तहसील मड़िहान में, जैविक खेती बनाम रासायनिक खेती: पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव

Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 300 , : 1, . ( ) 2 1 ( ), , 2 ,  , - , [email protected] Manuscript ID: JRD -2025-170957 ISSN: 2230-9578 Volume 17 Issue 9 Pp.300-304 September 2025 Submitted:23 Aug. 2025 Revised: 4 Aug. 2025 Accepted: 21 Sept. 2025 Published: 30 Sept. 2025 Lkkjka”k ;g “kks/k&i= efM+gku rglhy] tuin fetkZiqj esa tSfod [ksrh cuke jklk;fud [ksrh dk rqYkukRed v/;;u izLrqr djrk gSA v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd jklk;fud [ksrh us vYikof/k esa mRiknu dks c<+k;k gS] ijarq blls e`nk dh moZjrk esa fxjkoV] ty iznw’k.k] xzhugkml xSl mRltZu vkSj tSo fofo/krk dk gzkl gqvk gSA nwljh vksj] tSfod [ksrh us Ik;kZoj.kh; larqyu] e`nk LokLF; vkSj ekuo LokLF; dks lqjf{kr j[kk] ;n~nfi izkjaHk esa de jgk gSA ysfdu Hkfo”; esa mRiknu Hkh c<+sxk vkSj i;kZoj.k ,ea ekuo LokLF; nksuksa ds fy, csgrj gksxkA “kks/k dk y{; gS fd efM+gku rglhy ds fy, nh?kZdkfyd le; esa tSfod [ksrh gh lr~r d`f’k fodkl dk vk/kkj cu ldrh gSA dh&oMZ & tSfod [ksrh] jklk;fud [ksrh] moZjrk esa fxjkoV] ty iznw’k.k] e`nk] iznw’k.k] i;kZoj.k] LokLF; izLrkouk Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ewy vk/kkj d`f’k gSA ns”k dh yxHkx 65 izfr”kr tula[;k izR;{k ;k ijks{k :Ik ls d`f’k ij fuHkZj gSA mÙkj izns”k] fo”ks’kdj iwokZapy dk {ks=] d`f’k iz/kku jgk gSA blh Øe esa fetkZiqj tuin dh efM+gku rglhy Hkh d`f’k mRiknu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dsUnz gSA chrs ik¡p n”kdksa esa [ksrh ds rkSj&rjhdksa esa cM+k ifjorZu vk;k gS] gfjr Økafr ds ckn fdlkuksa us mPp mRiknd fdLeksa ds cht] jklk;fud moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk”kdksa dk iz;ksx djuk “kq: fd;k gSA ifj.kkeLo:Ik mRiknu esa o`f) rks gqbZ gS] ysfdu blds lkFk gh e`nk] ty vkSj ok;q iznw’k.k tSls xaHkhj leL;k,¡ lkeus vkbZ gS] blds foifjr] tSfod [ksrh ,d ,slh i)fr gS ftlesa LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa & xkscj] dEiksLV dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g i)fr mRiknu dks Hkys gh /kheh xfr ls c<+krh gS] ysfdu ;g Ik;kZoj.k vkSj ekuo LokLF; nksuksa ds fy, ykHkdjh gSA “kks/k&i= dk mn~ns”;& efM+gku rglhy esa tSfod vkSj jklk;fud [ksrh dk rqyUkkRed v/;;u] muds Ik;kZoj.kh; izHkkoksa dk fo”ys’k.k] Hkfo’; dh laHkkouk,¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡ gSA HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr& rglhy efM+gku tuin fetkZiqj ds nf{k.k&if”peh Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA ;g iwohZ mŸkj izns”k vkSj foa/; ioZr J`a[kyk ds laØe.k {ks= esa