D1.3 - Value Chain Analysis of New Coatings

Funded by the European Union under the Grant Agreement 101091464. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or European Health and Digital Executive Agency (HaDEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Sustainable surface protection by glasslike hybrid and biomaterials coatings D1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Deliverable Information Responsible partner: ZSI Work package No and Title: WP1 BIO-SUSHY Specifications, Alignment & Social Acceptance Contributing partner(s): All partners Dissemination level: PU - Public Type: R - Document, report Due date: 31/01/2025 Submission date: 31/01/2025 Version: Final Version (V3) Ref. Ares(2025)790501 - 01/02/2025 2 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Project Profile Program Horizon Europe Call HORIZON-CL4-2022-RESILIENCE-01 Topic HORIZON-CL4-2022-RESILIENCE-01-23: Safe and sustainable by design chemicals and materials (RIA) Number 101091464 Acronym BIO-SUSHY Name Sustainable surface protection by glass-like hybrid and biomaterials coatings Start Date 1 January 2023 Duration 48 months Type of action HORIZON Research and Innovation Actions Granting authority European Health and Digital Executive Agency Project Coordinator MATERIA NOVA Document History Version Date Entity Remarks V1 13/01/2025 ZSI, AXIA First draft, including AXIA’s survey input V2 23/01/2025 ZSI,WoodK+, IFTH, RESCOLL, MANO Updates from project partners. Specific comments on value chains by WoodK+, IFTH, RESCOLL, MANO V3 31/01/2025 ZSI Final Version 3 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Publishable Summary This document presents Deliverable 1.3 of the BIO-SUSHY project and is meant to aid the project’s strategy to strengthen its value chains, building on safe and sustainable-by-design (SSbD) principles. Crucial in this endeavour are the project’s efforts to integrate life cycle and safety aspects into the development phase and across its value chains. To help fulfill that aim, this report aims to identify and understand the relevant needs, demands, reservations and perceptions with regards to PFASfree coatings in textile, food trays and cosmetic glass containers. The analysis identifies key trends in the uptake of new coatings in general, while subsequently zooming in on each of the three different value chains. Analysis is based on extensive desk research into the relevant issues, on the insights from 30 interviews with domain experts and stakeholders, on transdisciplinary exchange within the project, and on exploratory stakeholder surveys. Since PFAS-replacement plays a central role in the project's objectives and is likely to significantly shape the future viability of its solutions, explicit attention is paid to the framework conditions this issue presents. Discussed are: pollution & health issues as a major motivation behind the need for PFAS replacement; social awareness and public trust as a driver of consumer preferences; relevant regulatory developments as potential catalysers of BIO-SUSHY solutions; trends in the chemicals, coatings, and new materials sectors; and innovation policies for industry growth & sustainability. What follows is the identification and analysis of relevant considerations for the further establishment of the three BIO-SUSHY PFAS-free supply chains: paper food tray coatings, textile coatings, and cosmetic glass packaging coatings. This is done by analysing a wide range of value chain considerations and concerns in the three value chains and developing these insights into a comprehensive overview of the priorities for each of the value chains. Keeping in mind the early stage technology readiness level of the solutions (currently around TRL 4 at T0+25 months), there is an emphasis on factors that can aid the process of strengthening the future value chains based on SSbD principles. After that stakeholder perceptions and feedback are examined, identifying collaboration opportunities and aligning BIO-SUSHY’s solutions with market and technical priorities. What follows are key insights into strategic priorities, highlighting BIO-SUSHY’s role in advancing safer, sustainable value chains and supporting circular and bioeconomy transitions. The deliverable ends with strategic priorities and next steps for improving the co-design process of BIO-SUSHY solutions and the mitigation of barriers to social acceptance. 4 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Table of Contents 1. Introduction 9 1.1. Study aim 10 1.2. Study approach & scope 10 1.3. Methods 12 Desk research 12 Interand transdisciplinary learning 13 Interviews 13 Surveys 13 1.4. Structure 14 2. Framework conditions for PFAS-free, sustainable coatings 15 2.1. Setting 1: Environmental pollution & public health 15 PFAS and the environment 16 Health concerns 17 Costs to society and need for alternatives 17 2.2. Setting 2: Public awareness & trust 18 Public awareness 18 Consumer consciousness 20 Trust erosion 20 2.3. Setting 3: Regulatory developments 21 Regulatory developments and existing measures 21 Toward comprehensive PFAS regulation 22 Proactive regulation and industry adaptation 23 2.4. Setting 4: Trends in chemicals, coatings, and new materials sectors 24 The business climate around PFAS 24 Sustainability-driven transitions away from PFAS 25 Bioeconomy and the EU chemical industry 25 2.5. Setting 5: EU R&I policy for industry growth and sustainability 26 Sustainability and industry growth 26 PFAS substitution as an industrial strategy 27 SSbD as a strategy for innovation 28 3. Challenges & opportunities in BIO-SUSHY value chains 29 Considerations regarding TRL 29 Approach 29 3.1. Disposable paper food packaging coatings 30 Introduction 30 Safety and sustainability priorities in the value chain 30 5 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS BIO-SUSHY innovation opportunities and value chain considerations 34 Towards a sustainable, safe, and transparent value chain 41 3.2. Textile coatings 42 Introduction 42 Safety and sustainability priorities in the value chain 42 BIO-SUSHY innovation opportunities and value chain considerations 46 Towards a sustainable, safe, and transparent value chain 52 3.3. Cosmetic glass coatings 55 Introduction 55 Safety and sustainability priorities in the value chain 55 BIO-SUSHY innovation opportunities and value chain considerations 57 Towards a sustainable, safe, and transparent value chain 62 4. Perceptions, reservations & feedback stakeholder surveys 63 4.1. Stakeholder Perception Survey 63 4.2. Consumer Acceptance Survey 66 4.3. Regulatory and Compliance Stakeholder Survey 69 5. Strategic priorities & next steps for BIO-SUSHY 71 5.1. Bolstering safe, sustainable and resilient value chains 71 Deepening value chain insights to foster SSbD 71 Integration to resilient value chains 73 Harnessing global dynamics in sustainable innovation 74 5.2. Aligning with stakeholder needs & consumer expectations 75 Raising awareness of coating benefits 75 Promoting transparent standards and reliable certification schemes 76 Consumer engagement in the development process 77 5.3. Leveraging circular & bioeconomy transformations 80 Positioning as pioneers in R&I ecosystems 80 Aligning with civil society initiatives 81 Strengthening synergies with industry 82 6. Closing remarks 84 7. References 85 8. Annexes 91 6 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS List of Figures Figure 1: SSbD Dimensions reveal a holistic, whole life-cycle approach. .............................................. 11 Figure 2: Visualisation of the quadruple helix framework. ..................................................................... 11 Figure 3: Planetary boundaries as assessed by the Stockholm Resilience Centre. .............................. 17 Figure 4: Map (screenshot) of known and presumptive contamination sites across Europe from the Forever Pollution Project. .......................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 5: Limited knowledge as a pivotal argument for comprehensive PFAS regulation................... 22 Figure 6: The CSS toxic-free hierarchy as envisioned by the European Commission. ......................... 27 Figure 7: Eurostat’s estimates of packaging waste generated by packaging material in 2022. ........... 32 Figure 8: EEA overview of environmental and human exposure to PFAS from different phases of the lifecycle of textiles. ..................................................................................................................................... 44 Figure 9: Stakeholder survey - Respondent's demographics. ................................................................ 64 Figure 10: Stakeholder survey - PFAS familiarity. .................................................................................... 64 Figure 11: Stakeholder survey - Novel coatings awareness. ................................................................... 64 Figure 12: Stakeholder survey - Adoption attitude. ................................................................................. 65 Figure 13: Stakeholder survey - Barriers to adoption. ............................................................................ 65 Figure 14: Stakeholder survey - Support needed for adoption. ............................................................. 65 Figure 15: Stakeholder survey - Measures helping adoption. ................................................................ 66 Figure 16: Consumer survey - Awareness of PFAS chemicals across age groups................................. 66 Figure 17: Consumer survey - Willingness to pay across age groups. ................................................... 67 Figure 18: Consumer survey - Relative concerns in consumer decision-making. ................................. 67 Figure 19: Consumer survey - 1st place breakdown by age group for the relative concerns in consumer decision-making. ...................................................................................................................... 68 Figure 20: Consumer survey - Type of information needed across age groups to feel more comfortable about novel coatings. ........................................................................................................... 68 Figure 21: Consumer survey - Relative importance of factors in consumer decision-making when evaluating safety......................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 22: Consumer survey – 1st place breakdown of the relative importance of factors in consumer decision-making when evaluating safety across age groups. .............................................. 69 Figure 23: Regulatory & Compliance survey – Critical regulatory challenges identified by respondents. ............................................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 24: Regulatory & Compliance survey - Support needed by industry stakeholders to meet regulatory requirements. .......................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 25: Regulatory & Compliance survey - Role of regulatory bodies in facilitating adoption of new coatings. .............................................................................................................................................. 70 7 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS List of Tables Table 1: Corresponding objectives and target audiences for the developed surveys. ....................... 14 Table 2: Number of responses for the different surveys. ....................................................................... 67 Table 3: Strategic actions for project dissemination and exploitation based on surveys’ results. ...... 82 8 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Table of Abbreviations Abbreviation Definition Cefic European Chemical Industry Council CLP Classification, Labelling, and Packaging Regulation CSS Chemical Strategy for Sustainability DPP Digital Product Pass ECHA European Chemicals Agency EEA European Environmental Agency EPR Extended producer responsibility ESG Environmental, Social, and Governance FSC Forest Stewardship Council IIHC Investor Initiative on Hazardous Chemicals IRC Initiative for Responsible Carnauba LCA Life Cycle Assessment LCC Life Cycle Costing PBS Polybutylene succinate PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane PEFC Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification PFAS Perand polyfluoroalkyl substances PFOA Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOS Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid PHBV Polyhydroxyalkanoate POP Persistent Organic Pollutant QSAR Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil S-LCA Social Life Cycle Assessment SSbD Safe and Sustainable by Design TEOS Tetraethyl orthosilicate TRL Technology Readiness Level VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds ZDHC Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals 9 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 1. Introduction Perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of chemicals widely used for their water and oil repellency properties in various applications, including non-stick cookware surfaces, textile treatments, and coatings for cardboard food packaging. Because of their widespread applicability and effectiveness, the discovery of PFAS has long been praised as "a miracle of science" (Renfrew & Pearson, 2021). However, in recent years, knowledge and awareness with regards to the negative impacts of PFAS has been on the rise and they have now become dubbed as “forever chemicals”; a term that emphasises the fact that they are long lasting chemicals, components of which break down extremely slowly (Hendlin, 2021). The insights into their negative impacts have sparked an outcry for restrictive regulatory action, which is increasingly being put into place by governments. A pivotal example here is the PFAS restriction proposal, published by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) in 2023. Furthermore, public attention for PFAS' impact on human health and the environment is also rising. Crucially, these kinds of developments are driving a push towards the development of PFAS alternatives in different domains. Considerable promise can be found in bio-based and hybrid materials that have the potential to provide similar functionalities without the associated health and environmental risks. The BIO-SUSHY Horizon Europe research project is heavily invested in these developments, with its commitment to help advance the transition to sustainable alternatives. In short, BIO-SUSHY’s first goal is to develop high-quality, durable, and sustainable composite coatings that are based on different processing technologies (bio-based thermoplastic powders and hybrid sol-gel technologies). These innovative coating solutions should function as alternatives to PFAS coatings in three different areas of application: disposable paper food packaging, textiles, and cosmetic glass packaging. Second, another important goal of the project is defined by BIO-SUSHY’s emphasis on these alternatives’ safety and sustainability: the coating solutions are explicitly being developed under the Safeand Sustainable-by-Design (SSbD) framework. BIO-SUSHY aims at the further development and implementation of this framework by providing innovative contributions. As a result, an important outcome of the project will be its SSbD strategy of which the criteria are focused on the assessment of materials’ risk toxicity and hazardous leachate as well as the life cycle assessment (LCA) of economic and environmental impacts. By working on this combination of aims, the project supports the sustainable application of its highquality, durable, and sustainable organic and hybrid coatings while directly aligning with the ambition of the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (CSS) toward a "toxic-free environment" (European Commission, 2020). In that context, this deliverable aims to analyse the early-stage value chains of the coatings that are being developed in BIO-SUSHY. It focuses on the unique challenges and opportunities within each value chain, as well as those of the project as a whole. In this way, the goal is to support the development of innovative, safe, and sustainable coatings that align with sustainability, regulatory, and market demands. 16 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 1.4. Structure What follows are five more sections, each addressing critical aspects of the BIO-SUSHY project and its contribution to advancing PFAS-free, sustainable coatings. Section 2 provides an overview of the broader framework conditions influencing the development of sustainable coatings. It explores environmental, social, regulatory, industrial, and policy settings, highlighting the interplay of factors that shape the need for alternatives to PFAS. These insights establish the context for the BIO-SUSHY project and its holistic approach to safe and sustainable value chains. Section 3 delves into the specific value chains of BIO-SUSHY solutions, analysing pivotal factors such as feedstock availability, innovation opportunities, regulatory environments, and sustainability considerations. It offers a forward-looking perspective on how these value chains may evolve as the technology matures, with a focus on disposable paper food packaging coatings, textile coatings, and cosmetic glass packaging coatings. Section 4 analyses perceptions, reservations, and feedback from surveys conducted with key value chain stakeholders. The findings highlight opportunities for collaboration and identify areas where BIO-SUSHY’s solutions can align with stakeholder priorities, enhancing both technical viability and market relevance. Section 5 synthesises the insights gained from previous sections into strategic priorities for the project. It identifies BIO-SUSHY’s potential to drive safer and more sustainable value chains, explores novel solutions aligned with stakeholder and consumer needs, and discusses the project’s alignment with circular and bioeconomy transformations. The section also outlines the importance of sustainable upscaling and collaboration within the project’s framework. Finally, Section 6 concludes the report by reflecting on the progress made and the path forward for BIO-SUSHY in contributing to PFAS-free, sustainable value chains. 