The Ibero-American Indicators of Sport and Physical Activity for Sustainable Development: Country Report of Colombia

Published in 2025 by the Ibero-American Sports Council (Consejo Iberoamericano del Deporte, CID) in collaboration with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17455081 © Consejo Iberoamericano del Deporte, 2025 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of CID or UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of CID or UNESCO and do not commit the Organizations. International Consultant: Prof. Alfonso Jiménez Gutiérrez PhD, CSCS, NSCA-CPT, FLF This document has been prepared by: Dr. Domingo F. Hernández-Angelesb,d Dr. Daniela Hernándezb,d Dr. Robert Bauera,d,* Dr. Raúl Sánchez-Garcíaa,d Dr. Silvia Gonzálezc,d Dr. Inés Nietoa,d Dr. Xián Mayoa,d Dr. Alfonso Jiméneza,d a Research Centre in Sports Science, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain b UNESCO c District Institute of Recreation and Sports, Bogota, Colombia d Ibero-American Sports Council * Correspondence: Robert Bauer [email protected] Cover photo: Grant Durr This Country Report is the result of intense collaborative work between Colombia’s Ministry of Sport and the international cooperation consortium comprising the Ibero-American Sports Council (CID), UNESCO, the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), the Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF), and the Research Centre in Sports Science of the King Juan Carlos University (CIDE). The consortium especially wishes to express its gratitude to the internal physical activity working group of Colombia’s Ministry of Sport, whose technical team was deeply involved and committed to developing this document. Senior Officials of Ministerio del Deporte de Colombia Patricia Duque Cruz Ministra del Deporte Manuel Emilio Palacios Blandón Viceministro del Deporte Miguel Antonio de la Hoz García Secretario General (E) Carlos Aníbal Peralta Carrillo Director de Fomento y Desarrollo Technical Staff of Ministerio del Deporte de Colombia Civil Servants of GIT Actividad Física Nubia Yaneth Ruiz Gómez (2024) Liliana Patricia Mosquera Reyes (2025) Contractors of GIT Actividad Física Rafael Alexander Leandro Gómez (2024-2025) Indira Tatiana Caicedo Revelo (2024-2025) Isis Daniela García Saavedra (2024) Nohora Lucila Benavidez Velandia (2024) Natalia Andrea Garzón Vargas (2024) Julio Cesar Espinosa Vargas (2024) Content Content .................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5 I. Country Context .................................................................................................................................... 7 II. Indicator Creation Process ................................................................................................................ 12 III. General Progress Overview .............................................................................................................. 14 IV. Situation of the Key Data Points and Indicators ................................................................................ 16 Key Data Point 1. There is a national survey within the past five years on sports practice and physical activity, stratified by gender and age ...................................................................................................... 17 Key Data Point 2. Governmental rank of the national authority for sports and physical activity ............. 18 Key Data Point 3. Physical education is an independent mandatory subject in primary and secondary education at the national level ............................................................................................................... 19 Key Data Point 4. There are legal frameworks to promote, enforce, and oversee gender equality and non-discrimination in sports and physical activity .................................................................................. 20 Indicator 1. Percentage of the national public budget invested in sports and physical activity............... 21 Indicator 2. Percentage of the contribution of sports and physical activity to the national GDP ............. 22 Indicator 3. Percentage of the population from 18 to 64 years old sufficiently physically active stratified by gender ............................................................................................................................................... 23 Indicator 4. Percentage of deaths related to physical inactivity in the population over 18 years old ...... 24 Indicator 5. Percentage of schools providing the minimum number of minutes of physical education ... 25 Indicator 6. Percentage of school students from 6 to 12 years old sufficiently physically active stratified by gender ............................................................................................................................................... 26 Indicator 7. Percentage of the national sport entity's budget focused on gender programs ................... 27 Indicator 8. Percentage of women in managerial positions within the national sports entity .................. 28 Indicator 9. Percentage of the gender gap among the sufficiently physically active population over 18 years old ................................................................................................................................................ 29 Indicator 10. Percentage of the national sport entity's budget focused on programs for people with disabilities .............................................................................................................................................. 30 Indicator 11. Percentage of the disability gap among the sufficiently physically active population ......... 31 Indicator 12. Percentage of government programs in health, sports, and healthy living that use sport as an instrument for peace and coexistence .............................................................................................. 32 V. Findings and Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................... 