Towards a sustainable and ethic energy model: Glossary for the PhD / Energia eredu sostengarri eta etiko baterantz: Doktorego Tesirako Glosategia

Euskarazko Glosategia ahalduntze Norbait edo zerbait ahalduntzeko ekintza: boterea, eskubidea edo autoritatea ematea hainbat ekintza edo betebehar egiteko (Merriam-Webster,2024f). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi empowerment Aktore-Sarearen teoria Giza harremanen/gizakiz kanpokoen ikuspegi teoriko bat, gizaki ez diren "jarduleen " eta gizakien parte-hartze aktiboa azpimarratzen duena (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi Actor-Network Theory alborapen Oro har, lehentasun edo joera bat, batez ere judizio inpartziala inhibitzen duena. Laginketa estatistikoan ala frogatzean, emaitza batzuei besteei baino sistematikoki mesede egiteagatik sortutako errorea (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi bias, 127, 133 aldagi aske Aldagai bat, edo faktore bat, beste batean kausalki eragiten duena (mendeko aldagaia) (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi independent variable alderdi politiko Hauteskunde-bidez gobernu-boterea lortzeko eta botere hori berariazko programa bat aurrera eramateko helburuarekin sortutako erakundea (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi political party aniztasuna Elementu desberdinak izateko edo elementu desberdinez osatuta egoteko baldintza (Merriam-Webster,2024d). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi diversity aurreiritzi Gizabanako edo talde bati buruz aurrez pentsatutako ideiei eusten die; ideia horiek aldaketarekiko erresistenteak dira, baita informazio berrien aurrean ere. Aurreiritzia 1 GLOSATEGIA positiboa edo negatiboa izan daiteke (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi prejudice, 127 ausazko laginketa Lagin aukeraketa metodo bat, non populazioko indibiduo bakoitzak laginean sartzeko probabilitate bera duen (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi random sampling autokontsumo kontsumitzaile baten sarearen barruan konektatutako sortze-instalazioetatik edo kontsumitzaile bati loturiko energia elektrikoaren linea zuzen baten bidez datorren energia elektrikoaren kontsumoa (Gobierno de España, 2013, 18.orr, 9.1. art.). Ikusi self-consumption autokontsumo partekatua EBko RED II Zuzentarauan ezarritakoaren arabera: ‘Aldi berean jarduten duten autokontsumitzaile berriztagarriak’, hau da, gutxienez elkarrekin jarduten duten bi autokontsumitzaile berriztagarri biltzen dituen ‘taldea, (14) puntuaren arabera, eta eraikin berean edo apartamentu anitzeko blokean kokatuta daudenak’(Art. 2.15). Kontzeptu honek autokontsumo kolektiboaren forma bat deskribatzen du, kokapen geografiko zehatz bat partekatzen duten etxeentzat soilik posible dena (CEER, 2019) (Inês et al., 2020). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi collective self-consumption auto-kontzientzia Norberaren gizarte-nortasun baten kontzientzia, besteengandik bananduta dagoen pertsona den aldetik. Gizakiak ez dira autokontzientziarekin jaiotzen, baizik eta beren buruaren kontzientzia hartzen dute sozializazio goiztiarraren ondorioz (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi self-consciousness autoritate Max Weberri jarraituz, pertsona batek edo talde batek beste baten gainean duen botere legitimoa. Agintea menpekoek aginduak edo zuzentarauak emateko duten eskubidea onartzearen araberakoa da (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi authority azpigarapen Gizarte zientzietan erabilitako kontzeptua, mendebaldeko herrialdeek lehenago ustiatu edo kolonizatu zituzten gizarteen egoera ekonomikoa deskribatzeko. Garapenak iradokitzen duen prozesuaren bidez, estatu boteretsuek eta aberatsek modu aktiboan ustiatzen dituzte pobreak eta hain F2 GLOSATEGIA boteretsuak ez direnak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi underdevelopment bake-prozesuak Gatazka baten ondorengo egoeretan indarkeriari aurrea hartzea helburu duen jarduera multzoa, bai profesionalen ahalegin ofizial bidez, bai gizarte zibileko taldeen ekintza informalen bidez (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi peace processes baliabideak babestea baliabide bat berdin mantentzea edo kaltetzea eragoztea (Preservation,2025). Babestea eta kontserbatzearen artean, historikoki babesteak gizakiak baliabidetik kanpo mantentzeko joera du, eta kontserbazioak, berriz, baliabidea egoera onean mantentzekoa (Buys,2020). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi resource preservation baliabideak kontserbatzea landareak eta animaliak, naturaguneak, eta egitura eta eraikin interesgarri eta garrantzitsuak babestea, batez ere giza jardueraren ondorio kaltegarrietatik (Dictionary,2025). Babestea eta kontserbatzearen artean, historikoki babesteak gizakiak baliabidetik kanpo mantentzeko joera du, eta kontserbazioak, berriz, baliabidea egoera onean mantentzekoa (Buys,2020). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egina. Ikusi resource conservation baliabideen dilema Gizarte-dilema mota espezifiko bat, non pertsonek baliabide komun bat partekatu behar duten (Steg and de Groot,2018, 215. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi resource dilemma baliabideen esleipena Baliabide sozial eta materialak nola partekatzen dituzten talde sozialek edo gizarteko beste elementu batzuek, eta nola erabiltzen dituzten haiek (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi resource allocation balioak Gizabanakoek edo giza taldeek defendatzen dituzten ideiak, desiragarria, egokia, ona edo txarra denari buruz. Giza kulturako aldaketen funtsezko alderdiak adierazten dituzte balioek. Gizabanakoek balioesten dutenak bizi diren kultura espezifikoaren eragin handia du (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi values balio babestuak edo sakratuak Balio absolututzat eta negoziaezintzat jotzen direnak (Steg and de Groot,2018, p.24). F3 GLOSATEGIA Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi protected or sacred values banatze operadore energia elektrikoa banatzeaz gain, energia kontsumo-puntuetara eramango duten banaketainstalazioak eraikitzeko eta horietan mantentze-lanak egiteko eta jarduteko eginkizuna (Gobierno de España, 2013, 15 orr. 6.1e) art.). Ikusi distribution operator Barne-produktu gordin Herrialde bateko ekonomiak urte jakin batean ekoitzitako ondasun eta zerbitzu guztiak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi Gross domestic product belaunaldi Aldi berean jaio eta bizi diren banakoen talde osoa. Belaunaldiak jaio egiten dira, eta gizarte jakin batek moldatzen du haien esperientzia (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi generation berdintasun-printzipio Gizarte-dilema batean baliabideak kide bakoitzari modu berean banatzeko printzipioa (Steg and de Groot,2018, 215. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi equality principle berotegi-efektua Lurraren atmosferaren barruan beroa harrapatzen duten gasen metaketa. Berotegi-efektu "natural" batek Lurreko tenperaturak eroso mantentzen ditu, baina giza jardueren bidezko berotegi-efektuko gasen kontzentrazio altuak beroketa global azkarrarekin erlazionatu dira (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi greenhouse effect berotze global Lurraren azaleko batez besteko tenperatura pixkanaka igotzea. "Berotegi-efektua" modu naturalean gertatzen bada ere, berotze globalak berotegi-efektu handiagoa eragiten du, eta giza jarduerak eragiten du (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi global warming bideragarritasuna Arrakasta izateko edo eutsia izateko gaitasuna (Merriam-Webster,2024h). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi viability bilakaera sozial XIX. mendean biologiaren teoria bat erabili zen gizarteen epe luzeko garapena aztertzeko (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social evolution F4 GLOSATEGIA bioaniztasun Lur planetako bizi-formen aniztasuna (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi biodiversity bizi-estiloaren aukerak Gizabanakoek ondasunen, zerbitzuen eta kulturaren kontsumoari buruz hartutako erabakiak; soziologo askok klase-jarreren isla garrantzitsutzat hartzen dituzte (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi lifestyle choices bizi-ziklo Gizaki guztiak jaiotzatik heriotzara arteko etapa biologiko berberetatik igarotzen direla dioen zentzuzko ikuspegia (bizitzaren joairarekin kontrastean) (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi life cycle biztanleria Ikerketa sozial baten testuinguruan, ikerketa edo inkesta baten fokua diren pertsonak (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi population botere Aurkaratutako kontzeptu bat: Weberren aburuz, boterea norbanakoek edo taldeek euren helburuak lortzeko edo euren interesak sustatzeko duten gaitasuna da, baita oposizioaren aurka ere. Beste batzuek boterea produktiboak nahiz suntsitzaileak izan daitezkeen giza harreman guztien alderdi nonahiko gisa ikusten dute (Foucault) (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi power deforestazio Baso-lurrak suntsitzea, sarritan mozketa komertzialaren bidez (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi deforestation demokrazia Erabaki politikoak hartzerakoan herritarren parte hartzea aurreikusten duen sistema politikoa, sarritan zuzendaritza organoetako ordezkariak hautatuz (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi democracy demokrazia parte-hartzaile Demokrazia sistema bat, non talde edo komunitate bateko kide guztiek kolektiboki parte hartzen duten erabaki garrantzitsuak hartzeko orduan (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi participatory democracy desertifikazio Eremu handietako basamortuen antzeko baldintzak sorrarazten dituzten lurren degradazio handiko kasuak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi desertification F5 GLOSATEGIA desertzio Norberaren interesean jardutea (Steg and de Groot, 2018, 215. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi defection deskontu tenporala Emaitza berantiarrak berehalakoak baino gutxiago baloratzeko joera duen fenomeno psikologikoa (Steg and de Groot,2018, 24. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi temporal discounting desmerkantilizazio Gizarte-laguntzako prestazioaren testuinguruan, ongizate-zerbitzuak merkatu-printzipioetatik libre dauden maila. Sistema merkantilista batean, ongizate zerbitzuak merkatuan salduko diren salgaitzat hartzen dira (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi decommodification dibertsifikazioa Enpresa baten produktu-aukera handitzeko egintza edo politika (Merriam-Webster,2024e). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi diversification dilema handiak Gizarte-dilema mota espezifiko bat non, pertsona-talde handiek anonimotasun handian, komunikazio-maila baxuan, unitate kolektibo baxuan eta bereizketa geografiko altuan jarduten duten (Steg and de Groot,2018, 215. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi large-scale dilemmas dilema sozial Epe laburreko onura pertsonala eta kolektiboaren epe luzeko onura elkarren kontrakoak diren egoerak (Steg and de Groot,2018, 215. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social dilemma diskriminazio Talde jakin bateko kideen gehiengoarentzat eskuragarri dauden baliabideak edo sariak ukatzen dizkieten ekintzak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi discrimination diskurtso Pentsamendu-esparruak gizarte-bizitzako arlo jakin batean. Adibidez, kriminalitatearen diskurtsoa delinkuentzia pentsatzeko eta eztabaidatzeko modu dominatzaileei dagokie (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi discourses egokitzeko gaitasuna Egokitua izateko edo izatera iristeko gaitasuna (Merriam-Webster,2024a). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi adaptability F6 GLOSATEGIA ekitate-printzipio Gizarte-dilema batean baliabideak kide bakoitzari meritu eta ekarpenen arabera banatzeko printzipioa (Steg and de Groot,2018, 215. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi equity principle ekoeraginkortasun Hazkunde ekonomikoa sortzen duten teknologiak garatzea, baina ingurune naturalarentzat ahalik eta kostu txikienarekin (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi eco-efficiency ekonomia Gizarte jakin batean bizi diren gizabanakoen behar materialak aintzat hartzen dituen produkzioeta trukesistema. Sistema ekonomikoak oso ezberdinak dira; kapitalismoa sistema dinamikoena eta zabalduena bihurtu da mundu garaikidean (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi economy ekonomia sozial eta solidarioa funtzionamendu demokratikoan eta eskubide eta betebeharren kudeaketan eta ekitatean oinarrituta, ondasun eta onurak banatzeko araubide berezia aplikatzen duten sektore publikotik kanpoko erakundeen taldea (Guridi and Perez de Mendiguren,2014). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social and solidarity economy ELGE Ekonomia Lankidetza eta Garapenaren Erakundea - 1961ean sortutako nazioarteko erakundea. ELGEk bere kideei "hazkunde ekonomiko jasangarria" eta enplegua lortzen laguntzea du helburu (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi OECD elkarrekintza soziala Gizabanakoen arteko edozein elkartze sozial. Gizarte-interakzioa pertsonek bizi dituzten egoera formalei zein informalei dagokie. Gizarte-interakzioko egoera formal baten ilustrazio bat eskola-ikasgela bat da; interakzio informalaren adibide bat kalean edo festa batean biltzen diren bi pertsona dira (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social interaction elkarrizketa Banan-banako elkarrizketen helburua bizitza sozialaren alderdiren bati buruzko informazioa lortzea den. Elkarrizketak egituratuak, erdi egituratuak edo irekiak izan daitezke, bilatzen den informazio motaren arabera (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi interviews, 133 F7 GLOSATEGIA elkartasun Durkheimen ustez, kohesioaren barne-indar sozialak forma "mekaniko" eta "organikoetan" bana daitezke (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi solidarity elkartasun organiko Emile Durkheimen arabera, gizartekohesiorako modu bat da, emaitza gisa osotasun integratu gisa funtzionatzen duen gizarte baten atalak ematen dituena, bereziki lanaren banaketa zabalduaren bidez (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi organic solidarity emigrazio Herrialde batetik kanpo pertsonak mugitzea, beste batean finkatzeko (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi emigration energia Egunerokotasunean: Sustantzia multzo edo sistema batek lan bat garatzeko duen ahalmena. Fisikarien arabera, 1807an Youngek honela definitu zuen, "masa-kantitatea bider abiaduraren karratua" (Frontali,2014). Ikusi energy energia-bektore Energia-bektore baten bidez, energia-kantitate bat transferi daiteke espazioan eta denboran (Orecchini, 2006). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi energy vector energia berriztagarri komunitate Energia-komunitate bat, berriztagarriak ez diren energia-iturrien ordez berriztagarriak erabiltzen dituena, berriztagarriak ez diren energiakontsumoak murrizteko. -Iturria: Norberak egina EBk bere definizio propioa aurkezten du D(EU)2018/2001 zuzentarauean, zeina espainiar legedian sartu den RD-L23/2020 dokumentuaren bidez: "Energia berriztagarrien komunitateak, hau da, partaidetza ireki eta borondatezkoan oinarritutako erakunde juridikoak, autonomoak eta bazkideek edo kideek benetan kontrolatuak. Erakunde juridiko horien jabetzakoak diren eta horiek garatu dituzten energia berriztagarrien proiektuen inguruan daude kokatuta, eta haien bazkideak edo kideak pertsona fisikoak, ETEak edo tokiko agintariak izan daitezke, udalerriak barne, eta haien helburu nagusia da bazkideei edo kideei edo haiek jarduten duten tokiko guneei ingurumen-, ekonomiaedo gizarte-onurak ematea" (Gobierno de España,2013, art 6.1.j)). Ikusi renewable energy community F8 GLOSATEGIA energia-demokrazia energiaren kontrol kolektiboa, energiaren erauzketaeta ekoizpen-prozesuetatik hasi eta horniduraraino eta banaketaraino, bai eta finantza-, teknologiaeta ezagutza-alderdiena ere (Angel,2016). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi energy democracy energia-ekoizle energia elektrikoa sortzen duena (Gobierno de España,2013, p.15); hots, beste energia mota batetik energia elektrikorako eraldaketa egiten duena. Izan liteke ere beste mota bateko energia-ekoizlea. Ikusi energy producer energia-erabiltzaile energiak emandako abantaila edo zerbitzuak (mugimendua, argia, beroa, datu kudeaketa...) erabiltzen dituen pertsona. Ez du zertan energia hori ordaintzen duen pertsona bera izan behar (kontsumitzailea). Adibidez: familietako haurrak edo kiroldegi bateko erabiltzaileak energia erabiltzaileak dira, ez kontsumitzaileak. Iturria: norberak egina. Ikusi energy user energia intentsitatea ekonomia batek ekoizpen-prozesu jakin batean balio erantsi unitarioagatik erabiltzen duen energiakantitatea, edo ekoizpen-prozesuan erabiltzen den energiaren intentsitatea (Aydin and Esen,2017). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi energy intensity energia-iturri Zuzenean edo bihurtze-prozesu baten ondoren energia erabilgarria lortzeko aukera ematen duen edozer, energia nahiz gaia. Adibidez, petrolioa, harrikatza, gas naturala, biomasa, material fisionagarriak, eguzki-erradiazioa, haizearen indarra, uraren indarra, mareak, uhinak, lurpeko berotasuna eta abar (Elhuyar,n.d.). Ikusi energy source energia iturri berriztaezin Naturan etengabe berritzen ez den eta agor daitekeen energia-iturria edo, giza erabileraren ikuspegitik, ustiatzen den abiaduran berritzen ez delako agortzeko arriskua duena. Energia-iturri berriztaezinen artean, erregai fosilak (harrikatza, petrolioa, gas naturala) eta fisiozko erreaktore nuklearretan erabiltzen diren erregai nuklearrak (Elhuyar,n.d.).. Ikusi non-renewable energy sources energia iturri berriztagarri Naturan etengabe berritzen den eta agortzen ez den energia-iturria edo, giza erabileraren ikuspegitik, agorrezintzat jo daitekeena. Energia-iturri berriztagarrien artean biomasa, energia geotermikoa, energia hidraulikoa, eguzki-energia, haize-energia eta itsas energia F9 GLOSATEGIA kalizatuagoak eragin ditzaken (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social unrest gizarte-mugikortasun Gizabanakoak edo taldeak posizio sozioekonomiko batetik bestera mugitzea. Mugikortasun bertikala, estratifikazio-sistema batean hierarkia batean gora edo behera egiten den mugimenduari dagokio. Alboko mugikortasuna, berriz, gizabanakoen edo taldeen mugimendu fisikoari dagokio eskualde batetik bestera (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social mobility gizarte-mugimendu Ezarritako erakunde politikoen esparrutik kanpo jardunez interes erkidea sustatzeko edo helburu erkidea ziurtatzeko ahalegin kolektiboak. Gizarte-mugimenduek gizarte-aldaketa eragin edo blokeatu nahi izaten dute, eta, normalean, gatazka-harremanetan izaten dira helburuak eta perspektibak maiz aurka dituzten erakundeekin (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social movement gizarte-murrizketa Gure talde eta gizarteek gure portaeran eragin baldintzatzailea dutela adierazten du termino horrek. Gizarte-murrizketa "gizarte-gertaeren" ezaugarri bereizgarritzat jo zuen Durkheimek (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social constraint gizarte zibil Estatuaren eta merkatuaren (familia, eskolak, elkarte komunitarioak eta erakunde ez-ekonomikoak barne) arteko jarduera-eremua (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak moldatua. Ikusi civil society globalizazio Munduko herri, eskualde eta herrialdeen arteko interdependentzia gero eta handiagoa, harreman sozial eta ekonomikoak mundu osora zabaltzen diren heinean (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi globalization glokalizazio Globalizazio-prozesuen eta tokiko testuinguruen konbinazioa, askotan tokiko eta eskualdeko kulturak gutxitu beharrean indartu egiten dituena (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi glocalization gobernantza Pertsona talde batek desio dituen helburuak erdiesteko beharrezkoak diren arauak ezarri eta betearazteko askotariko prozesuetatik edozein (Florini and Sovacool, 2009). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi governance F16 GLOSATEGIA gobernantza global Nazioarteko gaiak arautzen dituzten arau eta arauen esparrua eta esparru hori bermatzeko beharrezkoak diren erakundeen multzoa (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi global governance gobernu funtzionarioek beren politikak aplikatzen dituztela gainbegiratzen duten agintari politikoez hitz egiteko erabiltzen da. Gizarte moderno gehienetan, agintari politikoak hautatu egiten dira, eta haien funtzionarioak, esperientzia eta kualifikazioa oinarri hartuta izendatzen dira (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi government gobernuz kanpoko erakundeak Partikularren edo hura osatzen duten erakunde pribatuen arteko akordioen bidez ezarritako erakundea. Egokitua (Giddens and Sutton,2013).Ikusi nongovernmental organizations gogoeta sozial Pertsonek gehiago eta etengabe hausnartzea beren bizitzako inguruabarrei eta hartu behar dituzten aukerei buruz (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social reflexivity goi-klase Gizarteko kiderik aberatsenek osatzen dute klase sozial hori, batez ere aberastasuna jaso dutenek, enpresa handiak dituztenek edo propietate eta akzio ugari dituztenek (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi upper class greba Langile-talde batek lana etetea/lana uztea helburu espezifikoetarako (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi strike gutizia Norberaren interesa maximizatzeko helburua islatzen duen arrazoia gizarte-dilemetan (Steg and de Groot,2018, 215. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi greed Hego Globala Iparralde Globala eta Hegoalde Globala terminoek herrialdeen taldekatze-metodo bat adierazten dute, sozioekonomia eta politika definitzen dituzten ezaugarrietatik abiatuta. UNCTAD Merkataritza eta Garapenerako Nazio Batuen Erakundearen arabera, Hegoalde Globalak, oro har, Afrika, Latinoamerika eta Karibe, Asia (Israel, Japonia eta Hego Korea izan ezik) eta Ozeania (Australia eta Zeelanda Berria izan ezik) hartzen ditu (United Nations Conference F17 GLOSATEGIA on Trade and Development,2022). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi Global South herrialde garatuak Industrializazio-prozesu batetik igaro diren eta per capita BPG nahiko handia eta bizi-maila handia duten diru-sarrera handiko herrialdeak (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi developed countries herritar energia-komunitate Herritarrek energia modu unibertsal, merke eta eraginkorrean eskuratzea helburu duen energia-komunitatea (HEK). Iturria: Norberak egina EBk bere definizio propioa aurkezten du D(EB) 2019/944 zuzentarauan, Espainiako legediak onartu duena. EBren arabera, HEK (11. art.): "entitate juridiko bat da, non: a) parte-hartze boluntario eta irekian oinarritzen da, eta pertsona fisikoak, toki-erakundeak, udalak barne, edo enpresa txikiak diren kideek edo akziodunek modu eraginkorrean kontrolatzen dute; b) helburu nagusitzat du ingurumen-, ekonomiaedo gizarte-onurak ematea bere kide edo akziodunei edo jarduten duen tokiko eremuei, finantza-etekinak sortzea baino gehiago; eta c) sorkuntzan parte hartu ahal izango du, baita iturri berriztagarrietatik, banaketan, horniduran, kontsumoan, agregazioan, energia-metaketan, energia-eraginkortasuneko zerbitzuetan edo kargan ibilgailu elektrikoentzako zerbitzuak edo beste energia-zerbitzu batzuk ematea bere kideei edo akziodunei;". Ikusi citizen energy community herrixka global Ideia hori Marchn McLuhanekin lotuta dago. Komunikazio elektronikoaren hedapena (telebista eta Internet, esaterako) munduarentzat elementu lotesle gisa ikusi zuen, komunitate bakar eta koherente batean (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi global village hezkuntza Belaunaldien bidez ezagutzak eta gaitasunak transmititzea sustatzen eta ahalbidetzen duen gizarteerakundea (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi education hipotesi Gauzen egoera jakin bati buruzko ideia edo suposamendu hezitua, termino zehatzetan planteatua, froga enpirikoetarako oinarria emateko (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi hypothesis hiri global Londres, New York edo Tokio bezalako hiri bat, munduko ekonomia berriaren gune antolatzaile bihurtu deF18 GLOSATEGIA na (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi global city hiritar Komunitate politiko bateko kidea, kide izate horri lotutako eskubide eta betebeharrekin (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak moldatua. Ikusi citizen hiritartasun ekologikoa Hiritartasunaren hedapen berri samarra, pertsonek ingurune naturalarekiko dituzten eskubide eta erantzukizunak barne hartzeko (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi ecological citizenship Hiru Munduren Eredua Lehen, bigarren eta hirugarren munduko mundua zatitzen duen eredu zaharrago bat: garapen ekonomiko handiko eta batez besteko diru-sarrera handiko herrialdeen lehen mundu bat; gorabidean dauden ekonomien bigarren mundu bat, Ekialdeko Europako gizarte komunistak barne; garapen industrial gutxi edo batere ez duten hego hemisferioko herrialde pobreagoen hirugarren mundu bat. Hiru munduren ereduak indarra galdu zuen 1970ean (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi Three Worlds Model identitate Pertsona baten izaeraren ezaugarri bereizgarriak, nortzuk diren eta zer den esanguratsua beraientzat. Iturri nagusiak generoa, orientazio sexuala, nazionalitatea edo jatorri etnikoa, eta klase soziala dira (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi identity ideologia Talde nagusien interesak justifikatzeko balio duten ideia edo sinesmen partekatuak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi ideology, 123 ikerketa metodo Informazio enpirikoa (objektiboa) biltzeko erabiltzen diren ikerketa-metodoak. Soziologian ikerketa metodo ugari erabiltzen dira, eta "metodo mistoen" aldeko joera dago (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi research methods ikerketa metodo kualitatiboak Aztertutako gizartefenomenoak hobeto ulertzeko, datu zehatzak eta aberatsak biltzen dituzten metodoak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi qualitative research methods F19 GLOSATEGIA ikerketa metodo kuantitatiboak Gizarte-fenomenoak eredu matematiko eta teknika estatistikoak erabiliz neurtzea eta aztertzea ahalbidetzen duten metodo soziologikoak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi quantitative research methods ikuspegi globala Fenomeno baten ikuspegi globala, kausak eta ondorioak kontuan hartuta, bai maila lokalean, bai globalean. Norberak egina. Ikusi global vision Industria Iraultza XVII. mendearen erdialde eta XX. mendearen hasiera arteam industriaren forma modernoen garapena inguratu zuten eraldaketa sozial, ekonomiko eta teknologiko multzoa (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi Industrial Revolution industrializazio gizakien eta animalien lana makinekin ordeztea, fabriketan, makinetan eta eskala handiko ekoizpenprozesuetan industriaren forma modernoak garatzetik hasita (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi industrialization industriondoko gizarte Industria osteko gizarteak zerbitzuetan eta informazioaren ekoizpenean oinarritzen dira, eta ez ondasun materialetan. Gizarte garatu gehienak postindustrialak dira zentzu horretan (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi post-industrial society informazio gizarte Gizarte hau ez da nagusiki ondasun materialen ekoizpenean oinarritzen, baizik eta ezagutzen ekoizpenean; estu lotuta dago informazioaren teknologiaren gehikuntzarekin (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi information society informazio pobrezia "Informazio pobreak" dira informazioaren teknologiarako sarbide gutxi edo batere ez dutenak; ordenagailuak, adibidez (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi information poverty ingurugiro Gizakiak ez diren mundu naturala, zeinen barruan gizarteak dauden. Zentzu zabalenean, ingurumena Lur planeta da (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi environment ingurugiro aztarna Pertsona batek, populazio batek edo jarduera batek behar duen biologikoki produktiboa den lureta urazaleraren neurketa, honek kontsumitzen dituen baliabide F20 GLOSATEGIA guztiak ekoizteko eta sortzen dituen hondakinak xurgatzeko, horretarako nagusi diren teknologiak eta baliabide kudeaketa praktikak erabiliz. Aztarna ekologikoa hektarea globaletan neurtzen da normalean. Merkataritza globala denez, norbanako edo herrialde baten aztarnak mundu osoko lurra edo itsasoa barne hartzen du. Besterik zehaztu gabe, aztarna ekologikoa kontsumoaren aztarna ekologikoari dagokio, oro har. Aztarna ekologikoari aztarna esaten zaio maiz, labur-labur (Global Footprint Network,n.d.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi environmental footprint ingurumen-arazoak Gizarte-harremanak eta gizakiak ez diren fenomeno naturalak barne hartzen dituen gizarteko arazoei deritze; hau da, gizartearen eta naturaren hibridoak dira (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi environmental issues ingurumen-justizia Pertsona guztiek ingurumen osasuntsu eta iraunkorra izateko eskubidea dutenaren ideia. Komunitate pobreek jasaten dituzten ingurumen-arrisku neurrigabeak ezabatzea izan da kanpainen helburu nagusia (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi environmental justice ingurumen-kriminologia Delinkuentzia murrizteko eta prebenitzeko ikuspegi bat, delituekiko erresistenteak diren inguruneen diseinuan oinarritua, delitugileak erreformatzen saiatu beharrean (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi environmental criminology inkesta Ikerketa soziologikorako metodo bat da, eta, oro har, aztergai den populazio bati galdeketak ematea eta haren erantzunen analisi estatistikoa egitea eskatzen du, patroiak edo erregulartasunak aurkitzeko (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi survey, 123 inklusibo Guztiak barne hartuta, bereziki: historikoki baztertu diren pertsonak barne hartuta eta horiei lekua utzita (arraza, generoa, sexualitatea edo gaitasuna direla eta) (MerriamWebster,2024g). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi inclusive inpartzialtasun Gizarte-dilemetan dagoen arrazoi bat, baliabideak banaketa-printzipio jakin baten arabera banatzeko helburua islatzen duena (adib. ekitatea, berdintasuna edo preF21 GLOSATEGIA mia) (Steg and de Groot,2018, 215. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi fairness Internet Ordenagailuen arteko konexio-sistema global bat, pertsonak elkarrekin komunikatzeko eta World Wide Web-ean informazioa aurkitzeko aukera ematen duena ikusizko, soinuko eta testuko bitartekoak erabiliz (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi Internet Ipar Globala Iparralde Globala eta Hegoalde Globala terminoek herrialdeen taldekatze-metodo bat adierazten dute, sozioekonomia eta politika definitzen dituzten ezaugarrietatik abiatuta. UNCTAD Merkataritza eta Garapenerako Nazio Batuen Erakundearen arabera, Ipar Globalak, Ipar Amerika eta Europa, Israel, Japonia, Hego Korea, Australia eta Zeelanda Berria hartzen ditu (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,2022). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi Global North iraultza Aldaketa politikoko prozesu bat, masa-mugimendu sozial baten mobilizazioa dakarrena, lehendik dagoen erregimen bat arrakastaz gainditzen duena. Iraultzak estatu kolpeetatik bereizten dira, masa mugimendu bat inplikatzen dutelako. Indarkeria ekar dezakete, baina azkenaldian funtsean baketsuak edo "belusezko iraultzak" ere izan dira (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi revolution iraunkor Etorkizunean epe luzera, etengabe, jarraitzeko ahalmena duen prozesu, produktu edo sistema baten kualitatea. Iturria: norberak egina, iraunkortasun definizioan oinarrituz (Porrit,2007). Ikusi sustainable iraunkortasun Iraunkortasuna hoberen defini daiteke etorkizunean epe luzera jarraitzeko gaitasuntzat. Mugarik gabe egiten jarrai daitekeen guztia jasangarria da. Etengabe egin ezin den guztia jasanezina da. Alde horretatik, jasangarritasuna azken helburua edo desio den helmuga da, bai giza espeziearentzat, bai beste edozein espezierentzat (Porrit, 2007, 21.orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi sustainability iturri Dokumentu batek, argitalpen bateko pasarte batek edo bestelako informazioak osatzen du (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi source, 122 F22 GLOSATEGIA iturri primario Ikertzaileek aztertu nahi duten denboraldian (bigarren mailako iturriekin kontrastean) sortutako edozein iturri (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi primary source, 133 iturri sekundarioa Aurreko batean sortutako materiala eztabaidatzen, interpretatzen edo ordezkatzen duen edozein iturri (lehen mailako iturriarekin kontrastatzen du) (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi secondary source jabetza banatua Jabetza eredu bat non proiektu amankomun baten jabe anitzek demokratikoki banatutako erabaki ahalmena aplikatzen duten. Norberak landua (Gorroño-Albizu, 2021, 54. orr.) iturrian oinarrituta.. Ikusi distributed ownership justizia Inpartziala, bidezkoa, zuzena, egiazkoa edo ideal edo printzipio baten araberakoa izatearen kualitatea. Iturria: Merriam-Webster lineako hiztegia. Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi justice kapitalismo Irabaziak bilatzean eta merkatuan trukatzean oinarritutako sistema ekonomikoa. "Kapital" gisa ulertuko da edozein aktibo (dirua, jabetza eta makinak barne) salmentarako produktuak ekoizteko edo mozkin bat lortzeko itxaropenarekin merkatu batean inbertitzeko erabil daitekeena (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi capitalism kapitalista Produkzio-bideen -enpresak, lursailak, ekintzak eta akzioakjabeak eta hauek itzulkin ekonomikoa eragiteko erabiltzen dituztenak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua . Ikusi capitalist kapital kultural Eskuratzen dituztenei abantailak ematen dizkieten ezagutza-, trebetasuneta hezkuntza-motak. Kapital kulturala haragiztatua izan daiteke (hizkera edo gorputz portaera moduetan), objektibatua (kultur produktuetan, hala nola artelanetan) edo instituzionalizatua (hezkuntza kualifikazioetan) (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi cultural capital karbono-baxuko energia eredua Negutegi efektuko gasen isuri nabarmenki murritza duen energia eredua. Iturria: norberak F23 GLOSATEGIA egina gainerako definizioetan oinarrituz.. Ikusi low-carbon energy model kide Komunitatea osatzen duen indibiduo bakoitza. Iturria: norberak egina. Ikusi community-member kidetasun Harreman estua edo intimoa. "Kide izatearen sentimendua " (Merriam-Webster,2024c). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Autoreak erantsia: Nork bere buruaren identifikazioan eragina duena. Ikusi belonging klase Marxen aburuz, produkzio bideekin harreman komun batean dagoen pertsona talde bat, jabe edo ez jabe gisa. Weberrek maila ekonomiko gisa ikusi zuen klasea, eta estatus sozialarekin eta "partidu" afiliazio kidetasunekin duen interakzioa azpimarratu zuen. Definizio berrienek okupazioa, propietateak eta aberastasuna edo bizimoduak nabarmentzen dituzte (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi class klase ertain Lanbide profesionaletan, administratiboetan eta kudeaketakoetan lan egiten duten askotariko pertsonak, lotutako arau, balio eta bizimoduekin (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi middle class klima aldaketa Arrazoi naturalen edo giza arrazoien ondorioz, epe luzera (hamarkadak edo gehiago) batez bestekoan eta tenperaturaren aldakortasunean gertatzen den edozein aldaketa. Klima eta eguraldia desberdinak dira (Steg and de Groot,2018). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi climate change kolonialismo Mendebaldeko nazioek beren jatorrizko lurraldeetatik urrun zeuden munduko zenbait tokitan beren gobernua ezartzeko prozesua (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak moldatua. Ikusi colonialism komunikabideen arauketa Komunikabideen jabetza eta komunikabideen komunikazioen edukia kontrolatzeko bitarteko juridikoak erabiltzea (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi media regulation komunikazio Pertsona edo talde batetik bestera informazioa transmititzea, aurrez aurreko elkarrizketa (gorputzhizkuntza eta -seinaleak barne) eta bitarteko inprimatu nahiz elektronikoak erabiltzea, hala nola Interneteko txataretoak eta telefono adimendunak (Giddens and Sutton, F24 GLOSATEGIA 2013) Itzulpena: Elia, norberak moldatua. Ikusi communication komunismo Teorikoki, ekoizpen eta banaketa bitartekoen jabetza komunala ezaugarri duen gizartea. Oro har, Karl Marx-ekin lotuta dago, eta antzinako Sobietar Batasuna eta Ekialdeko Europako zati handi bat deskribatzeko erabiltzen da (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak moldatua. Ikusi communism komunitate Helburu komun baten inguruan antolatzen den pertsona-taldea (komunitateko kideak). Komunitateak kideen arteko harremana antolatzen du helburu(ar)ekin eta jarduteko modu(ar)ekin; modu kolektiboan (komuna eta hitzartua) egungo arazoak, planak eta ekintzak aztertzen ditu, egungo egoera nahi den helburu(eta)rantz bideratzeko. Ikusi community komunitate birtual Webean oinarritutako taldeak, iraupen luzeko eztabaida publikoetan errotuak eta ziberespazioan harreman pertsonalak eratzeko giza sentimendu nahikoa dutenak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi virtual community konfiantza handiko sistema Pertsonei lan-zereginaren gaineko autonomia eta kontrol handia uzten dieten erakundeak edo lan-inguruneak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi high-trust system konfidantza gutxiko sistema Antolaketaedo lan-giroa, non norbanakoek erantzukizun edo kontrol gutxi duten laneginkizunaren gainean (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi low-trust systems kontsumitzaile gizarte Modu dinamikoan ekoitzitako produktuen kontsumoa sustatzen duen gizarte mota bat, hein batean kontsumismoaren ideologiaren bidez, zeinak iradokitzen duen kontsumo masiboa handitzea onuragarria dela guztiontzat (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak moldatua. Ikusi consumer society kontsumo kolektibo Manuel Castells-ek erabilitako kontzeptua, hiriak sustatutako ondasun komunen kontsumoari buruzkoa, hala nola garraioeta aisialdi-zerbitzuak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak moldatua. Ikusi collective consumption F25 GLOSATEGIA subiranotasun Monarka, buruzagi edo gobernu baten botere titulu gorena, muga argi bat duen eremu baten gainean (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi sovereignity talde sozial Elkarri modu sistematikoan eragiten dioten banakoen bilduma. Taldeak oso elkarte txikietatik eskala handiko erakunde edo gizarteetara alda daitezke. Tamaina edozein dela ere, talde baten ezaugarri bereizgarria da taldekideek identitate komun baten kontzientzia izatea (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social group teknologia Ezagutzaren aplikazioa mundu materialaren ekoizpenean. Gizakiak naturarekin duen interakzioan erabiltzen diren tresna materialak (makinak, adibidez) sortzea dakar teknologiak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi technology teoria Aldizka behatutako gertaerak azaltzen dituzten propietate orokorrak identifikatzeko saiakera bat. Teoriak ikuspegi teoriko zabalagoei lotuta egon ohi dira, baina ikerketaren emaitzek ere eragin handia dute, eta horiek sortzen laguntzen dute (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi theory tokiko energia komunitatea COM(2016)864 direktibaren zirriborroaren arabera, tokiko energia-komunitate bat da: "tokiko akziodun edo kideen kontrolpean dagoen elkarte, kooperatiba, sozietate, irabazi-asmorik