17 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 2. Framework conditions for PFAS-free, sustainable coatings PFAS have been manufactured since the 1950s, following their accidental discovery by DuPont chemists in 1938 during research on refrigerant gases (Gaines, 2023). With over 6,000 compounds in use, PFAS have long been appreciated for their nonstick, waterproof, and stain-resistant properties, making them essential to a wide range of products, from food packaging to firefighting foams. This extensive use underscores the multi-faceted character of the search for PFAS substitution, necessitating an intricate interplay of industry, regulation, innovation, and consumer demand. In support of BIO-SUSHY’s goal to establish safe and sustainable value chains, insights into the broader framework conditions can help to understand the need for sustainable coatings. These contextual factors provide essential background information, thus supporting the establishment of a clearer vision for the uptake of BIO-SUSHY solutions. Understanding this broader landscape is crucial for building strategic visions, especially as the project operates within a rather volatile and unpredictable environment. In this context, it can help build a strategic vision that capitalises on emerging opportunities for sustainable coatings and strengthen their value chains in the near future. Apart from providing necessary context, it is also useful to gain insights into topics inherent to the wider context of SSbD, like responsible sourcing, general due diligence in project activities, sustainable procurement, production & consumption, and issues of responsibility in the value chain. Considering the fact that the SSbD concept promotes ethical, sustainable, and socially conscious practices, these topics shall be included as much as possible and as early as possible in the development of new coating solutions. As such, the study of value chains is deliberately connected with activities that are concerned with (re-)establishing public trust in a biobased chemical industry and social acceptance of biobased and hybrid coatings. The section divides five different, interrelated settings that describe the framework conditions defining the current need for PFAS alternatives. The first setting considers topics regarding environmental and public health. Second, the social setting, including issues related to PFAS awareness and the need to (re-)build public trust. Third, the regulatory setting with a focus on the past and present regulatory developments (with a focus on the EU). Fourth, current trends in the chemical industry itself, with a focus on elements that are pushing for phasing out PFAS and the need for sustainable alternatives. Fifth and last, EU industrial policy and green policy developments, as a key enabler for sustainable growth. 2.1. Setting 1: Environmental pollution & public health Summary: ● Research insights on PFAS’ environmental & public health impacts have increased steadily ● Expert voices in a wide range of areas paint an increasingly clear, distressing picture with regard to PFAS impact ● PFAS is increasingly seen as a major component in the transgression of planetary boundaries, specifically when it comes to the boundary of “novel entities” ● PFAS exposure is caused by factors like: pollution hotspots at production sites, use in a wide range of products, and generally to its extreme persistence ● Societal costs of PFAS pollution are high, including health system expenses and 18 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS environmental costs PFAS are now ubiquitous in the environment, threatening ecosystems worldwide. Also, exposure of humans to PFAS has become a major public health concern. Especially in domains like environmental science & toxicology, public health & epidemiology, and environmental chemistry, increasing insights have heightened scrutiny on PFAS production and use, creating an urgent momentum for sustainable alternatives like BIO-SUSHY’s coatings. PFAS and the environment There is an increasing sense of urgency with regards to the PFAS as a form of environmental pollution. In summary, PFAS are toxic, bioaccumulative and persistent due to their resistance to microbial degradation. A key issue is that PFAS substances can easily detach from PFAS-containing products, for instance through wear, off-gassing, or contact with water. This happens at nearly every stage of their life cycle, from production to disposal. As a result, PFAS particles often move into the environment, even after they have been disposed of in landfills, where they leach into groundwater and/or surface water. Another problematic issue is the migration of PFAS particles: PFAS can be transported over long distances through atmospheric currents or travel in the form of contaminated water. This has contributed to their global distribution. It has been demonstrated that areas far from direct sources of PFAS pollution are still being affected (even in the Arctic and Antarctic) (Panieri et al., 2022). As a result, PFAS have now become ubiquitous in the environment which threatens ecosystems worldwide. Recent studies indicate widespread exposure with levels varying based on proximity to human populations and dietary habits. In animals, this leads to weakened immunity, liver damage, developmental and reproductive problems, impacts on the nervous and endocrine systems, gastrointestinal diseases related to the gut microbiome, and more (Guynup, 2023). As such, PFAS presents an additional danger to already vulnerable species worldwide (Environmental Working Group, 2024). In line with this status, PFAS are currently seen to be an important component of the current crisis of our planetary boundaries as quantified by researchers from the Stockholm Resilience Centre. In their most recent analysis they have for the first time quantified the boundary named “Novel Entities” (Richardson et al., 2023). It is exactly this boundary that is one of the most severely transgressed among all the planetary boundaries (see Figure 3). PFAS is seen as an important driver of this problem. Given the 50-fold increase in chemical production since 1950, with projections to triple again by 2050, there is an urgent need for innovative bio-based and circular solutions to mitigate this threat. 19 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Figure 3: Planetary boundaries as assessed by the Stockholm Resilience Centre. Source: (Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2022) Health concerns Also human exposure to PFAS has become a major public health concern. Because PFAS binds to proteins in the blood, they are transported throughout the body. Studies have detected PFAS in a wide variety of consumer products. In addition, several large scale programmes for screening have provided insights with regards to the presence of PFAS. For instance, the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) did a large scale study on a range of toxic chemicals which included more than 13.000 people from 28 European countries. One of their findings was that PFAS is present in the blood of all young people they surveyed. Furthermore, in up to a quarter of the cases, these people were exposed to concentrations where negative health effects could no longer be ruled out with sufficient certainty (Apel et al., 2020; Ortiz & European Environmental Bureau, 2023). With regards to the specifics of health impact, research has suggested a likely risk for neurotoxicity. The UN Special Rapporteur on toxics and human rights, has argued that PFAS is currently causing a “silent pandemic” of diseases, disabilities and premature death (UN Special Rapporteur on toxics and human rights, 2022). Moreover, research of the effects of PFAS in humans indicates there is evidence that PFAS exposure can be associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as with an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (Sammi et al., 2019). Also, PFAS are linked to certain types of cancer as well as infertility (Fenton et al., 2021). Costs to society and need for alternatives In direct relation to pollution and health issues, the societal costs of PFAS pollution are considerable. Scholars specialising in environmental pollution and public health stress the urgency of restricting 20 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS PFAS emissions and use. For the health system alone, the annual costs in the countries part of the European Economic Area are estimated at €52–84 billion (Goldenman et al., 2019). Beyond health, environmental remediation presents an even greater challenge, with clear solutions often lacking. A 2023 report by the Swedish NGO ChemSec estimates the global costs of PFAS pollution to reach €16 trillion (ChemSec, 2023). Given these costs, it is unsurprising that the production and use of PFAS materials have become a significant source of concern. Meanwhile, production sites have come under heightened scrutiny, further complicating the issue for industries. In particular, growing public concern about the (daily) use of consumer products containing PFAS, such as coatings, adds to this pressure (see Section 2.2). For the BIO-SUSHY value chain, the increasing attention to environmental and health impacts of PFAS represents mostly opportunities: ● The need for safer, more sustainable coatings creates a critical momentum for exploring alternatives. The coatings developed within BIO-SUSHY promise reduced environmental impact and improved human safety. ● As research progresses, these innovations demonstrate their potential to enable industries to transition to eco-friendly practices, aligning with regulatory pressures and increasing consumer demand for safer products. ● However, as will become clear later in the report, it is important to actively work on efforts towards safe and sustainable solution that avoid regrettable substitution 2.2. Setting 2: Public awareness & trust Summary: ● PFAS pollution is increasingly becoming a mainstream issue in public discourse, especially in regions where pollution hotspots are exposed ● Another important discussion concerns the use of PFAS in consumer products and the ramifications in terms of both environmental and human exposure ● PFAS issues can (further) erode the public trust in the chemical industry, as well as in specific industries, like food packaging, textiles and cosmetics industries ● Consumer markets for PFAS-free and/or bio-based products can use this momentum The PFAS issue has increasingly entered mainstream discussions, accompanied by growing awareness of its environmental impact and toxicity. This has heightened consumer consciousness regarding PFAS-based products and contributes to a broader erosion of trust in the chemical industry and its products. These dynamics place greater pressure on producers of PFAS chemicals and consumer products containing them while simultaneously creating opportunities for alternatives. Public awareness Many environmental and health concerns linked to PFAS are now reflected in the social discourse (Kemper et al., 2024). Public awareness on the issue has expanded significantly, with a broad range of stakeholder groups raising concerns about the social and environmental risks of PFAS. Initiatives like the Forever Pollution Project (see Figure 4), a collaboration involving major media outlets such as the French Le Monde and the German Süddeutsche Zeitung, aim to reveal the extent of PFAS pollution 21 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS (Le Monde, 2023; Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2023). Furthermore, widely watched documentaries such as The Devil We Know as well as films like Dark Waters have further amplified public dialogue and advocacy on PFAS (Haynes, 2019; Soechtig & Seifert, 2019). These developments have not only affected the negative image of PFAS producers, but are also likely impacting the perception of numerous consumer products containing these substances. Figure 4: Map (screenshot) of known and presumptive contamination sites across Europe from the Forever Pollution Project. Source: (Forever Pollution Project, 2023) Furthermore, when looking at national contexts, the rise of high-profile cases drawing attention to pollution hotspots has had substantial implications for the social context. Examples of such cases are contamination near military bases or industrial production sites, as well as communities served by contaminated water supplies. This has raised awareness among residents and the wider public about the presence of PFAS in the environment and its potential health effects. Furthermore, exposure of 22 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS pollution hotspots has sparked activism within affected communities with grassroots movements demanding action from government agencies and industry to address the pollution and protect public health (Lorenzi, 2024; Menegatto & Zamperini, 2023). These pollution hotspots are already leading to legal actions, including lawsuits against companies responsible for PFAS contamination and litigation seeking compensation for affected communities (Wallender & Bloomberg, 2022). Current legal settlements and court rulings are expected to set precedents for future cases. Consumer consciousness Public awareness increasingly influences consumer markets, with changing perceptions likely to affect purchasing behaviours. Investigative reporting has raised alarms about the health risks of PFAS exposure through everyday products, contributing to heightened consumer consciousness. Consumer advocacy groups have played an important role in raising awareness about PFAS in consumer products as they push for stricter regulations and clearer labelling requirements, addressing the lack of transparency on PFAS-related risks (Cousins et al., 2019). Generally, there is heightened demand for transparency and accountability regarding the chemicals in products and operations. Some companies are responding by increasing transparency about their products or phasing out the use of PFAS entirely. Furthermore, this trend has also opened up the space for start-ups, using sustainability and transparency as their main selling point. This trend toward increased transparency empowers consumers to make informed choices and fuels demand for safer alternatives that are free of PFAS. As a result, markets for such products are growing, offering opportunities for companies that can meet these expectations. Trust erosion According to the Eurobarometer survey Attitudes of Europeans towards the Environment (2020), 84% of Europeans express concern about chemicals in everyday products impacting their health, and 90% worry about their effects on the environment. Widespread PFAS contamination and its health risks is often seen as a reason for eroding public trust in the chemical industry. Scandals involving corporate misconduct, such as withholding critical health data, have severely damaged the industry's reputation (Gaber et al., 2023). As a result, the handling of PFAS-related issues by major chemical companies has heightened scepticism about corporate accountability and the effectiveness of selfregulation (Onencan et al., 2024). Some analysts suggest that these controversies are beginning to affect stock market valuations for major chemical firms. Simultaneously, opportunities exist for new entrants or proactive companies within the industry to rebuild trust. Demonstrating commitment to environmental and public health concerns through transparency, innovation, and accountability could reshape public perception and create competitive advantages. For the BIO-SUSHY value chain, the increasing public awareness and trust challenges associated with PFAS show that the growing demand for transparency and accountability provides critical momentum for bio-based alternatives like BIO-SUSHY’s coatings. 23 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS ● By addressing concerns about environmental and health risks, these sustainable solutions can help (re-)build consumer trust and meet the rising expectations for safer, PFAS-free products. ● As markets shift towards transparency-driven purchasing behavior, BIO-SUSHY coatings have the potential to position themselves as a credible, eco-friendly alternative aligned with consumer and regulatory trends. 