Population estimates for the five European vulture species: 2022 update.

Vulture Conservation Foundation (VCF) Wuhrst, 12 CH-8003 Zurich, Switzerland [email protected], www.4vultures.org Population estimates for the five European vulture species: 2022 update. Terraube, J, Andevski, J, Loercher, F, & Tavares, J 20th June 2022 Project coordination: The Vulture Conservation Foundation [email protected] Recommended citation: Terraube, J, Andevski, J, Loercher, F, & Tavares, J. 2022. Population estimates for the five European vulture species across the Mediterranean: 2022 update. The Vulture Conservation Foundation, Koninklijke Burger’s zoo b.v. Antoon van Hooffplein 1, 6816 SH Arnhem. Netherlands. 2 © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation Table of contents : 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Global overview 3 1.2. Geographical scope 4 2. Population estimates 5 2.1.The Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. 5 2.2. The Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus 11 2.3. The Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus 15 2.4. The Rüppell’s Vulture Gyps rueppelli 21 2.5. The Cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus 24 3. Conclusions and future work. 29 4. References 31 3 © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 1. Introduction 1.1. Global overview The need to regularly monitor breeding populations of threatened vultures is widely recognised as a priority to enable the effective implementation of targeted conservation actions in key areas across their ranges (Buechley et al. 2019; Santangeli et al. 2019). Regularly updated monitoring data and population estimates are necessary to review progress towards the main objectives of the Multi-species Action Plan to Conserve AfricanEurasian Vultures (MsAP; Botha et al. (2017)), which are as follows: ▪ Rapidly halt current population declines in all species covered by the Vulture MsAP; ▪ Reverse recent negative population trends to bring the conservation status of each species back to a favourable level; ▪ Provide conservation management guidelines applicable to all Range States covered by the Vulture MsAP. This report collates and describes the most recent minimum breeding population estimates for the five vulture species that occur in Europe and the range states that border the Mediterranean Sea: Egyptian Vulture, Bearded Vulture, Griffon Vulture, Rüppell’s and Cinereous Vultures. The sources of the estimates include published reports from governmental and non-governmental organizations; unpublished data presented at conferences and workshops; personal communications with vulture experts; and other verifiable but unpublished resources. Recent trends therefore cover a maximum of five breeding seasons since the publication of the MsAP. The following pages present the updated population estimates for each of the five European vulture species that are available so far since the last publication from the VCF published 4 © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation in March 2019. Key highlights, areas of concern and gaps in knowledge are discussed for each species. These new figures highlight overall positive population trends for the Griffon, Cinereous and Bearded Vultures, with small to large population increases observed in Western Europe and even in the Balkan countries (e.g. the impressive recovery of the Griffon Vulture in Bulgaria). The Egyptian Vulture remains the most vulnerable vulture species in Europe. Although steep population decline has been halted by conservation actions, most Egyptian Vulture populations seem to have stabilized after recovering partially with few populations still increasing at the national level over the last five years. Further monitoring and research are needed to better understand the anthropogenic factors limiting Egyptian Vultures populations in Europe and help strengthening its recovery. The Ruppell’s vulture has been added for the first time to this report, as the species is now a regular breeder in southern Spain and Portugal. Based on personal communications with local ornithologists, the status of European vulture populations seems to remain particularly worrying in North Africa and Turkey (see also Garrido et al. 2021). In addition, lack of quantitative assessments of local populations hinders the implementation of effective conservation actions. Developing local capacity for monitoring vulture populations in these Mediterranean countries is an important step to reach the Objective 11 of the MsAP. 1.2. Geographical scope Data needed to estimate national vulture population size have been collected for this report across Europe (EU member states + North Macedonia, Serbia and Switzerland) and adjacent Mediterranean countries including Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Lybia, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey (see Slotta-Bachmayr et al. 2005 for a similar geographical scope). 