gabeko erakunde edo bestelako erakunde juridiko bat, normalean baliora bideratua errentagarritasunera baino gehiago, sorkuntza banatura eta tokiko banaketa-sarearen kudeatzaile, hornitzaile edo agregatzaile baten jarduerak egitera bideratua, baita mugaz haraindi ere " (COM(2016)864 - Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity (Recast) - EU Monitor, 2016). Baina definizio hori ez zen jaso HEKak definitzen dituen D(EU) 2018/2001ean, ezta EBKak definitzen dituen D(EU) 2019/944an ere. Aldiz, Europako Kooperatiba Energetikoen Federazioaren (RESCoop.EU) arabera, "energia sektorearekin lotutako jarduera batean elkarlanean aritu nahi duten herritarrak antolatzeko modu bat dira, partaidetza eta gobernantza ireki eta demokratikoan oinarrituta, eta jarduerak bertako kideei edo tokiko komunitateari zerbitzuak F32 GLOSATEGIA edo bestelako onurak eskaintzeko moduan. Alde horretatik, energia-komunitateek merkatuko beste eragile mota bat dira, eta negozioak egiteko beste modu/filosofia bat adierazten dute. Energia komunitateen helburu nagusia berrikuntza soziala sortzea da: helburu ez komertzialekin jarduera ekonomiko batean parte hartzea " (López,2023). Ikusi local energy community Transnazionalak (ETN) Bi herrialde edo gehiagotan kokatutako merkataritza-enpresak. ETNek oinarri nazional argia dutenean ere, munduko merkatuetara eta munduko irabazietara bideratuta daude (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi Transnational Corporations (TNCs), 57 transnazional geozentrikoak Enpresa transnazionalak, nazioarteko kudeaketa-egitura dutenak herrialde askotan (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi geocentric transnationals trantsizio-ekosoziala "trantsizio ekosozialaren kontzeptuak garapenaren dimentsio ekologikoak, ekonomikoak eta sozialak konbinatzen ditu, eta iraunkortasun sozialaren eta ekologikoaren arteko lotura interesatzen zaio. Gero eta jardueraeremu praktiko gehiago jorratzen dira trantsizio ekosozialeko ereduak bilatuz, hala nola bizitza kulturala, elikagaien ekoizpena eta banaketa, tokiko gobernantza, garraioa eta etxebizitza" (Matthies and Narhi,2017). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi ecosocial transition triangulaketa Ikerketa-metodo anitzak erabiltzea, eskura dagoena baino datu enpiriko fidagarriagoak sortzeko modu gisa, metodo bakarra da (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi triangulation ulermen partekatuak Pertsonek dituzten kasu komunak, elkarri sistematikoki eragiten diotenak (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi shared understandings ustiaketa Harreman sozial edo instituzional bat, zeinetan alde batek bestearen lepotik onura ateratzen duen boterean dagoen desoreka baten bidez (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Norberak egina. Ikusi exploitation F33 GLOSATEGIA zero garbi ZeroGarbi, berez, kontzeptu zientifikoa da. Helburua munduko batez besteko tenperaturen igoera muga batzuen barruan mantentzea bada, fisikak esan nahi du atmosferari baimentzen zaion karbono dioxidoaren aurrekontu finitu bat dagoela, berotegi efektuko beste gas batzuekin batera. Aurrekontu horretatik haratago, liberazio berri oro orekatu egin behar da, hobietan desagerraraziz (Fankhauser et al., 2022). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi net zero zientzia Zientziak - eta soziologiak, zientzia den aldetik - datu enpirikoak diziplinaz ordenatzea eskatzen du, eta, horrekin batera, datu horiek argitzen edo azaltzen dituzten teoriak eraikitzea (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi science zilegitasun Gobernatuta daudenek egoera jakin bat bidezkoa eta baliozkoa dela onartzea (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi legitimacy ziurgabetasun sozial Beste kide batzuen aukeren inguruko ziurgabetasun egoera, dilema sozial batean (Steg and de Groot, 2018, 215. orr.). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi social uncertainty zor ekologikoa Ingurumen-injustizia historikoen batuketa metagarriaren edo garbiaren adierazle bat da (Warlenius et al., 2015). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi ecological debt zuhurtzia-printzipio Balizko arriskuei buruz nahikoa zalantza dagoenean, dauden praktikak aldatzea baino hobe dela mantentzea uste izatea (Giddens and Sutton,2013). Itzulpena: Elia, norberak egokitua. Ikusi precaucionary principle F34 Glossary in English absolute poverty Poverty as defined in terms of the minimum requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see probrezia absolutu, 14 Actor-Network Theory A theoretical approach to human/nonhuman relations that insists on the active involvement of non-human ‘actants’ as well as human beings (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see Aktore-Sarearen teoria adaptability Capable of being or becoming adapted (MerriamWebster,2024a). see egokitzeko gaitasuna asequible Able to be afforded : having a cost that is not too high (Merriam-Webster,2024b). see erosgarri attributional ambiguity It occurs when there are multiple plausible alternative explanations making it difficult to know which explanation is most valid (Steg and de Groot,2018, p.31). see eratxikigarritasun anbiguotasuna authority Following Max Weber, the legitimate power which one person or a group holds over another. Authority depends on the acceptance by subordinates of the right of those above them to give orders or directives (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see autoritate, 24 belonging Close or intimate relationship. ‘A sense of belonging’ (Merriam-Webster,2024c). Added by the author: Influencing self-identification. see kidetasun bias Generally a preference or an inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgement. In statistical sampling or testing, an error caused by systematically favouring some outcomes over others (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see alborapen 1 GLOSSARY biodiversity The diversity of species of life forms on planet Earth (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see bioaniztasun capitalism An economic system based on profit-seeking and market exchange. ‘Capital’ refers to any asset, including money, property and machines, which can be used to produce commodities for sale or invested in a market with the hope of achieving a profit (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see kapitalismo capitalist Those who own the means of production - companies, land, stocks and shares - and use these to generate an economic return (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see kapitalista causal relationship A relationship in which one state of affairs - the effect - is brougth about by another - the cause (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see erlazio kausala citizen A member of a political community, having both rights and duties associated with that membership (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see hiritar, 1 citizen energy community An energy community that focuses on universal, cheap and efficient access to energy for citizens (CEC). Source: own definition. The EU presents its own definition in directive D(EU) 2019/944, which has been adopted by Spanish legislation. According to EU, CEC is (from Art.11): ‘ a legal entity that: (a) is based on voluntary and open participation and is effectively controlled by members or shareholders that are natural persons, local authorities, including municipalities, or small enterprises; (b) has for its primary purpose to provide environmental, economic or social community benefits to its members or shareholders or to the local areas where it operates rather than to generate financial profits; and (c) may engage in generation, including from renewable sources, distribution, supply, consumption, aggregation, energy storage, energy efficiency services or charging services for electric vehicles or provide other energy services to its members or shareholders;’. see herritar energia-komunitate civil society The realm of activity between the state and the market, including family, schools, community associations and non-economic institutions (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see gizarte zibil, 29 G2 GLOSSARY class For Marx, a group of people standing in a common relationship to the means of production as owners or non-owners. Weber saw class as an economic category, bu stressed its interaction with social status and the affinities of ‘party’ affiliation. More recent definitions stress occupation, the ownerhips of property and wealth or lifestyles (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see klase climate change Any change in the average and variability of temperature and weather patterns over the long-term (decades or longer), due to natural or human causes. Climate is distinct to weather (Steg and de Groot,2018). see klima aldaketa, 12, 13 collective consumption A concept used by Manuel Castells, referring to the consumption of common goods promoted by the city such as transport services and leisure amenities (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see kontsumo kolektibo collective self-consumption As per EU Directive RED II: ‘Jointly Acting Renewable Self-consumers’ as a ‘group of at least two jointly acting renewables self-consumers in accordance with point (14) who are located in the same building or multiapartment block’ (Art. 2.15). This concept describes a form of collective self-consumption, possible only to households who share a specific geographic location (CEER, 2019) (Inês et al.,2020). see autokontsumo partekatua colonialism The process through which Western nations established their rule in parts of the world far away from their home territories (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see kolonialismo communication The transmission of information from one individual or group to another, including face-to-face conversation, the use of language and bodily cues, and print and electronic media such as