2.3. Setting 3: Regulatory developments Summary: ● The EU has a comparatively strong reputation when it comes to the protection of its citizens against harmful chemicals, most prominently under REACH ● Recent developments define contextual conditions of regulation, most notably the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability with its emphasis on a “toxic-free environment” ● A group of EU states has come up with an ECHA restriction proposal for a general ban on PFAS ● Depending on successfulness, mentioned restriction proposal will likely have decisive implications on the need for PFAS alternatives The EU has a comparatively strong reputation when it comes to protecting its citizens from adverse effects of chemical pollution and toxicity. A pivotal role is played by regulatory frameworks, such as the REACH Regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals) and the Classification, Labelling, and Packaging Regulation (CLP). These kinds of regulations enforce strict limits on hazardous substances, require extensive safety testing, and promote transparency in the use of chemicals. Additionally, the EU's current commitment to initiatives like SSbD are anticipated to reinforce its proactive approach to minimising risks while fostering innovation in safer alternatives. Regulatory developments and existing measures With the growing awareness of environmental persistence and health risks, efforts to regulate PFAS have intensified. Whereas academics and civil society actors increasingly call for an immediate ban, addressing PFAS remains challenging due to their pervasive use across industries. Current regulations have tackled specific subsets of PFAS over the years, providing a foundation for broader actions. Notably, in 2006 the EU restricted the marketing and use of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) under the Dangerous Substances Directive, a restriction later incorporated into the REACH Regulation. Also, in 2009, PFOS was designated as a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) targeted for elimination under the Stockholm Convention, followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) addition to the POPs list in 2019. Both PFOS and PFOA are subject to restrictions under the POPs Regulation as well. Furthermore, there are existing restrictions on PFAS in specific products. For instance, under the EU Drinking Water Directive (2020/2184/EU), specific limits have been set for PFAS levels in drinking water. By 2023, Member States had to implement thresholds for the sum of certain PFAS and for total PFAS content, with enforcement measures taking full effect by January 2026. Another important example are food contact materials, where the EU has established maximum allowable levels of key 24 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS PFAS, such as PFOS and PFOA, under Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, supplemented by guidelines on sampling and analysis in Commission Implementation Regulation (EU) 2022/1428. These rules help ensure food safety by monitoring PFAS levels in products like packaging. Furthermore, regarding pollution, the EU restricts PFAS in various applications under specific regulations. For instance, firefighting foams containing PFAS are heavily controlled, with the EU introducing measures in 2021 to phase out PFAS-based foams. Toward comprehensive PFAS regulation Despite its comparatively robust regulatory framework, chemical pollution in (Western) Europe is often considered to be comparatively high. Factors that contribute are the area’s dense population, its heavy industrial activity. A shift toward more comprehensive PFAS regulation is now underway, marked by a growing consensus among policymakers and regulators. In 2023, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden proposed a European ban targeting the entire PFAS class. The proposal represents one of the most ambitious global efforts to tackle the challenges of these persistent chemicals. Recognising the limitations of regulating individual substances within the vast PFAS class—comprising over 10,000 chemicals—the proposal aims to restrict the entire category. A pivotal motivation behind the proposal’s comprehensive character is PFAS persistence and the uncertainty created by insufficient testing, warranting a precautionary approach to restrict the entire class (nicely visualised in Figure 5 from the EEA). Figure 5: Limited knowledge as a pivotal argument for comprehensive PFAS regulation. Source: (Thorpe & European Environmental Bureau, 2024) This approach is designed to prevent regrettable substitution, where banned chemicals are replaced by structurally or functionally similar alternatives that later reveal equivalent risks. Under the EU’s REACH framework, the ban would apply broadly across most industrial and consumer uses of PFAS, with exemptions permitted only for essential applications where no safer alternatives exist and the 25 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS benefits outweigh the risks. Such exceptions are likely to include sectors such as healthcare and certain high-performance industrial contexts. Implementation is expected to happen in a gradual manner, with an important role for the alternatives and their availability (RIVM, 2023). While the phased strategy allows industries reliant on PFAS more time to adapt, critics caution that delays could exacerbate environmental contamination and health risks. The proposal reflects a careful balancing act, acknowledging the economic and logistical challenges for industry while addressing the urgency of mitigating PFAS-related harm. By prioritising early intervention, proponents argue, the regulation can accelerate innovation, driving the development of safer, PFAS-free technologies and creating new market opportunities. Proactive regulation and industry adaptation Much work remains to ensure a balance between public health priorities, industrial innovation, and environmental protection. The regulatory landscape must continue to evolve, fostering a future where safer and more sustainable alternatives replace harmful substances effectively. These regulatory efforts align with the EU’s broader Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (CSS) and its goal of a toxic-free environment under the European Green Deal. By targeting PFAS, the initiative signals the EU’s leadership in proactive chemical regulation, offering a model for tackling persistent pollutants worldwide. The proposed ban not only emphasises protecting public health and the environment but also demonstrates how robust regulatory frameworks can catalyse systemic change in industry practices. If successful, it could pave the way for similar initiatives in other jurisdictions, underscoring the EU's role in setting global standards for sustainability and safety. As becomes clear, the path to effective PFAS regulation is not without its challenges. Nevertheless, there is an obvious need for thorough hazard assessments of proposed alternatives. For instance, a 2015 report from the Danish Ministry of the Environment underscores that in the recent past, many alternatives for long-chain PFAS, particularly in food packaging, have either replicated the risks of short-chain PFAS or lack sufficient hazard data (Jesper Kjølholt et al., 2015). To address these kinds of challenges, policymakers and industry stakeholders are increasingly advocating for a precautionary approach. This involves robust pre-market evaluations of alternatives, greater transparency in hazard profiles, and investments in non-chemical solutions where feasible. Such measures are critical to breaking the cycle of substitution and ensuring that regulatory frameworks effectively mitigate long-term risks. In this way, industry responses are ideally evolving in tandem with regulatory developments. In that regard, companies need to become increasingly proactive, leveraging chemical testing, certification, and advisory services to align with emerging standards. For the BIO-SUSHY value chain, the EU’s proactive approach, including the proposed PFAS ban, underscores the urgency of developing safe and sustainable alternatives. ● BIO-SUSHY coatings can leverage this shift by aligning with stringent regulations and demonstrating compliance with emerging standards through the development of its SSbD approach. ● By prioritising transparency and innovation, safe and sustainable solutions can position themselves as forward-thinking alternatives, meeting both regulatory demands and market expectations for safer, PFAS-free products. 32 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS ● Introduction of the broader market context of the respective value chain ● Summary of substitution & sustainability priorities in the respective value chain ● Innovation opportunities and value chain considerations for the BIO-SUSHY solution ● Priorities for establishing sustainable, safe, and transparent value chains 3.1. Disposable paper food packaging coatings Introduction The food packaging market is vast, covering a wide variety of products and needs. In essence, most food packaging serves two primary functions: first, it preserves food safety, quality, and shelf life. Second, packaging plays a key role as a communication tool, helping to capture consumer attention and reinforce brand identity. Also, it provides essential information, including ingredients, nutritional facts, usage instructions, and certifications, thus helping to build consumer trust and influencing purchasing decisions. The future of packaging is deeply tied to questions of sustainability and safety. While current packaging practices offer clear benefits in terms of food protection and cost efficiency, they also raise widely recognised concerns. Single-use plastic packaging, which has long been the leading packaging material, is widely recognised for its issues with regards to environmental sustainability, toxicity, waste, and pollution (including microplastics). Although efforts to improve sustainability often target single-use plastics, it remains the dominant food packaging solution today. There are several types of solutions that hold promise in multi-use packaging solutions (e.g. glass), but these often come with substantial logistical challenges. For alternative solutions in the domain of single-use packaging, paper packaging has long been the leading alternative to plastic due to its image of biodegradability and recyclability. However, paper packaging also has major environmental and health challenges that are often caused or exacerbated by the use of PFAS-based coatings. An example of such a pressing concern is consumer safety, as substances can leach into food, posing potential health risks. Environmental leaching of these harmful substances during disposal or recycling processes can also lead to broader contamination, affecting ecosystems and water supplies. The BIO-SUSHY solution addresses these challenges by developing bio-based coatings that not only eliminate harmful substances but also meet the performance standards required for food safety and packaging functionality, paving the way for safer and more sustainable solutions. Safety and sustainability priorities in the value chain This section provides a summary of the relevant key challenges and priorities within the disposable paper food packaging value chain. The focus here is to describe the impacts of current practices and the way these challenges can help establish a way forward for the BIO-SUSHY SSbD approach to building its value chains. 33 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Impacts and hazards of current packaging solutions In paper packaging, the safety issue is the most obvious priority when it comes to the need for substitution. PFAS coatings in paper food packaging have been widely used since the 1970s, particularly for fast food, takeout, and convenience items, seeing a sharp rise in application through the early 2000s. As a result, production processes for PFAS-based coatings are entrenched within the paper packaging industry, relying on chemical formulations and techniques that have been optimised over decades. As a result, the chemicals persist in production waste streams, contaminating water supplies and ecosystems. Also, the presence of PFAS in food packaging coatings has become a significant health concern in recent years. Studies show that PFAS can migrate into food, especially under conditions like high heat or prolonged storage. For instance, a coalition of European organisations found PFAS in 32 out of 42 food packaging samples analysed from fast food chains across six EU countries (Straková et al., 2021). This migration leads to direct dietary exposure, which is considered one of the primary routes of PFAS accumulation in humans. Some of these compounds are known to bioaccumulate, underscoring the urgent need for alternatives. There are also significant concerns around the unintended presence of PFAS chemicals in food packaging production. Recent investigations have found that the lion's share of chemicals in packaging are not authorised by regulatory bodies (Phelps et al., 2024). These kinds of mismatches suggest that impurities, degradation products, or unregulated variants could be introduced during the manufacturing process. These unintended chemicals may result from the breakdown of longchain PFAS into shorter variants during production or from contamination across supply chains (Bourzac, 2024). This makes compliance with regulatory frameworks more challenging, complicating efforts to ensure that the raw materials used for food packaging meet safety standards. A clear challenge here is that a considerable share of identified chemicals in packaging lack publicly available hazard data, resulting in the fact that manufacturers often face challenges in assessing and mitigating risks during procurement. Increasing pressure to improve recycling possibilities Apart from the health related issues, PFAS-coated paper packaging poses significant challenges for recycling systems. These coatings are difficult to separate from the paper fibers, limiting the ability to effectively recycle or reuse the material. When PFAS-coated packaging is discarded, it often contributes to landfill leachate and incineration emissions. Studies have shown that PFAS persist in landfill environments, leaching into soil and groundwater, and standard incineration processes fail to fully break down the chemicals, dispersing them into the atmosphere. This pollution has been documented near waste incinerators in Europe, where elevated PFAS levels were found in ecosystems, highlighting the long-term risks associated with these materials. As a result, despite being recyclable in principle, paper packaging often ends up in landfills due to contamination from food residues and composite materials like plastic or aluminum layers. These mixed materials complicate the recycling process, as they are hard to separate and clean, reducing the efficiency and quality of recycled fibers. This is an important reason for the fact that according to Eurostat estimates, paper packaging in the EU currently accounts for the largest portion of landfill 34 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS waste (see Figure 7), with limited pathways for effective reuse, undermining its environmental benefits. Figure 7: Eurostat’s estimates of packaging waste generated by packaging material in 2022. Regulatory & legal exposure Finally, mentioned concerns around PFAS increase regulatory and legal exposure, establishing itself as a key driver behind the pressure in the paper packaging value chain to implement new coatings that fulfil more stringent substitution and sustainability requirements. Food packaging coatings are one of the most prominent examples where the use of PFAS is often considered avoidable, particularly since key markets with stricter regulations have already proven that viable alternatives can emerge. For instance, Denmark's 2020 ban on PFAS in cardboard and paper food contact materials demonstrated that companies are able to adapt. Across Europe, increasing awareness of the environmental and health risks posed by PFAS has led to an evolving regulatory landscape, particularly focused on restricting these substances in food packaging. These evolving bans and restrictions put pressure on both raw material suppliers and producers in the paper packaging industry to find safer alternatives. Also, especially in the U.S., lawsuits have already been filed against major food brands and retailers for misleading advertising, product liability, and failure to warn, particularly where PFAS contamination undermines claims of purity, 35 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS naturalness, or compostability (BCLP Law, 2023). Some of these high-profile cases have targeted fast food chains, grocery stores, and manufacturers of disposable packaging, alleging that PFAS presence makes food unfit for consumption. These cases highlight the increasing scrutiny, amplifying the demand for safer and more transparent alternatives throughout the value chain. Apart from the developments regarding a general ban on PFAS, the EU’s Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation reflects growing urgency in the packaging domain. Furthermore, existing regulations, such as the EU Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) and the Regulation on Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Food (EC 1935/2004), emphasise the reduction of hazardous substances in products and the promotion of sustainable materials. However, PFAS poses unique challenges that these frameworks are only beginning to address fully. Also broader objectives of EU directives like the Single-Use Plastics Directive (2019/904) encourage the development of biodegradable and recyclable alternatives. PFAS contamination complicates recycling processes, undermining the circular economy goals outlined in the Circular Economy Action Plan (2020). Finally, further pressure comes from member states pushing forward their own regulations to phase out PFAS, with countries such as Denmark and Germany already implementing stricter measures. Relevant priorities for BIO-SUSHY ● The substitution of PFAS, with safer, more sustainable alternatives is a key priority in the paper food packaging market. Alternatives should eliminate/minimise health impacts & environmental contamination. ● Need for high-performing, sustainable alternatives that maintain barrier properties against grease and moisture. Switching to alternative coatings necessitates a systemic overhaul, a process that is likely to be resource-intensive and disruptive. ● Coatings should become more compatible with paper recycling systems, reducing contamination and improving end-of-life sustainability. Ultimately they need to align with circular economy goals. ● Organic powder coatings as developed in BIO-SUSHY would address additional End of Life (EoL) like compostability involving current ISO standards. ● Reliance on PFAS-coated paper in food packaging coatings already perpetuates uncertainty, regulatory non-compliance, and potential liability. Bio-based coatings can ensure regulatory compliance, and minimise liability risks by aligning with evolving environmental and regulatory standards. ● A new generation of transparent, credible materials have the potential to foster trust and set new standards for safety and sustainability in food packaging. ● There is a clear need for products and processes that are future-proof. New solutions should anticipate regulatory trends, enabling long-term compliance and positioning the value chain for sustainability leadership. 