Case Study Booklet on Plant Protection Practices based on Indigenous Traditional Knowledge

The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 CASE STUDY BOOKLET PLANT PROTECTION PRACTICES BASED ON INDIGENOUS TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE Linking East and West African farming systems experience into a BELT of sustainable intensification Authors: Elena Invernizzi, Rachele Stentella, Alemayehu Chala, Deodatus Kiriba, James M. Kombiok, Jerry Ansalma Nboyine, Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah, Joseph B. Tholley, Koulibaly Bazoumana, Sheila Okoth, Quirico Migheli. Edited by ACRA and OCCAM ACRA https://www.acra.it/ [email protected] Via Moncalieri 5 - 20162 Milano, Italy OCCAM, Observatory on Digital Communication https://www.occam.org [email protected] Via Duccio di Boninsegna 21/23 - 20145 Milano, Italy Università degli Studi di Sassari https://www.uniss.it [email protected] Viale Italia 39 - 07100 Sassari, Italy EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 CONTACTS SUMMARY EWA-BELT Project: Linking East and West African Farming Systems for Sustainable Intensification....................................................4 Retrieving Indigenous Traditional Knowledge for Plant Protection.........................................................................................................................5 Burkina Faso: Effect of Cassia nigricans leaves-based extract in cowpea farming system..................................................................................6 Ghana: Evaluation of two indigenous plant extracts for field pests control on cowpea...................................................................................10 Ghana: Testing field efficacy of Securidaca longipedunculatabased extracts to control FAW in maize.................................................14 Tanzania: Field evaluation of the efficacy of a Tephrosia vogelii, Azadirachta indica and Capsicum sp.–based extract on Lablab beans.......................................................................................................18 Ethiopia: Biological control of pepper wilt by native Trichoderma..................................................................................................................23 Burkina Faso: Effect of plant-based pesticidal extracts and biological control of insects in cotton farming system (BATIK, Cassia nigricans).......................................................................................................38 Burkina Faso: Effect of pesticidal plant-based extracts and biological control of insects in cotton farming system (Cassia nigricans extract, Phonoctonus lutescens).............................................32 Conclusions.................................................................................................................36 APPENDIX: Complementary Factsheets in English, French and local languages for dissemination purposes...........................37 EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 3 EWA-BELT Project: Linking East and West African Farming Systems for Sustainable Intensification Across Africa, food and nutrition security are increasingly challenged by climate change, land degradation, and limited access to resources. The EWA-BELT project, funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme, led by the Desertification Research Centre of the University of Sassari, promotes Sustainable Intensification (SI) as a pathway to improve yields while preserving soil, water, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Working on the field in six African countries—Burkina Faso, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania—the project builds an interregional “belt” of shared knowledge and practice. Its multi-actor consortium includes universities, research institutes, NGOs, and enterprises from across Africa and Europe. At the heart of EWA-BELT are Farmer Field Research Units (FFRUs)— collaborative learning spaces where researchers, farmers, extension agents, and local institutions co-design and test context-specific solutions. These range from improved soil fertility management and water harvesting techniques to resilient crop varieties, innovative plant protection methods, and integrated agri-livestock systems. The project also valorises Neglected and Underutilised Species (NUS) with high nutritional, economic, or climate-resilient potential, aiming to diversify diets, strengthen value chains, and enhance community resilience. Through participatory research, demonstration trials, and knowledge exchange, EWA-BELT not only validates technical innovations but also ensures their local adoption and long-term impact. By fostering cooperation between East and West Africa, the project seeks to create a lasting network of sustainable agricultural practices that balance productivity, environmental stewardship, and socioeconomic equity—offering practical pathways for farmers to thrive in a changing climate. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 4 Task 3.3 of the EWA-BELT project focuses on identifying, validating, and promoting plant protection practices based on Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK). The field trials combine farmers’ knowledge, rooted in generations of agricultural experience, with scientific research, applying a participatory approach to develop locally adapted solutions. The work stems from the recognition that the dominant crop protection model— heavily dependent on synthetic pesticides—has often proved ineffective or unsustainable due to environmental impacts, access barriers, and product integrity issues. Initiated in 2021 with interviews in the Farmers Field Research Units (FFRUs), the aim of the survey was to document Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) and identify priority crop protection needs. Interviews revealed an erosion of traditional knowledge, with few practices— such as neem extracts, pepper, tobacco, and ash—still widely known. Alternatives to synthetic pesticides focusing on locally available biological resources, complemented where possible by cultural practices such as resistant varieties, intercropping, crop rotation, and agroforestry, were selected, consistently with the Sustainable Intensification goal. The participative approach engaged farmers, researchers, and other stakeholders in all phases of the trials, from knowledge retrieval to codesigning and co-managing the field experimentations to results sharing and dissemination, making the process locally adapted and easily replicable. Identified practices were tested either first on-station (e.g., Tanzania, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso) and then replicated on the farm in subsequent seasons, or directly on-farm (e.g., Burkina Faso, Ghana). Iterative testing (with periodical amendments to take into account field experience), accompanied by farmers’ training and knowledge transfer, constituted the core of the Task 3.3–related activities carried out within the FFRUs towards more sustainable and resilient farming systems. This booklet aims to present some of the most relevant case studies from EWABELT implementing countries across East and West Africa. For some of these studies, farmers’ targeted fact sheets were prepared, translated into local languages and enriched with illustrations, in order to facilitate the adoption of the validated pest management solution. Additional trials and more detailed information can be found in Deliverables 3.7. and 3.8 or upon request to responsible partners. Retrieving Indigenous Traditional Knowledge for Plant Protection EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 5 Study Area Trial design process OUAGADOUGOU MOUHOUN SISSILI HAUTS-BASSINS OUBRITENGA Lena Bodialedaga Baré Bondokui Kari Bokui Souku Léo Loumbila Effect of Cassia nigricans leaves-based extract in cowpea farming system The trial was conducted in Burkina Faso, in Léo (Nando region), where the only rainy season starts in June and ends in October, with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm. Smallholder farmers cultivate cereals, legumes, and root crops. In this context, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a culturally and economically relevant crop. In 2024, in order to facilitate knowledge transfer, demonstration fields were set up in Loumbila (Oubri region) accompanied by training sessions. Cowpea yields in the region are frequently reduced by pests such as thrips (Thysanoptera spp.), Nicrophorus spp., Maruca testulalis, and Spodoptera exigua. While neem-based treatments are widely used, they risk harming beneficial organisms and the main ingredient is extracted from an alien species. In contrast, the traditional use of Cassia nigricans leaves for pest control had largely disappeared. To address this, between 2022 and 2024, ACRA collaborated with farmers to test the efficacy of a Cassia nigricans leaves-based extract, comparing it with neem and an untreated control, while directly involving farmers in both the design and the management of the trials. Partner: EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 6 Technology description Technology application The trial compared three treatments: (T1) Cassia nigricans leaf extract, (T2) neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract, and (T3) an untreated control. Both botanical treatments followed the same preparation method: 2.5 L of fresh leaves were crushed in a mortar, mixed with 10 L of water, soaked for 24 h, filtered, then diluted with another 10 L of water and 2–3 tablespoons of soap. Foliar spraying was carried out before sunrise or at sunset, every 3–5 days, from 60% flowering until the start of fruiting, at a rate of 800 L/ha. Trials were implemented in Léo (2022–2024) and Loumbila (2024) using 3 blocks × 3 plots (100 m² each), with cowpea sown at 12 kg/ha (80 cm inter-row, 40 cm intra-row) of the ‘Nerwaya’ variety. Importantly, farmers were engaged throughout the process, participating in design, setup, and management, while also receiving training on preparation and application. Period: From 60% flowering to the start of fruiting. Frequency: Every 3–5 days. Time of day: Before sunrise or at sunset. Mode: Foliar spraying. Equipment: Knapsack sprayer (15 L) covering 80–100 m². Dosage: 10 L extract in 10 L water (800 L/ha), plus 2–3 tbsp soap. Duration: 2022–2024 seasons, same protocol in all replications. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 7 Benefits of the technology Cassia nigricans Control Neem 0,00 100,00 200,00 300,00 400,00 500,00 600,00 700,00 800,00 Yield (kg/ha) 2022 2023 2024 Burkina Faso: Cowpea grain yield - seasons 2022 to 2024 Burkina Faso ACRA Cowpea 2022, 2023, 2024 Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Cassia nigricans (extract) Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Neem leaves (based extract) Control: no treatment C ountry Country Pa rtner Partner C rop Crop T ri a l tre a tments Trial treatments The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 In Léo, results from three consecutive seasons (2022–2024) confirmed the effectiveness of Cassia nigricans extract (T1) in controlling cowpea pests, performing even better than neem (T2) and clearly surpassing the untreated control (T3). In 2022, T1 markedly reduced pest incidence compared to both T2 and T3; in 2023, although overall pest pressure was lower, T1 and T2 showed similar outcomes; and in 2024, again, T1 reduced pest attacks more effectively compared to T3. Moreover, disease incidence was consistently lower in treated plots across years, even if levels rose in 2023 for all treatments, while weed presence showed no significant differences. Yields under T1 and T2 were nearly double than those of T3, despite variations linked to erratic rainfall. Farmers particularly valued Cassia nigricans as locally available, low-cost alternative, and extended its use beyond cowpea, as they independently began experimenting with maize and sorghum and establishing nurseries to avoid overeploiting wild plants. Training and direct involvement further strengthened their capacity, revived traditional knowledge, and encouraged its dissemination within the community. 