vkrk gSA rglhy efM+gku dk v{kkaf”k; foLrkj 24°30^ ls 25°15^ mrj] rFkk ns”kkarjh; foLrkj 82°30^ ls 83°15^ iwoZ rd gSA Quick Response Code: Website: https://jrdrvb.org/ DOI: Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations ae licensed under the idential terms. Address for correspondence: , ( ), , How to cite this article: , . , (2025). , : Journal of Research & Development, 17(9),300-304. Original Article Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 301 fp= la[;k&1 ;gkW fd tyok;q miks’.k dfVca/kh;] xeZ xzh’e vkSj BaMh “khr _rq] gSA tcfd vkSlr okf’kZd o’kkZ 950&1100 fe-eh¼eq[;r% twu ls flracj rd½ gksrh gSA rFkk ;gkW dk vf/kdre rkieku 45°C ¼ebZ-twu esa½] vkSj U;wure rkieku 6°C tuojh esa gksrh gSA tyks<+ e`nk ufn;ksa ds fdukjs ikbZ tkrh gSA ftles /kku] xsgq¡ dh d`f’k] yky nkseV feêh esa nygu vkSj frygu dh d`f’k] iFkjhyh o cyqbZ feêh esa eqaxQyh dh d`f’k dh tkrh gS lhekar {ks=ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA tula[;k o Je “kfDr 2011 tux.kuk ds vuqlkj tula[;k 2]35350 gSA] ftuesa ls 65 izfr”kr tula[;k dk;Z”khy vk;q oxZ esa] 70&75 izfr”kr yksx d`f’k o d`f’k vk/kkfjr xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu gSA Qly iSVuZ - [kjhQ Qly esa /kku] Tokj] cktjk] eDdk] vjgj] lks;kchu] ehpkZ vkfn] jch Qly esa xsgq¡] puk] eVj] elwj] ljlksa vkyw] VekVj vkfn tcfd tk;n Qly esa usuqvk] ykSdh] [khjk] ddM+h] ewax] rjcwt] [kjcwtk vkfn dh d`f’k dh tkrh gSA vuqla/kku i)fr 1izkFkfed lzksr & efM+gku rglhy ds fdlkuksa ls losZ{k.k ¼100 fdlku ifjokj½] Qly mRiknu o ykxr dk izR;{k vkadyu fd;k x;k gSA 2f}rh;d lzksr & d`f’k foHkkx] fetkZiqj ls izkIr vk¡dM+s] mÙkj izns”k ljdkj dh d`f’k laca/kh fjiksVZa] “kks/k i=] iqLrdsa vkSj ljdkjh iksVZy ls fy;k x;k gSA rkfydk &1 ls Li’V gksrk gS fd jklk;fud moZjdksa dk mi;ksx yxkrkj c<+k gS] ysfdu gky ds o’kksZ esa fdlkuksa us /khjs&/khjs tSfod [kkn dh vksj :>ku fn[kk;k gSA jklk;fud [ksrh & mRiknu c<+k gS] ysfdu ykxr Hkh cgqr vf/kd gks xbZ gSA tSfod [ksrh ls mRiknu vis{kkd`r de gqvk gS] ysfdu cktkj ewY; vf/kd vkSj i;kZoj.k ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+k gS rkfydk &1 jklk;fud moZjd vkSj tSfod [kkn dk iz;ksx ¼ Vu esa ½ 2023&24 o’kZ jklk;fud moZjd dk iz;ksx ¼Vu esa½ tSfod [kkn dk iz;ksx¼Vu esa½ dqy mRiknu¼Vu esa½ 2000 12500 2300 45000 2010 18800 3100 62000 2020 15600 4900 71000 2024 27200 6700 74500 lzzksr& O;fDrxr ;k„fPNd loZs{k.k 2025 Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 302 fp= la[;k&2 rkfydk &2 tSfod [ksrh % jklk;fud [ksrh dk rqyukRed v/;;u ¼2022&23½ lzksr& lakf[;dh; if=dk] 2023 fp= la[;k&3 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 