The Societal Impact of AI: Ethical, Legal & Future Considerations in Education

THE SOCIETAL IMPACT OF AI: ETHICAL, LEGAL & FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS IN EDUCATION Dr. Christian M. Stracke Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg 11th of March, hybrid in Luxembourg and online [email protected]e http://www.opening-up.education https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15009832 With Creative Commons Open License for saving, sharing & re-using slides "Attribution –Noncommercial –Share Alike 3.0" You can freely share, copy, distribute and transmit the work under the following conditions: 1. Attribution –2. Noncommercial –3. Share Alike Some rights reserved, see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 2 This presentation will be published on: https://opening-up.education Please cite as: "Stracke, C.M. (2025). The Societal Impact of AI: Ethical, Legal & Future Considerations in Education. Hybrid Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg (11th of March 2025). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15009832" 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 3 Welcome to our Webinar! The Societal Impact of AI: Ethical, Legal and Future Considerations in Education 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 4 About myself Coordinator Cloud Strategy, OE and AI&ED, University of Bonn Adjunct Professor, Korean National Open University Advisory Professor, East China Normal University Founder & Director, European Research Institute eLC 100+ research projects with 55+ Mio. € budgets 200+ scientific publications incl. 100+ peer-reviewed / SSCI Creative design & training for 15,000 teachers & 5,000 schools Elected Chair of ISO & CEN Standardization Committees 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 5 Martin Wolpers' Lifetime Award Lifetime Award to excellence in research, education and significant impact in the society: “your large expertise in multi-authored, successful research projects and activities, full of multi-culturalism, with a realistic view, which gives the community useful outcomes with great impact for an immediate application” http://research.unir.net/blog/martin-wolpers-2023-award-christian-m-stracke Before We Start 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 7 What is your position? https://www.menti.com Code: 4247 1360 Ethical Use of AI is for me ... -5 (very unimportant) +5 (very important) 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 8 What is your position? https://www.menti.com Code: 4247 1360 AI will impact (higher) education ... -5 (strongly impair) +5 (strongly improve) 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 9 What is your position? https://www.menti.com Code: 4247 1360 I'm informed in AI use ... 1 (not at all) 10 (very well) 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 16 History of AI AI concept by McCarthy and research since 1950ies weak AI vs. strong AI vs. super-intelligence knowledge-based AI vs. data-driven AI hybrid systems & trainings (GenAI / GPAI) Stracke, C. M. et al. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64315-6_21 (pre-print: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11518072) 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 17 What is AI? Definition of Human Intelligence Definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI) How do you define AI? 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 18 What is AI? AI is a unique digital tool AI is always a human-to-human relationship (in the responsibility) 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 19 Different Types of AI Weak AI: Programming Automatisation Training Strong AI: Self-development "Intelligence" Self-decisions Ethics of AI 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 21 Ethics Dimensions Meta-ethics: Epistemology Normative ethics: Which laws? Applied ethics: Which recommendations? 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 22 Ethical AI Questions Ethics: What should we do? Ethical AI: How should we use AI? What is Artificial Intelligence? 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 23 Ethical AI Five central ethical principles (from 84 frameworks): 1. Transparency 2. Justice and fairness 3. Non-maleficence (do not harm) 4. Responsibility 5. Privacy Jobin et al. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 24 Time Pressure Graphic: Christian Bauckhage (University of Bonn) Legal regulation of AI The Special Case of Education 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 33 Digitalisation Photo: https://www.bmas.de/DE/Service/Publikationen/a877-01-werkheft.html 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 34 Digitalisation Photo: https://www.bmas.de/DE/Service/Publikationen/a877-01-werkheft.html 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 35 Digitalisation Photo: https://www.bmas.de/DE/Service/Publikationen/a877-01-werkheft.html 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 36 Digitalisation Photo: https://www.bmas.de/DE/Service/Publikationen/a877-01-werkheft.html 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 37 Digitalisation Photo: https://www.bmas.de/DE/Service/Publikationen/a877-01-werkheft.html 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 38 Digitalisation in education? Photos: https://www.pixabay.com (345950) - https://www.pexels.com (207691) 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 39 The Special Case of Education Education as human right SDG 4: "Quality Education for All" Equity, inclusion & mandatory school visit Learning cannot be forced https://opening-up.education/publications Photos: https://www.pixabay.com (345950) - https://www.pexels.com (207691) 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 40 Hypothesis 1 Artificial Intelligence changes more than COVID-19 and any other digital tools