33 VI. Recommendations and Next Steps .................................................................................................. 34 References ............................................................................................................................................ 35 Introduction By mandate of the Ministers and High Authorities of Sport of Ibero-America, in 2022, the IberoAmerican Council of Sport (CID), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the German Development Cooperation – GIZ, formed a consortium to develop the first common indicators to measure the impact of sport and physical activity on sustainable development in the Ibero-American region. Subsequently, in 2023, the Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF) and the Rey Juan Carlos University of Spain joined the consortium. The Ibero-American sport indicators aim to provide countries with regular, standardized and comparable information on the impact of sport on the various dimensions of sustainable development, as well as the periodic evaluation of policies that allows for the identification of opportunities for improvement and the support of achievements and results. Additionally, the indicators seek to facilitate the measurement of the social return on sport, ultimately encouraging increased investment in sport and physical activity. At the XXIX General Assembly of the CID in Cartagena, Colombia, in May 2023, the unanimous approval was given for the creation of 12 indicators and four key data points to be implemented across the region. Furthermore, it was agreed to conduct a pilot implementation of these indicators in a group of applicant countries. The objective of the pilot study was to validate the relevance and applicability of the indicators so that they may be scaled up to the entire region, as well as to carry out an initial calculation of those for which data is available according to existing information sources. Based on this, a report would be produced for each country on the status of the indicators, along with a cross-cutting document outlining the results and lessons learned. A first phase of the pilot was conducted in Chile, Costa Rica and Ecuador between August 2023 and March 2024, and its results were presented at the XXX General Assembly of the CID in Washington, D.C. A second phase of the pilot was implemented in Colombia and Peru between September 2024 and March 2025, and its results are expected to be presented at the XXXI General Assembly of the CID. This document corresponds to the Colombia Country Report, which analyses the status of the indicators and the scope of information sources, as well as the challenges for their implementation in line with the country’s institutional, cultural and socio-economic context. Likewise, it establishes the connection between the indicators and the national policies and programs for sport and physical activity, and includes some lessons learned during the implementation of the pilot. The Colombia Country Report is complemented by the technical data sheets of the indicators whose values could be calculated during the pilot, as well as by the general manual for the preparation of technical data sheets for those indicators whose values could not be estimated at this stage due to a lack of available data. The technical data sheets provide a detailed description of the main characteristics of each indicator and are intended to facilitate their correct interpretation, implementation and scalability. Likewise, these data sheets are essential for replicating calculations and promoting discussion among experts. In the same vein, it is also recommended to consult the Report on Results and Lessons Learned from the Second Phase of the Pilot, which presents an overview of the progress made by the participating countries and the outcome of the technical assessment of the indicators by those countries. In addition, it includes a list of lessons learned and recommendations for the general implementation of the indicators across the region. Finally, the international cooperation consortium comprised of the CID, UNESCO, GIZ, CAF, and the Rey Juan Carlos University would like to express special gratitude to the Internal Working Group on Physical Activity of the Colombian Ministry of Sport, whose technical team was strongly involved and committed to the development of this document. I. Country Context Sport and physical activity in each country are closely linked to its social, cultural and economic context, as well as to the visions and priorities set out in its strategic policies and programs for the sector. Therefore, to better understand the status of the indicators and the challenges and opportunities involved in establishing a common set of indicators across the region, it is important to begin with an overview of the national context associated with these indicators. According to World Bank estimates, Colombia is an upper-middle-income country (World Bank, 2025), although it faces significant economic and social challenges that limit the well-being of a large part of its population. Some of its main socio-economic characteristics include: a high concentration of income in a small segment of the population, reflected in a Gini coefficient of 0.546 in 2023 (DANE, 2024b); and high levels of poverty, as in the same year, monetary poverty stood at 33% and extreme monetary poverty at 11.4% (DANE, 2024a). Politically and administratively, Colombia is organized into 32 departments and 1,103 municipalities (DANE, n.d.-b), although there are also other special divisions such as provinces, indigenous territorial entities and collective territories. Thus, the country has both national and subnational levels of government (PROCOLOMBIA, 2023). Demographically, for 2025, the total population is estimated at 53,110,609 inhabitants, of whom 76% reside in municipal capitals and 24% in populated centers and dispersed rural areas (“DANE – Population Projections,” n.d.; DANE, n.d.