Data from: Macroevolutionary patterns and drivers of skull shape in the global radiation of true toads
Abstract
True toads (Bufonidae) are a highly diverse group of amphibians that have dispersed across the globe. This makes them well-suited to exploring deep-time patterns of phenotypic evolution on a global scale. However, most true toads (former genus Bufo) have long been considered morphologically conserved and the adaptive nature of their radiation has previously yielded mixed results. We investigated the macroevolutionary patterns of the skull in true toads using micro-computed tomography data, geometric morphometrics, and comparative methods, and assessed the relationship between skull shape and geographical range, as well as phylogeny, body size, and habitat, which have previously been suggested as important drivers of amphibian cranial evolution. Body size and geographical range are identified as key factors influencing skull shape in true toads. The assumption that true toads formerly in the genus Bufo have highly conserved skulls is challenged by the fact that different groups occupy distinct morphospace domains. Early in the evolution of large true toads, prior to their global expansion, high morphological change and relatively high evolutionary rates resulted in increased disparity, which are signs of adaptive radiation.
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1 Supplementary material Macroevolutionary patterns and drivers of skull shape in the global radiation of true toads Tomás Ventura,a and Raúl O. Gómeza,b,* aDepartamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina. bConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina. ∗Corresponding author. [email protected] Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B Article DOI:10.1098/rspb.2025.2323 Table S1. Micro-CT data of true toads ……………………...………………………… 2 Figure S1. Phylogeny of true toads…………………………………………….....…… 3 Table S2. Group, geographical rngae, body size, and microhabitat data of true toads… 4 Table S3. Summary of variance in PCs 1–5………………..…………………..…..….. 5 Table S4. Scores of PCs 1–5………………………..……………………….…..…….. 5 Table S5. Loadings of PCs 1–5……..………………………………………...……….. 6 Figure S2. Phylomorphospaces of skull shape coloured by group…...………..…….... 7 Table S6. Results of the Procrustes ANOVA ………...….……….………......….….... 8 Table S7. Results of the phylogenetic ANOVA ………...….……….………..……..... 8 Figure S3. Phylomorphospaces of skull shape coloured by body size category…….... 9 Table S8. Procrustes distances along PC1, branch times, and evolutionary rates…….. 10
2 Table S1. Micro-CT data of true toads. Species from MorphoSource Species from tree Collection ID ARK link Altiphrynoides osgoodi Altiphrynoides malcolmi cas:herp:162117 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M42669 Amazophrynella bokermanni Amazophrynella bokermanni usnm:ar:340079 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M42772 Anaxyrus fowleri Anaxyrus fowleri uf:herp:3997 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M11365 Anaxyrus houstonensis Anaxyrus houstonensis uf:herp:12948 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M57021 Anaxyrus mexicanus Anaxyrus microscaphus ucm:herp:61461 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/506352 Anaxyrus quercicus Anaxyrus quercicus uf:herp:124269 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M11373 Anaxyrus terrestris Anaxyrus terrestris uf:herp:3170 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M11375 Ansonia mcgregori Ansonia mcgregori ku:kuh:334742 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M24986 Atelopus ignescens Atelopus ignescens uf:herp:39140 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M16083 Atelopus oxyrhynchus Atelopus bomolochos uf:herp:93190 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M11362 Atelopus zeteki Atelopus zeteki mcz:herp:136548 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M42791 Barbarophryne brongersmai Barbarophryne brongersmai mvz:herp:241541 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M49482 Blaira ornata Blaira ornata fmnh:ar:82001 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M88071 Bufo gargarizans Bufo gargarizans usnm:ar:248419 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M105006 Bufotes pewzowi Bufotes pewzowi mvz:herp:249160 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M49485 Bufotes pseudoraddei Bufotes pseudoraddei mvz:herp:241553 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M49483 Bufotes viridis Bufotes viridis ku:kuh:87796 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M48522 Capensibufo rosei Capensibufo rosei cas:herp:156600 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M25499 Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus ku:kuh:93172 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M105009 Didynamipus sjostedti Didynamipus sjostedti cas:herp:162676 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M23006 Epidalea calamita Epidalea calamita mvz:herp:148877 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M49447 Frostius pernambucensis Frostius erythrophthalmus usnm:ar:565102 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M32527 Incilius bocourti Incilius bocourti ucm:herp:46088 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/506336 Incilius epioticus Incilius coniferus ku:kuh:107403 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M109706 Incilius mazatlanensis