36 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS BIO-SUSHY innovation opportunities and value chain considerations Efforts to eliminate PFAS in the paper food packaging value chain generally have a strong focus on bio-based and biodegradable coatings to replace PFAS in food contact materials. The main goal here is to develop alternatives that offer similar water and oil resistance but avoid the environmental and health impact. Research and development are particularly active in the paper and cardboard sectors, where plant-based and biodegradable coatings are being tested to replace PFAS in fast-food and takeout packaging. Lignin-based coatings using different lignin types are available at pre-commercial scale while also bio-based waxes have shown promise, where achieving comparable grease and water resistance is a key priority. In that regard, the BIO-SUSHY solution demonstrates promising potential. BIO-SUSHY's innovative bio-based food packaging coatings are designed to address both functionality and sustainability challenges in the food packaging value chain. Its lignin-based coatings fulfill water repellency and water uptake criteria, with future formulations being optimised to avoid leakage. Moreover, developments in terms of grease resistance are showing promising results. Further enhancing its appeal, the coating’s objectives include improving recycling compatibility and enhancing the durability of paper-based packaging while minimising its environmental footprint. Beyond BIOSUSHY, scaling this solution and tailoring the performance of these types of coatings is possible based on specific packaging needs. As such, these innovations have clear potential to help bridge the gap between lab-scale development and industrial application. This customisation adds to its promise as a solution that is ideal for a wide range of food packaging applications, providing the potential to reduce the environmental footprint of packaging materials. BIO-SUSHY solution: Biobased powder coating (Wood K plus) formulation content >80% biobased 90-100% organic 0% solvent (powder coating) Powder spray application; Gelling temperatures: 80 to max. 200 °C; Gelling time: 5 to 30 sec. ● Coating solution is based on lignin combined with biodegradable, partly bio-based, nontoxic plastics: polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHBV) and polybutylene succinate (PBS). ● Coatings are applied onto different paper substrates suitable for the hot forming process. Besides, selected formulations will be tested on cellulosic material (pulp mat + tissue papers) to demonstrate the potential wider applications of developed coatings. ● Electrostatic spray coating is being used as an application technology onto paper followed by hot pressing - s film formation upon applying temperature. Coated paper is further thermoformed into a 3D shape (supporting innovation in design flexibility). ● After cooling, the coated papers are thermoformed using a Novatec PV10-5010 PLUS blank feeding machine (in close cooperation with an end user). 37 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Achieving systemic improvements in safety, sustainability, and fairness in paper packaging requires tackling challenges at multiple stages, from sourcing to production to disposal. These different priorities can complicate communication among stakeholders on potential solutions. The following analysis will clarify these issues and examine BIO-SUSHY's changes and contributions toward transforming the food packaging market and its value chains. Raw materials & sourcing The BIO-SUSHY coating solution is based on lignin natural polymer combined with biodegradable, bio-based, non-toxic plastics: PHBV and PBS. Carnauba wax is tested as an additive to enhance barrier properties. Lignin Lignin is a complex organic polymer found in plant cell walls. It provides structural support, rigidity, and resistance to degradation. Its properties make it valuable for sustainable applications, including bioplastics, adhesives, carbon fiber, and functional coatings, offering a promising alternative to petroleum-based materials. In industrial contexts, technical lignin is primarily a by-product of pulping and biorefinery industries, where most of it is burned for energy rather than being utilised in high-value applications. Further, lignin from the upcoming cellulosic ethanol industry is becoming significant. Both chemical and physical treatments cause changes in lignin in terms of structure, molecular weight distribution and dispersity. Thus lignin availability and related price is impacted by the production process, its purity and functionality. The production of Kraft lignin is resourceand energy-intensive, with implications for the environmental footprint of lignin-based products. While modern recovery systems and advancements in air filtration and effluent treatment have mitigated these impacts, the Kraft process remains a source of emissions and environmental challenges. Furthermore, the sustainability of lignin, as well as of the cellulosic fibres in the trays, relies on responsible forest management. BIOSUSHY currently sources purified kraft softwood lignin from suppliers committed to sustainable practices. While the wood fibers in paper packaging are not part of the coating, both coatings and fibers depend on sustainable forestry. Practices like replanting, biodiversity maintenance, and adherence to standards like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) or the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) ensure legal sourcing and preserve forests as carbon sinks. On the other hand, unsustainable practices can lead to deforestation and biodiversity loss, offsetting lignin's carbon benefits. Europe’s sustainable forestry efforts have expanded forest cover over the past decades, but challenges like biodiversity loss and climate change require localised strategies and further improvements of certification schemes to ensure sustainability. Finally, for advanced applications like coatings, lignin must meet high-purity standards and safety measures being addressed. In some cases, this can form a significant barrier, because refining lignin to these specifications can be technologically and economically challenging. These processes, which often involve purification, chemical modification, are energy-intensive and innovations are important to further improve sustainability. Nevertheless, recent years show developments into a direction where lignin-based solutions are increasingly able to compete with other types of 38 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS solutions. Scaling these innovations will ultimately be vital for achieving cost efficiency and environmental gains. Bio-based Polymers (PHBV & PBS) The BIO-SUSHY solution uses bio-based polymers like Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in different types and Poly Butylene Succinate (PBS). PHAs and PBS are bio-based polymers that can replace traditional petroleum-derived materials, and when combined with lignin they can contribute to a more circular economy by repurposing waste materials. PBS is typically derived from renewable resources such as plant sugars. The production of PBS often involves the fermentation of sugar substrates, such as glucose, derived from crops like corn or sugarcane. PHAs are also produced through fermentation, where specific bacteria synthesise the polymer from carbon sources like sugars or lipids. These sources are typically derived from plant-based biomass or waste products from the food industry, further enhancing PHAs sustainability. Since PBS and PHAs are products of biological synthesis, they are inherently bio-based and biodegradable, and can be produced using industrial waste streams such as agricultural residues or food byproducts, which makes them attractive options in terms of circularity. Nevertheless, the environmental impact of sourcing the raw materials, such as land use for growing crops, must also be considered in assessing the overall sustainability of PBS production. Other issues to consider are the energy used in production particularly in PHAs fermentation process, and the overall lifecycle of the materials. Nevertheless, the use of these biopolymers reduces the reliance on fossil fuels, thus lowering the environmental impact of packaging. Furthermore, one of the key advantages of these biopolymers is their biodegradability. This helps mitigate the growing issue of plastic waste, providing a sustainable solution that aligns better with global efforts to reduce environmental harm. Both PHAs and PBS are compostable PHAs even considering different conditions and environments, which means that their use in paper coatings provides an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastic-based coatings. The incorporation of lignin further strengthens the biodegradability without compromising bio-based content of the total formulation, making the coatings an even more sustainable option for food packaging. Carnauba wax Carnauba wax has potential in new biobased coatings for paper packaging due to its natural hydrophobic properties and biodegradability. Carnauba wax is derived from the leaves of the Copernicia prunifera palm, a tree that thrives in arid regions and is native to northeastern Brazil. It presents a potentially useful component for eco-friendly alternatives to PFAS-based coatings. The harvesting process involves pruning the leaves to collect the wax without damaging the trees. In principle this ensures continued production while preserving the palms and their surrounding ecosystems. Unlike synthetic alternatives, carnauba wax is biodegradable, non-toxic, and does not contribute to long-term pollution. Additionally, it is compatible with other biopolymers, enhancing coating durability and performance for food-safe applications. 39 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS The production of carnauba wax has faced scrutiny due to labour exploitation and environmental challenges. Reports reveal that some workers in carnauba plantations endure poor conditions, including lack of safety equipment, long hours, and low wages. The informality in the sector worsens these issues, since it makes accountability difficult despite efforts to enforce better practices. However, initiatives like the Initiative for Responsible Carnauba (IRC) are driving improvements. Established in 2018, the IRC involves Brazilian wax processors, international buyers, and NGOs working to ensure labour rights, ethical sourcing, and biodiversity conservation. Commitments under this initiative include audits, third-party verifications, and sourcing standards. Production & processing Lignin-based coatings hold promise for improving sustainability and reducing reliance on unsafe materials. Achieving consistency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness in industrial applications remains a work in progress which is fully dependent on the market pull (Dessbesell et al., 2020). Addressing these issues is essential for realising the full potential of lignin as a key material for biobased food packaging (Straits Research, 2024). Consistency & uniformity Lignin's complex and variable structure makes it difficult to process uniformly. In industrial production, consistency and uniformity are often essential. This presents a significant challenge for lignin-based coatings. Lignin, as a natural polymer derived from various plant sources, has a complex and variable structure that can differ depending on the feedstock and extraction process. This variability can affect the coating's performance, such as its film-forming ability, barrier properties, and adhesion. Ensuring that lignin-based coatings have consistent quality and performance at an industrial scale requires precise control over the composition and properties of lignin, which is not yet fully standardised. Achieving uniformity in lignin production and refining processes is critical to ensuring that these coatings can meet the demands of mass production and compete with wellestablished alternatives. In short, lignin holds significant promise for food packaging coatings, but its full potential is still being unlocked as the industry works to optimise both the material’s performance and cost-effectiveness. Researchers are currently experimenting with lignin-based resins and composites to develop coatings that can meet or even surpass the performance of petroleum-derived coatings, all while being biodegradable or more environmentally friendly. This potential makes lignin a promising material for the future of biobased coatings, especially in sectors like food packaging Production costs Lignin’s status as a naturally abundant byproduct of the paper and pulp industry makes it a low-cost, renewable resource with significant potential for replacing petroleum-based materials. However, while raw lignin is inexpensive, converting it into high-performance biobased coatings or bioplastics at commercial scale remains costly due to the need for advanced processing technologies, infrastructure, and ongoing research. 40 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Despite these current barriers, lignin-based coatings offer a promising pathway to reducing costs over time. As technology matures and adoption increases, economies of scale and process efficiencies are expected to lower production costs. This can enhance the viability of lignin-based coatings as a cost-effective, sustainable alternative in the food packaging sector. Use & application The BIO-SUSHY coating solution offers significant advancements in barrier properties, food safety, and packaging performance, making it a promising choice for sustainable food packaging applications. These properties are the project’s main potential strength, since they are critical for ensuring food remains fresh, safe, and well-protected throughout storage and transportation. Food safety Coatings must meet stringent food safety standards to provide a viable alternative to conventional coatings that may leach harmful substances. BIO-SUSHY integrates safety considerations throughout the formulation process, using a combination of laboratory testing and iterative adjustments to minimise potential risks. During R&D, leakage testing is conducted to assess whether any compounds migrate from the coated layer on paper, ensuring that formulations remain safe for food contact. Biomembrane sensor testing helps detect interactions that could indicate unwanted migration, allowing early identification of potential concerns. At later stages, comprehensive migration tests are planned to validate the coatings under real-world conditions, ensuring they comply with regulatory standards for food packaging. This continuous process of evaluation and refinement helps mitigate risks, ensuring that BIO-SUSHY’s coatings provide both high performance and consumer safety while reducing potential impacts on human health and the environment. Packaging quality & structural integrity Ensuring the quality and structural integrity of food packaging is a critical factor for both consumers and food retailers. For consumers, packaging that fails to protect food can lead to dissatisfaction, food spoilage, and waste. For retailers, compromised packaging can disrupt supply chains, cause product losses, and damage brand reputation. The ability of packaging to withstand handling, transportation, and storage while maintaining its functional and visual properties is therefore essential to its success in the market. BIO-SUSHY’s combination of lignin with biopolymers like PHBV and PBS addresses these challenges by creating coatings with an optimal balance of flexibility and strength. This ensures that paper-based packaging retains its integrity throughout the supply chain while providing the durability needed for demanding environments (e.g. cold storage or extended transportation). The project’s use of computational tools and data-driven modeling further supports the design of these coatings, enabling precise prediction and refinement of their physicochemical parameters. Real-world testing in production facilities in close cooperation with end user provides the project with a unique opportunity to confirm that these structural and quality benefits hold up under industrial and commercial conditions. 