-a). The interconnection between the increase in life expectancy — reaching 77.4 years by 2024 (“DANE – Births and Deaths,” n.d.) — and the continued decline in birth rates reflects a shift in the country’s demographic dynamics (DANE, 2021). Combined with factors such as delayed motherhood and fatherhood, urbanisation, and greater female participation in the workforce, this has contributed to lower fertility rates. These changes have resulted in an ageing population and pose new challenges for demographic planning and social welfare (Bruni et al., 2024). On the other hand, Colombia is a country marked by a long-standing armed conflict that has caused prolonged violence for more than 50 years, leading to devastating impacts and harm not only for victims, their families, communities, organisations, and public institutions, but also for Colombian society as a whole (Centro Nacional Memoria Histórica, 2013). Likewise, the country faces a variety of social conflicts of different kinds, revealing problems related to the lack of access to and protection of fundamental rights for certain populations and social groups. Other conflicts arise from community grievances against private or public actors, often stemming from situations where these communities perceive a deterioration or threat to their living conditions (Defensoría del Pueblo, 2023). The 1991 Political Constitution, in Article 7, recognises and protects the ethnic and cultural diversity of the nation. Accordingly, three major ethnic groups are identified: the Indigenous peoples, the AfroColombian communities — including the Raizal population of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina — and the Rom or Gypsy people. Depending on their location, these groups possess their own distinct identities, customs and traditions, which create internal diversity and make a significant contribution to the country’s cultural heritage. Nevertheless, they remain minorities that face unmet basic needs and conditions of extreme poverty (Parra Dussán & Rodríguez, 2005; DANE, 2023). Colombia is a social State under the rule of law, organised as a unitary Republic that is decentralised, with autonomous territorial entities, and democratic, participatory and pluralistic in nature. The President of the Republic serves as Head of State, Head of Government and the highest administrative authority. Likewise, the National Government is composed of the President of the Republic, the ministers, and the directors of administrative departments (“Constitución Política de Colombia,” 1991). 1 This national context reflects the country’s multicultural nature, high levels of poverty and inequality, significant demographic changes, and the presence of violence and social conflicts in various regions. These realities highlight the ongoing need for social policies and a stronger State presence across the territories to improve the living conditions and well-being of individuals and communities. Within this setting, public policies on sport, recreation and physical activity coexist. These policies not only seek to guarantee people’s right to engage in physical practices but also aim to generate social and economic benefits for individuals and communities—contributing to higher levels of development, social cohesion and health across the country. Physical activity has been part of the Colombian State’s agenda since the early 20th century. However, the development of institutional leadership at the national level has been marked by the following milestones: the creation of the Colombian Institute for Youth and Sport (Coldeportes) in 1968; its transformation into the Administrative Department of Sport, Recreation, Physical Activity and the Use of Leisure Time in 2011; and, most recently, the establishment of the Ministry of Sport in 2019. As for the legal framework governing the sector, there are two fundamental regulations that support and give direction to its policies. The first is Article 52 of the Political Constitution of Colombia, which “recognises the right of all individuals to recreation, the practice of sport and the use of leisure time, and defines the role of the State in promoting these activities.” The second is Law 181 of 1995, known as the Sports Law, which establishes provisions for the promotion of sport, recreation, the use of leisure time and physical education, and creates the National Sports System (Congreso de Republica de Colombia, 1995). These laws provide the foundation for the various policies and responsibilities related to sport, recreation and physical activity across public entities at both national and subnational levels, enabling the promotion and development of the sector, as well as the organisation of organised sport through federations, leagues and sports clubs. Although sports legislation in Colombia has evolved through the enactment of more than 50 decrees and laws regulating different aspects of the sector—such as doping control, Paralympic sport, and tax exemptions, among others—all share the goal of strengthening the National Sports System. This system operates through two main dimensions: the public dimension, which encompasses the actions of public entities at different levels; and the organised sport dimension, which includes the Colombian Olympic Committee, the Paralympic Committee, and the federations, leagues and clubs associated with each sport. In this sense, sports, recreation, and physical activity policies in Colombia are developed at two interconnected levels: national-level policies led by the Ministry of Sports, and subnational-level policies at the departmental, municipal, and district levels, led by territorial sports bodies or their respective representatives, which respond to and respond to the diverse needs of populations and territories within a framework of autonomy derived from the country's political and administrative decentralization. 