2000 2010 2020 2024 jklk;fud moZjd vkSj tSfod [kkn dk iz;ksx ¼ Vu esa ½ 2023&24 jklk;fud moZjd dk iz;ksx ¼Vu esa½ tSfod [kkn dk iz;ksx¼Vu esa½ 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 /kku xsagw¡ puk vjgj ljlksa vkyw eDdk tSfod [ksrh % jklk;fud [ksrh dk rqyukRed v/;;u 2022 &2023 jklk;fud [ksrh ykxr ¼:@gs-½ tSfod [ksrh ykxr ¼:@gs-½ Qly {ks=Qy gsjklk;fud [ksrh ¼vkSlr mRiknu fda@gs-½ tSfod [ksrh ¼vkSlr mRiknu fda@gs-½ jklk;fud [ksrh ykxr ¼:@gs-½ tSfod [ksrh ykxr ¼:@gs-½ /kku 36000 50 & 60 45 & 48 28000 20000 xsagw¡ 29000 45 & 50 38 & 42 22000 16000 puk 9500 20 & 22 17 & 18 12000 9000 vjgj 7000 18 & 20 15 & 17 13000 10000 ljlksa 5500 18 & 20 15 & 16 14000 1100 vkyw 2500 250 & 280 200 & 220 5500 40000 eDdk 3500 40 & 45 30 & 35 18000 14000 Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 303 rkfydk &2 ls Li’V gS fd jklk;fud [ksrh ls vfèkd mRiknu gksrk gS] ijarq ykxr vfèkd vkSj feêh o i;kZoj.k ij udkjkRed çHkko Hkh iM+rk gS tcdh tSfod [ksrh ls mRiknu FkksM+k de] ysfdu ykxr de vkSj mRikn dh ckt+kj esa vPNh dher feyus ls 'kq) ykHk vkSj larqfyr i;kZoj.k jgrk gSA efM+gku rglhy esa èkhjs&èkhjs fdlku nyguh ¼puk] vjgj½ vkSj fryguh ¼ljlksa½ Qlyksa esa tSfod [ksrh dks çkFkfedrk nsus yxs gSaA èkku vkSj xsgw¡ esa jklk;fud [ksrh vHkh Hkh çeq[k gS] ysfdu tSfod fofèk viukus ls nh?kZdkyhu ykHk laHko gSA efM+gku rglhy esa jklk;fud [ksrh vHkh Hkh çeq[k gS D;ksafd blls vYidkfyd mRiknu vkSj ykHk vfèkd feyrk gS] ysfdu tSfod [ksrh dh vksj fdlkuksa dk >qdko c<+ jgk gSA Hkfo"; esa ;fn cktkj leFkZu vkSj ljdkjh çksRlkgu feys rks tSfod [ksrh ‟f"k dk LFkk;h fodYi cu ldrh gS i;kZoj.kh; izHkko feV~Vh ij izHkko & tSfod [ksrh lss feV~Vh esas ueh vkSj dkcZfud inkFkZ c<+rs gSa feV~Vh ds lw{etho ¼dsapqvk] cSDVhfj;k½ lfØ; jgrs gSaA jklk;fud [ksrh & feV~Vh dh lajpuk dBksj gksrh gSA yo.kh;rk vkSj {kkjh;rk c<+rh gSA lww{e iks’kd rRo ¼tLrk] yksgk] xa/kd½ dh deh gksrh gSA ty ij IkzHkko & tSfod [ksrh ls Hkwfexr ty iznwf’kr ugha gksrk gS ysfdu jklk;fud [ksrh ls ukbVªsV vkSj QkLQksV fjlko ls Hkwfexr ty nwf’kr gks jgk gSA efM+gku rglhy ds dbZ xkaoksa esa ukbVªsV Lrj WHO ekud ls vf/kd ik;k x;k gSA ok;q ij izHkko & tSfod [ksrh ls xzhugkml xSl mRlZtu U;wure gksrk gSA jklk;fud [ksrh ls ukbVªl tSlh xSlsa mRlftZr gksrh gSa] ftlls tyok;q ifjorZu esa c<+kok feyrk gSA tSo fofo/krk ij izHkko & tSfod [ksrh ls e/kqefD[k;k¡] frfrfy;k¡ vkSj if{k;k¡ lqjf{kr jgrs gSaaA jklk;fud [ksrh esa dhVuk”kdksa ds fNM+dko ls ijkxrdrkZ ejrs gSa] ftlls mRiknu Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA Ik;kZoj.kh; âkl feV~Vh dk {kj.k & vR;f/kd jklk;fud moZjd iz;ksx ls feV~Vh