41 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Certifications & consumer trust The market is increasingly focused on PFAS-free and bio-based alternatives, and certifications play a critical role in verifying the performance and sustainability of these solutions. Through its toxicological and environmental evaluations, BIO-SUSHY has established methodologies for transparency and standardisation. These tools enhance trust in the project’s formulations and position them as credible alternatives that avoid greenwashing while delivering genuine sustainability benefits. In later stages of the project, it is important to increase project-internal awareness of useful certifications and other tools to enhance consumer trust. Recycling & end-of-life The BIO-SUSHY solution not only promises to significantly reduce reliance on harmful chemicals but also aims to improve recyclability by reducing the need for non-recyclable components. By integrating seamlessly with paper substrates, lignin-based coatings address key challenges in recycling, such as the separation of plastic or aluminum layers, contributing to the broader goals of a circular economy in the (food) packaging industry. Enhancing recyclability Lignin-based coatings improve recyclability by integrating with paper substrates without requiring complex separation processes. Unlike conventional coatings, which often hinder recycling, these biobased solutions align with the structure of paper fibers, allowing for more efficient recovery. While lignin-based coatings reduce contamination's impact, they do not completely eliminate it. For example, contamination from grease, oils, or food residues remains a challenge that can render batches of paper unsuitable for recycling. However, BIO-SUSHY’s protective barrier minimises grease penetration, reducing contamination severity and supporting cleaner recycling streams. Environmental considerations While paper-based packaging is celebrated for its recyclability, the process itself can have significant environmental impacts, particularly in terms of water and energy use. Additionally, each recycling cycle shortens cellulose fibres, eventually requiring the addition of virgin fibres to maintain material quality. Thus, to improve on this issue, lignin-based coating developments should focus on support this process by ensuring compatibility with fibre recovery, minimising disruptions in recycling streams. Alternatively, composting provides another end-of-life scenario, particularly for food-soiled packaging that cannot be recycled. Lignin’s inherent biodegradability is an advantage in this context, as it naturally breaks down without leaving persistent residues. By developing coatings that balance recyclability with biodegradability, lignin-based solutions can complement existing waste management efforts, ensuring packaging remains sustainable regardless of its disposal route. Infrastructure challenges & stakeholder involvement The recyclability of coated materials also depends heavily on the availability of appropriate recycling infrastructure. Even innovative solutions like BIO-SUSHY require facilities capable of recycling or 48 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS ● Developing closed-loop systems for sourcing and recycling coating materials as part of the SSbD approach in textiles, can help ensure that PFAS replacements deliver long-term environmental and health benefits. This is also related to the recycling & end-of-life stage ● There is an increase of policies focused on recycling and end-of-life solutions - such as EPR and DPP. These can help push the market towards sustainable solutions. BIO-SUSHY innovation opportunities and value chain considerations A major issue when it comes to textile coatings is that many (existing) substitutes, such as silicones or waxes, often fail to deliver similar performance levels to PFAS-based coatings and may alter the fabric's feel or appearance, thus not satisfying all the requirements (e.g. flame-retardancy), consequently limiting their applicability. The complex requirements for achieving desired functional characteristics, along with concerns about long-term efficacy and environmental impact of alternatives. For manufacturers seeking to transition away from PFAS-based solutions, this adds up to a complex set of challenges. The BIO-SUSHY solution shows promise to face these challenges. Its aim is to further develop innovative coatings, based on the combination of sol gel chemistry, polyacid and epoxy functions and the addition of functional additives. These should provide a sustainable alternative to traditional PFAS-based treatments, preferably in a wide range of textile coating domains. The solution is based on a patent developed by two of the BIO-SUSHY project partners (Rescoll & IFTH, patent EP4086386). By combining durability and functional properties with environmentally friendly materials, this type of coating has the potential to minimise ecological impact while offering significant performance benefits. To demonstrate its applicability, the coating is tested on three textiles (cotton, polyester, and a cotton/polyester blend) using a tablecloth and other home textiles as the base product. The focus is on the finishing composition for textiles, aiming to enhance various properties like wrinkle resistance, ease of ironing, and durability during washing. Furthermore, it increases flexibility of the textiles, as well as a soft touch. Beyond the PFAS issue, this composition does not release formaldehyde, which is often an issue with traditional textile coatings based on urea-formaldehyde. This adds to its possibility to become a more environmentally friendly option, thus representing a step towards safer, more sustainable textile coatings that offer improved functionality without the drawbacks associated with PFAS based coatings. BIO-SUSHY solution: Hybrid sol gel coating (RESCOLL/IFTH) Formulation content: up to 30% biobased Up to 25/75 inorganic/organic ratio Solvent: Water Application: Padding, fast curing; 3-5 min at 100195°C ● Coating solution is a water-based hybrid sol gel with a strong focus on using bio-based contents in its formulation. ● The solution has high organic content to enhance the coating’s flexibility for textile 49 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS applications ● Initially, coatings are applied onto three textiles—cotton, polyester, and a cotton/polyester blend, but are planned to have wider applicability in later stages. ● Precursor-synthesised sol-gels along with functional chemicals will be deposited onto textile fabrics in one step by padding. This is a dipping procedure where excess formulation is squeezed out by the rollers from the textile fabrics. The method allows the liquid formulation to penetrate between the fibre in the fabric. ● Afterwards, this is cured in an oven or by UV processes. Raw materials & sourcing There are several challenges in the raw materials and sourcing stage, particularly with regards to balancing the technical performance requirements of the coating with the ecological and ethical considerations of sourcing materials. Issues such as resource scarcity, the environmental impact of chemical production, and the need for transparent supply chains make this a complex but essential step in driving sustainability. Careful attention must also be given to aligning material choices with broader industry trends, such as the move toward renewable feedstocks and circular economy principles. Below are the key considerations for the most important raw materials used in the BIOSUSHY hybrid coating solution: Epoxysilanes Epoxysilanes play a critical role in enhancing the durability and functional performance of the BIOSUSHY solution. They represent a cutting-edge approach to materials engineering, particularly in a context of multifunctional and sustainable solutions. Their novel combination of organic and inorganic properties makes them appealing in various emerging applications, albeit that currently, their reliance on petrochemical feedstocks presents sustainability challenges. Apart from carbon emissions, their chemical synthesis often involves hazardous intermediates, raising concerns about environmental and occupational safety. Addressing these issues is crucial to aligning the production and use of epoxysilanes with broader sustainability goals. Here, it is useful to remark that bio-based alternatives represent a promising avenue, also for BIOSUSHY, considering its target to increase biobased content. Researchers are actively exploring renewable feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic biomass or agricultural by-products, as potential raw materials for synthesising epoxysilanes. These innovations can help reduce carbon footprint and increase eco-friendliness of the solution. In that regard, transparent practices, particularly in the form of comprehensive LCA can enable downstream stakeholders to make informed choices and prioritise sustainability in product selection. Ethyl silicate binders Ethyl silicate binders are commonly used in coatings for their ability to form durable, heat-resistant films. Traditionally derived from petrochemical sources, the manufacturing process of ethyl silicates is energy-intensive and often involves volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which contribute to air 50 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the disposal of waste products from their synthesis poses environmental risks, particularly when not managed within a closed-loop system. Nevertheless, their pivotal role in sol-gel chemistry enables a range of environmental benefits. Unlike traditional coatings that often rely on high-VOC organic solvents and petrochemicals, sol-gel coatings can be formulated as low-VOC, water-based, or even solvent-free systems. Also, they currently do not appear to be a regrettable substitution for PFAS, as it does not have the same persistence, bioaccumulative, or toxicological concerns. Finally, ethyl silicate binders can be combined with bio-based materials such as lignin, chitosan, or cellulose to create hybrid coatings that merge the benefits of both organic and inorganic chemistry. In conclusion, developing formulations with reduced VOC emissions and improved biodegradability will support compliance with evolving environmental regulations and consumer demand for safer, more sustainable materials Polycarboxylic acids Polycarboxylic acids, including citric acid, are widely used in applications such as coatings and adhesives. The environmental impact of polycarboxylic acids often depends on their production routes, which may involve energy-intensive processes or reliance on petrochemical precursors. For BIO-SUSHY, citric acid offers a promising pathway for improvement, particularly when derived from agricultural byproducts or waste streams. Utilising feedstocks such as corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, or fruit waste not only reduces the competition for arable land but also exemplifies the principles of waste valorisation and circular economy. For other polycarboxylic acids, identifying production pathways that prioritise renewable feedstocks is essential. Innovations such as the use of lignocellulosic biomass or synthetic biology approaches to engineer microbes for efficient acid production can provide pathways to lower the environmental impact. In addition to sourcing considerations, addressing the energy demands and emissions associated with polycarboxylic acid production is vital. Advancements in green chemistry, such as catalysts that reduce energy consumption or methods that integrate renewable energy sources into production processes, can significantly lower the carbon footprint of these compounds. Furthermore, developing closed-loop systems to recover and reuse resources within manufacturing operations aligns with global goals for sustainable industrial practices. By focusing on bio-based sourcing, encouraging supplier innovation, and adopting greener production technologies, the coatings and adhesives industries can take a leading role in redefining sustainability for essential chemicals. Silicon-based organic polymers Finally, silicon-based polymers offer critical functional properties, such as hydrophobicity and flexibility. Their production often involves high energy use and emissions. Ensuring these polymers are free from persistent chemicals, such as PFAS, is still a hurdle. Collaborating with suppliers who employ renewable energy and prioritise closed-loop production systems can mitigate sustainability concerns. Furthermore, seeking alternatives that maintain performance while reducing reliance on fossil-derived feedstocks is a promising area for innovation. Transparency in the polymer’s life 51 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS cycle, including end-of-life considerations, is also vital for evaluating its overall environmental impact. Production & processing The promise of new coatings is that it allows manufacturers to offer specialised fabrics that stand out in competitive markets. By incorporating high-performance coatings, textile producers can tailor their products to specific niches, offering distinct advantages over competitors. Regulatory safety and environmental standards Ensuring compliance with evolving safety and environmental regulations is critical in the development of PFAS-free textile coatings, as the EU (REACH) and other global regulatory bodies continue to impose restrictions due to PFAS compounds’ persistence and potential health risks. The project’s environmental safety testing, including biodegradability, toxicity, and end-of-life impact assessments, helps ensure that new coatings do not introduce unintended ecological harm or impact user health. For PFAS-free alternatives to be viable, they must align with both regulatory goals and consumer safety expectations. Rigorous quality assessments and adherence to standards such as Oeko-Tex, Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals (ZDHC), or Ecolabel certifications can help substantiate claims of safety, sustainability, and functionality. These measures not only build market trust but also facilitate the broader adoption of PFAS-free coatings in textile production. Quality control & compliance requirements Quality control and compliance requirements for PFAS-free coatings vary significantly across different textile types. Some sectors, such as technical textiles, face stringent testing and regulatory scrutiny due to their critical applications in safety, military, or medical fields, where performance and safety stand central. These textiles often undergo rigorous testing for durability, toxicity, and environmental impact to ensure they meet both industry standards and public safety regulations. In contrast, other textile types, like fashion fabrics or home textiles, are often not subject to the same level of oversight, thus having more lenient quality control practices, especially at the early stages of product development. Nevertheless, in these domains, other market demands, like consumer demand for more sustainable products, can certainly help establish new markets. This underscores the challenge of developing PFAS-free alternatives that must meet diverse expectations across different sectors. Given the early TRL of the coatings in question, navigating these varying regulatory environments, testing standards, and consumer preference constitute important considerations in the potential scaling and market adoption of the BIO-SUSHY solution. Substitution risks The switch from conventional to more sustainable coating chemistries, especially those intended to replace PFAS-based finishes, introduces substitution risks. These risks stem from uncertainties in several areas, including hazard profiles, potential long-term health effects, and product performance under real-world conditions. In addition, brands may face reputational challenges if 52 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS less-proven alternatives fail to match the reliability of established products, reinforcing resistance to change among both suppliers and manufacturers. To address this, the project’s focus on SSbD principles can be a valuable investment in helping to alleviate resistance, since