PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AND COMPLIANCE THEREWITH (THE CASE OF THE CITIES OF BUKHARA AND SAMARKAND)
Abstract
This article examines the issues of preservation and compliance with cultural heritage in the ancient historical and cultural centers of Uzbekistan, specifically the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand, through a comprehensive approach. These cities have historically been centers for the development of science, commerce, religion, and architectural traditions over the centuries. Currently, they are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List and hold a distinguished position in global tourism. Therefore, preserving the authenticity of historical monuments and the architectural fabric within the cities constitutes an essential strategic objective from the standpoint of Uzbekistan’s national interests as well as the preservation of global cultural heritage. This article analyzes the restoration and conservation processes in Bukhara and Samarkand, the requirements for harmonious development alongside tourism infrastructure, and the factors detrimentally impacting the urban landscape. Issues such as the implementation of new mechanisms for heritage management in response to increased tourism flows, the application of restoration technologies grounded in scientific methodology, and the enhancement of local community participation are examined. Furthermore, the principles of sustainable development of cultural heritage are articulated in accordance with the guidelines established by international organizations, particularly UNESCO. The research findings indicate that the preservation of cultural heritage in these two cities enables the improvement of tourism sector efficiency, the broad dissemination of national identity, and the comprehensive transmission of the masterpieces of world civilization to future generations.
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ISSN: 2582-4686 SJIF 2021-3.261,SJIF 20222.889, 2024-6.875 ResearchBib IF: 9.948 / 2024 VOLUME-5, ISSUE-11 33 PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AND COMPLIANCE THEREWITH (THE CASE OF THE CITIES OF BUKHARA AND SAMARKAND) Abdumalikov Adhamjon Akbarali ogly International Institute of Food Technology and Engineering, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This article examines the issues of preservation and compliance with cultural heritage in the ancient historical and cultural centers of Uzbekistan, specifically the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand, through a comprehensive approach. These cities have historically been centers for the development of science, commerce, religion, and architectural traditions over the centuries. Currently, they are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List and hold a distinguished position in global tourism. Therefore, preserving the authenticity of historical monuments and the architectural fabric within the cities constitutes an essential strategic objective from the standpoint of Uzbekistan’s national interests as well as the preservation of global cultural heritage. This article analyzes the restoration and conservation processes in Bukhara and Samarkand, the requirements for harmonious development alongside tourism infrastructure, and the factors detrimentally impacting the urban landscape. Issues such as the implementation of new mechanisms for heritage management in response to increased tourism flows, the application of restoration technologies grounded in scientific methodology, and the enhancement of local community participation are examined. Furthermore, the principles of sustainable development of cultural heritage are articulated in accordance with the guidelines established by international organizations, particularly UNESCO. The research findings indicate that the preservation of cultural heritage in these two cities enables the improvement of tourism sector efficiency, the broad dissemination of national identity, and the comprehensive transmission of the masterpieces of world civilization to future generations. Keywords: cultural heritage, Samarkand, Bukhara, UNESCO, historical monuments, restoration, conservation, architectural ensembles, sustainable tourism, tourist infrastructure, heritage management, cultural tourism, historic cities, national values, heritage protection. Kirish: Bugungi globallashuv jarayonida madaniy merosni asrash va uni kelajak avlodlarga yetkazish masalasi dunyo hamjamiyati oldida turgan eng muhim vazifalardan biri hisoblanadi. Insoniyat tarixining taraqqiyot bosqichlariga oid moddiy va nomoddiy yodgorliklar har bir xalqning milliy o‘zligini belgilab, uning madaniy taraqqiyot darajasi va tarixiy xotirasini ifodalaydi. Shu nuqtayi nazardan, qadimiy shaharlar bo‘lgan Buxoro va Samarqandning o‘rni beqiyosdir. Bu shaharlar nafaqat Markaziy Osiyoning, balki butun jahon