5 © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 2. Population estimates 2.1.The Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. Figure 1. Distribution map of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (extracted from Botha et al. 2017). Red List Category: Endangered Total Population: 12,000-38,000 mature individuals Population Trends: Decreasing European Population: 6,100-9,000 mature individuals Range: Africa, Asia, Europe 6 © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation Key findings, gaps of knowledge and area of concern Largest European population is located in Spain (Table 1; Figure 2) and there is no new data since the last census of the Spanish population carried out in 2018 (Del Moral & Molina. 2018). Although the population showed a slight increase at the national scale, there were important variations between Spanish Autonomous communities. In 2018, the Egyptian Vulture population was still in decline in 7 communities out of 15 where the species is present during the breeding season. The communities where the decline was the strongest were also the most important communities in terms of total size of the Egyptian Vulture population, namely Castilla-y-Leon, Aragon and Extremadura. Further population monitoring is particularly needed in these areas to assess current population trends and potential recovery in the future. In Italy, Egyptian Vulture populations seem to be stable or slightly increasing since 2018. However, local population declines are recorded again in France after long-term population stability or increase. For example, over the last 10 years, one territory loss was recorded per year in the western Pyrenees, the most densely populated area in France (Kobierzycki et al. 2021). The species remains vulnerable to anthropogenic threats and dependent on continued conservation efforts in Western Europe. The Egyptian Vulture population remains overall stable in the Balkans with small fluctuations between years. For example, the number of breeding pairs has oscillated between 24-26 in Bulgaria, 12-13 in North Macedonia and 3-5 in Greece since 20172018. However, in 2021 the number of occupied territories has dropped from 9 to 5 in Albania due to the loss of breeding individuals. New research published in 2021 has highlighted that population reinforcement alone was able to postpone extinction of the Egyptian Vulture in the Balkans but actions improving survival probability, particularly of 7 © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation juveniles, were also required to stabilise this population in the long-term (Oppel et al. 2021a). New population estimates for Morocco and Turkey are missing. However, local experts indicated that the Moroccan population is very likely to be < 10 breeding pairs (Imad Cherkaoui, pers.comm). In Turkey, the species seems to be declining overall, with low breeding success recorded in the Eastern part of the country, while population seems to be increasing in Kars, Iğdır Ardahan (Emrah Çoban & Ilker Ozbahar, pers.comm). A global international conservation approach is crucial for the Egyptian Vulture and is currently being adopted, at least among Balkan countries (Oppel et al. 2021b). Additional data on dispersal rates and connectivity between western and eastern European populations would help improving conservation actions. © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 8 Table 1: Table showing previous, current minimum estimates and productivity of the breeding population of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus across Europe and nations adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea. See list of contributors in the Appendix. Otherwise, information from Del Moral & Molina (2018). Country Species Status Breeding pairs: previous estimate Year of previous estimate Breeding pairs: current estimate Year of current estimate Trend over last 10 years Short-term trend: since last assessment (2017) Productivity: current estimate Albania Neophron percnopterus Breeding 5 2018 5 2021 Large decline Stable 0.5 (2021) Algeria Neophron percnopterus Breeding NA 2018 NA No new data No data No new data NA Bulgaria Neophron percnopterus Breeding 26 2018 26 2021 Large decline Stable 1.04 (2021) Egypt Neophron percnopterus Breeding NA 2018 NA No new data No data No new data NA France Neophron percnopterus Breeding 75 2018 85 2021 Stable Small decline 0.80 (2020) Greece Neophron percnopterus Breeding 5 2018 5 2021 Large decline Stable 0.6 (2021) Israel Neophron percnopterus Breeding 50 2016 50-70 2021 Stable Small increase NA Italy Neophron