Incilius mazatlanensis ucm:herp:41262 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/540139 Incilius periglenes Incilius fastidiosus lacm:herps:183357 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M61992 Incilius signifer Incilius signifer usnm:ar:297519 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/603008 Incilius valliceps Incilius valliceps mvz:herp:134648 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/461083 Ingerophrynus biporcatus Ingerophrynus biporcatus uf:herp:29244 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M42795 Leptophryne borbonica Leptophryne borbonica ku:kuh:98135 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M42663 Melanophryniscus atroluteus Melanophryniscus atroluteus mcp:641 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M68142 Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus mcp:7505 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M68145 Melanophryniscus stelzneri Melanophryniscus stelzneri uf:herp:63183 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M12434 Mertensophryne micranotis Mertensophryne micranotis cas:herp:162553 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M25589 Metaphryniscus sosai Oreophrynella cryptica usnm:ar:550148 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M42796 Nannophryne variegata Nannophryne variegata usnm:ar:15124 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M42228 Nectophryne afra Nectophryne afra cas:herp:258098 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M26321 Nectophrynoides cryptus Nectophrynoides poyntoni mcz:herp:12491 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M50076 Nectophrynoides minutus Nectophrynoides minutus mcz:herp:12464 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M45288 Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis mcz:herp:26364 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M163196 Oreophrynella nigra Oreophrynella nigra usnm:ar:550182 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M45290 Osornophryne bufoniformis Osornophryne bufoniformis usnm:ar:322774 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M105022 Pelophryne lighti Pelophryne brevipes ku:kuh:310635 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M31580 Peltophryne fustiger Peltophryne fustiger usnm:ar:51864 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M42232 Peltophryne guentheri Peltophryne guentheri uf:herp:104862 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M11380 Peltophryne lemur Peltophryne lemur ku:kuh:288691 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M105025 Phrynoidis asper Phrynoidis asper usnm:ar:586870 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/363982 Pseudobufo subasper Pseudobufo subasper ku:kuh:335697 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M50498 Rentapia hosii Rentapia hosii fmnh:ar:231193 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M48650 Rhaebo blombergi Rhaebo guttatus uf:herp:104602 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M42667 Rhinella arenarum Rhinella arenarum usnm:ar:70620 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M43880 Rhinella beebei Rhinella beebei rbins:amp:17147 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M98145 Rhinella castaneotica Rhinella castaneotica usnm:ar:518809 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M43883 Rhinella crucifer Rhinella crucifer usnm:ar:70613 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M43884 Rhinella dapsilis Rhinella dapsilis usnm:ar:201814 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M45484 Rhinella diptycha Rhinella diptycha usnm:ar:281765 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M45492 Rhinella dorbignyi Rhinella dorbignyi fcen:uncatalogued Rhinella festae Rhinella festae amnh:herp: 94026 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/602683 Rhinella merianae Rhinella granulosa usnm:ar:566018 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M45486 Rhinella icterica Rhinella icterica usnm:ar:100954 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M45487 Rhinella marina Rhinella marina uf:herp:172560 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M105029 Rhinella poeppigii Rhinella poeppigii usnm:ar:346829 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M45490 Sabahphrynus maculatus Sabahphrynus maculatus mvz:herp:234680 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M165912 Schismaderma carens Schismaderma carens cas:herp:196558 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M113505 Sclerophrys dodsoni Sclerophrys dodsoni cas:herp:227515 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M25586 Sclerophrys funerea Sclerophrys funerea uf:herp:187171 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M84517 Strauchbufo raddei Strauchbufo raddei usnm:ar:68677 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M55514 Truebella skoptes Atelopus pulcher ku:kuh:196839 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M39601 Truebella tothastes Atelopus spumarius ku:kuh:196599 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M39599 Vandijkophrynus gariepensis Vandijkophrynus gariepensis mcz:herp:149285 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M45293 Werneria preussi Werneria mertensiana cas:herp:162678 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M49898 Wolterstorffina parvipalmata Wolterstorffina parvipalmata mcz:herp:26363 https://n2t.net/ark:/87602/m4/M50077