sivilizatsiyasining yirik ilmiy, savdo, ma’muriy va diniy markazlari sifatida rivojlangan. Samarqandning Registon maydoni, Shohi Zinda majmuasi, Ulug‘bek observatoriyasi, Bibixonim masjidi, shuningdek, Buxoroning Ark qal’asi, Poi Kalon ansambli, Mir Arab madrasasi va Labi Hovuz majmuasi kabi tarixiy yodgorliklar o‘zining me’moriy bezaklari, noyob shakl va mazmuni bilan butun dunyo ahli e’tiborini tortadi. Ushbu yodgorliklar o‘zining tarixiy va badiiy qiymati tufayli UNESCOning Butunjahon merosi ro‘yxatiga kiritilgan bo‘lib, ularni muhofaza qilish xalqaro miqyosda ham alohida nazorat ostida turadi. Shu bilan birga, turizmning jadallik bilan rivojlanishi, aholi sonining oshishi, infratuzilmaviy o‘zgarishlar, tabiiy va antropogen omillarning kuchayishi ushbu meros obyektlariga tahdid tug‘dirmoqda. Tarixiy
ISSN: 2582-4686 SJIF 2021-3.261,SJIF 20222.889, 2024-6.875 ResearchBib IF: 9.948 / 2024 VOLUME-5, ISSUE-11 34 shahar markazlarida zamonaviy qurilishlarning ko‘payishi, restavratsiya va rekonstruksiya jarayonlarining ayrim hollarda me’yoriy talablarga mos bo‘lmasligi merosning asl qiyofasini yo‘qotish xavfini keltirib chiqarmoqda. Shuning uchun madaniy merosni ilmiy asoslangan boshqaruv tizimi orqali asrab-avaylash, restavratsiya va konservatsiya ishlarining sifatini oshirish, turizm va merosni saqlash o‘rtasidagi muvozanatni ta’minlash bugungi kunning dolzarb masalasiga aylanmoqda. O‘zbekiston hukumati tomonidan so‘nggi yillarda madaniy merosni muhofaza qilish va turizmni barqaror rivojlantirishga qaratilgan qator davlat dasturlari qabul qilindi. Xalqaro tashkilotlar, jumladan UNESCO bilan hamkorlikda olib borilayotgan loyihalar ushbu jarayonning samaradorligini oshirishga xizmat qilmoqda. Biroq mavjud muammolarni bartaraf etish va ilmiy tajribalarni amaliyotga joriy etish bo‘yicha doimiy ravishda izlanishlar olib borish talab etiladi. Shu sababli mazkur tadqiqot Buxoro va Samarqand misolida madaniy merosni saqlash, restavratsiya jarayonlarida ekologik va me’moriy me’yorlarga rioya etish, turizmni samarali boshqarish va aholining ushbu jarayondagi ishtirokini kuchaytirish bo‘yicha ilmiy yondashuvlarni o‘rganishga qaratilgan bo‘lib, bu mavzuning ilmiy va amaliy ahamiyati juda yuqoridir. Adabiyot tahlili va muhokama: Xalqaro ilmiy adabiyotlarda madaniy merosni saqlash va rioya etish masalalari turizmning barqaror rivojlanishi bilan bevosita bog‘liq ekanligi ta’kidlanadi. UNESCO, ICOMOS kabi nufuzli tashkilotlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan tavsiyalarga ko‘ra, tarixiy shaharlarni muhofaza qilish jarayonida ularning me’moriy qiyofasi, ijtimoiy muhit va tarixiy manzarani saqlab qolish tamoyillari qat’iy amal qilinishi lozim. Shuningdek, ilmiy manbalarda restavratsiya ishlari obidaning asl strukturasi va materiallariga mos ravishda olib borilishi zarurligi alohida urg‘u bilan qayd etiladi. Buxoro va Samarqand bo‘yicha olib borilgan tadqiqotlarda ushbu shaharlar qadimdan ilm-fan, diniy-ma’rifiy hayot va davlat tizimining markazi bo‘lgani, ularning me’moriy obidalari jahon madaniyati tarixida katta ahamiyat kasb etishi ta’kidlanadi. Adabiyotlarda Samarqandning Amir Temur davridagi qurilish maktabi va Buxoroning Islom sivilizatsiyasidagi o‘rniga oid ilmiy ma’lumotlar keng yoritilgan. Bu yodgorliklar o‘zida turli davrlar me’morchilik an’analarini mujassam etganligi sababli, restavratsiya jarayonlarida arxeologik, tarixiy va estetik tamoyillar uyg‘unligi talab etiladi. So‘nggi yillarda mahalliy va xorijiy olimlar tomonidan tarixiy shaharlar markazida turizmni boshqarishning zamonaviy modellari, ekologik va antropogen bosimni kamaytirish strategiyalari taklif etilmoqda. Adabiyotlarda turizm infratuzilmasini rivojlantirish va madaniy merosni muhofaza qilish o‘rtasida muvozanatni saqlash eng murakkab vazifa ekani qayd etiladi. Xususan, turistlar oqimining oshishi infratuzilmaviy kengayishni talab qiladi, bu esa ayrim hollarda tarixiy arxitektura yaxlitligiga xavf tug‘dirishi mumkin. Shu jihatdan, manbalarda davlat siyosati, turizm boshqaruvi va mahalliy jamoaning faol ishtiroki uyg‘unlashtirilishi lozimligi ta’kidlanadi. Buxoro va Samarqandda olib borilayotgan restavratsiya ishlari samarasini oshirish uchun xalqaro ekspertiza, innovatsion konservatsiya texnologiyalari va ilmiy asoslangan metodikalardan foydalanish zarur. Adabiyotlar tahlili shuni ko‘rsatadiki, merosni saqlash jarayonida iqtisodiy foyda va madaniy merosni himoya qilish bir-birini to‘ldirishi kerak bo‘lgan jarayonlar bo‘lib, ular o‘rtasida to‘g‘ri boshqaruv qarorlari qabul qilinishi hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega. Demak, ilmiy manbalar Buxoro va Samarqandda madaniy merosni saqlash masalalariga keng e’tibor qaratib, ushbu shaharlarni global madaniy turizm xaritasida munosib o‘rin egallashini ta’minlash uchun ham nazariy, ham amaliy yondashuvlarni taklif qiladi. Bu esa ushbu mavzuning keyingi tadqiqotlar uchun ham dolzarbligini ko‘rsatadi.