percnopterus Breeding 9 2018 13 2021 Decline Moderate increase 1.0 (2021) Lebanon Neophron percnopterus Breeding NA No new data NA No new data No data No new data NA Lybia Neophron percnopterus Breeding NA No new data NA No new data No data No new data NA © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 9 North Macedonia Neophron percnopterus Breeding 13 2018 12 2021 Large decline Stable 0.66 (2021) Morocco Neophron percnopterus Breeding NA No new data NA (<10 pairs) 2021 Large decline No new data NA Portugal Neophron percnopterus Breeding 110 2012 67-90 2018 Large decline Moderate Decline NA Spain Neophron percnopterus Breeding 1452 2015 1400-1600 2018 Stable/decline Stable 0.78 (2018) Syria Neophron percnopterus Breeding 25 2011 NA No new data No data No new data NA Tunisia Neophron percnopterus Breeding NA No new data NA No new data No data No new data NA Turkey Neophron percnopterus Breeding 1000 2013 NA No new data Decline No new data NA Total 2781 2688-2931* *Current estimated total is calculated by summing the current available estimates and the previous estimates when no current estimate is available (indicated as NA). © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 16 Key findings, gaps of knowledge and area of concern Since the publication of the last European update, new data were available for Spain and France in 2018 and 2019 and show a steady increase of the Griffon Vulture populations in these two countries since 2014 (Table 3; Figure 6): 1) the population trend in Spain is clearly positive, with a 17,6-26% increase over the decade 2008-2018, however the growth rate tends to decline since the beginning of the national censuses in the 1980’s. This suggests that the Spanish population of Griffon Vulture could be reaching carrying capacity and will stabilize over the coming years (Del Moral y Molina, 2018). A group of Griffon vultures has colonized the Balearic Islands in 2008 and has now established an expanding breeding population of about 20 pairs (Cortès-Avizanda & Tavecchia, 2021). 2) the population in France keeps increasing as well, with a geographic expansion linked to past reintroduction projects that ended in 2007 in the Pre-Alps, accompanied by an overall increase in the number of breeding pairs at the national scale. A striking 51% increase in the number of breeding pairs was recently recorded in the French Pyrenees between 2012 and 2019 (OFB, 2020). In the Balkans, population trends for this species are also overall positive, but spatial variations in population growth rates are observed between countries with strongest increases in Bulgaria and Serbia and decreasing trends in Greece and North Macedonia (Dobrev et al. 2021). However, short-term trends in population size since last update (2018-2021) seem to be positive in all Balkan countries but North Macedonia (Table 3; Figure 6). The Griffon Vulture population seems stable in Israel. However, this apparent stability at the national scale hides the fact that the population from Gamla (near Golan Heights) has vanished while small increases have been recorded in the two other populations © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 17 near Haifa and in the Neguev desert (Hatzofe, O. pers.comm). The species attempted to breed in Morocco in 2021 after more than 30 years of absence (two territorial pairs recorded in 2021). Finally, no new data are available for Turkey, but the population seems to be declining with a total number of pairs estimated to 150-500 pairs. © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 18 Table 3: Table showing previous, current minimum estimates and productivity of the breeding population of Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus across Europe and nations adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea. See list of contributors in the Appendix. Otherwise, information from Del Moral & Molina (2018). Country Species Status Breeding pairs: previous estimate Year of previous estimate Breeding pairs: current estimate Year of current estimate Trend over last 10 years Short-term trend since last assessment (2017) Productivity: current estimate Algeria Gyps fulvus Gyps fulvus 126 2012 200 2021 Stable? Stable? NA Andorra Gyps fulvus Breeding 2 2016 NA NA Small increase NA NA Bulgaria Gyps fulvus Gyps fulvus 100 2019 163 2020 Large increase Large Increase 0.61 (2021) Croatia Gyps fulvus Breeding 108 2017 121 2021 Decline Small Increase 0.781 (2021) Cyprus Gyps fulvus Breeding 3 2017 3-4 2021 Decline Stable 0.66 (2021) Egypt Gyps fulvus Breeding NA 2018 NA No new data No data No new data NA France Gyps fulvus Breeding 2300 2018 2848 2021 Moderate increase Small Increase 0.661 (2020) Greece Gyps fulvus Breeding 350 2015 359 2021 Moderate increase Small Increase NA Israel Gyps fulvus Breeding 