1 Taken from Articles 1 and 115 of the Colombian Political Constitution. In general, the sector’s policies are organised into mission-oriented areas at the national level, structured around the functions of the Ministry of Sport. The first of these areas is the Promotion and Development of Recreation, Physical Activity, School Sport and Community Social Sport; the second is Sports Positioning and Leadership, responsible for promoting elite and high-performance sport in coordination with the Colombian Olympic Committee, the Colombian Paralympic Committee, national sports federations, and departmental and municipal sports authorities; the third area focuses on Resources and Tools of the National Sports System, which aims to ensure sports and information infrastructure to support programmes, plans and high-performance sports events, as well as recreation, physical activity, and leisure initiatives; and the fourth area is Inspection, Oversight and Control of sports organisations and other entities belonging to the National Sports System (Ministerio de Deporte, 2024b). To develop sectoral policies, there are two main types of strategic guidance. Firstly, there are long-term technical guidelines, among which the following stand out: “Guiding Framework for the Promotion of Physical Activity and the Reduction of Sedentary Behaviour in Colombia” (Ministerio de Deporte, 2022); “Public Policy Guidelines on Sports Science” (Coldeportes, 2015); and “Public Policy Guidelines for Gender Equality in the Sport, Recreation, Physical Activity and Leisure Sector” (ONU Mujeres & Ministerio de Deporte, 2022). All these guidelines serve as key inputs for the creation and development of various sectoral strategies. Secondly, there are medium-term policy orientations, which are formulated within the framework of the National Development Plan (NDP)—the document that provides the foundation and strategic direction for public policies designed by the President of the Republic and his Government team (DNP, 2022b). In this case, the “National Development Plan 2022–2026: Colombia, World Power of Life” includes a section titled “The Right to Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Cohabitation and Peace,” which is further expanded upon in the “Strategic Sector Plan for Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity 2023– 2026” (Ministerio de Deporte, 2023c). This plan establishes the following strategic lines: I. Democratising access to sport, recreation and physical activity for the population, with a differential and inclusive approach; II. Complementary School Sports Programme; III. Athletes and Para-athletes as Ambassadors of Peace in the World; IV. More Women in Sport; V. Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity as Drivers of the Popular Economy; and VI. Strengthening the Management and Leadership of the Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity Sector. The “National System for the Evaluation of Management and Results (Sinergia)” monitors and evaluates government policies and programmes, with the aim of generating high-quality information for decision-making. In this regard, for the sport, recreation and physical activity sector, Sinergia monitors the targets set out in the National Development Plan (NDP) and conducts strategic evaluations of the main national government policies and programmes (“Sinergia,” n.d.). It is important to note that some data and indicators have slight variations in their names compared to the generic list of indicators. This is because countries use different age ranges in their survey target populations and different accounting and government management categories. For this reason, some indicators are not strictly comparable across countries, which requires future harmonization efforts in some aspects. IV. Situation of the Key Data Points and Indicators This section presents the status of the value of key data points and indicators, regardless of whether it was possible to calculate their value during the pilot. For each data item and indicator, a brief justification or relevance for its calculation is presented, as well as its basic characteristics. Likewise, the country's position regarding the status of the indicators and the policies or strategic actions it is implementing or plans to implement to strengthen compliance are presented. Details for calculating the indicators, as well as the concepts used, can be found in the country's fact sheets document for indicators with values; and in the general guide for preparing fact sheets for indicators without values. The main information fields contained in the fact sheets are: indicator definition, justification, calculation method, unit of measurement, year, periodicity, geographic coverage, sources of information, and concepts used, among others. Key Data Point 1. There is a national survey within the past five years on sports practice and physical activity, stratified by gender and age Key Data Point with Value To support evidence-based policy and program design for sport and physical activity, it is essential to have representative, reliable, and regular data on sports practice and physical activity, especially through representative national surveys on the topic. Similarly, to visualize specific challenges for different population groups, it is essential to disaggregate information by gender, age group, and territory. Having a national survey on sports practice and physical activity no more than five years old is the first step toward building basic indicators on sport and development, such as the percentage of the population that is sufficiently physically active and the gaps by gender or age group. In Colombia, the benchmark survey for generating information on physical activity according to the criteria established by the WHO is the National Survey on Nutritional Situation (ENSIN), which has three versions: 2005, 2010, and 2015 (Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, n.d.