Investigating Subsurface Thermal Regimes Using High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data in the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijies.K113412111125 DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1134.12101025 Journal Website: www.ijies.org International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-10, October 2025 29 Investigating Subsurface Thermal Regimes Using High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data in the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria Musa Hayatudeen, Mohammed Ali Garba, Kamureyina Ezekiel Abstract: High-resolution Aeromagnetic data were processed using Oasis Montaj software to produce residual magnetic anomaly maps of the study area, from which the Curie point depth was determined for heat flow and geothermal gradient assessment. The Curie depth values ranged from 16.6 km to 23.05 km, with an average of 17.55 km. Using a thermal conductivity of 2.5 Wm⁻¹°C⁻¹ and a Curie temperature of 580°C, calculated geothermal gradients ranged from 25.16°C/km to 35.04°C/km, and heat flow values varied between 62.9 and 87.6 mWm⁻². These thermal parameters indicate mostly tectonically stable conditions with localized geothermal anomalies, particularly around Dukku, Wade, Karim Lamido, and Jabieb, coinciding with known geothermal springs and attributed to crustal thinning and magmatic intrusions. The spectral analysis approach [1] Based on magnetic anomaly wavelength decomposition,] provides a reliable framework for estimating subsurface thermal structures. The study supports the potential for geothermal energy exploration in the area. It highlights the utility of combining magnetic and thermal modelling for geothermal resource assessment, especially where direct temperature measurements are sparse. Further investigations, including geochemical and drilling studies, are recommended to validate geothermal prospectivity and support sustainable energy development in the region. Keywords: Total Magnetic Intensity, Residual Maps, Curie Point, Heat Flow and Geothermal Gradient. Nomenclature: Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) I. INTRODUCTION The research obtained heat flow measurements between 62.9 and 87.6 mW/m², and geothermal gradient results ranged from 25.16 to 35.04 °C/km. Heat flow measurements reached 87.6 mW/m², and the geothermal gradient ranged from 25.16 to 35.04 °C/km during the assessment period. The collected measurements highlight areas with substantial geothermal activity because they accumulate in locations where heat flow is high and the gradient steepens. Manuscript received on 30 September 2025 | Revised Manuscript received on 05 October 2025 | Manuscript Accepted on 15 October 2025 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2025. *Correspondence Author(s) Dr Musa Hayatudeen, Geophysics Research Group, Physics Department, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe, Gombe, Nigeria, Email ID: [email protected], ORCID ID: 0009-00090620-4411 Dr Mohammed Ali Garba*, Department of Geology, Gombe University, Gombe, Nigeria, Email ID: mohammedaligar[email protected].ng, [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6247-8702 Dr Kamureyina Ezekiel, Department of Geology, Adamawa University, Mubi, Adamawa, Nigeria, Email ID: [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4803-7772 © The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The geothermal exploration prospects should focus on the regions surrounding Dukku and Wade, as well as Karim Lamido and Jabieb, as these areas exhibit particularly promising geothermal potential. The observed high heat flow and geothermal gradient values show direct relationships with two natural warm springs found at Yankari and Lamurde Ruwan Zafi. Geothermal energy investigations can expand into these specific areas because thermal manifestations both indicate potential subsurface geothermal resources. The study supports the notion that the area contains abundant geothermal resources, which represent a viable option for generating electricity. Using geothermal power reduces greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil-fuel electricity generation, providing clean electricity while minimising environmental damage. Nigeria's population could benefit from geothermal power, as it can provide sustainable energy with the advantages that traditional energy lacks. Heat flow and geothermal gradients were derived from high-resolution Aeromagnetic data over the upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria. A Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) map was processed in the Oasis Montaj software to produce a residual map and the Curie point, which were used to estimate Heat Flow and Geothermal Gradient. The study site is situated at 100 30'–120 30' longitude and 90 00'–110 00' latitude, covering an area of about 48,400 km2. The Upper Benue Trough is a significant arm of the Benue Trough. It is compartmentalised into