8 Recommendations Limitations The use of Cassia nigricans extract as low-cost, locally available resource-based biopesticide for cowpea and other crops can be promoted as an effective alternative to neem extracts. To support adoption, farmers should receive training on preparation, correct dosage, and application methods, ensuring consistent and safe use. At the same time, further research is needed to determine optimal concentrations, assess crop adaptability, and evaluate potential off-target effects, to refine the technology and enable its wider scaling. Further research is needed to determine the optimal dosage of Cassia nigricans– based biopesticides, while also verifying their efficacy on other crops and assessing possible off-target effects. Moreover, since annual yield differences are closely linked to variable rainfall, it is essential to confirm these results under diverse conditions before considering wider use. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 9 Benefits of the technology Ghana: Summary table - trial CSIR-SARI Ghana CSIR-SARI Maize 2024 Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Control: no treatment Securidaca longipedunculata (root based extract at 500kg/ha) Securidaca longipedunculata (root based extract at 1000kg/ha) Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Securidaca longipedunculata (root based extract at 1500kg/ha) Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Neem seed oil (NSO) Other treatment: synthetic pesticide Emastar 112 EC C ountry Country Pa rtner Partner C rop Crop T ri a l tre a tments Trial treatments The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 In 2024, the different rates of Securidaca longipedunculata did not significantly influence larval infestation or leaf damage, although both parameters varied according to the sampling date. By contrast, cob damage showed clear differences among treatments (p < 0.001), with the highest levels recorded in NSO plots and the lowest in those treated with Emastar 112 EC. Applying Securidaca longipedunculata at 500 g/ha significantly reduced cob damage compared to the control. Regarding yields, Emastar 112 EC achieved the highest grain production, while control plots produced the lowest. All Securidaca longipedunculata rates resulted in higher yields than the control, though without significant differences among them. Despite a prolonged eight-week dry spell that stressed plants and reduced overall yields, botanical treatments still outperformed the control in both grain yield and cob protection. Moreover, since Securidaca longipedunculata is locally available, farmers could prepare extracts themselves, making it a potentially affordable and sustainable alternative to synthetic pesticides. 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Emastar 112 EC Sec 1500 g/ha NSO Sec 1000 g/ha Sec 500 g/ha Grain yield (kg/ha) CSIR-SARI - Ghana: Effect of insecticide treatments on grain yield of maize Control EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 16 Recommendations Limitations The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 The trial should be repeated to confirm the results and to identify the most effective dosage of Securidaca longipedunculata extracts. At the same time, adoption can be strengthened by training farmers in preparation techniques, correct dosage, and safe application practices. In parallel, it is essential to compare the costeffectiveness of this method with existing control measures and to assess its integration with complementary pest management practices, ensuring improved and sustainable FAW control in maize systems. Results may vary depending on pest pressure and seasonal rainfall; for example, in 2024 an eight-week dry spell stressed plants and reduced yields. Therefore, further trials are required to determine the most effective application rate of Securidaca longipedunculata and to confirm its consistency across different seasons and locations. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 17 DAR EL SALAAM DODOMA MONDULI ARUMERU TARI-Selian research farm Ekenywa Trial design process Field evaluation of the efficacy of a Tephrosia vogelii, Azadirachta indica and Capsicum sp.–based extract on Lablab beans In the Arusha District, in northern Tanzania, mean annual rainfall ranges from 900 to 1,000 mm, with a bimodal rainfall pattern, and temperatures between 12 and 30°C. It is a predominantly agricultural area where maize, beans, lablab, sunflower, banana, and tobacco are the principal crops. Most farmers rely on low-input practices, and pest pressure on legumes continues to be a major constraint to both productivity and household income. Study Area Insect pests can cause severe yield losses in Lablab beans, sometimes reaching 100% in both field and storage. While synthetic pesticides are commonly used, their high cost and the associated health and environmental risks remain major concerns. Building on local botanical knowledge, TARI conducted trials to evaluate the efficacy and the optimal rate of a homemade biopesticide as a safer and more affordable alternative for lablab pest management. As recommended by a local coffee estate, the dosage of 3 kg a Tephrosia vogelii, 1 kg of neem (Azadirachta indica), and 0.5 kg of Capsicum sp., soaked in 20 L of water, was chosen as