dh pH esa vlarqyu dh leL;k] 2000 esa e`nk dkcZfod inkFkZ vkSlr 1-2 izfr”kr Fkk] tks 2024 esa ?kVdj 0-7 izfr”kr jg x;kA ty iznw’k.k & ukbVsªV Lrj lqjf{kr lhek ¼45mg/L½ ls vf/kd gks x;k gSA dbZ xkaoksa ¼tSls& ipigM+h] pkS[kM+k½ ds gSaMiaiksa esa 70&80 mg/L ukbVsªV ik;k x;kA jklk;fud [ksrksa ds dkj.k rkykcksa vkSj ugjksa esa “kSoky o`f) vf/kd gSA ok;q iznq’k.k & jklk;fud [kkn ls ukbVªl vkWDlkbM ¼N2O½ xSl mRltZuA ;g xSl dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ls 300 xquk vf/kd xzhugkml izHkko Mkyrh gSA tSo fofo/krk dk âkl & dhVuk”kdksa ls e/kqeD[kh o frrfy;ksa dh la[;k ?kVh gS] eNfy;ksa vkSj esa<+dksa dh iztkfr;k¡ Hkh izHkkfor gqbZa gSA 2000 dh rqyuk esa 2024 rd ijkx.k djus okys dhVksa dh la[;k 35 izfr”kr de gqbZ gSA tSfod [ksrh & “kq:vkr esa mRiknu de gS ysfdu cktkj esas Å¡ps nke] “kgjh miHkksDrkvksa esa tSfod mRikn dh ekax c<+h gSA tSfod mRikn miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, LokLF;o/kZd] ijarq egax gSsA tSfod [ksrh esa vf/kd Jecy dh vko”;drk iM+rh gS] ftlls xzkeh.k jkstxkj l`tu vf/kd gks jgk gSA vkfFkZd n`f’V ls & jklk;fud [ksrh esa mRiknu vf/kd] ij ykxr vkSj LokLF; gkfu Hkh vf/kd gSA tSfod [ksrh esa mit FkksM+h de] ysfdu cktkj ewY; vf/kd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ykHk csgrj gSA lq>ko tkx:drk vfHk;ku & fdlkuksa dks izf”k{k.k nsdj tSfod [ksrh dh rduhd fl[kkbZ tk,A xzkeh.k Lrj ij fdlku ikB”kkyk vkSj tSfod esys vk;ksftr djus dh vko”;drk gSA vkfFkZd izksRlkgu & tSfod [kkn o dhVuk”kd ij lfCLkMh vkSj tSfod fdlkuksa dks U;wure leFkZu ewY; ¼MSP½ miyC/k djk;k tk,A cktkj O;oLFkk & fetkZiqj “kgj vkSj okjk.klh tSls cktkjksa esa tSfod eafM;k¡ LFkkfir gksaA ßOrganic MirzapurÞ uke ls czkafMax dh tk,A Hkfo’; dh laHkkouk,¡ & cktkj] “kgj vkSj oSf”od Lrj ij tSfod mRiknksa dh ekax rsth ls c<+ jgh gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] lrr fodkl y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, tSfod [ksrh vko”;d gS] fdlku dh vk; nks xquh tSfod mRiknksa ls gks ldrh gSaA tSfod pkoy] nky vkSj lfCt;k¡ varjjk’Vªh; cktkj esa fu;kZr dh laHkkouk c<+k ldrh gaSA vuqla/kku vkSj uokpkj & d`f’k fo”ofon~;ky; vkSj vuqla/kku dsanz ¼tSls BHU, fetkZiqj d`f’k dk;kZy;½ }kjk LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy tSfod i)fr fodflr gksa oehZ dEiksLV] ck;ksxSl vkSj gjh [kkn dks c<+kok fn;k tk,A fu’d’kZ % rglhy efM+gku] tuin fetkZiqj ds fy, ;g Li’V gS fd jklk;fud [ksrh us vYidky esa mRiknu c<+k;k gS] ysfdu nh?kZdky esa Ik;kZoj.kh; ladV mRiUu fd;k gSA jklk;fud [ksrh ls mRiknu esa o`f) gqbZ gS] ysfdu Ik;kZoj.kh; gkfu Hkh xaHkhj :Ik ls gqbZ gSA e`nk] ty] ok;q vkSj tSo fofo/krk