several sub-basins, whose evolution and distribution are strictly determined by a fracture network in which the N550E trend dominates throughout the Trough. (Fig. 1). [Fig.1: Geologic Map of the Study Area (Modified from NGSA 2006)] Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijies.K113412111125 DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1134.12101025 Journal Website: www.ijies.org Investigating Subsurface Thermal Regimes Using High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data in the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria 30 II. LITERATURE REVIEW Aeromagnetic data from Nigeria's Biu Plateau show that this area has serious geothermal potential. The numbers tell an exciting story: the Curie point sits about 15.5 kilometres deep, the temperature rises by 37.5°C for every kilometre you go down, and the heat flow measures around 94 mW/m² [2]. What makes this spot so promising? It's part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, which means there are deep heat sources that have been cooling down over a very long time. This could be a game-changer for northeastern Nigeria, offering a clean-energy alternative similar to what they've achieved with geothermal projects in Bulgaria. Basically, we're looking at a natural power source that's been waiting to be tapped [3]. Studies on the imaging of magmatic intrusions using derivatives of high-resolution aeromagnetic data over the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin [4]. And they conclude that Image processing tools based on magnetic derivatives— first vertical derivative, analytic signal, and source parameter imaging — were applied to the residual data and proved helpful in delineating the edges, shapes, and depths to the surface of the intrusions in the Chad Basin. They also show that the magnetic highs and lows were structurally controlled in the NE-SW direction. The residual map of the study area showed intense magmatic activity in the southern part, with anomalies forming several magnetic peaks interpreted as shallow magmatic intrusives. Estimation of geothermal gradient and heat flow for determination of geothermal energy sources in the Monguno area of Northeastern Nigeria 5 shows that the geothermal gradient varies from 23.697 to 56.212°C/km, with an average of 46.195°C/km. In contrast, the heat flow ranges from 59.242 to 136.176 mWm-2, with an average value of about 112.364 mWm-2. [5] High-resolution magnetic data from the skies above Akko in Gombe State revealed some interesting patterns. The magnetic trends mostly follow major lines running northeast-southwest and north-northwest to south-southeast. We also spotted some smaller northwest-southeast trends in satellite images from SRTM and DEM data, areas with lots of these lineaments, especially in the northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest directions. These patterns provide us with valuable spatial information that could really help us find minerals and groundwater in the region. It's like having a map that shows us where to look for these valuable resources [6]. Compilation of a large dataset of global bottomhole temperature measurements in sedimentary basins and assessed the relationships between geothermal gradients and relevant independent tectonic variables in oceanic and continental domains. The results show that geothermal gradients exhibit non-linear, systematic relationships with oceanic crustal age and lithosphere thickness, and with continental crustal thickness and lithosphere thickness [7]. Assaying the Geothermal Energy Resource Potential of Gombe State in North-Eastern Nigeria from Aeromagnetic Survey [8] concludes that Gombe State may not have traces of anomalous geothermal settings, having shown no zone of considerable crustal attenuation and elevated heat flow. III. MATERIALS AND METHODS The total magnetic intensity map (Fig. 2) was processed using the programming software Oasis Montaj to produce the residual map (Fig. 3), and the Curie point depth was determined from the heat flow and geothermal gradient. Heat flow is the movement of heat (energy) from the interior of the Earth to the surface [9]. A small, however measurable, amount of heat from Earth's interior is steadily escaping through its surface. This ongoing transfer of heat is known as heat flow [10]. What is the origin of the heat? It could be “original” heat from the time that Earth formed, that is, if the Earth formed as a mass of planetesimals that coalesced and compressed the inner material. Or the heat might be a by-product of the decay of radioactive isotopes inside Earth, and radioactive decay may be warming up the planet. Geologists are not sure whether Earth formed as a hot or cool mass, or whether the planet is now cooling or warming. Changes in Earth`s internal temperature are tremendously slow (on the order of 100 million years), and trying to work out its thermal history is a slow, often frustrating job. Some regions on Earth have a high