AI and Education (AI&ED) Ethical AI&ED 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 49 Ethical AI&ED & Human Rights AI&ED for strengthening the society: "Artificial Intelligence and Education: Ethical Questions and Guidelines for Their Relations Based on Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law" (Dezember 2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8638-1_7 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 50 Futures of AI&ED? First study on speculative AI&ED futures by huge global research team (2023): "Speculative Futures on ChatGPT and Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)" 30+ positive & 30+ negative AI scenarios https://www.asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/709/394 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 51 Global Trends in Ethical AI&ED Systematic Literature Review (SLR): "Global trends in scientific debates on trustworthy and ethical Artificial Intelligence and Education" by Stracke, C.M.; Chounta, I.-A. & Holmes, W. (2024) –presented at AIED 2024 in Recife https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11518072 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 52 AI&ED Evidences? Meta study on AI&ED evidences (2025): "Does ChatGPT enhance student learning? A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies" https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 53 Measurement in (AI and) Education? https://visible-learning.org Meta-analyses of evidence-based studies by Hattie and others Despite some fundamental critics by Eacott (2017), McKnight & Whitburn (2018), Terhart (2011), and Wetter, Vogel, & Hetmanek (2017) Evidences? 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 54 Three Ethical Imperatives for AI&ED Technology-independent (for objectives) Impact-oriented (for all levels) Society-focused (for commons) Stracke, C. M. et al. (2024). Global trends in scientific debates on trustworthy and ethical Artificial Intelligence and education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64315-6_21 (pre-print: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11518072) The Big Picture: Hyperscalers 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 56 AI Contradictions "Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter. We call on all AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4." (Future of Life Institute, 22nd of March 2023) "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war." (Center for AI Safety, 30th of May 2023) AI providers & CEOs deny own interests & options 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 57 AI Claims & Interests AI = Disruptive technology like no other before in human history: Revolution for all and everything (incl. learning, school / higher education) AI has to immediately be introduced and used everywhere: AI Competences and 21st century skills are urgently required All these claims are not proven and only serve own profit interests Commercial profit & market monopolism The Big Picture: Our Society International crises https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supertramp_-_Crisis.jpg Economic crisis (Hayes, profit only) Education crisis (innovations, quality) Media crisis (literacy, fake news) Societal crisis (ethics, egoism) We need innovative and high quality Open Education for all as human right Crisis? What Crisis? 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 65 www.sustainabledevelopmentgoals.org 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 66 www.sustainabledevelopmentgoals.org 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 67 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 68 Current challenges https://www.unicef.org/reports/unicef-75-preventing-a-lost-decade COVID-19 pandemic & lockdowns War in Ukraine & many countries Climate change, poverty, hunger And now, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is appearing and changing mindsets New Normal? Global education (2020) https://data.unicef.org/covid-19-and-children 463 million pupils could not learn in the COVID-19 lockdowns anymore = 1 in 3 pupils! 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 69 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 70 Future of our education? Democratisation Social media Collaboration Education 5.0 Education ideal Digital divide Fake news Egoism Commercialisation Exploitation ideal 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 71 Popular misconceptions Social media Digital natives 21st century skills AI competences Commercial profit Digital literacy Competence development Only digital competences No "social" services! No digital natives! No AI competences! No 21st century skills! And our future society? Wie wird KI unsere Bildung, Forschung und Gesellschaft gestalten und beeinflussen? 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 72 The Future of AI Safeguarding the Future AI & Society We must regulate Artificial Intelligence to facilitate its best impact and its safe and equitable use in education. Education and Artificial Intelligence have to focus and answer ethical questions to guarantee human rights and democracy in our society. 