the reference rate. Partner: Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) 18 EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Technology description The biopesticide is prepared from Tephrosia vogelii, neem (Azadirachta indica), and Capsicum spp., locally available plants, traditionally used by farmers for pest control. Over the seasons (2022-2024), TARI tested different dosage levels, progressively refining preparation and application methods. The recommended formulation for 25 m2 consists of 3 kg T. vogelii, 1 kg neem, and 0.5 kg Capsicum, soaked in 20 L of water and applied as a foliar spray. In 2024, an on-farm trial in Ekenywa village evaluated five treatments: control (no pesticide), half rate, full rate, double rate of the biopesticide, and a full rate of the synthetic pesticide MultiAlpha® (Emamectin Benzoate 50 g/L + Alphacypermethrin 100 g/lL). The experiment followed a completely randomized block design with three replications. Each plot measured 5 × 5 m, with a spacing of 75 cm between rows and 45 cm within rows. Sprays were applied at the vegetative stage, repeated three times at 7-day intervals starting 7 days after emergence, using a 15 L knapsack sprayer. Technology application Crop: Improved Eldoret black Lablab beans, grown during the long rainy season. Field preparation: Ploughing followed by disc harrowing one day before sowing. Sowing pattern: 75 cm between rows and 45 cm within rows; plot size 5 × 5 m. Application timing: First spray at 7 days after emergence, followed by two more applications at 7-day intervals, all during the vegetative stage. Mode of application: Foliar spray using a 15 L knapsack sprayer. Farmer involvement: Active participation in all stages—from preparation of the botanical extract to spraying—plus training on environmental and health benefits of botanical pest control. Data collected: Number of pods per plant, grain yield, biomass, and pest incidence. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 19 Benefits of the technology Tanzania: Summary table - trial TARI biopesticides C ountry Country Pa rtner Partner C rop Crop T ri a l tre a tments Trial treatments Tanzania TARI Lablab bean 2022, 2023, 2024 Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Half rate of biopesticide Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Other treatment: Control: no treatment (Tephrosia vogelii + Azadirachta indica + Caspiscum sp.) Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Full rate of biopesticide (Tephrosia vogelii + Azadirachta indica + Caspiscum sp.) Pesticidal plants: based on ITK Double rate of biopesticide (Tephrosia vogelii + Azadirachta indica + Caspiscum sp.) Double double rate of biopesticide (Tephrosia vogelii + Azadirachta indica + Caspiscum sp.) Half rate of biopesticide (Tephrosia vogelii + Azadirachta indica + Caspiscum sp.) Other treatment: Full rate of synthetic pesticide (MultiAlpha) + half rate of synthetic pesticide (MultiAlpha) The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 The study confirmed that applying the homemade biopesticide — a mixture of Tephrosia vogelii, Azadirachta indica (neem), and Capsicum sp.— had a clear positive effect on controlling lablab field pests. Compared to the untreated control (T1), which produced only 0.80 t/ha, all bio-pesticide treatments significantly improved yields. Output increased to 1.13 t/ha with the half recommended rate (T2), 1.14 t/ha with the full rate (T3), and 1.17 t/ha with the double rate (T4). The synthetic pesticide (T5) yielded 0.98 t/ha, indicating that the biopesticide can match or surpass chemical control in effectiveness. Beyond yield gains, farmers participated actively in all stages — from preparing the extracts to applying them in the field — and received training on the environmental and health benefits of botanical pest control. This process reinforced local knowledge, encouraged adoption, reduced dependence on costly synthetic inputs, and supported safer, more sustainable legume production in smallholder systems. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 20 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 Tanzania:- trial TARI: grain yield 21 Recommendations Limitations For the 2025 cropping season, TARI researchers, in collaboration with 20 farmers from Ekenywa village, will establish baby plots to validate the optimal bio-pesticide rate. Farmer training will be expanded to include preparation, dosage, and safe application, supporting integration of the biopesticide into integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for sustainable legume production. Preparing the bio-pesticide requires collecting and processing plant materials, making it both timeand labour-intensive. Its effectiveness may vary depending on pest pressure, the quality of raw materials, and prevailing weather conditions. Additional trials are necessary to validate results and optimise dosage and effort for consistent performance. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 22 Study Area Trial design process Biological control of pepper wilt by native Trichoderma In Ethiopia, hot pepper is a staple and cash crop in Ethiopia, widely consumed and traded, both domestically and for export, yet its production is constrained by soil-borne diseases.. Trials were conducted in Central Ethiopia Regional State, at an altitude of 1,884-1,894 m a.s.l. where maize is the staple food crop and pepper, teff and wheat are the major cash crops. Hot pepper yields are severely threatened by Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici), which can cause losses of up to 80%. Moreover, chemical control is limited, costly, and harmful to both farmers and the environment. Therefore, to identify sustainable alternatives, HU designed trials using native Trichoderma isolates applied as seed treatments, with the goal of reducing