42 2016 48 2021 Decline Small Increase <0.6 (2021) Italy Gyps fulvus Breeding 200 2019 270-290 2021 Moderate increase Moderate Increase NA North Macedonia Gyps fulvus Breeding 14 2015 7 2021 Decline Moderate decline NA © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 19 Morocco Gyps fulvus Breeding NA No new data 2 2021 Large decline Small Increase NA Portugal Gyps fulvus Breeding 750 2007 1124-1210 2017-2018 Moderate increase Large Increase NA Serbia Gyps fulvus Breeding 150 2016 230-233 2020 Large increase Large Increase 0.742-0.752 (2020) Spain Gyps fulvus Breeding 24609 2012 30100-36500 2019 Large increase Moderate increase 0.78 (2018) Syria Gyps fulvus Breeding 30 2009 NA No new data Decline No new data NA Turkey Gyps fulvus Breeding 150 2013 NA No new data Small decline No new data NA Total 28 556 35 43841 948 *Current estimated total is calculated by summing the current available estimates and the previous estimates when no current estimate is available (indicated as NA). © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 20 Figure 6. Estimated short-term (2017-present) trends in the breeding population of Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus across Europe and nations adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea. Refer to Table 3. © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 21 2.4. The Rüppell’s Vulture Gyps rueppelli Figure 7. Distribution map of the Rüppell’s Vulture Gyps rueppelli (extracted from Botha et al. 2017). IUCN Red List Category: Critically Endangered Total Population: 22,000 mature individuals Population Trends: Decreasing European Population: Unknown Range: Africa, Europe © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 22 Key findings, gaps of knowledge and area of concern The Rüppell’s vulture is one of the most threatened vulture species worldwide and populations of this species are decreasing across most of the species’ distribution range due to poisoning, persecution and habitat loss. Surprisingly, the number of sightings has been increasing these last years in southern Europe (mainly Portugal and Spain, El Khamlichi, 2020). Increased occurrence of this species has been linked to movements of juvenile Griffon vultures from Europe wintering in higher numbers in West Africa where they might encounter Rüppell’s vultures. Individuals from this species may have established in Europe following Griffon vultures during their migration north (Gutierrez, 2003). One adult was observed in southern Portugal between 1999 and 2007 at a Griffon vulture breeding colony. At least two mixed pairs (Rüppell-Griffon) have also been observed displaying breeding behaviour in 2019-2020 in two Griffon vulture colonies located near Cadiz and Malaga. The success of these mixed breeding events was never confirmed, and no conspecific mating has never been observed in Europe yet. Further monitoring and research are needed to better understand how Rüppell’s vulture colonize the Iberian Peninsula (several individuals have been captured in Morocco and tagged with GPS transmitters in 2021), the frequency of hybridization with Griffon vultures and its implications in terms of conservation. © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 23 Figure 8. Estimated short-term trends (2017-present) in the breeding population of Rüppell’s Vultures Gyps ruepelli across Europe and nations adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea. © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 24 2.5. The Cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus Figure 9. Distribution map of the Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus (extracted from Botha et al. 2017). IUCN Red List Category: Near Threatened Total (world) Population: 16,500-21,000 mature individuals Population Trends: Decreasing European Population: 5800-6700 mature individuals Range: Asia, Europe © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 25 Key findings, gaps of knowledge and area of concern Cinereous Vulture populations continue to increase in France and Portugal with 16 and 5-15 additional breeding pairs recorded respectively since the last update in 2018 (Table 4; Figure 10). The population is stable in Greece where the only breeding colony is located in Dadia Forest National Park (31 breeding pairs estimated in 2020, Zakkak et al. 2021). No new global data are available for Spain since the last census conducted in 2017 but yearly monitoring of local populations showed that the Spanish breeding population has continued to grow in several areas. For example, in 2020, striking increases in the number of breeding pairs were recorded in the two most important breeding colonies in Europe located in Extremadura (+ 51% in Sierra de San Pedro and + 24% in the Monfragüe National