Internet chat-rooms and smartphones (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see komunikazio communism Theoretically, a society characterized by communal ownership of means of production and distribution. Usually associated with Karl Marx and used to describe the former Soviet Union and much of Eastern Europe (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see komunismo G3 GLOSSARY community A group of people (community-members) that organize themselves around a common objective. The community organizes relationship among members with the common objective(s) and the way(s) of acting (modus operandi), analyses the current problems, plans and acts in a (common and agreed) collective way in order to improve the current situation towards the desired horizon. see komunitate, 68 community-member Every individual who forms the community. Source: own elaboration. see kide, 69 consumer society A type of society which promotes the consumption of mass-produced products, partly through the ideology of consumerism, which suggests that increasing mass consumption is beneficial for all (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see kontsumitzaile gizarte cooperation Acting in the collective interest (Steg and de Groot, 2018, p.215). see kooperazio cooptation According to Gerschewski: ‘the capacity to bind strategic actors to the ruling regime by making use of informal (e.g. patrimonial rule) and formal (e.g. parties) mechanisms’ (Gerschewski,2010). see kooptazio corporate culture A branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity and competitiveness through the creation of a unique organizational culture involving all members of a firm (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see kultura korporatibo corporation A type of organization that is a legal entity in its own right and has both rights and responsibilities. Business corporations are created by groups of shareholders who own the corporation and organize its effective management (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see korporazio correlation A regular relationship between two dimension variables, often expressed in statistical terms. Correlations must be positive or negative. A positive correlation exists where a high rank on one variable is regularly associated with a a high rank on the other. A negative correlation exists where a high rank on one variable is regularly associated with a low rank on the other (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see korrelazio G4 GLOSSARY cosmopolitanism A concept describing the shift beyond nationstate-based thinking towards analysing the human world as a single community (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see kosmopolitismo created environment Those aspects of the physical world deriving from the application of technology, such as cities and towns involving roads, railways, factories, offices, private homes and other bulidings (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see sortutako ingurune cultural capital Types of knowledges, skills and education which confer advantages on those who acquire them. Cultural capital can be embodied (in forms of speech or bodily comportment), objectified (in cultural products such as works of art) or institutionalize (in educational qualifications) (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see kapital kultural culture The values, norms, habits and ways of life characteristic of a coherent social group (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see kultura, 12 culture of poverty The thesis that poverty is not the result of individual inadequacies, but the outcome of being socialized into a wider culture that transmits values, beliefs, lifestyles, habits and trditions common among people in conditions of material deprivation (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see pobreziaren kultura decommodification In the context of welfare provision, the degree to which welfare services are free of market principles. In a commodified system, welfare services are treated as commodities to be sold on the market (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see desmerkantilizazio defection Acting in the individual interest (Steg and de Groot, 2018, p.215). see desertzio deforestation The destruction of forested land, often by commercial logging (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see deforestazio, 14 democracy A political system providing for the participation of citizens in political decision-making, often by the election of representatives of governing bodies (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see demokrazia G5 GLOSSARY dependent variable A variable, or factor, causally influenced by another (the independent variable) (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see mendeko aldagai desertification Instances of intense land degradation resulting in desert-like conditions over large areas (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see desertifikazio, 14 developed countries Those high-income countries that have undergone a process of industrialization and have relatively high GDP per capita and high living standards (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see herrialde garatuak developing countries Those low-income countries which have relatively low GDP per capita and have not yet industrialized as fully as the developed societies (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see garapen-bidean dauden herrialdeak discourses The frameworks of thinking in a particular area of social life. For instance, the discourse of criminality refers to dominant ways of thinking about and discussing crime (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see diskurtso, 29 discrimination Actions which deny to the members of a particular group the resources or rewards that are available to the majority (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see diskriminazio, 14 distributed generation all generation units with a maximum capacity of 50 MW to 100 MW, that are usually connected to the distribution network and that are neither centrally planned nor dispatched (Pepermans et al.,2005). see sorkuntza banatua distributed ownership An ownership model where multiple owners of a common project apply democratically distributed decision-making power. Own elaboration based on (Gorroño-Albizu,2021, p. 54). see jabetza banatua distribution operator entity that, besides electricity distribution, is intended to build, operate and maintain facilities to deliver electricity to consumption points (Gobierno de España,2013, p.15 art 6.1e)). Translation: own elaboration. see banatze operadore diversification The act or policy of increasing the variety of a company’s products (Merriam-Webster,2024e). see dibertsifikazioa G6 GLOSSARY diversity The condition of having or being composed of differing elements (Merriam-Webster,2024d). see aniztasuna eco-efficiency The develpment of technologies that generate economic growth, but which do so at minimal cost to the natural environment (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ekoeraginkortasun ecological citizenship A relatively recent extension of citizenship to include the rights and responsibilities of people towards the natural environment or ‘nature’ (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see hiritartasun ekologikoa, 29 ecological debt An indicator of the cumulative, or net sum, of historical environmental injustices (Warlenius et al.,2015). see zor ekologikoa, 18 economy The system of production and exchange which provides for the material needs of individuals living in a given society. Economic systems differ markedly; capitalism has become the most dynamic and widely adopted system in the contemporary world (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ,12 ecosocial transition ‘the concept of ecosocial transition combines ecological, economic and social dimensions of development and is interested in the interlinkage between social and ecological sustainability. An increasing number of practical areas of action are addressed by the search for models of ecosocial transition, like cultural life, food production and delivery, local governance, transport and housing’ (Matthies and Narhi,2017). see trantsizio-ekosoziala, 1 education A social institution which promotes and enables the transmission of knowledge and skills across generations (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see hezkuntza, 14 emigration The movement of people out of one country in order to settle in another (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see emigrazio empowerment The act or action of empowering someone or something : the granting of the power, right, or authority to perform various acts or duties (Merriam-Webster,2024f). see ahalduntze G7 GLOSSARY household All of the people occupying and residing in a housing unit, sharing common living rooms and making common provision for the essentials such as food (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see etxe hypothesis An idea, or an educated guess, about a given state of affairs, put forward in exact terms to provide the basis for empirical testing (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see hipotesi, 97 identity The distinctive characteristics of a person’s character which relate to who they are and what is meaningful to them. The main sources are gender, sexual orientation, nationality or ethnicity, and social class (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see identitate ideology Shared ideas or beliefs which serve to justify the interests of dominant groups (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ideologia inclusive Including everyone, especially : including and accommodating people who have historically been excluded (as because of their race, gender, sexuality, or ability) (MerriamWebster,2024g). see inklusibo independent