3 Figure S1. Phylogeny of true toads. Tree used in the analyses modified from Portik et al. (2023).
4 Table S2. Group, geographical range area, body size (svl in mm), and microhabitat data of true toads. Species Group (5) Group (2) Area Body size Microhabitat Altiphrynoides osgoodi OSA3 ORP 0.004563 62 terrestrial Amazophrynella bokermanni Ediv Ediv 1.469567 30.3 terrestrial Anaxyrus fowleri OSA2 ORP 200.714198 95 terrestrial Anaxyrus houstonensis OSA2 ORP 2.202001 80 terrestrial Anaxyrus mexicanus OSA2 ORP 14.1170332 70 semi-aquatic Anaxyrus quercicus OSA2 ORP 42.878048 33 terrestrial Anaxyrus terrestris OSA2 ORP 52.018833 116.3 terrestrial Ansonia mcgregori OSA3 ORP 0.389452 26 semi-aquatic Atelopus ignescens Ediv Ediv 0.83099935 48.2 semi-aquatic Atelopus oxyrhynchus Ediv Ediv 0.02843 58 semi-aquatic Atelopus zeteki Ediv Ediv 0.047706 63 semi-aquatic Barbarophryne brongersmai OSA3 ORP 8.714772 51 terrestrial Blaira ornata OSA3 ORP 0.05059504 32 semi-aquatic Bufo gargarizans OSA3 ORP 526.323313 134 semi-aquatic Bufotes pewzowi OSA3 ORP 200 80.3 terrestrial Bufotes pseudoraddei OSA3 ORP 11.705483 140 semi-aquatic Bufotes viridis OSA3 ORP 465.108504 140 semi-aquatic Capensibufo rosei OSA3 ORP 0.022376 39 semi-aquatic Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus Ediv Ediv 3.886469 25 terrestrial Didynamipus sjostedti OSA3 ORP 0.622962 20 semi-aquatic Epidalea calamita OSA3 ORP 273.508602 100 terrestrial Frostius pernambucensis Ediv Ediv 5.890845 24.5 bush/tree Incilius bocourti OSA2 ORP 0.70298438 80 terrestrial Incilius epioticus OSA2 ORP 0.079008 37.4 terrestrial Incilius mazatlanensis OSA2 ORP 4.07442651 86 terrestrial Incilius periglenes OSA2 ORP 0.01180895 56 terrestrial Incilius signifer OSA2 ORP 0.50065511 77 terrestrial Incilius valliceps OSA2 ORP 47.8526984 130 terrestrial Ingerophrynus biporcatus OSA3 ORP 23.370035 80 semi-aquatic Leptophryne borbonica OSA3 ORP 21.709414 50 terrestrial Melanophryniscus atroluteus Ediv Ediv 24.323391 28 terrestrial Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus Ediv Ediv 0.008516 32 terrestrial Melanophryniscus stelzneri Ediv Ediv 6.586379 30 terrestrial Mertensophryne micranotis OSA3 ORP 10.166599 24 terrestrial Metaphryniscus sosai Ediv Ediv 0.016476 22.4 terrestrial Nannophryne variegata Ediv ORP 16.4188761 50 terrestrial Nectophryne afra OSA3 ORP 77.410841 38 bush/tree Nectophrynoides cryptus OSA3 ORP 0.006792 34 terrestrial Nectophrynoides minutus OSA3 ORP 0.035893 22 terrestrial Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis OSA3 ORP 0.00053 32.5 terrestrial Oreophrynella nigra Ediv Ediv 0.001986 30 terrestrial Osornophryne bufoniformis Ediv Ediv 1.649739 35.95 terrestrial Pelophryne lighti OSA3 ORP 0.338442 20.5 bush/tree Peltophryne fustiger OSA1 ORP 1.87030692 198 terrestrial Peltophryne guentheri OSA1 ORP 