-a). Of the five desirable survey criteria, the ENSIN meets four, namely: it is representative of the adult population and for different population groups (children, adolescents, and adults); it is disaggregated by gender; and its methodology, results, and microdata are publicly accessible. However, because the latest version is from 2015, the criterion that the survey be no older than 5 years is not met. Therefore, the data value is "partially." Table 2. Basic features of the key data point Key Data Point Value Year Source There is a national survey within the past five years on sports practice and physical activity, stratified by gender and age. Partially 2015 (Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, n.d.) Country’s Positioning In Colombia, various surveys, especially those from the health sector, have included physical activity as part of their components. These include the 2017 National School Health Survey (ENSE) and the 2015 National Survey of Health, Well-being, and Aging (SABE). However, the survey that includes a module that provides indicators for compliance with physical activity recommendations is the National Survey of Nutritional Situation (ENSIN), which has three versions: 2005, 2010, and 2015 (Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, n.d.-a). However, for the Colombian Ministry of Sport, it is a challenge and a mission to provide indicators for the sector and the country. For this reason, it is developing the National Survey of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in 2025. This survey will provide physical activity indicators for different population groups across different domains with national and regional representation. Key Data Point 2. Governmental rank of the national authority for sports and physical activity Key Data Point with Value The governmental status of the national governing body for sport and physical activity determines its capacity to establish regulations, design policies, implement programs, and manage resources. It follows that this is a key factor in establishing the scope of the national governing body for sport and physical activity in the country. It is considered that the most appropriate governmental status for the national governing body for sport and physical activity should be a ministry or a body with a high degree of autonomy and powers similar to those of a ministry. The governmental status of the national governing body for sport and physical activity in Colombia is a ministry, specifically the Colombian Ministry of Sport. Table 3. Basic Features of the Key Data Point Key Data Point Value Year Source Governmental rank of the national authority for sports and physical activity Ministry 2019 Congreso de la República de Colombia (2019) Country’s Positioning In Colombia, the Ministry of Sport was created in 2019 and reflects institutional developments dating back to 1968, when the Colombian Institute of Youth and Sport (Coldeportes) was established. Having the status of a ministry is very important for positioning and generating public policies for sport and physical activity on the national agenda. It also allows for greater coordination with subnational levels, which also promote and invest public resources in sport, recreation, and physical activity. Currently, work is underway on a redesign and institutional strengthening of the Ministry of Sport to modernize and update certain processes in response to the country's changing realities. Key Data Point 3. Physical education is an independent mandatory subject in primary and secondary education at the national level Key Data Point with value “Every education system must give due place and importance to education, physical activity, and sport, with a view to establishing a balance and strengthening the links between physical activity and other components of education. It must also ensure that quality and inclusive physical education classes are included as a compulsory component of primary and secondary education, preferably daily.” (UNESCO, 2015a, p. 3). Physical education (PE) is essential for students' comprehensive education. Its formal inclusion in the educational system guarantees benefits at the physical, emotional, social, and cognitive levels. According to the WHO, physical activity has positive effects on mental health, reducing stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression (WHO, 2020). Introducing exercise habits from an early age leads to the development of healthy lifestyles, reducing sedentary behaviors in adulthood (Bailey et al., 2009). Similarly, it has been shown that when students are physically active, their academic performance is much higher, as memory, concentration, and problem-solving skills are enhanced (Trudeau & Shephard, 2010). Taking this into consideration, there is a clear need for data or indicators that allow us to monitor countries' commitment to promoting physical education in the early years of life. In Colombia, physical education is a mandatory subject nationwide in primary and secondary education (for children aged approximately 6 to 15). Despite this, the curricula do not clearly establish the number of hours per week for this subject, which is why the data is valued as "partially." Table 4. Basic Features of the Key Data Point Key Data Point Value Year Source Physical education is an independent mandatory subject in primary and secondary education at the national level. Partially 2019 Congreso de la República de Colombia (1994) Ministerio de Educación Nacional (2019) Country’s Positioning Physical education is mandatory in the Colombian education system. However, schools also have the authority to define its intensity, making it difficult to establish regulations determining how many hours each student should receive. Despite this, Colombia is adopting a more comprehensive approach to education, with the Ministry of Sports, through the Complementary School Sports Day program in conjunction with the Ministry of National Education, seeking to benefit students with sports, recreation, and physical activity beyond mandatory physical education. Key Data Point 4. There are legal frameworks to promote, enforce, and oversee gender equality and non-discrimination in sports and physical activity Key Data Point with Value Legal frameworks are especially important for expressing fundamental principles and rights of individuals, as well as for making visible the priorities and scope of objectives, strategies, and programs. Hence the importance of having