disease incidence and improving yields under real farmer conditions. Partner: HU ADDIS ABABA GURAGE SILT’E Inseno Wulbareg Partner: Hawassa University (HU) EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 23 Technology description Technology application The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 The trials systematically compared biological and chemical seed treatments over multiple years. Specifically, they included: ApronStar, a chemical commercial fungicide mix (Thiamethoxam, Metalaxyl-M, Difenoconazole) as a positive control; native Trichoderma longibrachiatum; native Trichoderma viride; and an untreated control. In the earlier stages, the commercial isolate Trichoderma T22 was also tested. The native isolates were obtained from the HU stock culture and prepared as spore suspensions. Seeds were then coated with 10 mL inoculum (1×10⁶ conidia/mL)/g, using carboxymethyl cellulose as an adhesive to ensure adherence. Finally, the experimental design followed a randomized block scheme with three replications, tested on-station in 2021, extended to farmer fields in 2022, and further validated in Wulbareg in 2024. Seed treatment: 10 mL suspension (1×10⁶ spores/mL) for 1 g of seeds. Timing: Applied 24h before sowing, seeds air-dried and sown in seedbeds. Transplanting: 50 days after sowing, seedlings transferred to 100 m² plots. Controls: ApronStar and untreated control fields were included. Crop management: Manual land preparation and weeding, fertilizer (NPS and Urea) were applied. Chloropyrephos (48%EC, insecticide) was applied to control aphids. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 24 Benefits of the technology (1/2) Ethiopia: summary table trial HU C ountry Country Pa rtner Partner C rop Crop T ri a l tre a tments Trial treatments Ethiopia HU Pepper 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Endemic: natural enemies based on ITK Trichoderma -native- (Trichoderma longibrachiatum Trichoderma viride) Control: no treatment Other treatment: Commercial natural enemies (Trichoderma harzianum T22 -commercial-) Other treatment: Synthetic pesticide (ApronStar) The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Native Trichoderma isolates significantly reduced Fusarium wilt incidence and improved crop performance, achieving results comparable to chemical control. In fact, at the seedling stage, wilt incidence dropped to as low as 3–4% in treated plots, whereas it reached 7.3% in the untreated control. As the crop advanced to fruiting, disease incidence remained consistently lower in Trichoderma plots (18– 20%) compared to controls (26–28%). Plant losses followed the same pattern, ranging from 13–15% under biocontrol treatments to around 20% in untreated plots. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 25 Trial design process Effect of pesticidal plant-based extracts and biological control of insects in cotton farming system (Cassia nigricans extract, Phonoctonus lutescens) Cotton yields in Burkina Faso are constrained by pests such as Dysdercus sp., jassids (Jacobiella sp.), and whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). To address these challenges, farmers traditionally use Cassia nigricans extracts, while Phonoctonus lutescens serves as a natural predator of Dysdercus. Building on these local practices, INERA set up on-farm trials to compare their effectiveness and to identify eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Study Area Research activities for this trial were conducted in western Burkina Faso (Baré, Bodialédaga and Lena sites, in the Bobo-Dioulasso cotton cropping region). In that area, the population's main activity is extensive rain-fed farming of cereals and cotton, the latter being the main source of income for small producers. Its economic relevance, combined with the observed damage caused by insects in cotton fields, explains the choice of cotton as the target crop for this pest management trial. 32 OUAGADOUGOU MOUHOUN SISSILI HAUTS-BASSINS OUBRITENGA Lena Bodialedaga Baré Bondokui Kari Bokui Souku Léo Loumbila Partner: Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA) EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Technology description The trials assessed two complementary pest management strategies. The first involved a botanical pesticide prepared from Cassia nigricans (2 kg/ha) mixed with pepper (100 g/ha) and shea butter (250 mL/ha), applied as a foliar spray. The second relied on biological control through the release of Phonoctonus lutescens, a predatory insect that feeds on Dysdercus sp. In 2021, trials were established at three sites, with plots of 500 m² and six farmer replications per treatment in a non-randomized design. Pest populations were monitored across three groups: sucking insects, fruiting body feeders, and foliar/stem feeders. Building on this, in 2022 Phonoctonus lutescens were mass-bred in the laboratory for timed releases, while Cassia nigricans was prepared locally by farmers, ensuring both consistency and community engagement. This combined approach aimed to evaluate field-level performance and compatibility with organic cotton systems. Pest counts were performed every 14 days on 30 plants per plot to monitor efficacy. Technology application Cassia nigricans extract: Applied foliarly, using a knapsack, every 10 days from the 30th to 120th day after emergence. Phonoctonus lutescens release: Three releases (40 insects/500 m²) from the 30th to 120th day after emergence. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 33 Benefits of the technology EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Dysdercus voëlkeri infestation per plant at Bondoukux, Kari and Bokux Bokuy Bondoukuy Kari-Kamendena 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Number/plant T1. Cassia nigricans extract Phonoctonus lutescens releases Burkina Faso: Summary table - INERA C ountry Country Pa rtner Partner C rop Crop T ri a l tre a tments Trial treatments Burkina Faso INERA Cotton 2021, 2023 Pesticidal plantsbased on ITK Cassia nigricans (based extract) Other treatment: endemic natural enemies Phonoctonus lutescens During the 2021 season, releases of Phonoctonus lutescens provided excellent control of Dysdercus spp. in Bokuy and Kari, while also contributing to reduced whitefly damage. The biological control approach was well-received as an environmentally safe method that did not harm beneficial insects. C. nigricans is valued by farmers for being locally available, inexpensive, and easy to prepare, making it particularly suitable for smallholder contexts. Training on extract preparation enhanced farmer skills and promoted knowledge-sharing within the Farmer Field Research Units (FFRUs). Both strategies are aligned with the goals of sustainable cotton production, offering viable alternatives to synthetic pesticides and reducing chemical exposure risks for farmers and the environment. Preliminary results indicate that integrated approaches—combining botanical extracts with predator releases— could strengthen pest control by targeting multiple species, a strategy worth testing in future seasons. 34 Recommendations Limitations EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Integrating Cassia nigricans sprays with releases of Phonoctonus lutescens could be explored to improve control of multiple pests, especially since both methods have shown site-dependent efficacy. Furthermore, scaling up farmer training on extract preparation while developing local capacity for predator breeding would strengthen adoption. Finally, comparative monitoring across locations and seasons remains essential to validate and refine these approaches, ensuring their effectiveness for long-term sustainable cotton protection. The effectiveness of both Cassia nigricans extracts and Phonoctonus lutescens releases varied by site and pest species. Specifically, Cassia nigricans was less effective against whiteflies, whereas predator releases showed reduced performance in certain locations. Given these variations, results should be considered preliminary, and multi-season trials are needed to confirm consistency as well as optimize application timing. 35 CONCLUSIONS The field trials conducted within the EWA-BELT project demonstrate the potential of traditional knowledge-based solutions, formulated with locally available plant extracts and biological agents—such as neem seed oil, Securidaca longipedunculata, Cassia nigricans, and Bacillus thuringiensis— as effective and sustainable alternatives or complements to synthetic pesticides. Their validation under real on-farm conditions confirms that traditional knowledge (ITK), when combined with scientific experimentation, can contribute meaningfully to resilient pest management strategies. Participatory approaches have been proven crucial, ensuring that farmers were not only beneficiaries but also co-creators of innovation. This dynamic fostered farmer-led experimentation, strengthened local resources sustainable management and opened new livelihood opportunities. Complementary activities such as the establishment of nurseries or training on the biopesticides production paved the way to autonomy from expensive commercial inputs and potential new income sources. At the same time, the variability of results across sites underlines the importance of context-specific adaptation, highlighting the need for continued research on dosage, application methods, ecological impacts, and standardization. The project also revealed the risk of losing valuable knowledge on traditional practices, stressing the urgency of documenting, validating, and disseminating them in different formats, according to the heterogeneous stakeholders' target. Moving forward, farmer-oriented tools such as illustrated guides, manuals, and locally adapted training will be essential for broad uptake, while scientific collaboration can further enhance the reliability and ecological safety of these solutions. In conclusion, the EWA-BELT experience demonstrates that integrating traditional knowledge with scientific protocols can reduce dependency on external synthetic inputs, promote environmental sustainability, and empower farming communities. This approach offers a replicable model for an agroecological sustainable intensification in Africa and beyond. Additional trials description and more detailed information can be found in Deliverables 3.7 and 3.8, or upon request to the responsible partners. EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 36 APPENDIX Complementary Factsheets in English, French and local languages for dissemination purposes EWA-BELT PROJECT - GA#862848 The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 36 37 Applicat ion Materials Preparation The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Warnings Advantages ENG www.ewabelt.eu 1.Collect 500 g of Cassia nigricans leaves required to treat 1/4 ha (2.500 m²). 2.Crush the leaves in a mortar. 3.Mix the crushed leaves with 1 tablespoon of chili pepper and 15 Litres of water. 4.Leave the mixture to soak for 24 hours in the shade. 5.Filter the mixture using a filter or cloth. 6.Add water to obtain 15 liters of mixture and add 60-65 ml (3 tablespoons) of melted shea butter 7.Shake well before spraying the cotton field. TARGET CROP: COTTON TARGET PROBLEM CASSIA NIGRICANS EXTRACTS TO CONTROL COTTON PEST INSECTS For ¼ ha (2.500 m²): Cassia nigricans leaves (500g) Mortar Container for maceration Chili pepper (1 tbs) Shea butter (3 tbs) Water Filter (Cloth) 15 L knapsack sprayer 1.Start treatments 30 days after emergence. 2.Apply 10 treatments at 10-day intervals. 