the SSbD approach helps validate new formulations early on, supports data sharing, and ensures transparency regarding chemical content and safety. By proactively integrating these measures during the R&D stage, future products can achieve both high performance and improved environmental and health outcomes, thus reducing the concerns associated with substituting traditional coatings. Towards the later stages of the project, further collaboration with suppliers, manufacturers, and end-users and involving them in the development and testing of new coatings can help alleviate this issue in the form of fostering trust and ensuring that performance meets market expectations. Use & application Sol-gel coatings for safety, sustainability and comfort Sol-gel coatings have high potential for overcoming many of the challenges posed by the need for PFAS alternatives. They offer multifunctional performance enhancements, such as water repellency, UV protection, and antimicrobial properties, without relying on substances like PFAS or other persistent chemicals. Their hybrid organic-inorganic structure provides exceptional durability, reducing the need for frequent reapplications and lowering overall material consumption. The technology also allows for precise control over the chemical composition, paving the way for safer, custom-designed coatings that meet the demands of both technical textiles and sustainable production practices. As the sol-gel process continues to evolve, it holds significant potential to redefine the future of safe and environmentally friendly textile coatings. To make the advantages of sol-gel coatings clear to consumers and users, communication should focus on their tangible benefits in everyday use. For example, highlighting how sol-gel coatings offer longer-lasting protection by reducing the need for frequent maintenance or replacement. This can also emphasise specific features, such as superior water repellency that keeps textiles dry in wet conditions or UV protection that extends the lifespan of outdoor fabrics. Transparency about the coatings’ safety, such as being free from harmful PFAS chemicals, combined with certifications or eco-labels, can build trust and reinforce their appeal as a sustainable choice (see more on that below). Consumer quality standards Generally, in the textile domain, quality control is crucial to ensure both safety and functionality. The extent and focus of testing wll vary widely based on the manufacturing location, product type, and target market's regulatory environment. As the BIO-SUSHY solution is still in a development stage, these expected variation will result in different need for monitoring mechanisms and alignment with consumer protection. Especially at the current moment, new alternatives must meet stringent regulatory standards while delivering comparable performance to traditional PFAS-based options. This stage involves extensive testing to assess a range of factors, such as skin toxicity, 53 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS environmental impact, and performance under different conditions. Additionally, the durability and effectiveness of the coatings, such as water or stain resistance, are evaluated to confirm they meet industry requirements for specific applications, whether in textiles, packaging, or glass. Labelling In the use and application phase of textile coatings, labelling has long been a powerful instrument for distinguishing and promoting more sustainable products. By highlighting coatings that avoid PFAS substances, labelling can increase consumer and industry awareness of safer alternatives, driving market demand for greener practices. At the same time, it is important to note that references such as “PFOS-free” or “PFOA-free” have demonstrated to be misleading, as they do not necessarily guarantee that a product is free from the entire PFAS group. Various sectors have recorded instances in which these types of claims were inaccurate or overly simplistic. Thus, to ensure credibility in the use and application phase, such labelling should be approached with care. By aligning with clear standards and being aware of/collaborating with widely recognised labels, projects like BIO-SUSHY, with its strong focus on SSbD, can help ensure that sustainability claims rest on a verifiable foundation, thereby reinforcing consumer confidence. In turn, this can support the broader adoption of SSbD products and frameworks in the textile domain, ultimately driving innovation towards more environmentally responsible and health-conscious solutions. Overconsumption Especially with regards to the consumption stage, simply replacing PFAS with other chemicals does little to address the root problem of textile overconsumption (and resulting waste). Indirectly, a truly sustainable solution requires more profound changes, not just in materials but in our approach to textile production and use. This could involve embracing longer product life cycles, prioritising repairability, and reducing the emphasis on performance-enhancing treatments where possible. Whereas this largely lies outside of the current BIO-SUSHY capabilities, it is important to try to align the project with projects that aim for responsibility in these domains too. More on this will be addressed in the sLCA. Recycling & end-of-life Enhancing Recyclability through Safer Coatings Recycling and end-of-life management of textiles pose significant hurdles, yet shifting to more sustainable coatings can substantially improve outcomes. By eliminating PFAS-based treatments that impede fibre recovery, these coatings produce higher-quality recycling outputs and minimise contamination in the waste stream. Relying on environmentally friendly materials and designed for broad applicability, this BIO-SUSHY solution helps preserve the integrity of recycled fibres while delivering competitive performance. Circular Future 54 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS A successful transition from linear to circular textile models calls for close cooperation among policymakers, recyclers, manufacturers, and consumers. Improving sorting processes, raising consumer awareness, and upgrading recycling infrastructure all play a critical role in strengthening end-of-life strategies. The BIO-SUSHY coating technology supports this collaboration by reducing chemical risks, bolstering product safety, and offering robust data on environmental impact. Through its approach, the project can foster industry-wide transparency and standards that ultimately simplify both recycling and remanufacturing efforts. Durability and end-of-life impact Merely substituting one chemical for another does not address the core challenge of overconsumption and waste in the textile industry. A more holistic approach involves designing products for durability, repairability, and an appropriate level of functionality, ensuring performance requirements are met without unnecessary chemical loads. By uniting durability with environmentally responsible materials, the BIO-SUSHY solution aims to demonstrate that coatings can be both high-performing and low-impact. By refining formulation and application processes through ongoing research, the project can strengthen the case for responsibly produced textiles, proving that high-performance finishes and reduced environmental impact are not mutually exclusive. This blend of innovation and sustainability will hopefully contribute to reduce disposable fashion, instead contributing to practices rooted in longevity and responsible resource use. Towards a sustainable, safe, and transparent value chain The transition to a sustainable, safe, and transparent value chain for textile coatings requires addressing critical challenges, particularly the replacement of PFAS, improving traceability, and strengthening regulatory frameworks. Achieving a sustainable, safe, and transparent value chain for textile coatings will depend on coordinated efforts across industry, policy, and technology development. By phasing out PFAS where feasible, improving traceability systems, and reinforcing regulatory measures, the textile sector can overcome existing barriers and contribute meaningfully to a safer and more circular future. This transformation requires continued investment and collaboration to ensure that the innovations of today become the standard practices of tomorrow. Combining technological advances with market, regulatory, and societal needs A successful transition away from PFAS in textiles requires aligning technological innovation with market demands, regulatory frameworks, and societal expectations. While viable alternatives exist for most applications, proactive industry-wide adoption is essential to minimise environmental and health risks. Eliminating PFAS early in the supply chain not only reduces contamination risks but also facilitates safer recycling and circularity efforts. Strong regulatory frameworks play a crucial role in scaling bio-based coatings, both by phasing out PFAS and by creating incentives for sustainable alternatives. For BIO-SUSHY, addressing societal needs means not only developing PFAS-free coatings but also actively engaging with stakeholders across the value chain. Transparency about material choices and safety testing is key to building trust among manufacturers, brands, and consumers. 55 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Collaborating with certification bodies and eco-labels can help validate claims of safety and sustainability, making it easier for end-users to recognise and choose responsible alternatives. Additionally, the project can contribute to public awareness by sharing knowledge on the benefits and trade-offs of PFAS-free coatings, supporting informed decision-making at all levels. Thus, by integrating technological advances with regulatory alignment, market accessibility, and public engagement, the project can help drive the systemic changes needed for a safer and more sustainable textile industry. Contributing to the foundations for circularity Moving toward a model that balances functionality with sustainability will likely require coordinated efforts across the industry, from material innovation to consumer education and regulatory frameworks that discourage harmful chemicals and overproduction. Also, markets with stringent regulatory frameworks have already demonstrated the viability of safer alternatives. For instance, the EU’s increased scrutiny on PFAS in textiles and the Nordic Council’s recent recommendation for a regional PFAS ban underscore the feasibility and demand for non-toxic, sustainable solutions (Krause et al., 2024). In this regard, as the industry is likely to open up toward safer coatings, traceability is increasingly becoming a cornerstone for transparency and accountability. Advanced tracking systems have the potential to ensure that bio-based materials are properly integrated throughout the textile supply chain, providing stakeholders with clear data on material origins and sustainability credentials. This transparency not only builds trust but also facilitates compliance with regulatory standards, ensuring that bio-based alternatives gain widespread acceptance and adoption. As BIO-SUSHY is progressing, awareness of these systems can help its solutions align with regulatory standards, ensuring consistency and accountability across the value chain. The project can work towards embedding its solutions within existing circularity initiatives, ensuring that biobased coatings are compatible with large-scale recycling and reuse systems to further strengthen the market viability of PFAS-free alternatives. 56 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 57 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 3.3. Cosmetic glass coatings Introduction The cosmetics packaging industry has seen rapid developments, especially in high-end markets. Crucially, growing consumer demand for more 'natural' solutions significantly influences ingredient selection of cosmetics themselves, but also forces brands to seek out packaging solutions that use more eco-friendly solutions. As part of that trend, innovative use of materials like bamboo, bioplastics, and glass have gained prominence. In addition, many companies are adopting practices such as minimal packaging and lightweight materials to cut down on waste. Also, the rise of social media and e-commerce has made visual appeal even more crucial, as packaging now needs to stand out, not just on store shelves but also in online images and usergenerated content. These shifts are pushing brands to adopt designs that resonate with new types of consumers and audiences, often prioritizing bold, unique, and photogenic elements with ecofriendly aesthetics. The result is an increase in simple, minimalistic designs that convey both luxury and environmental consciousness. In this context, glass is increasingly (re-)gaining attractiveness. Recent years have seen considerable developments in glass coating research for specialist solutions. Sol-gel technology has been expanding rapidly, enabling the development of multifunctional coatings through innovative precursor solutions and efficient processing techniques in a range of specific applications. This has constituted a promising avenue for advancing new types of PFAS-free solutions in response to growing sustainability demands. In this context, BIO–SUSHY aims to develop a solution that is both hydrophobic and oleophobic with a high sliding effect, allowing the content of cosmetic glass packaging to allow smooth dispensing of cosmetic products, regardless of their viscosity. Safety and sustainability priorities in the value chain This section provides a summary of the relevant key challenges and priorities within the disposable paper food packaging value chain. The focus here is to describe the impacts of current practices and the way these challenges can help establish a way forward for the BIO-SUSHY SSbD approach to building its value chains. Glass packaging coatings to improve specific use-cases The cosmetic glass case is a bit different from the other BIO-SUSHY cases in the sense that its emphasis on the aspect of (PFAS) substitution is less straightforward. Coatings in glass packaging are not as common as in the other BIO-SUSHY case studies: glass is inert, meaning it does not chemically react with (most) substances it comes into contact with. This chemical stability is one of glass’ key advantages, especially for packaging sensitive products like food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, unlike many other packaging base materials, glass naturally provides an effective barrier against moisture, oxygen, and contaminants. Additionally, it is less prone to scratching or wear, reducing the need for protective or aesthetic coatings However, the priorities here can be directly connected to the need for replacing plastic packaging. Crucially, an advantage of plastic packaging is that it often allows the recovery of almost 100% of 64 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Recycling and reuse Recent advances in recycling infrastructure, such as more effective sorting technologies and collection systems, have boosted glass recovery rates and helped prevent valuable material from ending up in landfill. As one of the few materials that can be recycled indefinitely without degrading, glass supports circular economy initiatives by reducing reliance on virgin resources and lowering the environmental impact of production. At the same time, industries including cosmetics, are exploring cleaning and reconditioning processes, often involving high-pressure or chemical-free methods at an industrial scale, to extend the life of glass containers. Similarly, reuse options are being considered at a private scale, using home-cleaning and reuse schemes. These kinds of developments towards reusability align with sustainability targets by reducing waste, lessening demand for single-use items and maintaining stringent hygiene and brand standards. Advancing circularity A key obstacle to widespread glass reuse has been the difficulty of removing residues from coated containers, which can hinder both recycling and cleaning processes. The BIO-SUSHY project’s PFASfree coating offers a practical solution, making it easier to clean containers and support long-term use of glass packaging. Unlike conventional coatings that may leave chemical residues or complicate reuse, this new formulation simplifies the removal of product remnants, helping transition sectors such as cosmetics towards refill and reuse systems. Growing consumer demand for sustainability, coupled with policies like EPR and deposit return schemes, further accelerates this shift, positioning glass packaging and the BIO-SUSHY coating as pivotal elements in more responsible and enduring packaging strategies. Towards a sustainable, safe, and transparent value chain Outreach on solution’s sustainability and safety Glass packaging is celebrated for its chemical stability, inertness, and recyclability, making it a preferred material in industries like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and premium beverages. However, coatings remain essential in specific applications, particularly to meet both functional and aesthetic needs. BIO-SUSHY’s focus on developing PFAS-free coatings aligns with growing regulatory and consumer demands for safer and more sustainable alternatives and should be explicitly profiled as such. These coatings aim to combine hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, enabling a high sliding effect that reduces product waste by ensuring efficient product evacuation. By minimising the need for harmful additives and emphasising biobased and water-based materials, BIO-SUSHY contributes to reducing the environmental footprint of glass packaging. Becoming part of cosmetic innovation The cosmetics industry demands packaging that is not only functional but also aligns with brand aesthetics and environmental values. BIO-SUSHY coatings provide sleek, uniform finishes that enhance visual appeal, ensuring that packaging maintains its pristine look throughout its lifecycle and allows 100% (or close to) recovery of the cosmetic content. Also, the project’s PFAS-free coatings simplify the cleaning and recycling of glass containers, facilitating their integration into 65 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS refill and reuse systems. Such innovations can support the growing industry and policy emphasis on circular economy strategies, helping transition cosmetic packaging towards more sustainable and enduring solutions. Transparent communication about the safety and sustainability of these coatings, supported by robust certifications and lifecycle assessments, is critical to building consumer trust. By addressing concerns about chemical leaching, residue removal, and recyclability, the BIO-SUSHY solution ensures glass packaging meets the highest standards of functionality, safety, and consumer confidence. 