1.791182 101 terrestrial Peltophryne lemur OSA1 ORP 0.024372 120 terrestrial Phrynoidis asper OSA3 ORP 81.036207 140 semi-aquatic Pseudobufo subasper OSA3 ORP 14.593248 155 semi-aquatic Rentapia hosii OSA3 ORP 23.285172 105 bush/tree Rhaebo blombergi Ediv ORP 1.868277 210 terrestrial Rhinella arenarum Rhinella ORP 161.581644 120 terrestrial Rhinella beebei Rhinella ORP 18.2525761 63.5 terrestrial Rhinella castaneotica Rhinella ORP 243.942041 50.5 terrestrial Rhinella crucifer Rhinella ORP 31.588715 81 terrestrial Rhinella dapsilis Rhinella ORP 14.03699 92.8 terrestrial Rhinella diptycha Rhinella ORP 180 250 terrestrial Rhinella dorbignyi Rhinella ORP 43.8154973 70 terrestrial Rhinella festae Rhinella ORP 3.3608417 68.9 bush/tree Rhinella granulosa Rhinella ORP 52.589904 90 terrestrial Rhinella icterica Rhinella ORP 135.074418 190 terrestrial Rhinella marina Rhinella ORP 798.190052 250 terrestrial Rhinella poeppigii Rhinella ORP 31.108445 128 terrestrial Sabahphrynus maculatus OSA3 ORP 0.126264 52 semi-aquatic Schismaderma carens OSA3 ORP 249.498495 92 terrestrial Sclerophrys dodsoni OSA3 ORP 71.211217 64 terrestrial Sclerophrys funerea OSA3 ORP 264.790618 130 terrestrial Strauchbufo raddei OSA3 ORP 545.527099 89 terrestrial Truebella skoptes Ediv Ediv 0.001679 29.88 semi-aquatic Truebella tothastes Ediv Ediv 0.003377 29.9 semi-aquatic Vandijkophrynus gariepensis OSA3 ORP 57.762028 58 terrestrial Werneria preussi OSA3 ORP 0.062567 42.4 semi-aquatic Wolterstorffina parvipalmata OSA3 ORP 0.199313 35 terrestrial Note. Geographic ranges (areas in squared degrees) were taken from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species database. Body size (in mm) and other data were taken from Pincheira-Donoso et al. (2021).
5 Table S3. Summary of variance in PCs 1–5. PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 Eigenvalues 0.005044508 0.003829672 0.001942015 0.001547952 0.001165824 Proportion of Variance 0.260726119 0.197937150 0.100373314 0.080006113 0.060255750 Cumulative Proportion 0.260726119 0.458663269 0.559036584 0.639042697 0.699298447 Table S4. Scores of PCs 1–5 from the Principal Component Analysis. Comp1 Comp2 Comp3 Comp4 Comp5 Altiphrynoides_malcolmi 0.02606 0.07337 -0.00772 0.03407 -0.01647 Amazophrynella_bokermanni 0.08839 0.00227 -0.03495 0.02108 0.02819 Anaxyrus_fowleri -0.03250 0.04768 0.06079 0.01694 0.00497 Anaxyrus_houstonensis -0.05013 0.02826 0.07005 -0.00296 -0.03948 Anaxyrus_microscaphus -0.03777 0.04951 0.06609 -0.03408 -0.01726 Anaxyrus_quercicus 0.00489 -0.04128 0.07016 -0.07195 -0.02020 Anaxyrus_terrestris -0.02312 0.03875 0.03798 0.00903 -0.04032 Ansonia_mcgregori 0.02786 0.01684 -0.02220 -0.00619 0.03217 Atelopus_bomolochos 0.07972 0.00833 -0.04328 0.04732 -0.00863 Atelopus_ignescens 0.06303 0.00572 0.01106 -0.01514 0.00649 Atelopus_pulcher 0.11108 