute de n i Conr ellini, 19 57 :22 * schult z ei Simon, I 910 : 194 rscrupeus (Simon, 1886a): 3ó3 t spiculosus P ocock, 1901 :340 + s tenningiPocock, 1900:332 tripunctatus Lùcas, 1858:400 + zuluanus Lawrence, 1942 : 155 * Sgecies discussed in text/Spes ies bespreek in teks APPENDIX2 AANHANGSEL2 Species of Run cin i¿ known from the Afrotropical region: their synonymy and distribution Spesies lan Runciniavan die Afrotropiese gebied: hul sinonieme enverspreiding o, 5 Distribution Verspreiùng East, West, Central and southern Africa North and southern Africa and India Central Africa East and southern Africa North, East, West, Central and southern Africa EastAfrica West and southern Afiica North, West, East, Central and southern Af¡ica East, West, Central and southern Africa Throughout Palaearctic region and southern Afria East Africa WestAfrica Madagascar Annobon, East, Central and southern Africa SynonymslSinonieme Runcìnìa cataracf¿ Lavrrence, 1927 :36. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1980:317 ( 9, S.4.M.) Runcinia proxima De Lessert, 7919:729: Dippenaar-Schoeman, cf , 1980:307 (Ç, M.N.H.G.) Runcinia proxima v olnetuis Millot, 1941 :39; Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1980:3û7 (cf, M.N.H'P.) Runcinia littorina Lawrence, 1942:157; Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1980:307 (Q, N.M.) Runcinia sjoestedti De Lessert, 1919:131; Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1980:310(cf, ?,M.N.H.G.) Type-collections Tiepversamelings I,ct (M.N.H.P.) I (M.N.H.P.?) Immature d (? type) d,9 (N.M.B.) 9 (M.N.H.P.) Immature ? (? type) Immature I (M.N.H.P.) I (M.N.H.P.) ct (M.N.H.G.) Q (? type) Immature Q (Museum Lübeck) Q (? type) Cf,immature Q (Museum Lübeck) 9, d(M.N.H.P.) Species/Spesies r aethiops (Simon, I 901 :21 ) * a.¡fl nis Simon, 1897 b :2V2 ølbidø (Marx, 1893 :589) *caraespec,nov, * depressa Simon, 1906: 1 166 dub ia Di Capotiacco, 1940b : 300 * ery thr i n a J ézé qttel, 7964 : | 123 * flav ida (Simon, 188i : 1 ) x johnstoniDe Lessert 1919: 127 * Iater alis (Koch, I 838 : 43) Iongipes Strand , 79O6:625 multilineata Roew er, 1961'.7 2 oculifro ns Str and, 79o7 d:7 34 * tropica Simon , 7907 :316 APPENDIX 3 AANHANGSEL Species of Mrsame-nopsknownfrom the-Afrotropical region: their synonymy and distribution 3 spesies van Misumenops ua n die Afrotropieie gebieâ: hur sinorir^r2" íro jrrtii"g Type-collections Tiepversamelings SynonymslSinonieme istribution spreíding Q (?type) EastAfrica ?(M.N.H.c.) CentralAfrica I (M.N.H.c.) West, North and southern Africa Q (?type) CapeVerde Species/Spesles de c o I o r (Kulcrynski, 1 901 : 3) nanø (De læssert, 1933: 118) * r ub ro decorataMillot, 1941 : 37 s p inulos is s ima B erland, 1936:77 o) Ol +llPyPU -1Species of Mrs umenaknownfrom the Afrotropical region: their synonymy and distribution AANHANGSEL 4 Spesics vanMisumenavan die Afrotropiese gebiàâ: hut sinoníemebníerspreiding Distribution Verspreiding Mauritius WestAfrica Southern Africa EastAfrica East, West, C.entral and southern Africa SynonynslSinonieme Type-collections Tiepversamelings I (M.N.H.P.) I (t type) d (typelosQ I (? type) I,d(M.N.H.c.) SpecieVSpesies alluaud i Símon, l897b :27 9 tnaronica Di Caporiacco, 1954: 139 t natalens is l,,zw¡ enæ, 19 47 :2ß pallesce ns Di Caporiacco, 1949 :457 ' nckeriDelesært, 1919: 133 rNDEX Species names are followed by their generic name in brackets. Synönyms are followed by the name recognized in this study. A 36 25 77 63 39 64 36 63 13 13 13 65 6t 53 8 7 48 30 30 64 Page 46 45 44 ó1 64 61 13 65 17 61 ó1 JJ JJ t3 t3 7 61 30 61 61 13 6r 6t 61 l',1 62 4t 45 22 35 33 33 25 62 65 43 62 11 30 64 .64 39 ó1 15 Misumena-group of genera Misumeninae (Thomisus) ):(Thomisus) australis (Thomisus) machadoi malevolus malevolus ocellitibiis milloti multilineata schultzei : blandus : australis N T (Thomisus) : blandus(Thomisus) : blandus(Thomisus) nana (MisumenoPs) natalensis (Misumena) natalensis (Thomisus) o o os) o o P pallescens (Misumena) Philodrominae oroxima (Runcinia) : flavida (Runcinia) þroxima voltaensis (Runcinia) : flavida (Runcinia) a quadrituberculatus (Thomisus) : sc¡upeus (Thomisus) R roeweri (Thomisus) rubrodeòorata (Misumenops) Runcinia s 65 5ó 19 c D 63 63 64 63 65 7 39 39 t7 daradioides dartevellei decolor dottrensi drakensbergensis dubia(Runcinia) erythrina (Runcinia) flavida(Runcinia) kalaharinus (Thomisus) kiwuensis (Thomisus) ianinae (Thomisus) johnstoni (Runcinia) : dalmasi(Thomisus) E G : albertianus (Thomisus) H K : urbensis (Thomisus) L Thomisidae Thomisus tripunctatus (Thomisus) tropica (Runcinia) tuckeri (Misumena) 63 51 36 63 21, t7 25 40 11 22 22 22 22 22 65 28 7 7 7 13 7 8 63 44 55 27 28 20 62 40 27 62 63 48 15 F 62 36 62 15 U urbensis (Thomisus) w weberi (Thomisus) : 5¡sttltti (Thomisus) z zuluanus (Thomisus) lamoerti (Thomisus) lateialis (Runcinia)' lawrencei (Thomisûs) : granulatus (Thomisus) 66