heat flow. More heat is being lost through the surface in these regions than is normal. High heat flow is usually triggered by the presence of a magma body or still-cooling pluton near the surface. Likewise, an old body of igneous rock rich in uranium and other radioactive isotopes can cause high heat flow, since radioactive decay produces heat as it occurs [9] and [10]. High heat flow over a wide area may be due to the rise of warm mantle rock beneath an abnormally thin crust. The average heat flow from continents is the same as the average heat flow from the sea floor. An astonishing fact is that if you consider the greater concentration of radioactive material in continental rocks. The unexpectedly high average heat flow across the ocean floor may be attributed to hot mantle rock rising slowly due to convection beneath several ocean basins. Ocean trenches are characterised by abnormally low heat flow compared to that of typical ocean crust. This implies that trenchal crust could be colder than regular crust. [7] Heat is provided primarily by the radial cooling of the Earth’s core and secondarily by radioactive heat generation in the upper 20–40 km. The increase in temperature with depth into the Earth is called the geothermal gradient. The geothermal gradient can be quantified on land in abandoned wells or on the seafloor by deploying specially designed probes into the mud. The average increase in temperature is 25 °C per kilometre (about 75 °F per mile) of depth. Some regions have a much higher gradient, indicating a concentration of heat at shallow depths; such areas have the potential to generate geothermal energy. As you go deeper underground, the temperature rises steadily. This creates real challenges for people working in deep mines. Take a 3-kilometre-deep gold mine in South Africa, for example. The temperature down there is almost as hot as boiling water. Deep oil drilling faces similar problems. When you drill down 7 or 8 kilometres, the rock temperature reaches 200°C. At these extreme temperatures, even rigid steel drilling pipes become soft Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijies.K113412111125 DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1134.12101025 Journal Website: www.ijies.org International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-10, October 2025 31 and flexible. The only way to keep them working is to pump special cooling mud down the hole. This increase in temperature with depth is called the geothermal gradient. On average, the temperature rises about 3°C for every 100 meters you go down in the upper crust. But this gradient isn't the same everywhere. Volcanic areas have much steeper temperature increases than stable continental regions. In volcanic zones, rock-melting temperatures occur at relatively shallow depths. In continental interiors, you'd have to go much deeper to reach the same heat. The rock there doesn't melt because pressure increases with depth, raising the rock's melting point. Scientists think the geothermal gradient must level off quickly once you get deeper into the Earth. If the surface gradient continued unchanged, temperatures would reach 2500°C at just 100 kilometres depth. That's hotter than any rock can handle, even with increased pressure. Some areas have steeper geothermal gradients because hotter mantle rock has moved closer to the surface. This happens through mantle convection or rising plumes of hot material. These are the "hot spots" where the geothermal gradient is unusually steep. Hot mantle plumes help account for some igneous activity, such as the ocean eruptions that build up the Hawaiian Islands. Volcanism in the middle of continents may also be attributable to mantle plumes. Yellowstone National Park, in Wyoming, is a product of silicic eruptions. The eruptions were much larger and more powerful than any in historical time. Geologists attribute these eruptions to hot mantle plumes that melted the crust beneath this area [10]. In this study, using an average thermal conductivity λ value of 2.5Wm-1 °C-1 to recount the Curie point depth (Zb) to Curie point temperature (5800 °C), the vertical direction of temperature difference and the constant thermal gradient were assumed. According to [11], the Curie point of the study area must be calculated before the heat flow and geothermal gradient are determined. The geothermal gradient 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑍 sandwiched between the Earth’s surface and the Curie point depth (Zb) = 𝜃 = [𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑍]𝑍𝑏 … (1) Additionally, the geothermal gradient can be related to the heat flow by 𝑞 =𝜆𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑍 =λ (580&0C Zb) … (2) Where q is the heat flow and λ is the coefficient of thermal conductivity. From equation (1), it is manifested that the Curie point depth is inversely proportional to the heat flow in equation (2), [11]. The heat flow (q) of the area was calculated using this equation, and the geothermal gradient of the area was calculated from equation (2) using a Curie point temperature of 580 0C and thermal conductivity of 2.5 Wm-1°C-1 [11]. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The result of the heat flow and geothermal gradient of the study area derived from the power spectral analysis conducted on the residual map of overlapping blocks of 55x 55 km over the study area, after it was continued upward to 23 km, at that point the map becomes stable, this was done to remove the components of the field due to shallow sources from where the spectral was calculated by plotting the logarithm of spectral energies against the wave number, the Curie point isotherm was achieved from the subsequent long wavelength anomalies that have been interpreted in terms of a two-dimensional model of a magnetized crustal layer whose bottom surface signifies the depth to the Curie, the resultant the resultant heat flow and geothermal gradient were calculated from this and are summarized in table ( 1). Table I: Calculated Curie Point Depth, Heat flow, and Geothermal Gradient from Spectral Analysis Block Depth to Centroid (Zo) in km Depth to top Boundary (Zt) in km Curie Depth (Zb) in km Geothermal Gradient oC/km Heat Flow (mWm2) 1 11.8 6.05 17.55 33.04 82.6 2 11.5 5.31 17.69 32.78 81.95 3 12 7.3 17.45 33.24 83.1 4 11.9 5.2 18.6 31.18 77.95 5 10.8 4.64 16.96 34.12 85.3 6 12 6.55 17.45 33.24 83.1 7 12.43 5.55 19.31 30.03 75.75 8 12.5 5.4 19.6 29.6 74 9 13.05 4.9 21.2 27.36 68.4 10 13.9 4.75 23.05 25.16 62.9 11 10.5 4.4 16.6 34.94 87.35 12 11 5.45 16.55 35.04 87.6 13 10.98 5.36 16.6 34.94 87.35 14 11.2 4.5 17.9 32.4 81 15 10.88 5 16.76 34.6 86.5 16 11.7 6.84 16.56 35 87.5 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijies.K113412111125 DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1134.12101025 Journal Website: www.ijies.org Investigating Subsurface Thermal Regimes Using High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data in the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria 32 [Fig.2: Total Magnetic Intensity Map of the Upper Benue Trough. N. E. Nigeria] [Fig.3: Residual Aeromagnetic Map of the Upper Benue Trough. N. E. Nigeria] Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijies.K113412111125 DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1134.12101025 Journal Website: www.ijies.org International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-10, October 2025 33 [Fig.4: Heat Flow Contour Map of Our Study Area. (Contour Interval 2 Mwm-2)] Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijies.K113412111125 DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1134.12101025 Journal Website: www.ijies.org Investigating Subsurface Thermal Regimes Using High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data in the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria 34 [Fig.5: Geothermal Gradient Contour Map of the Study Area. (Contour Interval 1 oC/km)] Heat flow values range from 62.9 to 87.6 mWm-2, while geothermal gradient values range from 25.16 to 35.04 °C/km; these values fall within the range characteristic of gradients commonly encountered in tectonically inactive areas, according to [12]. In most stable continental regions, the ground gives off about 60 milliwatts of heat Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijies.K113412111125 DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1134.12101025 Journal Website: www.ijies.org International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) ISSN: 2319-9598 (Online), Volume-12 Issue-10, October 2025 35 per square meter. But when that number climbs above 80 to 100 milliwatts, we're looking at unusual geothermal activity. These higher heat levels and temperature changes underground signal something special happening beneath the surface and were perceived in the Dukku, Wade, Karim Lamido, and Jabieb areas (figures 4 and 5). This shows that areas of high heat flow coincide with the Yankari warm spring and the Lamurde Ruwan Zafi spring. This is attributed to crustal thinning in the area of active metasedimentary volcanic activity. Based on these assumptions, places around Dukku, Gombe, Kaltungo, Karim Lamido, and Jabieb show geothermally abnormal areas, while Biu, Shani, Dumne Yola, and Mayo Belwa may be considered geothermally normal. V. DISCUSSION The current research contributes to the body of knowledge on subsurface thermal parameters in the upper Benue Trough by using high-resolution aeromagnetic data to infer the distribution of heat flow and geothermal gradient. The combination of magnetic anomaly analysis with spectral techniques provides a solid framework for defining thermal regimes in both tectonically active and passive regions. Its methodology revolves around processing total magnetic intensity (TMI) data to produce residual magnetic anomaly maps, which are then analysed spectrally to estimate the depth of the Curie isotherm. It is founded on the principle that