66 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 67 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 4. Perceptions, reservations & feedback stakeholder surveys Surveys targeting key value chain stakeholders have helped to gain additional insights into stakeholder perspectives. Surveys were conducted by AXIA. They were launched on 22 October 2024 and closed on 22 November 2024 (1 month). Although one month passed, and the multichannel distribution strategy, the turnaround for survey respondents was low (Table 2). Table 2: Number of responses for the different surveys. Survey Responses Stakeholder Perception Survey 6 Consumer Acceptance Survey 12 Regulatory & Compliance Survey 2 Despite the modest sample size, these surveys provide valuable additional input that helps identify initial expectations, potential challenges, and opportunities for collaboration. AXIA will use these strategies to effectively communicate and resonate with the target audience, maximising the project’s impact. As such, together with the insights developed from interview input, the findings serve as a further aid aligning the BIO-SUSHY’s development with stakeholder priorities, ensuring that emerging solutions are not only technically viable but also relevant and responsive to realworld needs. In what follows, the results of the different surveys will be discussed. 4.1. Stakeholder Perception Survey In the stakeholder perception, we observe a high level of industry readiness and a positive reception towards the new coatings. Respondents were coming from the coating, consulting, and textile and apparel sectors (Figure 9). Figure 9: Stakeholder survey - Respondent's demographics. Most respondents indicated familiarity with PFAS issues (4 out of 6) (Figure 10) and awareness of novel coating solutions (5 out of 6) (Figure 11). The positive attitude toward adopting new coatings (5 68 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS positive, 1 very positive) highlights the industry’s readiness, suggesting a market eager for innovation (Figure 12). Figure 10: Stakeholder survey - PFAS familiarity. Figure 11: Stakeholder survey - Novel coatings awareness. Figure 12: Stakeholder survey - Adoption attitude. However, the survey also highlighted a tension between cost considerations and performance expectations. Technical performance emerged as the primary barrier to adoption (5 respondents), followed by concerns about cost (4 respondents) (Figure 13). In the support needed to help adoption, technical support and financial incentives received the highest votes (Figure 14). 69 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Figure 13: Stakeholder survey - Barriers to adoption. Figure 14: Stakeholder survey - Support needed for adoption. Similarly, proven technical performance and clear cost benefits were again emphasised as the main measures needed to increase the adoption of the new coatings (Figure 15). Figure 15: Stakeholder survey - Measures helping adoption. Therefore, the stakeholder perception survey indicates a generally positive reception of the new coatings among stakeholders. Most respondents are familiar with PFAS issues and aware of efforts to develop alternatives. The main challenges appear to be cost and technical performance, suggesting that demonstrating cost-effectiveness and proven technical capabilities will be crucial for adoption (Figure 15). 70 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 4.2. Consumer Acceptance Survey The consumer acceptance survey shows an educated and engaged consumer base. Consumer demographics and their PFAS awareness are depicted in Figure 16. The majority of respondents (6) were in the 35-44 age group, followed by 4 in the 25-34 group. They reported a high level of understanding about safe and sustainable products, indicating a knowledgeable target market. Figure 16: Consumer survey - Awareness of PFAS chemicals across age groups. Interestingly, this understanding seems to translate into a willingness to pay premium prices for safer products, with two-thirds of respondents indicating they would pay 6% or more for products with safe and sustainable coatings. This finding suggests a strong value perception that outweighs price sensitivity among consumers. Figure 17: Consumer survey - Willingness to pay across age groups. 71 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS When asked to rank their concern in their decision-making, consumers choose health and safety, followed by product performance as top concerns, highlighting these two factors as two key selling points (Figure 18). Figure 18: Consumer survey - Relative concerns in consumer decision-making. Figure 19 shows the first-place breakdown by age group of the main concern driving consumer decision-making, evidencing how the 25-34 age group unanimously ranked health and safety as the most important factor in driving their decision. Figure 19: Consumer survey - 1st place breakdown by age group for the relative concerns in consumer decision-making. Studies backed up by science, clear labeling, and certification are the main trust mechanisms needed for consumers to choose novel bio-based products (Figure 20). 72 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Figure 20: Consumer survey - Type of information needed across age groups to feel more comfortable about novel coatings. The frequent mention of certification by trusted bodies and clear labeling as desired information sources emphasises the importance of third-party validation in building consumer trust. Similarly to Figure 20, also Figure 21 shows that consumers give special consideration to the ingredient list and whether the product is certified or labeled. This trend highlights the potential of certification and transparency (showing ingredient list) as the significant selling points for products utilising the new coatings. Figure 21: Consumer survey - Relative importance of factors in consumer decision-making when evaluating safety. 73 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Figure 22: Consumer survey – 1st place breakdown of the relative importance of factors in consumer decision-making when evaluating safety across age groups. The 12 consumers who responded to the survey generally showed a good understanding and positive attitude toward safe and sustainable products. Also, there is a high level of awareness about PFAS chemicals and a willingness to pay more for safer alternatives. This suggests a favorable product market using the new coatings developed in the BIO-SUSHY project. 4.3. Regulatory and Compliance Stakeholder Survey Despite its limited sample size (2 respondents) and their demographics not closely related to the identified target audience of regulatory bodies and public entities (respondents were one from consulting and one from research), the regulatory and compliance survey can still offer some preliminary insights into the regulatory landscape. The perception of full or primarily complete alignment with EU regulations suggests a favorable regulatory environment for market entry. However, the survey identified some regulatory challenges, including REACH compliance, environmental impact assessments, and consumer safety concerns (Figure 23). Figure 23: Regulatory & Compliance survey – Critical regulatory challenges identified by respondents. In terms of support needed by industry stakeholders to meet regulatory standards, there was no clear consensus among the survey respondents, who indicated all the available options listed, i.e., financial support, closer collaboration with regulatory bodies, and more precise guidelines (Figure 24). 80 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Raising awareness of coating benefits: Concrete objectives and actions Objective: Enhance public and industry understanding of the environmental, economic, and performance advantages of sustainable coatings, while fostering collaboration across the value chain. Action: Use the project’s targeted dissemination and communication strategies by integrating outreach efforts with stakeholder engagement initiatives to connect with government, industry, and research institutions. Leverage transparency efforts across all WPs, such as regular reporting on sustainability metrics, to establish credibility and encourage adoption of bio-based solutions Promoting transparent standards and reliable certification schemes BIO-SUSHY has prioritised safety and impact assessments early in the product development process. The project entails considerable investments in the development of advanced computational tools that enable the rapid evaluation of bioactivity and toxicological risks. By prioritising safer compounds and formulations at the initial stages, BIO-SUSHY aims to mitigate issues like regrettable substitutions, align with regulatory expectations, and reduce downstream costs associated with redesign or safety non-compliance. These proactive methods accelerate innovation while ensuring safety and sustainability remain central to the project’s value chain. From a social acceptance perspective, these activities represent great potential with regard to addressing growing public and regulatory concerns about the environmental and health impacts of chemical products. Transparency, early-stage safety assessments, and robust certification schemes are investments in a more open value chain. Open communication about chemical compositions, potential hazards, and lifecycle impacts is increasingly critical for building trust among consumers, regulators, and industry stakeholders. The activities in WP5, which focus on mapping the standardisation landscape and contributing to the development of future standards, play a crucial role in advancing these transparency and trust-building efforts. Market credibility also hinges on transparent and reliable certification systems. Adhering to established schemes, such as the EU Ecolabel or Cradle to Cradle, demonstrates environmental performance and appeals to buyers who prioritise certified solutions. Additionally, WP5’s focus on standardisation provides BIO-SUSHY with a strategic opportunity to shape emerging certification frameworks for bio-based coatings, including criteria for biodegradability, carbon footprint reduction, and non-toxicity. This dual focus—complying with existing certifications while influencing future frameworks—facilitates market access and positions BIO-SUSHY as a leader in sustainable, transparent practices. 81 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Promoting transparent standards and reliable certification schemes: Concrete objectives and actions Objective: Strengthen BIO-SUSHY’s position as a leader in sustainable coatings by promoting transparency, engaging with certification bodies, and contributing to the development of reliable standards. Action: Build on WP5’s efforts in standardisation and transparency to align BIO-SUSHY’s solutions with existing certification schemes and shape emerging standards for bio-based coatings. Foster collaboration with policymakers and certification bodies to ensure that criteria for biodegradability, carbon footprint reduction, and non-toxicity align with the needs of sustainable coatings Consumer engagement in the development process Engaging consumers in the development process is a key strategy for enhancing transparency and trust. Involving consumer groups and end-users in discussions about product formulations, safety measures, and environmental impacts ensures responsiveness to consumer needs and values. Methods such as surveys, focus groups, and participatory design processes can provide valuable feedback that shapes product features and enhances market alignment. The upcoming activities in WP1 will integrate In a market where consumers are increasingly aware of product health and environmental implications, transparency about development decisions is crucial. Clear communication regarding ingredient choices, performance standards, and environmental trade-offs helps consumers understand and support the product life cycle. Such engagement demystifies the complexities of coatings development and invites stakeholders to participate in the journey toward safer, ecofriendly solutions. BIO-SUSHY’s value chains should aim to build these forms of engagement, fostering stronger relationships with consumers and stakeholders alike. By emphasising collaboration and transparency, the project can enhance its impact and readiness for broader adoption. Support Dissemination and Exploitation Strategies Finally, based on the survey findings, a set of integrated strategic actions to support the dissemination and exploitation of the BIO-SUSHY project results is proposed. The actions, along with the examples and the metrics to be used, are listed in Table 3. By applying these actions, the BIO-SUSHY project’s end results, such as the bio-based linkers, the bio-based sol-gel, and organic thermoplastic powder coatings, as well as the safe bio-based food trays, are anticipated to be positively received by the market and increase their adoption rate. 82 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Table 3: Strategic actions for project dissemination and exploitation based on surveys’ results. Action Name Description Tools Used (Examples) Success Metrics Targeted Cost-Benefit Messaging Develop and disseminate precise, sector-specific cost-benefit analyses demonstrating the longterm economic advantages of adopting our BIO-SUSHY new coatings. Social media posts; Website news; Brief videos; Case studies for the textile industry showing long-term savings; Webinars for food packaging sector Number of downloads/views of materials; Increase in inquiries from target sectors Technical Performance Showcase Organise industryspecific demonstrations and trials to provide tangible proof of the coatings’ technical capabilities regarding water and oil repellency compared to commercially available benchmarks. Product demonstration videos; Live demonstration at industry fairs and trades Number of attendees/participants; Percentage of positive feedback; Number of follow-up requests Collaborative Innovation Platform Create a platform for ongoing collaboration between the project team, sister projects, and industry stakeholders to refine coatings based on feedback Online collaboration tools (e.g., Slack, Microsoft Teams); Idea management software; Online forum for coating formulators; Roundtable with industry partners Number of active users; Quantity and quality of improvement suggestions; Number of implemented innovations 83 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Educational Marketing Campaign Launch a targeted campaign highlighting the benefits of BIOSUSHY coatings. Social media posts on eco-friendly food packaging; Influencer partnership for sustainable fashion Reach and engagement rates; Increase in brand awareness; Growth in consumer inquiries Certification Preparation Prepare documentation and processes for future certifications Pre-audit of certification requirements; Compilation of necessary test results Percentage of certification requirements addressed; Readiness score from certification experts Regulatory Roadmap Develop and share a detailed regulatory roadmap outlining how BIO-SUSHY coatings meet or exceed current regulations Interactive timeline of EU chemical regulations; Compliance checklist for different industries Number of stakeholders accessing the roadmap; Reduction in compliancerelated queries; Positive feedback from regulatory bodies Collaborative Research Initiative Establish a joint research program with regulatory bodies to address challenges and influence future frameworks Joint study with ECHA on long-term environmental impact Number of joint publications; Influence on policy discussions IndustryRegulatory Forum Organise