0.00951 -0.02176 -0.01249 -0.04456 Atelopus_spumarius 0.08620 -0.00859 -0.00652 -0.00001 -0.03363 Atelopus_zeteki 0.02349 -0.04428 0.01327 -0.10750 0.04209 Barbarophryne_brongersmai -0.00443 0.09889 -0.07558 0.00176 0.03910 Blaira_ornata 0.10874 -0.03742 -0.03793 0.02596 0.02758 Bufo_gargarizans -0.05566 0.11430 0.01839 0.00444 -0.03137 Bufotes_pewzowi -0.05710 0.11434 -0.01428 -0.04931 0.02189 Bufotes_pseudoraddei -0.03449 0.12449 -0.04249 -0.03553 0.00571 Bufotes_viridis -0.03368 0.09282 0.00162 -0.00334 -0.00534 Capensibufo_rosei 0.06243 0.07820 0.00528 0.02677 -0.02036 Dendrophryniscus_brevipollicatus 0.14029 -0.07533 -0.06760 0.01402 -0.01180 Didynamipus_sjostedti 0.11442 -0.06867 0.01757 0.02784 -0.02381 Epidalea_calamita -0.01392 0.10433 0.01232 -0.02832 -0.00292 Frostius_erythrophthalmus 0.03326 -0.05561 -0.01431 -0.00578 0.02017 Incilius_bocourti -0.02129 0.06112 0.00127 -0.00404 -0.04727 Incilius_coniferus -0.04076 -0.05161 0.09038 -0.00204 -0.03442 Incilius_fastidiosus 0.02952 0.01475 -0.02490 0.04917 -0.04858 Incilius_mazatlanensis -0.06196 0.01066 -0.01169 -0.00157 0.00613 Incilius_signifer -0.08185 0.01306 -0.00853 0.01276 0.00136 Incilius_valliceps -0.05365 -0.01092 0.02500 0.03043 0.02567 Ingerophrynus_biporcatus -0.04826 0.01821 0.00349 -0.02112 -0.00740 Leptophryne_borbonica 0.11386 -0.04552 -0.00697 0.01633 -0.00116 Melanophryniscus_atroluteus 0.09588 -0.06994 0.03662 -0.04735 0.03189 Melanophryniscus_pachyrhynus 0.08062 -0.03767 -0.01283 -0.00982 0.05399 Melanophryniscus_stelzneri 0.03985 -0.04372 0.01080 -0.10051 0.02579 Mertensophryne_micranotis 0.04390 -0.00914 -0.09116 -0.07225 -0.02655 Nannophryne_variegata 0.01302 0.09208 0.04271 0.01836 -0.01800 Nectophryne_afra 0.08714 -0.01362 0.01310 -0.03731 0.07066 Nectophrynoides_minutus 0.08890 -0.01477 -0.00073 0.07789 -0.02891 Nectophrynoides_poyntoni 0.06110 0.02732 -0.01159 0.02982 -0.01901 Nimbaphrynoides_occidentalis 0.07434 0.05715 -0.03000 0.01790 0.02378 Oreophrynella_cryptica 0.10078 -0.02392 0.03225 0.04472 -0.07107 Oreophrynella_nigra 0.07083 0.01367 0.03878 0.02058 -0.02004 Osornophryne_bufoniformis 0.06376 -0.04174 0.08188 0.06318 -0.04749 Pelophryne_brevipes 0.11832 -0.07997 0.05312 -0.03686 0.02013 Peltophryne_fustiger -0.11915 -0.02449 -0.04376 0.06935 0.05225 Peltophryne_guentheri -0.10524 -0.12281 -0.11030 0.03109 -0.03912 Peltophryne_lemur -0.10752 -0.13925 -0.15177 0.02805 -0.00841 Phrynoidis_asper -0.02497 0.01130 0.03436 0.04264 0.05753 Pseudobufo_subasper -0.02722 0.00393 0.06096 -0.01573 0.03780 Rentapia_hosii -0.04044 -0.03519 -0.01598 0.02536 0.01087 Rhaebo_guttatus -0.06514 0.01803 0.03535 0.04654 0.08424 Rhinella_arenarum -0.06592 0.00956 0.01768 0.00658 -0.02691 Rhinella_beebei -0.06772 -0.09110 -0.00743 -0.05965 -0.04823 Rhinella_castaneotica -0.00976 -0.07847 0.04302 0.00922 0.03023 