data on the existence of legal frameworks to promote, enforce, and monitor gender equality and non-discrimination in sport and physical activity. Likewise, it must be ensured that these legal instruments are actually being applied in policies, programs, or actions with concrete results. In Colombia, legal frameworks exist to promote, enforce, and monitor gender equality and nondiscrimination in sport and physical activity, and there is also evidence that they are being applied with concrete positive results. Table 5. Key Features of the Key Data Point Key Data Point Value Year Source There are legal frameworks to promote, enforce, and oversee gender equality and non-discrimination in sports and physical activity. Yes 2023 Ministerio del Deporte (n.d.) Ministerio del Deporte (2023a) Country’s Positioning In Colombia, the main law is the 1991 Political Constitution. It establishes that women and men have equal rights and opportunities and that women cannot be discriminated against ("CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA," 1991, Art. 43). Likewise, Law 181 of 1995, or the Sports Law, establishes that "The State shall guarantee the democratic participation of its inhabitants in organizing the practice of sports, recreation, and the use of free time, without discrimination based on race, creed, condition, or sex" (Congreso de la Republica de Colombia, 1995). Likewise, there are Public Policy Guidelines for Gender Equity in the Sports, Recreation, Physical Activity, and Use of Free Time Sectors (ONU Mujeres, & Ministerio del Deporte, 2022). In this sense, the Ministry of Sports has a sufficient legal framework that allows it to work towards better opportunities for women in sports, recreation, and physical activity. Indicator 1. Percentage of the national public budget invested in sports and physical activity Indicator with value Budget allocation for sports and physical activity is an objective measure of the importance given to the sector in public investment priorities, and at the same time, a concrete benchmark for the scope of policies in terms of available resources. In Colombia, the percentage of the public budget invested in the national entity for sports and physical activity, specifically the Ministry of Sports, was 0.27% in 2024, equivalent to 1,364,340,146,323 Colombian pesos. Table 6. Basic Features of the Indicator Indicator Value Year Source Percentage of the national public budget invested in sports and physical activity 0.27% Equivalent to 1,364,340,146, 323 COP* 2024 Congreso de la República de Colombia (2023a) Congreso de la República de Colombia (2023b) * Programmed for 2024 Country’s Positioning In Colombia, the national government projects the nation's general budget, which is approved annually by Congress through a law and after various debates. In this sense, the budget has two essential components: investment and operating. Furthermore, given the limited budget, there is always a growing need for greater investment in the sports and physical activity sector in order to increase the coverage of promotion and development programs, sports positioning and leadership programs, infrastructure construction, and other initiatives. Consequently, the Ministry of Sports works year after year to demonstrate the benefits and prioritize investments for the sector within the framework of the national government's management. Indicator 2. Percentage of the contribution of sports and physical activity to the national GDP Indicator with Value Sport and physical activity have a significant impact on multiple sectors and economic activities, but due to the lack of measurements or data records, their importance is not adequately visualized or identified. Thus, having statistics on the contribution of sport and physical activity to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) would help assess their importance in society, understand their relationship with other sectors or economic activities, and also informs the design of policies and programs. The ideal source of information for the indicator is a satellite account for sport and physical activity due to its accuracy and the ability to properly disaggregate the main economic sectors or activities related to sport and physical activity. However, having this indicator poses considerable challenges for countries due to the technical complexity of its calculation and the financial requirements for creating its data sources. Notably, Colombia is a pioneer in the Ibero-American region in generating information on the contribution of sport and physical activity to GDP through a satellite account. By 2020, the contribution of sport and physical activity to the country's GDP was estimated at 0.26%. Table 7. Basic Features of the Indicator Indicator Valor Año Fuente Percentage of the contribution of sports and physical activity to the national GDP 0.26%* 2020 DANE (2022a) DANE (2022b) * Preliminary data considering that the satellite account is under construction Country’s Positioning Economic relations also reflect social relations. In this regard, sport and physical activity in Colombia play an important role in the production of goods and services in the country. Considering this exercise is complex, the Ministry of Sport, together with the National Department of Statistics (DANE), are developing the Sports Satellite Account, which will allow for the annual measurement of the added value of sports-related economic activities at the national level, within an analytical framework extended by the national accounts system. This statistical operation is expected to be ready by the end of 2025 (Cuenta Satélite del Deporte, 2022). However, for this version of indicators, preliminary data from 2020 were used, which are part of the satellite account's construction. Indicator 3. Percentage of the population from 18 to 64 years old sufficiently physically active stratified by gender Indicator with Value Regular physical activity is one of the most important mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and several types of cancer. Physical