Park since 2016, VCF 2020). After 50-year absence, around 20 breeding pairs have been recorded in 2022 in the Sierra de la Demanda near Burgos where a reintroduction project led by GREFA started 5 years ago (GREFA, 2022). In addition, the reintroduction project of this species that was launched in Bulgaria in 2018 resulted in the recent formation of six breeding pairs and the successful breeding of one pair in 2021. For the first time in twenty-eight years, a young Cinereous Vulture fledged in this country last 1 October 2021. This event marks the return of the Cinereous Vulture in the Balkans, although continuous conservation efforts are still needed to restore this species across the Balkan Peninsula (the juvenile was poisoned a few months later). New population estimates are not available for Turkey but local experts recently highlighted an overall declining population trend with low breeding success and high mortality rates in a population closely monitored (Cihangir Kirazli & Ilker Ozbahar, pers.comm). © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 32 Del Moral, J. C. y Molina, B. (Eds.) 2018a. El alimoche común en España, población reproductora en 2018 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. Del Moral, J. C. y Molina, B. (Eds.) 2018b. El buitre leonado en España, población reproductora en 2018 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. Dobrev, D., Tsiakiris, R., Skartsi, T., Dobrev, V., Arkumarev, V., Stara, K. et al. 2021. Long-term size and range changes of the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus population in the Balkans: a review. Bird Conservation International. FirstView: 1-16 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270921000198. Garrido, J.R., A. Camiña, M.A. Guinda, M. Egea, N. Mouati, A. Godino, J.L. Paz. 2005. Absence of the Eurasian griffon (Gyps fulvus) in northern Morocco. Garrido, J.R., Numa, C., Barrios, V., et al. 2021. The conservation status and distribution of the breeding birds of prey of North Africa. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland. xvi + 102pp. Green, R.E., Pain, D.J., and O. Krone. 2022. The impact of lead poisoning from ammunition sources on raptor populations in Europe. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 823, 154017. Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA). Blog post from 21st of April 2022. ‘Un nuevo grupo de buitres negros llega a la Sierra de la Demanda. Accessed on 5 May 2022. https://rb.gy/uzmywk. Gutirrez, R. 2003. Occurrence of Rüppell’s Griffon Vulture in Europe. Dutch Birding 25: 289-303. International Bearded Vulture Monitoring (IBM)-Technical Update. August 2021. Kobierzycki, E. Bilan 2021 du suivi de la population du Vautour percnoptère dans les Pyrnes et en France. Plan National d’actions Vautour percnoptère. Lambertucci, S.A., A. Margalida, K.L. Speziale, A. Amar, F. Ballejo, et al. Presumed killers? Vultures, stakeholders, misperceptions, and fake news. 2021. Conserv. Sci. Pract., 3, Article e415. Margalida, A., Jiménez, J., Martinez, J.M., Sesé, J.A., Llamas, A., Garcia, D., Razin, M., Colomer, M.A. & Arroyo, B. 2020. An assessment of population size and demographic drivers of the Bearded Vulture using integrated population models. Ecol. Monogr. 90: e01414. © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 33 Office Francais de la Biodiversite (OFB). 2020. Résultats du recensement de la population de Vautour fauve dans les Pyrénées francaises en 2019. Communiqué de presse du 24 Novembre 2020. Accessed on 15 October 2021. shorturl.at/uEJ34. Oppel, S., Victoria Saravia, Anastasios Bounas, Volen Arkumarev, Elzbieta Kret, Vladimir Dobrev, Dobromir Dobrev, Panagiotis Kordopatis, Theodora Skartsi, Metodija Velevski, Nenad Petrovski, Taulant Bino, Mirjan Topi, Ivaylo Klisurov, Stoycho Stoychev, Stoyan C. Nikolov. Population reinforcement and demographic changes needed to stabilise the population of a migratory vulture. 2021a. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58: 2711-2721. Oppel, S., Arkumarev, V., Bakari, S., Dobrev, V., Saravia-Mullin, V., Adefolu, S., Szüer, L. A., Apeverga, P. T., Arslan, ., Barshep, Y., Bino, T., Bounas, A., Çetin, T., Dayyoub, M., Dobrev, D., Duro, K., ElMoghrabi, L., ElSafoury, H., Endris, A., ... Nikolov, S. C. 2021b. Major threats to a migratory raptor vary geographically along the eastern Mediterranean flyway. Biological Conservation, 262, 109277. Santangeli, A., Girardello, M., Buechley, E., Botha, A., Minin, E.D., Moilanen, A., 2019. Priority areas for conservation of Old World vultures. Conservation Biology, 27(9): 22932310. Slotta-Bachmayr, L., R. Bögel and Camina Cardenal A. 2005. The Eurasian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) in Europe and the Mediterranean. EGVWG, Salzburg, Austria, 100 pp. Vulture Conservation Foundation (VCF). Blog post from the 26th December 2020. ‘Overview of Cinereous Vulture conservation in 2020’. Accessed on 23th April 2022. shorturl.at/tEIR6. Vulture Conservation Foundation (VCF). Blog post from the 15th March 2022. ‘Years of reintroduction efforts compromised: Four Cinereous Vultures illegally poisoned in Bulgaria’. Accessed on 6th April 2022. https://rb.gy/17ox6q. Zakkak S., P. Babakas, A. Chalivelentzios & I. Tziampazis. 