variable A variable, or factor, that causally influences another (the dependent variable) (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see aldagi aske industrialization the replacement of human and animal labour with machines, beginning with the development of modern forms of industry in factories, machines and large-scale production processes (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see industrializazio Industrial Revolution The broad spectrum of social, economic and technological transformations that surrounded the development of modern forms of industry in the mid-eitheenth and the early twentieth century (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see Industria Iraultza, 12 industrial societies Societies in which the vast majority of the labour force works in industrial production or associated employment sectors (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see gizarte industrial G14 GLOSSARY information poverty The ‘information poor’ consist of those who have little or no access to information technology, such as computers (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see informazio pobrezia, 14 information society A society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but on the production of knowledge; closely bound up with the rise of information technology (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see informazio gizarte international governmetal organization An international organization established by treaties between governments for the purpose of conducting business between the nations making up its membership (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see nazioarteko gobernu-erakunde international non-governmental organizations An international organization established by agreements between the individuals or private organizations making up its membership (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see nazioarteko gobernuz kanpoko erakundeak Internet A global system of connections between computers allowing people to communicate with one another and find information on the World Wide Web by visual, sounds and text (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see Internet interviews One-to-one conversations aimed at eliciting information about some aspect of social life. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured or open-ended depending on the kind of information being sought (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see elkarrizketa iron law of oligarchy A term coined by Robert Michels, meaning that large organizations always centralize power in the hands of a small minority (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see oligarkiaren burdinazko lege job insecurity A sense of apprehension experienced by employees about both the stability of their work position and their role within the workplace (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see lanpostu ziurgabetasuna, 14 justice The quality of being impartial, fair, correct in terms of truth or in conformity with an ideal or principle. Source: Merriam-Webster Online dictionary. see justizia, 12, 14 G15 GLOSSARY knowledge economy A society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but on the production of knowledge in universities and research facilities which is applied to production (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ezagutzaren ekonomia knowledge society Another common term for the information society: a society based on the production and consumption of knowledge and information (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ezagutza gizarte large-scale dilemmas Situations where large groups of people act under conditions of high anonymity, low degree of communication, low collective unity and high geographical separation (Steg and de Groot,2018, p.215). see dilema handiak legitimacy The acceptance by those being governed that a given situation is just and valid (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see zilegitasun life cycle The common-sense view that all human beings pass through the same biological stages from birth to death (contrast with life course) (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see biziziklo lifestyle choices Decisions made by individuals about their consumption of goods, services and culture; these are seen by many sociologists as important reflections of class positions (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see bizi-estiloaren aukerak local energy community According to the draft directive COM(2016)864, a local energy community is: ‘ an asociation, cooperative, partnership, non-profit organisation or other legal entity controlled by local shareholders or members, generally value-oriented rather than profit, dedicated to distributed generation and the carrying out of activities of a distribution system operator, supplier or aggregator at local level, including at cross-border level’ (COM(2016)864 - Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity (Recast) - EU Monitor,2016). But this definition was not included in the D(EU) 2018/2001 defining the CERs, nor in the D(EU) 2019/944 defining the CECs. At the same time, according to the European Federation of Energy Cooperatives (RESCoop.EU), -LECs are ‘a way of organising citizens who G16 GLOSSARY want to cooperate together in an activity related to the energy sector, based on open and democratic participation and governance, and so that the activity provides services or other benefits to its members or the local community. In this sense, energy communities represent an alternative type of market actor, and a different way/philosophy of doing business. The main objective of the energy communities is to create social innovation: to participate in an economic activity for non-commercial purposes ’ (López,2023). see tokiko energia komunitatea low-carbon energy model Energy model with significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Source: own elaboration based on previous definitions.. see karbono-baxuko energia eredua low-trust systems An organizational or work setting in which individuals are allowed little responsibility for, or control over, the work task (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see konfidantza gutxiko sistema market operator it assumes the management of the system of offers for the sale and purchase of electricity in the daily electricity market (Gobierno de España,2013, p.38 art 29). Translation: Elia, own adaptation. see merkatuaren operadore mass media Forms of large-scale communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio and television, designed to reach mass audiences (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see masa-komunikabide mass production The production of long runs of goods using machine power. Mass production was one outcome of the Industrial Revolutions (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see masako ekoizpen media regulation The use of legal means to control media ownership and the content of media communications (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see komunikabideen arauketa middle class A broad spectrum of people working in professional, managerial and administrative occupations with associated norms, values and lifestyles (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see klase ertain G17 GLOSSARY modernity The period following the mid-eighteenth-century European Enlightenment, characterized by the combination of secularization, rationalization, democratization, individualism and the rise of scientific thinking (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see modernitate multiculturalism Adoption by the state of a policy encouraging and facilitating cultural pluralism, which allows all ethnic groups to share equally in economic and political life (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see multikulturalismo nation A group of people bound together by a strong sense of shared values, cultural characteristics such as language and religion, and a perceived common history (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see nazio, 14 nationalism A set of beliefs, political ideas and movements expressing identification with a given national community and pursuing the interests of that community (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see nazionalismo nation without state Instances in which the members of a nation lack political sovereignty (a state) over the area they claim as their own (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see estaturik gabeko nazioa, 43 nature Generally taken today to be the non-human environment of animals, plants, seas and land (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see natura need principle The principle of distributing resources in a social dilemma to help other people in need or jeopardy (Steg and de Groot,2018, p.215). see premiaren-printzipio, 29 neo-liberalism The economic belief that free market forces, achieved by minimizing government restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see neoliberalismo net zero Net zero is intrinsically a scientific concept. If the objective is to keep the rise in global average temperatures within certain limits, physics implies that there is a finite budget of carbon dioxide that is allowed into the atmosphere, alongside other greenhouse gases. Beyond this budget, any further release must be balanced by removal into sinks (Fankhauser et al.,2022).. see zero garbi, 1, 12 G18 GLOSSARY non-governmental organizations An organization established by agreements between the individuals or private organizations making up its membership. Adapted from (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see gobernuz kanpoko erakundeak non-renewable energy sources A source of energy that is not continually renewed in nature and that can be depleted because it is not renewed at the rate at which it is exploited from