activity is also beneficial for mental health, as it prevents cognitive decline and symptoms of depression and anxiety (WHO, 2020). Therefore, it is essential to have indicators on the percentages of the population that are sufficiently physically active as a tool for diagnosis and policy design. At the same time, given the different needs of people and the inequalities that exist between them, it is important to be able to disaggregate indicators by age, sex or gender, ethnic origin, or socioeconomic status, among other criteria, in order to make visible the inequalities and challenges of inclusion in sport and physical activity policies. In Colombia, the percentage of the population aged 18 to 64 who are sufficiently physically active is 51.3%, and the disaggregated percentage for women and men in the same age range is 42.7% and 61.1%, respectively. Table 8. Basic Features of the Indicator Indicator Value Year Source Percentage of the population from 18 to 64 years old sufficiently physically active stratified by gender 51.3% 2015 Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (n.d.) Country’s Positioning This is a very important indicator in Colombia. Thanks to data from the 2015 National Nutritional Survey (ENSIN) series (Ministry of Health and Social Protection, n.d.-a), it also extends to adolescent and child populations. This indicator has traditionally been used to illustrate the problem of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors in Colombia. Furthermore, since 2005, a report has been available in the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA) (Global Observatory for Physical Activity, 2021b), and the WHO Global Health Observatory also includes this indicator as a risk factor for non-communicable diseases (WHO, n.d.) (Strain et al., 2024). It is important to note that the Ministry of Sport is developing the 2025 National Survey on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors, with which the country will have updated indicators on this subject. Indicator 4. Percentage of deaths related to physical inactivity in the population over 18 years old Indicator with Value According to the WHO (2022): “Physical inactivity is one of the main risk factors for mortality from noncommunicable diseases. People with insufficient levels of physical activity have a 20% to 30% higher risk of death compared to people who achieve a sufficient level of physical activity.” Indicators on deaths related to physical inactivity are among the most important for identifying the extent of the problem in countries and raising awareness about the benefits of sport and physical activity for health and longer life expectancy. One of the most important, reliable, and standardized indicators worldwide on deaths due to physical inactivity is the one generated by the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GOPA) in its “Physical Activity Almanac.” According to this source of information, in Colombia the percentage of deaths due to physical inactivity among the population over 18 years of age is 12.1%. Table 9. Basic Features of the Indicator Indicator Value Year Source Percentage of deaths related to physical inactivity in the population over 18 years old 12.1% 2020 Global Observatory for Physical Activity (2021) Country’s Positioning This indicator originated in communities of physical activity researchers in several countries and has been reported by the Ministry of Sport since 2005 in the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA) (Global Observatory for Physical Activity, 2021b). Updated data on this indicator are expected in 2025, given that it is directly related to the data that the 2025 National Survey on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors will provide once the survey is completed. Indicator 5. Percentage of schools providing the minimum number of minutes of physical education Indicator without Value “Physical education in schools and all other educational institutions is the most effective means of equipping all children and young people with the skills, abilities, attitudes, values, knowledge, and understanding necessary for their lifelong participation in society (UNESCO, 2015b, p. 6). UNESCO recommends that weekly teaching hours allocated to physical education be 120 to 180 minutes depending on the grade level, where the hours “refer to actual learning time in physical education only and should not take into account time spent changing clothes or traveling to specific facilities, nor time spent on other topics such as health” (UNESCO, 2015b, p. 74). To have a reliable indicator, it is desirable that it be the product of a school census, or failing that, a representative survey of all primary and secondary schools in the country. Currently, Colombia does not have a data source with the aforementioned characteristics to establish the indicator's value. Additionally, no minimum number of minutes has been established. Table 10. Basic Features of the Indicator Indicator Value Year Source Percentage of schools providing the minimum number of minutes of physical education - - - Country’s Positioning Although physical education, recreation, and sports are considered a mandatory and fundamental area, there is no correlation with the required number of weekly hours, a fact largely linked to the recognition of the institutional autonomy of each school. Consequently, for the country, it is not appropriate to parameterize the allocation of physical education hours in comparison with proposed standards. It should be noted that the country does not have regulations for a minimum number of minutes of physical education in schools. However, and in line with the responsibilities of the Colombian Ministry of Sports, the Complementary School Sports Day program is currently being developed, which generates opportunities for the practice of sports and physical activity for the school population in coordination with the Ministry of National Education. It is not currently possible to standardize this indicator given the autonomy of educational institutions in