2021. Annual report of the scientific monitoring of species and habitat types of conservation concern - 2020. © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 34 Appendix A. Country Species Contributors and their affiliations or reports used for populations estimates. LIFE projects associated to national monitoring programs Algeria Griffon Vulture Garrido López, J.R., Benmammar Hasnaoui, H., Fellous-Djardini, A., Cuzin, F., Essetti, I., Noaman, M., Onrubia, A., Radi, M., Riad, A. & Saheb, M. Griffon Vulture, Gyps fulvus, pp 68-70. In: Garrido, J.R., Numa, C., Barrios, V., et al. 2021. The conservation status and distribution of the breeding birds of prey of North Africa. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland. xvi + 102pp. Andorra Bearded Vulture Alex Llopis-VCF Griffon Vulture Albania Egyptian Vulture Stoyan Nikolov-Bulgarian Society for the Society of Birds/Birdlife Bulgaria Egyptian Vulture New LIFE (LIFE16 NAT/BG/000874 Austria Bearded Vulture IBM-Technical Update 2021 Bulgaria Egyptian Vulture Stoyan Nikolov-Bulgarian Society for the Society of Birds/Birdlife Bulgaria Egyptian Vulture New LIFE (LIFE16 NAT/BG/000874 Griffon Vulture Hristo Peshev-Fund for Wild Fauna and Flora (FWFF); Dobromir DobrevBulgarian Society for the Society of Birds/Birdlife Bulgaria Cinereous Vulture Simeon Marin-Green Balkans Croatia Griffon Vulture Nera Fabijanic-Association BIOM/BirdLife Croatia Cyprus Griffon Vulture Christina Ieronymidou-BirdLife Cyprus; Theodosis Theodorou-BirdLife Cyprus LIFE with Vultures (LIFE18 NAT/CY/001018) Egyptian Vulture Erick Kobierzycki Bearded Vulture IBM-Technical Update 2021 (Alps) and Alex Llopis-VCF (Pyrenees) © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 35 France Griffon Vulture Renaud Nadal-LPO Grands Causses Cinereous Vulture Renaud Nadal-LPO Grands Causses Greece Egyptian Vulture Elzbieta Kret-WWF Greece Egyptian Vulture New LIFE (LIFE16 NAT/BG/000874 Bearded Vulture Stavros Xichourakis-University of Crete; Apostolis Kaltsis and Panos KordopatisHellenic Ornithological Society (HOS) Griffon Vulture Elzbieta Kret-WWF Greece; Apostolis Kaltsis and Panos Kordopatis-Hellenic Ornithological Society (HOS) LIFE Re-vulture LIFE14 NAT/NL/000901; BirdLife Greece-LIFE IP 4 NATURA project; Cinereous Vulture Silvia Zakkak-Natural Environment and Climate Change Agency, Management Unit of Evros Delta and Dadia National Parks and Eastern Thrace Protected Areas. Israel Egyptian Vulture Ron Efrat-Ben Gurion University of the Neguev Griffon Vulture Ohad Hatzofe-Israel Nature and Parks Italy Egyptian Vulture Alessandro Andreotti-ISPRA, Area per l’Avifaune Migratrice LIFE Egyptian Vulture; LIFE ConRaSi; LIFE Under Griffon Wings; LIFE Safe for Vultures Bearded Vulture IBM-Technical Update 2021 Griffon Vulture Fulvio Genero Morocco Egyptian Vulture Imad Cherkaoui-University of Ibn Tofail Bearded Vulture Griffon Vulture North Macedonia Egyptian Vulture Nenad Petrovski-Macedonian Ecological Society Egyptian Vulture New LIFE (LIFE16 NAT/BG/000874 Griffon Vulture © 2020 Vulture Conservation Foundation 36 Portugal Egyptian Vulture Rui Machado-Portuguese Society for the Study of Birds (SPEA); Hugo SampaioSPEA; Carlos PachecoLIFE Rupis? Griffon Vulture Cinereous Vulture Eduardo Santos-Liga para a Proteccao da Naturaleza (LPN). Serbia Griffon Vulture Milos Radakovic-Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia; Report from the Manager’s “Reserve Uvac” and NGO Nature Keepers; Manager’s “Srbijasume” PE report and Brastislav Grubac and NGO Jadovnik-oaza netaknute prirode; Natural Resources Center “NATURA” and Bratislav Grubac. Spain Egyptian Vulture Del Moral, J. C. y Molina, B. (Eds.) 2018a. El alimoche común en España, población reproductora en 2018 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. Bearded Vulture Alex Llopis-VCF Griffon Vulture Del Moral, J. C. y Molina, B. (Eds.) 2018b. El buitre leonado en España, población reproductora en 2018 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. Cinereous Vulture Del Moral, J. C. (Eds.) 2017. El buitre negro en España, población reproductora en 2017 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. Switzerland Bearded Vulture IBM-Technical Update 2021 Turkey Egyptian Vulture Ilker Ozbahar-Turkish Nature Research Society Bearded Vulture Griffon Vulture Cinereous Vulture