lHkh ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+k gS] lkekftd n`f’V ls fdlku vkfFkZd ncko esa gaS] tcfd miHkksDrk LokLF; tksf[ke >sy jgs gSa] tSfod [ksrh vHkh lhfer {ks= esa gS] ysfdu ;g Ik;kZoj.k vkSj LokLF; nksuksa ds fy, vko”;d gS] tSfod [ksrh gh og fodYi gS tks feV~Vh] ty vkSj ok;q dks lqjf{kr j[ksxh] fdlkuksa Journal of Research and Development Peer Reviewed International, Open Access Journal. ISSN : 2230-9578 | Website: https://jrdrvb.org Volume-17, Issue-9| September 2025 304 dh vk; esa fLFkjrk yk,xh vkSj miHkksDrkvksa dks LokLF;o/kZd Hkkstu miyC/k djk,xhA blfy, ;fn ljdkj] fdlku vkSj miHkksDrk rhuksa feydj iz;kl djsa rks efM+gku rglhy esa ÞtSfod d`f’k ekWMy {ks=ß cuk;k tk ldrk gSA lanHkZ lwph 1. frokjh] ih-lh¼2016½ & Hkkjrh; ‟f"k ç.kkyh vkSj i;kZoj.kh; çHkko] ç;kxjkt% Hkkjrh; çdk'kuA 2. feJk] jes'k ¼2018½ & tSfod [ksrh% fl)kar vkSj O;ogkj] okjk.klh% xaxk ifCyds'kuA 3. 'kqDyk] ,l-ds¼2019½ & ‟f"k Hkwxksy] y[kuÅ% foÜofo|ky; çdk'kuA 4. Singh, R.B. (2000) – Environmental Consequences of Agricultural Development: A Case Study from the Green Revolution State of Haryana, India, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Elsevier. 5. Sharma, A.K. (2005) – Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture, Agrobios Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 45–52. 6. Pandey, D.N. (2006) – Sustainable Land Use and Agriculture in India, Current Science, 91(4): 437–442. 7. Singh, R. & Chauhan, S. (2018) – Impact of Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Health and Productivity, Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52(2). 8. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2020) – Organic Agriculture and the Environment: Global Perspectives. 9. Hkkjr ljdkj] —f"k ,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=ky; ¼2022&23½ & tSfod [ksrh ij okf"kZd fjiksVZA 10. mÙkj çns'k jkT; —f"k foHkkx ¼2023½ & fet+kZiqj tuin dh —f"k çksQ+kbyA 11. Planning Commission of India (2011) – Report on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security. 12. NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, 2021) – Organic Farming in India: Opportunities and Challenges. 13. https://www.fao.org – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 14. https://agricoop.gov.in – Hkkjr ljdkj] ‟f"k ,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=ky;A 15. https://ncof.dacnet.nic.in – jk"Vªh; tSfod [ksrh dsaæ (NCOF) 16. https://upagriprad.gov.in – mÙkj çns'k ‟f"k foHkkx iksVZyA 17. https://icrisat.org – International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.