components of the magnetic field with long wavelengths are representative of deeper sources, and, through this concept, it is possible to estimate the depth to the Curie point, a vital parameter in thermal modelling. Spectral analysis is performed by plotting the logarithm of spectral energy versus wave number to determine the transition from shallow to deep magnetic sources and thereby marking the Curie depth (Zb) of the object. The obtained Curie depths of the study blocks range from about 16.6 km to 23.05 km, with a mean value of 17.55 km. These depths are the rough limit of the crustal magnetic minerals, which become demagnetised by thermal action, the zone of observable thermal action. Geothermal gradient (580 °C/Zb) was estimated by the relation (580 °C/Zb) by assuming a Curie Temperature of 580 oC, which is within the range of average crustal minerals. The geothermal gradients calculated range from about 25.16 oC/km to 35.04 oC/km, which are within the range of tectonically inactive or stable continental crust. The heat flow (q) was later obtained using the Fourier law of heat conduction, which gives q = 25 W/m · C ∇· T, where 2.5 is the thermal conductivity (q), which here is taken as 2.5 W/m · C per literature standards for crustal rocks. The resulting heat flow values range from about 62.9 to 87.6 mW/m2, and the higher value corresponds to local geothermal anomalies. It is observed that Dukku, Wade, Karim Lamido, and Jabieb have a high heat flow and geothermal gradients, which are spatially associated with well-known geothermal occurrences, including Yankari warm springs and Lamurde Ruwan Zafi spring. These findings indicate that crustal thinning and magmatic activity, presumably related to the Mesozoic and Tertiary magmatic periods, are in addition to localised thermal anomalies. The distribution of geothermal parameters indicates heterogeneity in the thermal regime within the study area. Regions with high heat flow and geothermal gradients may offer geothermal energy opportunities, potentially driven by crustal thinning, magma intrusions, or mantle heat. On the other hand, those with lower values are also associated with areas of stable crustal conditions, that is, areas where no large-scale magmatic or tectonic activity occurs. The combined magnetic and thermal modelling methodology not only supports earlier geological and geophysical observations, e.g., crustal thinning, magmatism, and tectonic fracturing, but also provides quantifiable estimates that are useful for assessing geothermal resources. Future studies can improve these estimates by using direct geothermal measurements and three-dimensional modelling to resolve subsurface thermal structures. High-resolution aeromagnetic data applied in spectral analysis provide helpful information on the distribution of heat in the crust of the upper Benue Trough. The geothermal anomalies identified point to the area of interest for sustainable energy development and enhance knowledge of the tectono-thermal evolution of the crust in Nigeria. VI. CONCLUSION This study aims to demonstrate that high-resolution Aeromagnetic data combined with spectral analysis are practical tools for assessing the geothermal potential of the upper Benue Trough in northeastern Nigeria. The derived Curie depths, geothermal gradients, and heat flow values indicate significant spatial variations in the thermal regimes within the study region. It is worth noting that anomalously high heat flows and geothermal gradients are observed in Dukku, Wade, Karim Lamido, and Jabieb, and these areas could be considered sources for geothermal energy exploration. These observations are consistent with established geothermal occurrences. They are predicted to be influenced by hypothetical crustal narrowing, magmatic activity, and tectonic plate fissuring, which enable the upward flow of heat in the Earth's interior. The findings underscore the importance of geophysical techniques in geothermal resource development, particularly in areas with limited direct subsurface temperature measurements. The traced thermal anomalies provide a good outline for a more in-depth analysis, such as geochemical and drilling analyses, to help determine the viability of geothermal use in the region. On the whole, the combination of magnetic anomaly analysis and spectral techniques provides a cost-effective and efficient means to understand crustal thermal structures, promoting sustainable energy development and improving geological knowledge of the upper Benue trough. DECLARATION STATEMENT After aggregating input from all authors, I must verify the accuracy of the following information as the article's author. ▪ Conflicts of Interest/ Competing Interests: Based on my understanding, this article has no conflicts of interest. ▪ Funding Support: This article has not been funded by any Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved. Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijies.K113412111125 DOI: 10.35940/ijies.K1134.12101025 Journal Website: www.ijies.org Investigating Subsurface Thermal Regimes Using High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data in the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria 36 organizations or agencies. This independence ensures that the research is conducted with objectivity and without any external influence. ▪ Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate: The content of this article does not necessitate ethical approval or consent to participate with supporting documentation. ▪ Data Access Statement and Material Availability: The adequate resources of this article are publicly accessible. ▪ Author’s Contributions: The authorship of this article is contributed equally to all participating individuals. REFERENCES 1. M. Akiishi, P. I. Uloko, T. T. Iortim, G. O. Ankeli and A. Ichagba. (2025): Spectral Analysis Determination of Depth to Basement in Parts of Nigerian Sector of Chad Basin using Aeromagnetic Data. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Sciences. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.908000363 2. Musa Hayatudeen and Bello Rasak (2022). 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Vol.10, No.2. Pp. 1-15. DOI: http://doi.org/10.7176/JETP/10-2-04 12. Florian Neumann, Ben Norden, Elif Balkan-Pazvantoğlu, Samah Elbarbary, Alexey G. Petrunin, Kirsten Elger, Samuel Jennings, Simone Frenzel and Sven Fuchs (2025). The 2024 Release of the Global Heat Flow Database (GHFDB): Quality Assessment, Metadata Standards, and a Century of Geothermal Data. Earth system science data. Pp. 1-48. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-341 AUTHOR’S PROFILE Dr Musa Hayatudeen hails from Mayo-Belwa LGA of Adamawa state, Nigeria. He attended Islamiya Primary School in Mayo-Belwa, then proceeded to GSSS Ganye, where he sat for his SSCE. He later attended the Federal University of Technology, Yola, for his first degree in Geology. He bagged his M.Sc. degree in Geophysics from the same school in 2009, and also obtained his PhD in Applied Geophysics from Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, in 2018. He began lecturing at the Federal University of Kashere in Gombe State, Nigeria. Currently, he has 19 publications, both local and international. He is a onetime level adviser, currently a departmental postgraduate coordinator, and has attended both local and international conferences. He is also a member of various university committees. Currently, he is a senior lecturer in the Department of Physics (Geophysics Program). Also, a member of multiple university committees and of many professional bodies, including IAH, NAH, and NMGS. Dr Garba Ali Mohammed was born in 1978. He hails from Gwoza LGA of Borno State, Nigeria. He attended the Federal University of Technology, Yola, for his first degree in Geology, graduating in 2000. He bagged his M.Sc. degree in Applied Geophysics from the same school in 2010. Also, he earned his PhD in Exploration Geophysics from Prestigious Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia, in 2018. He began lecturing at Gombe State University in 2010, where he rose to the rank of Associate Professor in Geophysics in 2024. Currently, he has 16 International Publications. Also, he is a former level adviser and is now the Departmental Examination Officer of the Department of Geology, Gombe State University. A reviewer of Scientific Journals, amongst which are the Asian Journal of Geographic Research and the Bima Journal of Science. He is also an External Examiner at the Department of Geology in Adamawa State University. Currently on Sabbatical at the Department of Geology in Skyline University, Nigeria, in Kano State. He has attended both local and international conferences and is a member of various university committees, as well as many Professional Bodies such as ASEG, COMEG, NAPE, and NMGS. Dr Kamureyina Ezekiel holds a PhD in Applied Geophysics (2022) from the Department of Geology at the Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria. Central area of Research: Applied Geophysics. His thesis: Analysis of High Resolution Aeromagnetic and Radiometric Data Over Sokoto Basin and Adjoining Areas, Northwestern, Nigeria. And an M. Sc Applied Geophysics (2007). Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria. Central area of Research: Applied Geophysics. Dissertation: Analysis of Aeromagnetic Data over Garkida and Environs, Northeastern, Nigeria. Professional Diploma in Education (PDE) (2014), Institute of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. NYSC (2002). Department of Works, Shagari Local Government Secretariat, Sokoto State, Nigeria. B. Tech (Hons) Geology (2000). Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria. Thesis: Aspects of Biostratigraphy and Environment of Deposition of Numanha Shale along Ayatse Stream in Guyuk Sub-Basin of Yola-Arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern, Nigeria. 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