THE USE OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN O'TKIR HOSHIMOV'S WORK THE AFFAIRS OF THE WORLD

GOLDEN BRAIN ISSN: 2181-4120 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 16 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17482485 THE USE OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN O‘TKIR HOSHIMOV’S WORK THE AFFAIRS OF THE WORLD Norbo‘tayeva Gozal Murtozi qizi First-year Student, Faculty of Philology, Library and Information Activities Department, Jizzakh State Pedagogical University (JDPU) ANNOTATION As we live in this world, I believe there is one thing we must fully understand. The ones who brought us into existence from nothing, who became the reason for our coming into this world, and who – without caring for their own comfort – sacrificed their needs, endured both heat and cold for our sake, are our parents. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the use of derivational affixes in the novella “The Affairs of the World” by the writer O‘tkir Hoshimov. When reading this work, one feels as if the events are taking place in one’s own past, making it impossible to put the book down. The book contains the line: “I wish all the mothers in the world would read this story.” Through this sentence, it becomes evident that the work reflects the essence of motherhood and the love of mothers all over the world. Keywords: Methods of expressing grammatical meaning, affixal means, use of derivational affixes, spelling related to word formation. INTRODUCTION Words serve as a means for the emergence of a literary text; however, not every text or group of words can be considered part of literature. For a word to belong to the realm of artistic literature, it must fulfill a specific artistic and aesthetic function. GOLDEN BRAIN ISSN: 2181-4120 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 16 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 15 Accordingly, literary works do not merely narrate events or human emotions and feelings – they depict them. Depiction relies on words. Words possess a kind of magic and wonder that captivate and enchant the reader. Therefore, in literature – and even in ordinary speech – the correct formation and proper structure of words hold special importance. 1. Methods of Expressing Grammatical Meaning In the Uzbek language, the following means are used to express grammatical meaning: 1. affixal means, 2. independent and semi-independent words, 3. word order, 4. repetition, 5. intonation, 6. syntactic patterns. “Affixation” is the most common way of expressing grammatical meaning in our language, through which almost all grammatical meanings are conveyed. According to the nature of the grammatical meaning it expresses and its linguistic essence, affixes are divided into two types: a) derivational affixes, b) inflectional affixes. A derivational affix attaches to a word to form a new lexical meaning and also affects the grammatical nature of the word. [1] For example, in the story “Gilam paypoq” (“Carpet Socks”) from O‘tkir Hoshimov’s “The Affairs of the World”, we can cite words with derivational affixes from the sentence: “Salqin tushishi bilan shishib ketadi, og‘riydi” (“When it gets cool, it swells and hurts”). In this sentence, the words salqin (“cool”), shishib ketmoq (“to swell up”), and og‘rimoq (“to ache”) demonstrate how derivational affixes can change the grammatical category and syntactic role of words. For instance, the root og‘ir (“heavy”) belongs to the category of adjectives and Through derivational means, various grammatical meanings can be GOLDEN BRAIN ISSN: 2181-4120 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 16 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 16 expressed. For example, in the word mehribon (“kind”), the suffix [-bon] serves as a derivational element that can form both an adjective and a noun (mehribon – adjective, bog‘bon – noun). Thus, a derivational affix not only creates new words but also generates new grammatical meanings. This demonstrates the dialectical relationship between lexical and grammatical meanings in independent words, showing their inseparable unity. “Spelling Related to Word Formation.” “Some derivational affixes are similar in form and differ only in their function.” [2] Certain affixes may resemble one another in structure when combined with different words. In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between derived and compound words based solely on external evidence from related languages. Their distinction can be determined based on their functional features, as well as the phonetic and morphological structure of their meaningful components – and accordingly, their spelling is defined.The noun-forming suffix -lik, which creates abstract or qualitative nouns, is often confused in spelling with the adjective-forming suffix -li. Typically, the suffix -li attaches to nouns and expresses possession or association with something implied by the root. For example, in the story “Gilam paypoq” (“Carpet Socks”), the word pardali (“with a curtain”) means “having a curtain” or “covered with a curtain.” The suffix -lik, on the other hand, abstracts or generalizes the meaning expressed by the root, turning it into a general or conceptual state. For instance, the word tekislik (“flatness” or “plain”) conveys the meaning of a flat condition – it expresses a quality or state. Similarly, in the word kiyimlik, while the root kiyim (“clothing”) refers to a concrete object, the addition of -lik creates a more abstract meaning, referring to something suitable for or related to clothing in general. In general, the suffixes -li and -lik differ in both meaning and grammatical function. They also vary in how they interact with other words within a sentence. Words formed with the suffix -li usually combine with nouns and function either as attributes or predicates in a sentence. GOLDEN BRAIN ISSN: 2181-4120 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 16 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 17 In contrast, words formed with the suffix -lik commonly connect with verbs and are often used as parts of compound verbs. For example, the phrase qo‘pollik qilmoq (“to behave rudely”) forms a compound verb in which the leading meaning is expressed by the word qo‘pollik (“rudeness”), while the verb qilmoq (“to do”) indicates the realization of that state or quality. Thus, words with the suffix -lik tend to combine with verbs and may sometimes function as nominal predicates. The suffixes -li and -lik can therefore be distinguished – and their spelling determined – based on the linguistic and grammatical features described above. 2. The adjective-forming suffix -gi is sometimes confused with the possessive suffix -i. These two can be distinguished by analyzing the meaning of the word, its grammatical properties, the characteristics of the phrase in which the word with the suffix occurs, or by substituting the base with a synonym or antonym. The adjective-forming suffix -gi expresses a quality or relation belonging to something derived from the root. For example, in the phrase tonggi tuman (“morning fog”), the word tonggi means “belonging to or characteristic of the morning.” The possessive suffix -i, on the other hand, indicates ownership or possession of something implied by the root. For example, in the phrase bu kunning tongi (“the morning of this day”), the word tonggi (“morning”) expresses a meaning related to or belonging to tong (“dawn”) and is formed with the adjective-forming suffix -gi. Thus, a word formed with -gi functions as an adjective, whereas a word with the possessive suffix -i belongs to the noun category. A word formed with -gi typically combines with a noun as its modifier (attribute) and precedes it in the phrase. It rarely functions as the predicate, except in specific cases where it may form a compound with words like so‘z (“word”) or hukm (“judgment”). A word containing the possessive suffix -i, on the other hand, always functions as the possessed element (qaralmish) in a genitive construction. For example, in the GOLDEN BRAIN ISSN: 2181-4120 VOLUME 3 | ISSUE 16 | 2025 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal October, 2025 18 phrase mentioned above, tonggi serves as the possessed noun (qaralmish) that combines with the genitive modifier kunning (“of the day”) to form a noun phrase. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it can be said that no matter what we do in life, a person who displeases their parents will never truly succeed. This idea is often encountered both in real life and in literature. In this work as well, one can draw many conclusions about appreciating and valuing one’s parents. 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