regular forums bringing together industry stakeholders and regulatory representatives Quarterly virtual roundtable on biobased coatings and emerging technologies Attendance rates; Diversity of participants; Number of actionable outcomes/agreements 5.3. Leveraging circular & bioeconomy transformations Across various sectors, transformative shifts from using traditional, mostly non-renewable, environmentally harmful materials, towards more sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives. Whereas skepticism and doubts persist regarding the depth and authenticity of this transition, its influence on value chain transformation is undeniable. Also in the coatings and chemicals sector, the 84 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS alignment with these sustainability trends has evolved from being a choice to becoming a strategic necessity. For BIO-SUSHY, being deeply embedded in this shift, existing initiatives, frameworks, and innovations can be useful and inspirational. This necessity of synchronising with established trends, entails a focus on the significant advancements and best practices that have emerged within the realm of sustainable coatings. By recognising and building upon existing trends, BIO-SUSHY can enhance its own value chains and accelerate the transition to a more sustainable future. Positioning as pioneers in R&I ecosystems The development of bio-based coatings is closely tied to the broader transformation toward sustainable chemistry, a key driver of the EU’s transition to a green and circular economy. This transition offers significant opportunities for innovation and collaboration, particularly for researchdriven initiatives like BIO-SUSHY. By actively engaging within established R&I ecosystems, the project is well-positioned to collaborate with innovation clusters working on related technologies. These connections can enable access to joint funding opportunities, shared infrastructure, and pathways for faster market adoption of sustainable solutions. In this context, the project’s focus on early-stage research and technology development (TRLs 3 to 6) places it at the heart of innovation ecosystems, providing a platform to lead in the development of transformative solutions. By leveraging this position, BIO-SUSHY can amplify its impact through partnerships that accelerate progress toward industrial-scale implementation while contributing to the broader circular bioeconomy. Ongoing advancements in renewable bio-resources and sustainable technologies present a pivotal moment for the coatings sector. Thus, the focus should be on fostering an innovative environment where EU industries can lead the transition to sustainable and resilient supply chains. By maintaining its pioneering role in research and actively engaging with stakeholders, BIO-SUSHY is uniquely positioned to contribute to this transformative shift. Positioning as pioneers in R&I ecosystems: Concrete objectives and actions Objective: Establish BIO-SUSHY as a recognised leader in R&I ecosystems for bio-based coatings. Action: Proactively build strategic partnerships with innovation clusters and R&D programs, to leverage shared infrastructures and funding opportunities, thus helping to accelerate the development and adoption of sustainable coating technologies. Aligning with civil society initiatives Civil society initiatives are increasingly central to driving the adoption of sustainable practices, providing a vital bridge between scientific innovation and societal engagement. This is also very much the case in each of the BIO-SUSHY value chains. Think of organisations like the Food Packaging Forum which provides insights on chemicals in packaging and its health impacts, to 85 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Fashion Revolution that advocates for transparency and fair practices in fashion, to Close the Glass Loop which is a European partnership focusing on material stewardship in glass packaging, collection and recycling. Many more examples can be provided here. The analysis for this deliverable, especially in the interviews, has already aimed to demonstrate awareness of NGO’s, community groups, and environmental advocacy networks. Nevertheless, it has only grasped the insights present at such organisations. Continuing this work in further stages of the project can help incorporate diverse perspectives into the development and implementation of BIO-SUSHY solutions. Further alignment with these efforts can amplify the project’s impact by ensuring that bio-based coatings address not only satisfy industrial needs but also broader societal demands for environmental and social responsibility. Such alignment would also provide a platform for pilot studies, feedback mechanisms, and increased public visibility. By engaging civil society, BIO-SUSHY can aim to help in the process of fostering public trust and create a shared sense of ownership over sustainable innovations. This can hopefully also help address societal barriers to adoption, such as scepticism toward bio-based materials or lack of awareness about their benefits. Co-creating initiatives, such as workshops or campaigns on sustainability in materials and coatings, can ensure that the project’s solutions are framed in ways that resonate with diverse audiences, from environmentally conscious consumers to industry stakeholders. Moreover, aligning with grassroots movements and community-driven efforts could open opportunities for funding, advocacy, and policy support, positioning BIO-SUSHY as a key contributor to the broader bioeconomy and its societal transformation. Aligning with civil society initiatives: Concrete objectives and actions Objective: Strengthen BIO-SUSHY’s societal impact by aligning with civil society initiatives to foster public trust and broader acceptance of bio-based coatings. Action: Be aware of NGOs, community groups, and environmental advocacy networks that highlight the environmental and social benefits of bio-based coatings. Ensure that these efforts focus on demonstrating how BIO-SUSHY solutions contribute to societal goals like waste reduction, plastic use minimisation, and promoting circularity in materials. Strengthening synergies with industry Fostering partnerships with other research projects and industrial stakeholders working on biobased and sustainable coatings is essential for advancing the project’s goals. By sharing knowledge, lessons learned, and identifying potential synergies, these collaborations can accelerate technology development while avoiding duplicative efforts. The project is uniquely positioned to benefit from cross-disciplinary research initiatives and innovation hubs experimenting with sustainable alternatives, as these provide fertile ground for collaboration. Aligning with broader trends in the circular and bioeconomy opens significant opportunities for the project, particularly as the global shift toward sustainability accelerates. Initiatives led by industry 86 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS leaders, NGOs, and academic stakeholders increasingly advocate for safer, more sustainable materials, including PFAS-free alternatives. These efforts range from corporate strategies for industry transformation to grassroots campaigns calling for systemic change. By engaging with these diverse actors, the project can play a pivotal role in translating research into real-world applications and innovative solutions. In its initial phase, the project focused on internal development, building the technology, and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations on key topics like SSbD, materials and coatings R&D, and QSAR modeling. These efforts have positioned the project as a thought leader in its domain. However, the next phase offers an exciting opportunity to increase external engagement. Active participation in ongoing industry discussions, alignment with policy dialogues, and showcasing the project’s solutions will enhance its visibility, relevance, and impact. The value chain analysis has already highlighted areas where the project’s solutions can increase impact, providing insights into the needs and considerations of key stakeholder groups. Expanding outreach to industry players, innovation clusters, and policy networks will help align the project with market demands and societal expectations. This strategic engagement can also create new opportunities for collaboration, driving innovation and ensuring the successful integration of the project’s solutions into circular and bioeconomy landscapes. To fully realise this potential, the project must focus on strengthening existing industrial partnerships while expanding its partner base. Collaborations with pioneering organisations and industry leaders can harness collective knowledge and resources, ensuring that sustainable practices are impactful, scalable, and market-ready. This alignment will not only meet regulatory and consumer expectations but also create a collaborative ecosystem that fuels innovation and positions the project at the forefront of sustainable coating technologies. Strengthening synergies with industry: Concrete objectives and actions Objective: Expand BIO-SUSHY’s industrial partnerships to drive innovation and facilitate the integration of bio-based coatings into real-world applications. Action: Proactively engage with industry leaders, cross-disciplinary initiatives, and innovation hubs to build partnerships that align with market demands and the circular bioeconomy. 87 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 6. Closing remarks For a prosperous future, the urgency for sustainability transitions across economic systems and societies has become undeniable. Innovative solutions are central to the viability of this process, as they demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale transitions to more sustainable alternatives. In the realm of materials and coatings, the establishment of value chains and infrastructure necessary for a net-zero, sustainable, and circular economy remains a significant challenge. Nevertheless, safety and sustainability are becoming increasingly important, not only from a regulatory and consumer standpoint but also as drivers of technological progress in a competitive landscape. To maintain their position and stay competitive, industries must innovate continuously and align with evolving market demands. In that regard, the next generation of coatings represent a unique opportunity for EU industries to leverage their strong R&D capabilities. As BIO-SUSHY’s solutions advance toward higher TRLs, it is essential to prioritise the development of responsible and sustainable value chains. Though still in their formative stages, early attention to sustainability can lay robust foundations for future growth. This includes prioritising renewable and biobased materials, ensuring that supply chains are transparent, ethically sourced, and environmentally responsible, and finally working to optimise future manufacturing processes for energy efficiency and waste minimisation. Sensible alignment of these efforts with broader industry trends will be vital. Moreover, collaboration and communication with stakeholders across the value chain are indispensable to maximise resource efficiency and minimise environmental impact. By embedding sustainability into every stage of the process, BIO-SUSHY can not only meet current regulatory and consumer demands but also contribute to a more sustainable future for the respective industries (food packaging, textile, glass packaging). To enhance the success of the bio-based coatings value chain, social acceptance efforts in WP1 will aim to position BIO-SUSHY’s work among stakeholders from industry, civil society, academia, and policymakers, fostering the transition to circular, bio-based solutions based on SSbD principles. Collaborative coalitions will be crucial to further establish supportive policies, securing financing, and building the infrastructure necessary to scale up bio-based alternatives while ensuring both environmental and economic sustainability. The advancement of sustainable coating technologies not only supports the circular economy but also sets a powerful example of how innovation, collaboration, and environmental stewardship can intersect. These efforts have the potential to act as a catalyst for broader transformation. 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Archivio Antropologico Mediterraneo, 26(2), Article 2. 96 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS 7 22/10/2024 12:42 22/10/2024 12:46 35-44 Very well Yes Ingredient list;Certification or labels (e.g., organic, non-toxic);Brand reputation;Reviews and testimonial; 8 23/10/2024 10:38 23/10/2024 10:41 25-34 Somewhat Maybe Certification or labels (e.g., organic, non-toxic);Ingredient list;Brand reputation;Reviews and testimonial; 9 23/10/2024 10:46 23/10/2024 10:48 25-34 Well Maybe Ingredient list;Certification or labels (e.g., organic, non-toxic);Brand reputation;Reviews and testimonial; 10 24/10/2024 12:46 24/10/2024 12:48 45-54 Very well Yes Ingredient list;Certification or labels (e.g., organic, non-toxic);Brand reputation;Reviews and testimonial; 11 25/10/2024 11:35 25/10/2024 11:37 35-44 Very well Yes Ingredient list;Reviews and testimonial;Certification or labels (e.g., organic, non-toxic);Brand reputation; 12 08/11/2024 01:24 08/11/2024 01:25 35-44 Very well Yes Certification or labels (e.g., organic, non-toxic);Ingredient list;Reviews and testimonial;Brand reputation; 97 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Table Annex 4: Consumer acceptance survey responses (2 of 2). Id How important is sustainability to you when choosing products? How likely are you to purchase products with safe & sustainable coatings (e.g., on textiles, food trays, cosmetic containers)? Please rank in order of importance your concerns you may have about products with new coatings. How much more would you be willing to pay for products with safe & sustainable coatings? What type of information would help you feel more comfortable with these products? 1 Somewhat important Very likely Health and safety;Environmental impact;Product performance;Cost; 6-10% more Certification by a trusted body;Consumer reviews; 2 Very important Likely Health and safety;Environmental impact;Cost;Product performance; 6-10% more Scientific studies ;Clear labeling on products; 3 Very important Very likely Health and safety;Environmental impact;Product performance;Cost; More than 10% Certification by a trusted body; 4 Very important Likely Product performance;Cost;Health and safety;Environmental impact; 6-10% more Clear labeling on products; 5 Very important Likely Product performance;Cost;Environm ental impact;Health and safety; More than 10% Scientific studies ;Consumer reviews;Certification by a trusted body;Clear labeling on products; 6 Somewhat important Neutral Product performance;Cost;Health Up to 5% more Clear labeling on products;Consumer reviews;Scientific studies 98 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS and safety;Environmental impact; 7 Somewhat important Very likely Health and safety;Product performance;Environmental impact;Cost; 6-10% more Clear labeling on products;Certification by a trusted body; 8 Somewhat important Likely Health and safety;Cost;Product performance;Environmental impact; Up to 5% more Clear labeling on products;Certification by a trusted body; 9 Somewhat important Neutral Health and safety;Cost;Product performance;Environmental impact; Up to 5% more Consumer reviews;Clear labeling on products;Scientific studies ; 10 Very important Very likely Health and safety;Environmental impact;Product performance;Cost; More than 10% Scientific studies ;Certification by a trusted body; 11 Somewhat important Likely Cost;Product performance;Health and safety;Environmental impact; More than 10% Scientific studies ;Consumer reviews;Clear labeling on products;Certification by a trusted body; 12 Somewhat important Likely Cost;Product performance;Health and safety;Environmental impact; 0% (I would not pay more) Certification by a trusted body;Clear labeling on products;Scientific studies ; 99 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Annex III – Regulatory & Compliance Stakeholder Survey Responses Table Annex 5: Regulatory & Compliance stakeholder survey responses. Id Start time Completion time What sector does your organizatio n operate in? How aligned do you believe the new coatings are with current EU regulations on chemicals and food safety? What are the most critical regulatory challenges for these new coatings? How important are new types of safe and sustainable coatings in achieving regulatory aims? What support do you think industry stakeholders need to meet regulatory requirements? 1 22/10/2024 11:00 22/10/2024 11:02 Consulting Mostly aligned Compliance with REACH regulations ;Consumer safety concerns;Enviro nmental impact assessments; Somewhat important Closer collaboration with regulatory bodies;Financial support; 2 25/10/2024 11:37 25/10/2024 11:39 Research Fully aligned Compliance with REACH regulations ;Food safety standards;Envir onmental impact assessments;Co nsumer safety concerns; Somewhat important Clearer guidelines 100 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS Annex IV – Survey Distribution Insights 101 of 101 Deliverable 1.3 Value chain analysis for NEW COATINGS