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 80 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 81 And the Future AI&ED? https://tenor.com/de/view/ai-bot-chatgpt-artificial-chat-gpt-gif-282704938762721238 - https://apps.microsoft.com/detail/9wzdncrd29v9?hl=en-US&gl=US Safeguarding the Future AI&ED Educators should only decide based on defined learning objectives whether they use and integrate AI in their education (or not). Educators need to be aware of these future developments (that AI will be everywhere) and require AI literacy (and also the students) 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 82 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 83 Hypothesis 3 AI and Education have to focus much stronger ethics, democracy and our social future and society 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 84 UNESCO Network UNOE UNOE = UNESCO Unitwin Network on Open Education 16 partners from all five continents https://opening-up.education https://unitwin-unoe.org 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 85 UNESCO Network UNOE 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 86 3rd AI&ED Working Conference Council of Europe, 1st-2nd of October 2025 https://opening-up.education Network "Ethical use of AI" European Community for Ethical AI&ED https://ethicalai.ecompetence.eu Our networks 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 87 Networks "Ethical Use of AI" German Network since March 2023: https://ethischeki.ecompetence.eu European Network since AIED 2023: https://ethicalai.ecompetence.eu Monthly meetings for collaboration: Everybody is most welcome! 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 88 Network "Ethical Use of AI" "Ethical Use of AI in Higher Education –a Handout" for university teachers (Version 1.1 from 18th of July 2024) •10 statements (1 page) and FAQ list with answers (4 pages), both revised and updated https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10995669 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 89 1. Artificial Intelligence changes more than COVID-19 and any other digital tools 2. Artificial Intelligence has to be globally regulated: The time is running ... 3. AI and Education have to focus stronger ethics, democracy and our whole society My Central Hypotheses Open Education https://opening-up.education/artificial-intelligence-and-education 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 96 AI and Education Dr. Christian M. Stracke Coordinator Cloud Strategy, OE and AI&ED Research [email protected] www.hrz.uni-bonn.de www.opening-up.education Interested? Contact me! 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 97 References Stracke, C. M., Griffiths, D., Pappa, D., Bećirović, S., Polz, E., Perla, L., ... , & Hollins, P. (2025). Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Policies for Higher Education in Europe. International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, 9(2), 124-137. https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2025.02.011 [Open Access] Xiao, J., Bozkurt, A., Nichols, M., Pazurek, A., Stracke, C. M., Bai, J. Y. H., ..., & Themeli, C. (2025). Venturing into the Unknown: Critical Insights into Grey Areas and Pioneering Future Directions in Educational Generative AI Research. TechTrends (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01060-6 [Open Access] Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Farrow, R., Bai, J.Y.H., Nerantzi, C., Moore, S., Dron, J., Stracke, C.M., ... , & Asino, T.I. (2024). The Manifesto for Teaching and Learning in a Time of Generative AI: A Critical Collective Stance to Better Navigate the Future. Open Praxis, 16(4), 487–513. https://openpraxis.org/articles/10.55982/openpraxis.16.4.777 [ESCI, Open Access] 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 98 References Stracke, C. M. (2024). Artificial Intelligence and Education: Ethical questions and guidelines for their relations based on human rights, democracy and the rule of law. In D. Burgos et al. (Eds.), Radical Solutions for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in Education (pp. 97-107). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8638-1_7 [Open Access] Burgos, D., Branch, J. W., Tlili, A., Stracke, C. M., & de la Higuera, C. (2024). Artificial Intelligence, Digital Transformation, and Education as a Combined Contribution to Society. In D. Burgos et al. (Eds.), Radical Solutions for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in Education (pp. 3-13). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8638-1_1 [Open Access] Burgos, D., Branch, J. W., Tlili, A., Huang, R., Jemni, M., Stracke, C. M., ... , & Berrada, K. (2024) (Eds.), Radical Solutions for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in Education. Utilising Disruptive Technology for a Better Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8638-1 [Open Access] 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 99 References Stracke, C. M., Chounta, I.-A., & Holmes, W. (2024). Global trends in scientific debates on trustworthy and ethical Artificial Intelligence and education. In Artificial Intelligence in Education. AIED 2024. Communications in Computer and Information Science. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11518072 Stracke, C. M. et al. (2024): What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? How can I use AI ethically at university? Edited by the German Network "Ethische Nutzung von KI". https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10995669 Stracke, C. M., Chounta, I.-A., Holmes, W., Tlili, A., & Bozkurt, A. (2023). A standardised PRISMA-based protocol for systematic reviews of the scientific literature on Artificial Intelligence and education (AI&ED). Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 6(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.2.38 Huang, R., Tlili, A., Xu, L., Chen, Y., Zheng, L., Saleh Metwally, A. H., Da, T., Chang, T., Wang, H., Mason, J., Stracke, C. M., Sampson, D., & Bonk, C. J. (2023). Educational futures of intelligent synergies between humans, digital twins, avatars, and robots - the iSTAR framework. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 6(2), 28-43. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.2.33 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 100 References Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Lambert, S., Pazurek, A., Crompton, H., Koseoglu, S., Farrow, R., Bond, M., Nerantzi, C., Honeychurch, S., Bali, M., Dron, J., Mir, K., Stewart, B., Costello, E., Mason, J., Stracke, C. M., ..., & Jandrić, P. (2023). Speculative Futures on ChatGPT and Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): A Collective Reflection from the Educational Landscape. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 53-130. https://www.asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/709/394 Stracke, C. M., Bozkurt, A., McGreal, R., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2022). Open Educational Resources and their global needs, benefits and practices: The call for a future research agenda. IEEE Bulletin of the Technical Committee on Learning Technology. https://tc.computer.org/tclt/10-1109-proofread-2022-03007 [ESCI] Tlili, A., Burgos, D., Stracke, C. M., Mason, J., Denden, M., Altinay, F., & Nascimbeni, F. (2022). Impact of personality on educator attitudes towards open educational resources. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 14(4), 444–465. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2022.14.023 [SSCI, Open Access] 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 101 References Stracke, C. M., Burgos, D., Santos-Hermosa, G., Bozkurt, A., Sharma, R. C., Swiatek, C., Inamorato dos Santos, A., Mason, J., Ossiannilsson, E., Shon, J. G., Wan, M., Agbu, J.-F., Farrow, R., Karakaya, Ö., Nerantzi, C., Ramírez Montoya, M. S., Conole, G., Cox, G., & Truong, V. (2022). Responding to the initial challenge of COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of international responses and impact in school and higher education. Sustainability, 14(3), 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031876 [SSCI, Open Access] Awarded by the National Institute for Digital Learning (Ireland) as Global Top 10 COVID-19 research in 2022! Stracke, C. M., Sharma, R. C., Bozkurt, A., Burgos, D., Swiatek, C., Inamorato dos Santos, A., Mason, J., Ossiannilsson, E., Santos-Hermosa, G., Shon, J. G., Wan, M., Agbu, J.-F., Farrow, R., Karakaya, Ö., Nerantzi, C., Ramírez Montoya, M. S., Conole, G., Cox, G., & Truong, V. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on formal education: An international review on practices and potentials of Open Education at a distance. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 23(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v23i4.6120 [SSCI, Open Access] 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 102 References Stracke, C. M., Sharma, R. C., Swiatek, C., Burgos, D., Bozkurt, A., Karakaya, Ö., Ossiannilsson, E., Mason, J., Nerantzi, C., Agbu, J.-F., Ramírez Montoya, M. S., Shon, J. G., Inamorato dos Santos, A., Farrow, R., Wan, M., Santos-Hermosa, G., & Conole, G. (2021). How COVID-19 has an impact on formal education: A collective international evaluation of open education in distance learning. Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI) (pp. 4270-4275). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5764585 Truong, V., Denison, T., & Stracke, C. M. (2021). Developing institutional Open Educational Resource repositories in Vietnam: Opportunities and challenges. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 22(4), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v23i1.5582 [SSCI, Open Access] Stracke, C. M., & Skuballa, I. (2021). Using, analysing and evaluating eye-tracking at different educational levels: Towards an evaluation framework for impact assessment. TEM JOURNAL - Technology, Education, Management, Informatics, 10(2), 483-487. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM102-01 [ESCI, Open Access] 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 103 References Stracke, C. M., & Trisolini, G. (2021). A Systematic Literature Review on the Quality of MOOCs. Sustainability, 13(11), 5817. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115817 [SSCI, Open Access] Holubinka, K., Stracke, C. M., Forsman, P., & Juutinen, S. (2021). Virtual Internationalization in Higher Education: Design Reflections and Lessons Learned. Zeitschrift für Hochschulentwicklung (ZfHE), 16(2), 43-56. https://doi.org/10.3217/zfhe-16-02/03 [Open Access] Stracke, C. M., van Dijk, G., Fasen, J., Lisdat, F., & Simoens, W. (2020). A Holistic Pedagogical Model for STEM learning and education inside and outside the classroom. In P. Zaphiris & A. Ioannou (Eds.): Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Designing, Developing and Deploying Learning Experiences. LCT 2020, Part I, HCII 2020, LNCS 12205 (pp. 568–581). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50513-4_41 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 104 References Stracke, C. M. (2020). Open Science and Radical Solutions for Diversity, Equity and Quality in Research: A Literature Review of Different Research Schools, Philosophies and Frameworks and Their Potential Impact on Science and Education. In D. Burgos (Ed.), Radical Solutions and Open Science. An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology (pp. 17-37). Springer: Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4276-3_2 [Open Access] Stracke, C. M., Downes, S., Conole, G., Burgos, D., & Nascimbeni, F. (2019). Are MOOCs Open Educational Resources? A literature review on history, definitions and typologies of OER and MOOCs. Open Praxis, 11(4), 331-341. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.11.4.1010 [ESCI, Open Access] Stracke, C. M. (2019). Quality Frameworks and Learning Design for Open Education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 20(2), 180-203. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.4213 [SSCI, Open Access] and many more, all are openly and freely available at: http://www.opening-up.education Let us cooperate! [email protected] @christianm.stracke9671 @[email protected] https://www.linkedin.com/in/christian-m-stracke www.opening-up.education 11th of March 2025 The Societal Impact of AI (Webinar for the Ministry of Education, Luxembourg) - Christian M. Stracke 105