Rhinella_crucifer -0.08291 -0.01475 0.00195 0.03501 -0.00452 Rhinella_dapsilis -0.05944 -0.09962 0.02643 -0.00701 0.03136 Rhinella_diptycha -0.13469 -0.02525 0.01982 0.01979 0.00418 Rhinella_dorbignyi -0.09606 -0.12090 -0.00034 -0.03077 -0.05576 Rhinella_festae -0.03680 -0.10307 0.05540 0.00522 0.05632 Rhinella_granulosa -0.08205 -0.08242 -0.00775 -0.07926 -0.05393 Rhinella_icterica -0.12556 -0.02608 0.03973 0.02960 0.04226 Rhinella_marina -0.09555 -0.00978 -0.00426 0.04559 0.01220 Rhinella_poeppigii -0.08008 -0.00420 -0.02838 0.04162 -0.01043 Sabahphrynus_maculatus -0.04351 0.00950 0.01309 -0.02294 -0.00591 Schismaderma_carens 0.01077 0.04554 -0.04996 -0.07718 -0.03849 Sclerophrys_dodsoni -0.02635 0.06270 -0.08073 -0.06390 0.01619 Sclerophrys_funerea -0.03901 0.03720 0.01801 -0.00554 -0.03598 Strauchbufo_raddei -0.00350 0.08948 -0.01369 0.01259 -0.01229 Vandijkophrynus_gariepensis -0.01408 0.11155 -0.04244 -0.03478 0.02610 Werneria_mertensiana 0.08621 0.00589 -0.01107 0.01465 0.04187 Wolterstorffina_parvipalmata 0.05462 0.03079 -0.02489 0.02899 0.03485
6 Table S5. Loadings of PCs 1–5. Comp1 Comp2 Comp3 Comp4 Comp5 1.X -0.04646196 0.07206212 0.07968116 0.13380803 0.10327156 1.Y 0.04851469 0.00351243 0.00535153 -0.04519448 0.08762366 1.Z -0.12282484 0.06321442 -0.10798202 0.09265955 0.0111064 2.X -0.04646196 0.07206212 0.07968116 0.13380803 0.10327156 2.Y -0.04851469 -0.00351243 -0.00535153 0.04519448 -0.08762366 2.Z -0.12282484 0.06321442 -0.10798202 0.09265955 0.0111064 3.X 0.11329817 -0.12253593 0.02247169 0.05426695 -0.11418459 3.Y 0.0570855 0.0073735 0.03446942 -0.03611397 0.1189443 3.Z -0.09686219 0.0061282 -0.04539143 0.00587812 -0.04277771 4.X 0.11329817 -0.12253593 0.02247169 0.05426695 -0.11418459 4.Y -0.0570855 -0.0073735 -0.03446942 0.03611397 -0.1189443 4.Z -0.09686219 0.0061282 -0.04539143 0.00587812 -0.04277771 5.X 0.13950212 0.00548692 0.16146907 0.06938641 -0.0140185 5.Y -0.03709901 -0.17368829 -0.10049721 0.04035198 0.17030995 5.Z 0.06068631 0.08832963 -0.01127703 -0.06863684 0.03862137 6.X 0.13950212 0.00548692 0.16146907 0.06938641 -0.0140185 6.Y 0.03709901 0.17368829 0.10049721 -0.04035198 -0.17030995 6.Z 0.06068631 0.08832963 -0.01127703 -0.06863684 0.03862137 7.X -0.23092936 -0.24890864 0.02146112 0.13616915 0.18457223 7.Y -0.017153 -0.19275123 0.01550725 -0.06586074 -0.11678787 7.Z 0.12254871 0.14219529 -0.10925292 -0.08715738 0.03432871 8.X -0.23092936 -0.24890864 0.02146112 0.13616915 0.18457223 8.Y 0.017153 0.19275123 -0.01550725 0.06586074 0.11678787 8.Z 0.12254871 0.14219529 -0.10925292 -0.08715738 0.03432871 9.X -0.03791813 0.07126275 0.0673824 0.13668719 0.07304576 9.Y 0.07663208 -0.1349956 0.06564656 -0.0182408 -0.00761136 9.Z -0.09433171 0.06120082 -0.1224707 0.03283394 0.05112014 10.X -0.03791813 0.07126275 0.0673824 0.13668719 0.07304576 10.Y -0.07663208 0.1349956 -0.06564656 0.0182408 0.00761136 10.Z -0.09433171 0.06120082 -0.1224707 0.03283394 0.05112014 11.X 0.02932851 -0.11658791 -0.20869905 0.04583237 0.0154436 11.Y 0.07657854 -0.03179174 0.01363458 0.00103264 0.05100798 11.Z -0.05032616 -0.01530109 -0.00844753 0.02679893 -0.15375408 12.X 0.02932851 -0.11658791 -0.20869905 0.04583237 0.01544359 12.Y -0.07657854 0.03179174 -0.01363458 -0.00103264 -0.05100798 12.Z -0.05032616 -0.01530109 -0.00844753 0.02679893 -0.15375408 13.X 0.22749339 0.15875031 0.09824648 -0.03030911 0.16947457 13.Y 0.00626896 -0.11299979 -0.08063643 0.02792144 0.1597009 13.Z 0.07502231 0.05960927 0.02666504 -0.00684472 0.0597398 14.X 0.22749339 0.15875031 0.09824648 -0.03030911 0.16947457 14.Y -0.00626896 0.11299978 0.08063643 -0.02792144 -0.1597009 14.Z 0.07502231 0.05960927 0.02666504 -0.00684472 0.0597398 15.X 0.08203913 0.04766846 -0.0470476 0.02092907 -0.0225366 15.Y -0.12082563 -0.00088016 -0.03681991 -0.04269215 0.15700545 15.Z -0.09884759 -0.0976323 -0.00433605 -0.00381785 0.0503592 16.X 0.08203913 0.04766846 -0.0470476 0.02092907 -0.0225366 16.Y 0.12082563 0.00088016 0.03681991 0.04269215 -0.15700545 16.Z -0.09884759 -0.0976323 -0.00433605 -0.00381785 0.0503592 17.X -0.03853656 0.09429755 0.03767949 0.00059001 -0.13986751 17.Y -0.03670945 0.07980052 -0.0887117 -0.02755388 0.1095767 17.Z 0.12427879 -0.07772853 -0.06975787 0.02345265 0.09858907 18.X -0.03853656 0.09429755 0.03767949 0.00059001 -0.13986751 18.Y 0.03670945 -0.07980052 0.0887117 0.02755388 -0.1095767 18.Z 0.12427879 -0.07772853 -0.06975787 0.02345265 0.09858907 19.X -0.15168163 0.13134803 -0.00482667 -0.1357531 0.23552503 19.Y -0.05137285 -0.09707211 0.17890116 -0.13814103 0.23222764 19.Z 0.03896327 -0.03286238 0.01238446 -0.04624751 0.06516228 20.X -0.15168163 0.13134803 -0.00482667 -0.1357531 0.23552503 20.Y 0.05137285 0.09707211 -0.17890116 0.13814103 -0.23222764 20.Z 0.03896327 -0.03286238 0.01238446 -0.04624751 0.06516228 21.X -0.19828966 -0.09142949 0.01581971 0.03556984 -0.21337167 21.Y -0.06083334 -0.05634759 0.04802504 -0.12523107 0.01151185 21.Z 0.04113896 -0.18922357 -0.04091657 -0.12492195 -0.0381595 22.X -0.19828966 -0.09142949 0.01581971 0.03556984 -0.21337167 22.Y 0.06083334 0.05634759 -0.04802504 0.12523107 -0.01151185 22.Z 0.04113896 -0.18922357 -0.04091657 -0.12492195 -0.0381595 23.X -0.04256138 -0.12187898 0.10824001 -0.23927928 -0.09450358 23.Y -0.22621274 0.1372915 0.1377718 -0.04208543 0.02752949 23.Z 0.09664282 -0.07495215 0.28298881 0.28748348 0.04780811 24.X -0.04256138 -0.12187898 0.10824001 -0.23927928 -0.09450358 24.Y 0.22621274 -0.1372915 -0.1377718 0.04208543 -0.02752949 24.Z 0.09664282 -0.07495215 0.28298881 0.28748348 0.04780811 25.X 0.05573272 -0.077881 0.13949283 -0.32100365 -0.05607608 25.Y -0.27182497 0.16659219 0.11677776 0.00575431 -0.0313011 25.Z 0.01317351 -0.02427046 0.19370519 0.17262555 -0.08172046 26.X 0.05573272 -0.077881 0.13949283 -0.32100365 -0.05607608 26.Y 0.27182497 -0.16659219 -0.11677776 -0.00575431 0.0313011 26.Z 0.01317351 -0.02427046 0.19370519 0.17262555 -0.08172046 27.X -0.02270253 0.08908695 -0.17447137 0.06425712 -0.10268298 27.Y 0.05884509 0.14033942 0.14685665 -0.08940482 0.00841859 27.Z -0.02605918 0.06515269 0.03578858 -0.0902969 -0.05126673 28.X -0.02270253 0.08908695 -0.17447137 0.06425712 -0.10268298 28.Y -0.05884509 -0.14033942 -0.14685665 0.08940482 -0.00841859 28.Z -0.02605918 0.06515269 0.03578858 -0.0902969 -0.05126673 29.X 0.07045587 -0.02360263 -0.20920875 -0.03708633 0.05924155 29.Y 0.04056885 -0.02691792 -0.00215094 0.03301629 0.01824148 29.Z -0.02269313 -0.01676407 -0.01922068 -0.08960843 -0.03701296 30.X 0.07045587 -0.02360263 -0.20920875 -0.03708633 0.05924155 30.Y -0.04056885 0.02691792 0.00215094 -0.03301629 -0.01824148 30.Z -0.02269313 -0.01676407 -0.01922068 -0.08960843 -0.03701296 31.X 0.05123129 0.13286149 -0.10769053 0.06593535 -0.08333278 31.Y -0.00787043 0.00956586 0.00290677 -0.00356532 -0.00364585 31.Z -0.06050989 0.04290423 -0.0124793 -0.12420064 -0.05214365 32.X 0.05123129 0.13286149 -0.10769053 0.06593535 -0.08333278 32.Y 0.00787043 -0.00956586 -0.00290677 0.00356532 0.00364585 32.Z -0.06050989 0.04290423 -0.0124793 -0.12420064 -0.05214365
7 Figure S2. Phylomorphospaces of skull shape coloured by group.
8 Table S6. Results of the Procrustes ANOVA with 1000 permutations. Df SS MS R2 F Z P-value Skull shape ~ phylogeny (5 groups) 4 0.40245097 0.100612743 0.292968086 6.940585487 7.828714571 0.001 Skull shape ~ phylogeny (2 groups) 1 0.12794701 0.12794701 0.09314026 7.18944531 4.29709341 0.001 Table S7. Results of the phylogenetic ANOVA with 1000 permutations. Skull shape ~ log(csize)* log(area)* habitat Df SS MS R2 F Z P-value log(csize) 1 0.003015 0.00301474 0.04051 3.0093 3.5308 0.001 log(area) 1 0.00166 0.00165987 0.02231 1.6569 1.882 0.023 habitat 2 0.00224 0.00111998 0.0301 1.1179 0.791 0.199 log(csize):log(area) 1 0.001697 0.00169703 0.02281 1.694 1.5784 0.062 log(csize):habitat 2 0.002897 0.00144856 0.03893 1.4459 1.6123 0.059 log(area):habitat 2 0.001641 0.00082072 0.02206 0.8192 -0.231 0.594 log(csize):log(area):habitat 2 0.001152 0.00057591 0.01548 0.5749 -1.2416 0.903 Excluding the three-way interaction Df SS MS R2 F Z P-value log(csize) 1 0.003015 0.00301474 0.04051 3.0511 3.5723 0.001 log(area) 1 0.00166 0.00165987 0.02231 1.6799 1.9175 0.023 habitat 2 0.00224 0.00111998 0.0301 1.1335 0.8329 0.182 log(csize):log(area) 1 0.001697 0.00169703 0.02281 1.7175 1.6076 0.058 log(csize):habitat 2 0.002897 0.00144856 0.03893 1.466 1.6597 0.053 log(area):habitat 2 0.001641 0.00082072 0.02206 0.8306 -0.2003 0.586
9 Figure S3. Phylomorphospaces of skull shape coloured by body size category.