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भारत और बांग्लादेश के संविधान का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन

परबत सिंह राजपुरोहित

Abstract

भारत और बांग्लादेश दोनों ही दक्षिण एशिया के महत्वपूर्ण लोकतंत्र हैं, जिनके संविधान ने स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद देश की राजनीतिक, सामाजिक और आर्थिक संरचना की नींव रखी। भारत का संविधान 26 January 1950 को लागू हुआ और यह एक संघीय लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य के रूप में स्थापित है, जिसमें केंद्र और राज्य के अधिकार स्पष्ट रूप से विभाजित हैं। वहीं, बांग्लादेश का संविधान 16 December 1972 को लागू हुआ और यह एक एकात्मक संसदीय गणराज्य है, जिसमें सत्ता का केंद्र सरकार पर अधिक केंद्रीकरण है। यह शोध-पत्र इन दोनों संविधानों की संरचना, संसदीय व्यवस्था, मौलिक अधिकार, नीति-निर्देशक सिद्धांत, आपातकालीन प्रावधान और संवैधानिक संशोधन प्रक्रिया का तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। अध्ययन यह भी दर्शाता है कि भारत का संविधान अपने विस्तार और अनुभव-संपन्नता के कारण अधिक स्थिर और संघीय संतुलन पर आधारित है, जबकि बांग्लादेश का संविधान संशोधनों के माध्यम से लगातार विकसित हो रहा है। साथ ही, यह शोध दोनों देशों में लोकतांत्रिक संस्थाओं और नागरिक अधिकारों की सुरक्षा के लिए आवश्यक सुधारों की दिशा भी उजागर करता है।

Full text

Ind. Jr. of Mod. Res. and Rev. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 10 [Oct] 2025 47 © 2025    . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Indian Journal of Modern Research and Reviews This Journal is a member of the ‘Committee on Publication Ethics’ Online ISSN:2584-184X Research Paper            *  ,  ,          , ,  , Corresponding Author: *     DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17509755 2  Manuscript Info.            ,           ,           26 January 1950               ,               ,    16 December 1972            ,              -      ,    ,   , -   ,                         -            ,                 ,                       ✓ ISSN No: 2584184X ✓ Received: 06-09-2025 ✓ Accepted: 26-10-2025 ✓ Published: 03-11-2025 ✓ MRR:3(10):2025;47-52 ✓ ©2025, All Rights Reserved. ✓ Peer Review Process: Yes ✓ Plagiarism Checked: Yes How To Cite this Article    .        .        . 2025;3(10):45-52.  :  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,   ,  1.       ,           ,                                ,    ,            26 January 1950     ,                  ,                         ,   16 December 1972                  ,                    ;   , ,              ,            -    ,         ,  Ind. Jr. of Mod. Res. and Rev. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 10 [Oct] 2025 48 © 2025    . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/           -     ,   ,  , -  ,               ,   2024-25            ,                     2.      2.1             ,                     25  (Parts), 12   (Schedules)  448  (Articles)  ,          , ,               “  - , , ,  ”      ,                     ,            368      ,   -                106       ,  , ,                          ,             2.2     4 November 1972        16 December 1972            11 , 4    153   ,     ,                  “Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy, Secularism”                       ,              -       17     ,     , caretaker government                     ,  -   ,                   -          ,                                         , ,                                      ,              ,                 2.3           26 January 1950 –                           16 December 1972 –          ,             --  25 , 12  , 448  –       , ,  , -            11 , 4  , 153  –    ,               -               106+ –     42nd Amendment (1976)    “Socialist”  “Secular” ,  73rd  74th Amendment          17 –     8th Amendment (1988)       , 15th Amendment (2011)        -    –                           ,              –          ,             ,                                           -      ,    ,            ,                             -  ,          Ind. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/               ,               3.        3.1 :          ,                             –   ,      –             ,          ,                                                   ,                  ,              3.2 :         (Unitary)  ,                      ,            ,                               ,                  ,                   ,         4.         4.1       ,      (Bicameral)      (Lower House)    (Upper House)                    ,                                      ,                  ,                  ,    ,  ,                                       4.2            ,       (Unicameral)                                              ,               ,                    2025               ,                    ,                         "  "     " "     ,   400  105       ,                                                                          ,             ,                     ,                5.    -  5.1         III           ,   ,   ,     ,                                  ,  IV  -   (Directive Principles of State Policy)  ,                      ,           ,    ,      ,              -                     Ind. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 5.2         III   -     II    8  (1988)        ,            15  (2011)           ,                2025     “Right to Food, Housing, Internet Access”                                            -        ,                            ,                                  6.    7.   6.1                              ,   (Article 352),               ,   (Article 356),                               ,   (Article 360),              1975  1977                   “Basic Structure Doctrine”           ,                      ,          6.2           ,      ,                                       6.3          368               ,                  42nd Amendment (1976)      “Socialist”, “Secular”  “Integrity”   44th Amendment (1978)            73rd  74th Amendment (1992)            86th Amendment (2002)        ,  100th Amendment (2015)  -        6.4         17        8th Amendment (1988)          ,  15th Amendment (2011)        13th Amendment (1996)  caretaker government     2025          ,            6.5    ,        ,                      ,         ,            ,                                    ,  -              ,            -   :         ,   ,     8.   8.1        -  ,               : 1.        –                  2.      –                      Ind. Jr. of Mod. Res. and Rev. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 10 [Oct] 2025 51 © 2025    . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 3.      –                   4.     –                     5.       –                    8.2           : 1.       –                2.       –              3.        –                   4.     – ,                     5.        –             9.       9.1  1.   “Living Document”    ,  ,          2.        3.           4.                    9.2  1.      ,         2.         ,        3. Right to Food, Housing, Internet Access     4.              5. ,             10.     •    ,   -  ,             •       - ,          •           ,              •                1.             2.    , , ,         3.         4.       5.             1.  . -       .     . 2023;12(3):55–73. 2.  .     -  : .     . 2023;6(2):33–48. 3.   .          :   .     . 2022;14(1):89–105. 4.   . -      .    . 2022;9(3):67–82. 5.  ,  . -   -   .     . 2022;7(4):112–127. 6.  .         :      .    . 2023;11(2):58–74. 7.   .      :    .    . 2019;5(1):40– 55. 8.  .     : -   .    . 2023;10(3):88–103. 9.  . -     .    . 2022;14(2):45–59. Ind. Jr. of Mod. Res. and Rev. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL Volume 3 Issue 10 [Oct] 2025 52 © 2025    . This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 10.   .         .   . 2023;9(1):67–82. 11.  . -    :   .     . 2022;8(4):102–119. 12.  .        :    .    . 2023;12(3):55–70. 13.  . -    :   .     . 2022;11(2):78– 95. 14.   . -  :     .     . 2023;7(1):33–48. 15.  .      : ,    .  - . 2023;6(2):59–74. 16.  .       :  .    . 2022;9(4):91–108. 17.  ,  .  . :   ; 2000–2001. 18.  .  .  /  :    ; 2022. 19.  .      .  :  IAS; 2018. 20.  .  : 183–185. 21.  .  . .   .       .  .  2019; .112. 22.  .     .  []. 27  2021 [ 2025  1]. : www.aajtak.com. 23. India.com. 50    . 2021 [ 2025  1]. : www.india.com. 24.  .  :     –    .  .   2022; .69– 70. Creative Commons (CC) License This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.