Colombia. Indicator 12. Percentage of government programs in health, sports, and healthy living that use sport as an instrument for peace and coexistence Indicator without Value Sport overcomes geographical, social, and political barriers, connects people, communities, and countries, and thus fosters coexistence and social and political inclusion. Sport for development and peace is conceived as a social intervention strategy that, through the "use of games, physical activity, and sport," addresses explicit peace and development objectives. This perspective "incorporates themes such as gender equality, fostering peaceful coexistence, promoting tolerance for differences, encouraging inclusive behaviors, preventing conflict, and promoting health and well-being" (GIZ, 2021). For all these reasons, it is highly important to generate indicators on the relationship between sport and the promotion of peace and social coexistence. However, this represents a challenge for countries, as they must guarantee reliable information to obtain accurate and transparent indicators. In Colombia, there are currently no sources of information available to establish the percentage of government programs that use sport as an instrument for peace and coexistence. Table 17. Basic Features of the Indicator Indicator Value Year Source Percentage of government programs in health, sports, and healthy living that use sport as an instrument for peace and coexistence - - - Country’s Positioning Sports and physical activity have been included in national agendas as a means of improving public health. However, this indicator is complex, considering that sports and physical activity are not its primary purpose, making it difficult to identify. Furthermore, identifying the entire range of national government programs is an even greater challenge. In this sense, it is important to rethink this indicator due to the technical complexity of quantifying the state's public action instruments. V. Findings and Lessons Learned From the outset, it is important to highlight that the pilot has been a very valuable exercise, allowing for information mapping, identifying challenges, identifying opportunities, and preparing Colombian teams for the general implementation of the indicators in the region in the future. Based on the pilot implementation of the indicators, this section presents some of the most relevant findings and lessons learned documented during the process. Although the analysis focuses on Colombia, in some cases it is conducted from a more transversal perspective for the region with a view to the future global implementation of the indicators. Given the institutional and administrative heterogeneity of the countries in the region, it is difficult to establish uniform budget concepts or categories across countries that can be accurately compared. However, the pilot has identified areas of opportunity for this conceptual unification to improve the comparability of the indicators for their general implementation throughout the region. • Similarly, the target populations of national surveys across countries differ, meaning that unless the age ranges used in the surveys are standardized, statistical standardization exercises will be necessary to obtain strictly comparable indicators. • From Colombia's perspective, proposals have been suggested to rethink some indicators due to data restrictions or the emphasis of its own policies. These proposals will be considered for the final implementation of the indicators. • Generating the indicators and their data sources requires multidisciplinary and intersectoral work teams. This, in addition to facilitating the calculation and monitoring of the indicators, also increases the national sports entity's capacity to generate data and indicators to support policies and document results. • Government policy measurement and monitoring capacities can be substantially improved through partnerships with academia or specialized research centers. In addition to their benefits for knowledge generation, such partnerships ensure a certain continuity in the generation of information and the monitoring of indicators. • Having reliable, regular, and relevant information and indicators requires investment from governments and society as a whole. Specifically, calculating some indicators requires allocating budgetary resources for the creation of new representative surveys, censuses, or administrative records, as well as for developing data collection, monitoring, and evaluation capacities. VI. Recommendations and Next Steps To implement all Ibero-American indicators and continue strengthening the country's measurement and data generation capabilities to design policies based on empirical evidence, the following recommendations are proposed: • Establish a work plan to produce the indicators that could not be calculated during the pilot phase. The plan should include specific steps to identify and develop primary data sources. • Propose alternative indicators to those for which significant concerns were raised regarding their relevance or applicability to the Colombian context, with the aim of discussing these alternatives in regional forums with other countries. • Promote mechanisms for international cooperation to share experiences, knowledge and training, and to harmonise, as far as possible, basic concepts related to sport, physical activity and development, as well as measurement methods and public budgetary classifications. • Establish an interdisciplinary and intersectoral working group (covering sport, health, education, economy and national statistics) to map information sources and indicators related to sport, physical activity and their impact on development, and to propose policies and technical criteria for the generation of statistical information in this field. • Design a strategy for the monitoring and evaluation of the indicators, which, in addition to implementing the baseline for all indicators, should include an initial follow-up report to track their evolution. 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