3.Use 15 Liters (1 sprayer capacity) for 2.500 m² treatment Do not apply in direct sunlight Wear gloves and a protective mask during preparation and application Use the mixture immediately after preparation Avoid storing the mixture Low cost Natural biodegradable extract Biopesticide compatible with integrated pest management Low toxicity on beneficial insects Reduce the use of chemical insecticides Promotes biodiversity and preservation of beneficial insects To control cotton pest insects affecting cotton fields Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Burkina Faso Authors: Dakuyo Z. Gustave, Sow Issa, Koulibaly Bazoumana (INERA) Applicat ion Matériels Preparation The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Recommandations Avantages CULTURE CIBLE: COTONNIER PROBLÈME CIBLE Ne pas appliquer en plein soleil Porter des gants et un masque pendant la préparation Utiliser immédiatement la bouillie après sa préparation Eviter de conserver le mélange Faible coût de revient Extrait naturel biodégradable Biopesticide compatible avec la lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs Moins toxique pour les insectes utiles Reduction de l’utilisation des insecticides chimiques Favorise la biodiversité et la préservation de la faune utile FR www.ewabelt.eu EXTRAITS DE CASSIA NIGRICANS CONTRE LES INSECTES DU COTONNIER Pour ¼ ha (2.500 m²): Feuilles de Cassia nigricans (500 g) Mortier Récipient pour la macération (Sceau) Piment ( 1 c. à soupe) Beurre de karité (3 c. à soupe) Eau Filtre (Tissu) Pulvérisateur (15 L) 1.Récolter 500 g de feuilles de Cassia nigricans nécessaires pour traiter 1/4 ha (2.500 m²). 2.Écraser les feuilles dans un mortier. 3.Mélanger les feuilles écrasées avec 1 cuillère à soupe de piment et 15 litres d'eau. 4.Laisser le mélange tremper pendant 24 heures à l'ombre. 5.Filtrer le mélange à l’aide d’un filtre ou d’un tissu 6.Ajouter de l'eau pour obtenir 15 litres de bouillie et 60-65 ml (3 cuillères à soupe) de beurre de karité fondu 7.Agiter bien avant de pulvériser le champ de coton 1.Commencer les traitements 30 jours après levée 2.Faire 10 traitements à intervalles de 10 jours 3.Utiliser 15 litres (capacité du pulvérisateur) pour 2 500 m² Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Burkina Faso Auteurs: Dakuyo Z. Gustave, Sow Issa, Koulibaly Bazoumana (INERA) Maitriser les ravageurs du cotonnier Foro baara Minɛnw Biyopesitisidi labɛnnin min basiginin be yiriw bɔli kan The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Ladilikanw Nafaw SƐNƐFƐN MINW LAƝININA: KƆƆRI YIRI GƐLƐYA JƆNJƆNW Kana a kɛ tile yeelen na Aw ka ganw don ani ka ɲɛdatugulan don labɛn wagati la Aw ye baga ta labɛnnin kɔ yɔrɔnin kelen Aw ye ban ka ɲagaminin mara . O dilanni sɔngɔ ka dɔgɔ Fɛɛn min be se ka tiɲɛ Biyopesitisi min be bɛn ni fɛnɲɛnamaw kɛlɛli ye Fɛɛnɲɛnama nafamanw tɛ baga bɔ Dɔgɔyali kɛ fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw tali la. Biodiversite ni kongosogow latangali sabati DYU www.ewabelt.eu CASSIA NIGRICANS KA KƐ NI KƆRI FƐNƝƐNAMAW KƐLƐLI YE Kɔri fɛnɲɛnamaw kɛlɛli ni fɛnɲɛnamafagalan dɔ ye min basiginin be kasiya nigrikans bɔli kan Kasiya nigrikan furaburuw; Kɔlɔn Minan min be kɛ ka mugu don (Datugulan) Foronto 1.Cassia nigricans furaburu gɛrɛ 500 tigɛ min ka kan ka kɛ ka hekitari 1/4 furakɛ 2.Aw ye furaburuw sussu kɔlɔn kɔnɔn 3.Aw ye chili gɛrɛ 31,25 ni jii litiri 15 ɲagami ɲɔgɔn na 4.Aw ye ɲagaminin to a ka jigi lɛrɛ 24 kɔnɔ dibi la 5.§ Aw ye ɲagaminin saniya ni filɛrikɛlan walima fani ye 6.Aw bɛ jii dɔɔni fara a kan ka baga litiri 15 sɔrɔ ani ml 60-65 (dumuni kuyɛri gna 3) min be yɛlɛma, 7.§A yuguyugu koɲuman sanni i ka kɔri foro fiyɛ 1.Furakɛli daminɛ tile 30 kɔri bɔnin kɔ (dal) 2.Furakɛli 10 kɛ tile 10 kɔnɔ (tile 30 ka taga se tile 120 ma) 3.Furakɛli nunu be kɛ ni litiri 15 ka furakisɛ ye (fiyɛlan setigiya) m2 2 500 kɔnɔ. Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Burkina Faso Authors: Dakuyo Z. Gustave, Sow Issa, Koulibaly Bazoumana (INERA) Applicat ion Materials Preparation The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 www.ewabelt.eu Authors: Brice N. Koudougou, Rachele Stentella, Elena Invernizzi (ACRA) For 200 m²: Cassia nigricans leaves (2-3 L) Water (10 L hot, 10 L room temperature) 20 Litres bucket 1.Collect Cassia Nigricans leaves to fill a 2-3 L bucket. 2.Crush the collected leaves in a mortar with a pestle. 3.Mix the crushed leaves with 10 L of hot water and leave to macerate for 24 hours. 4.After 24 hours, filter the mixture and add an additional 10 L of water at room temperature. 5.Add an adhesive substance such as liquid soap (2-3 tablespoons) to prolong the product's effectiveness. 6.Pour into a knapsack sprayer and apply to the cowpea field TARGET CROP: COWPEA TARGET PROBLEM CASSIA NIGRICANS EXTRACTS AS A BIOPESTICIDE FOR COWPEA PEST INSECTS 2-3 Litres bucket 15 knapsack sprayer 1 thin cloth Mortar and pestle Liquid soap (2-3 tbs) To control pests such as Aphids, Thrips, Bean pod borers and Burying beetles 1.Spray on the cowpea leaves before sunrise or at sunset 2.Repeat every 3 to 5 days 3.From 60% flowering until the beginning of fruiting. ENG The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Applicat ion Materials Preparation Warnings www.ewabelt.eu ENG Authors: Jerry Nboyine, Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah, Issah Sugri and Francis Kusi (CSIR-SARI) Use utensils and containers for the extract preparation that are not used for your food preparation.. Clean all the utensils properly before and after use. TARGET CROP: MAIZE TARGET PROBLEM NEEM LEAF EXTRACT-BASED BIOPESTICIDE Fall armyworm (FAW) 1.Collect 1,5 kg of healthy neem leaves. 2.Pound the neem leaves into powder in a mortar. 3.Let the powder and the soap (15 g) mixture soak in water (15 L) in a basin and leave overnight (24 hours). 4.Strain the following morning using a fine mesh or cloth. 