ISSN: 2582-4686 SJIF 2021-3.261,SJIF 20222.889, 2024-6.875 ResearchBib IF: 9.948 / 2024 VOLUME-5, ISSUE-11 35 Xulosa: Yuqoridagi ilmiy tahlillar va adabiyotlarni o‘rganish natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, Buxoro va Samarqand shaharlarining madaniy merosini saqlash va unga rioya etish masalasi O‘zbekistonning milliy taraqqiyot siyosati hamda xalqaro maydondagi nufuzini oshirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu tarixiy shaharlar o‘zida ko‘plab madaniy qatlamlar, me’moriy uslublar va sivilizatsiyalarning izini mujassam etgani bois dunyo madaniy merosining bebaho tarkibiy qismi hisoblanadi. Ularning asl qiyofasini saqlab qolish, nafosatini tiklash va jahon jamoatchiligiga munosib namoyish etish madaniy va ilmiy mas’uliyatdir. Merosni muhofaza qilish jarayonida turizmning jadal rivoji bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan antropogen bosimni kamaytirish, shaharsozlikdagi o‘zgarishlarni qat’iy nazorat qilish, ilmiy asoslangan restavratsiya me’yorlariga rioya qilish zarur. Tarixiy obyektlarni konservatsiya qilishda zamonaviy texnologiyalarni qo‘llash, yadroni muhofaza qilish zonalarini kengaytirish va madaniy manzarani bir butun holda saqlash xalqaro standartlarga mos bo‘lgan yondashuvlardir. Xalqaro tashkilotlar, xususan UNESCO bilan hamkorlikda amalga oshirilayotgan loyihalarning doimiyligi ushbu strategiyalarning muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirilishiga xizmat qiladi. Shu bilan birga, merosni boshqarishda mahalliy jamoalarning ishtirokini kuchaytirish, ta’lim va targ‘ibot orqali aholining mas’uliyatini oshirish, turizm infratuzilmasini madaniy muhitga mos rivojlantirish ham madaniy merosni asrab-avaylashda hal qiluvchi omil hisoblanadi. Buxoro va Samarqandning tarixiy-madaniy salohiyati faqatgina iqtisodiy manfaat emas, balki milliy o‘zlik, tarixiy xotira va ma’naviy merosni mustahkamlashga xizmat qilishi kerak. Xulosa o‘rnida ta’kidlash joizki, Buxoro va Samarqand shaharlarida madaniy merosning asrab-avaylanishi O‘zbekistonning xalqaro turizm sohasidagi mavqeini kuchaytiradi, milliy brendini yanada mustahkamlaydi hamda barqaror rivojlanish strategiyalarini ta’minlashga bevosita ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Ushbu yo‘nalishda ilmiyamaliy izlanishlarni davom ettirish tarixiy merosni kelajak avlodlarga to‘laqonli yetkazishning eng muhim garovidir. FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR 1. UNESCO. World Cultural Heritage List: Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2020. 2. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Turizm va madaniy meros vazirligi. Madaniy meros obyektlarini muhofaza qilish to‘g‘risidagi yillik hisobot. Toshkent, 2023. 3. Paskal, J. Cultural Heritage Preservation Technologies. London: Routledge, 2019. 4. Mirziyoyev Sh. M. Yangi O‘zbekiston taraqqiyot strategiyasi. Toshkent: O‘zbekiston nashriyoti, 2022. 5. Karimov H. Samarqand me’moriy obidalari tarixidan. Toshkent: Fan, 2021. 6. Samiyev A. Tarixiy obidalarni restavratsiya qilishning ilmiy asoslari. Toshkent: Fan, 2020. 7. Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC). Guidelines for Heritage Preservation. Berlin: GSTC Edition, 2022.