5.Pour the extract into a 15 L knapsack for spraying. Neem leaves (1,5 kg) Soap (15 g) 15 L knapsack sprayer 1.Method – Knapsack sprayer. Spray early morning before 8 am ( after morning dew has dried out) or late afternoon after 4 pm 2.Schedule – Fortnightly for a total of 3 sprays per season. Always spray the field within 4 hours after preparing the neem solution. Water (15 L) Mortar Fabric (filter) CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Di zaŋ tum tuma Neembͻra/bimbͻra Di maalibu (buɣusibu wuhibu) Warnings www.ewabelt.eu DAG TARGET CROP: MAIZE YԐLI’ SHԐLI TI NI GBAAI DIN YINA NYINSAVAƔU NIDIN NYԐ “ BIOPESTICIDE” Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda 1.Piimi nyimsavari din mali alaafee ka ka binnԑma di puuni. 2.Zaŋmi ŋmana din yԑn tum tuma maa ka pa a ni mali shԑli n-duɣuri bindirigu. Bԑ ni mali ŋmani shԑŋa n-duɣuri bee n-nyuri kom bi tu ni di zaŋ li n-tum tuma. Paɣimi ŋmana maa zaa pͻi ka naan n-zaŋ li n-tum tuma, di mini di naabu nyaaŋga. 3.Di ni wuhi ni a ti tiim din yi nyimsavaɣu ŋͻ ni nyԑla vaabu pia (10%). 4.A yi yԑn maali vaabu pia (10%) tiim ŋͻ, a yԑn tooila din galisim paai 1500g (15 L n-niŋ nabisaaki puuni), ka di niŋ zim n-yi toli ni na. 5.Zaŋmi chibo15g m-pahi zaɣ’zim la zuɣu. 6.Chib’ zim mini chib’ kom ka a yԑn zaŋ n-gabi kom ni ŋmani puuni, ka che li yuŋ muni (24 hours). 7.Tԑmi li asiba ka di nyԑla tani viԑlli bee chinchini viԑlli ka a yԑn zaŋ n-te li. 8.Kpaami li n-niŋ 15 L nabisaaki ni, ni di zaŋ m-pͻmpi. Nyimsavari Chibo Din pͻmpira 1.Toobu tariga – 10% w/v din nyԑ nyimsavari 2.Sodoligu – nabisaaki; pͻmpimo li asibaasi kamani 8:am bee zaawuni 4:pm. 3.Kalinli – bushԑm kamani buta kͻbu saha kam ni. Kom Toli Bintԑrigu A yi gabi nyimsa tiim ŋͻ n-naai, nyin pͻmpimi li hawa diba Anahi (4) sunsuuni... CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, Ghana The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 Materials Preparation Warnings Advantages Low cost Natural biodegradable extract Bio-pesticide compatible with integrated pest management Low toxicity on beneficial insects Reduce the use of chemical insecticides Promotes biodiversity and preservation of beneficial insects www.ewabelt.eu ENG Applicat ion For 25 m²: Chili Pepper (0,5 kg) Fish bean leaves/tender branches (3 kg) Neem leaves (1,5 kg) Crushing/chopping machine to reduce the leaf sizes TARGET CROP: LABLAB TARGET PROBLEM FISH BEAN, NEEM AND CHILI PEPPER –BASED BIOPESTICIDE TO CONTROL LABLAB PEST INSECTS Field insects 1.For a 25 m² field, collect 3 kg of Fish bean leaves, 1 kg of Neem leaves and 0,5 kg of chili pepper. 2.Crush/Chop Fish bean leaves, Neem leaves and chili pepper, separately, into small size pieces. 3.Dissolve them all into 20 Litres of cold/room temperature water. 4.Leave the mixture soak for 3 days. 5.On the fourth day, filter the mixture using the cloth to get the solution (biopesticide). 6.Put the solution into a knapsack sprayer, ready to spray the plants in the field to control insect pests Spray the biopesticide on leaves 3 times throughout the growing season: 7, 14 and 21 days after crop plants emergence. Do not apply in direct sunlight or in the direction of wind Wear gloves and a protection mask during preparation and application Use the mixture immediately after preparation Avoid storing the mixture Water (20 L) 3-4 buckets above 20 L Filter/Cloth or net Knapsack sprayer Gloves and Masks Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Tanzania Author: Deodatus Stanley Kiriba (TARI) Application Materials The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 www.ewabelt.eu TARGET CROP: PEPPER TARGET PROBLEM BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PEPPER WILT USING NATIVE TRICHODERMA Bucket (5 L) Pepper seeds (1 kg) Trichoderma inoculum, 10 spores/mL (10 g) 6 Clean Water (50 mL) Hot pepper wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici For dry formulation of the bio-agent: 1.Mix 50 mL clean water, 10 g Trichoderma inoculum and 1 kg pepper seeds in 5 L bucket. 2.After 24 hrs, plant the treated seeds in well prepared seed beds. For liquid formulation of the bio-agent: 1.Soak pepper seeds in Trichoderma inoculum (10 spores/ml) in the bucket, at a rate of 1 g seeds / 10mL of inoculum 6 After 24 hours, air dry the seeds and plant the treated seeds in well prepared seedbeds. ENG Hawassa University Ethiopia Authors: Alemayehu Chala (HU) and Shiferaw Mekonen አጠቃ ቀም የሚያስፈልጉ እቃዎች The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 www.ewabelt.eu የሰብሉ ስም በርበሬ የበሽታው ስም ስነ-ህይወታዊ የበርበሬ አጠውልግ በሽታ መቆጣጠሪያ ዘዴ -5ሊትር የሚይዝ ባልዲ -የበርበሬ ዘር -ስነ-ህይወታዊ መቆጣጠሪያ Trichoderma inoculum (10 spores/ml) 6 -ንፁህ ውሃ የበርበሬ አጠውልግ በሽታ ደረቅ ስነ-ህይወታዊ መቆጣጠሪያ 5ሊትር በሚይዝ ባልዲ ውስጥ 50ሚሊ ሊትር ንፁህ ውሃ፣ 10 ግራም የስነህይወታዊ መቆጣሪያ እና 1 ኪሎግራም የበርበሬ ዘር ከቶ በደንብ ማደባለቅና ለ24 ሰአት ማቆየት ከ24ሰአት በኋላ የበርበሬውን ዘር በደንብ ተዘጋጅቶ በለሰለሰ የችግኝ ማፍያ ላይ መዝራት በፈሳሽ መልክ ለተዘጋጀ ስነ-ህይወታዊ መቆጣጠሪያ oእያንዳንዱን ግራም የበርበሬ ዘር ከ10 ሚሊሊትር ፈሳሽ ስነ-ህይወታዊ መቆጣጠሪያ (Trichoderma inoculum (10 spores/ml)) ጋር በባልዲ ውስጥ ማደባለቅና ለ24 ሰዐት መተው 6 oበሚቀጥለው ቀን የበርበሬውን ዘር በአየር ማድረቅ oየደረቀውን የበርበሬ ዘር በደንብ ተዘጋጅቶ በለሰለሰ የእግኝ ማፍያ ላየ መዝራት ARC Hawassa University Ethiopia Authors: Alemayehu Chala (HU) and Shiferaw Mekonen The content of this document reflects the opinion of its authors and does not in any way represent the opinion of the European Union. All intellectual property rights are owned by EWA-BELT consortium members and are protected by the applicable laws. Reproduction is not authorized without prior written agreement. The commercial use of any information contained in this document may require a license from the owner of that information The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848 LINKING EAST AND WEST AFRICAN FARMING SYSTEM EXPERIENCE INTO A BELT OF SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION EWABELT ewabelt.project ewabelt_project ewabelt_project showcase/ewa-belt CONTACTS www.ewabelt.eu [email protected] The EWA-BELT Project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under agreement No 862848