the point of view of human use. Among non-renewable energy sources, fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels used in nuclear fission reactors (Elhuyar,n.d.). Translation: Elia, own adaptation. see energia iturri berriztaezin OECD Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development - an international organization formed in 1961. the OECD aims to assist its memebers to achieve ‘sustainable economic growth’ and employment (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ELGE oligopoly The domination of a small number of firms in a given industry (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see oligopolio organic solidarity According to Emile Durkheim, a form of social cohesion that results form the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole, particularly through the extended division of labour (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see elkartasun organiko participatory democracy A system of democracy in which all members of a group or community participate collectively in the taking of major decisions (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see demokrazia parte-hartzaile peace processes All of those activities aimed at preventing violence in post-conflict situations, whether official efforts by professionals or the informal actions of groups in civil society (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see bake-prozesuak political party An organization established with the aim of achieving governmental power by electoral means and using that power to pursue a specific programme (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see alderdi politiko, 29 G19 GLOSSARY politics The means by which power is employed and contested to influence the nature and content of governmental activities. The sphere of the ‘political’ includes the activities of government and also those of social movements and other groups (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see politika, 12 population In the context of a social research, the people who are the focus of a study or survey (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see biztanleria post-development A critical perspective on mainstream theories of development which looks to promote alternative modes of progress in the developing countries to the dominant Western ideas of capitalism and industrialization (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see garapenondoko post-industrial society Post-industrial societies are based on services an the production of information rather than material goods. Most developed societies are post-industrial in this sense (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see industriondoko gizarte, 1 postmodernism A perspective based on the idea that society is not governed by history or progress but is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no ‘grand narrative’ guiding its development (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see postmodernismo power A contested concept: for Weber, power is the ability of individuals or groups to achieve their aims or further their interests, even against opposition. Others see power as a pervasive aspect of all human relationships which can be productive as well as destructive (Foucault) (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see botere, 14 power system operator it ensures continuity and security of electricity supply and properly coordinate the production and transport system. The system operator shall be the transmission system operator (Gobierno de España,2013, p.39 art.30.1). Translation: Elia, own adaptation. see sistemaren operadore precaucionary principle The presumption that, where there is sufficient doubt about the possible risks, it is better to maintain existing practices that to change them (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see zuhurtzia-printzipio G20 GLOSSARY prejudice Holding preconceived ideas about an individual or group; ideas that are resistant to change even in the face of new information. Prejudice may be either positive or negative (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see aurreiritzi primary energy Energy which has not undergone transformation and which is found in its natural form as oil, coal, natural gas, wood, uranium, etc. (Elhuyar,n.d.). Translation: Elia, own adaptation. see energia primarioa, 31 primary source Any source that is originally produced in the time period which researchers are interested in studying (contrast with secondary sources) (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see iturri primario prosumer Defined by Alvin Toffler (Lang et al.,2020): ‘Individuals who consume and produce value, either for selfconsumption or consumption by others, and can receive implicit or explicit incentives from organizations involved in the exchange’. see prosumitzaile, 75 protected or sacred values Values that are seen as absolute and not tradeable (Steg and de Groot,2018, p.24). see balio babestuak edo sakratuak public good dilemma A specific class of social dilemma in which the people need to contribute to create or maintain a common resource (Steg and de Groot,2018, p.215). see ondasun publikoaren dilema public sphere An idea associated with the German sociologist Juergen Habermas. The public sphere is the arena of public debate and discussion in modern societies (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see esfera publiko qualitative research methods Those methods which gather detailed, rich data with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the social phenomena being studied (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ikerketa metodo kualitatiboak quantitative research methods Those sociological methods which allow social phenomena to be measured and analysed using mathematical models and statistical techniques (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ikerketa metodo kuantitatiboak G21 GLOSSARY random sampling A method in which a sample is chosen so that every member of the population has the same probability of being included (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ausazko laginketa relative deprivation The thesis that people’s subjective feelings of deprivation are not absolute, but related to their assessment of themselves in comparison with others (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see gabezia erlatibo relative poverty Poverty defined by reference to the overall standard of living in any given society (Giddens and Sutton, 2013). see pobrezia erlatibo renewable energy community An energy community that focuses on replacing non-renewable energy sources by renewable ones, so as to reduce the amount of non-renewable energy consumption. Source: own definition. The EU presents its own definition in directive D(EU)2018/2001, which has been adopted by Spanish legislation through RD-L23/2020: ‘ Renewable energy communities, which are legal entities based on open and voluntary participation, autonomous and effectively controlled by partners or members located in the vicinity of renewable energy projects owned and developed by such legal entities, whose partners or members are natural persons, SMEs or local authorities, including municipalities and whose primary purpose is to provide environmental, economic or social benefits to their partners or members or to the local financial areas where they operate, instead of profits’ (Gobierno de España,2013, art 6.1.j)). see energia berriztagarri komunitate, 73 renewable energy source A source of energy that is continually renewed in nature and that is not exhausted or that can be considered inexhaustible from the point of view of human use. Renewable energy sources include biomass, geothermal, hydro, solar, wind and marine (Elhuyar,n.d.). In other words, a source of energy is renewable if it does not imply a significant decrease in reserves on the time scale of its use. For example: From an astrophysical point of view, the sun is exhausted, but from a human point of view we can consider it inexhaustible. Or: biomass, from forestry uses, will only be renewable following certain forestry lines. Translation: Elia, own adaptation. see energia iturri berriztagarri G22 GLOSSARY representative democracy A political system in which decisions affecting a community are taken not by its members as a whole, but by people they have elected for this purpose (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ordezkaritza-demokrazia representative sample A sample from a larger population that is statistically typical of that population (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see lagin adierazgarria research methods The diverse methods of investigation used to gather empirical (factual) information. Numerous research methods are used in sociology, and there is a trend towards ‘mixed methods’ (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ikerketa metodo, 4 resilience Having resources that help one cope with negative experiences (Steg and de Groot,2018, p. 34). see erresilientzia resource allocation How different social and material resources are shared out between and employed by social groups or other elements of society (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see baliabideen esleipena resource conservation the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effects of human activity (Dictionary,2025). Between preservation and conservation, historically preservation tends to keep humans out of the resource, while conservation tends to keep the resource in good condition (Buys,2020). see baliabideak kontserbatzea resource dilemma A specific class of social dilemma in which people have to share a common resource (Steg and de Groot,2018, p.215). see baliabideen dilema resource preservation the act of keeping a resource the same or of preventing it from being damaged (Preservation,2025). Between preservation and conservation, historically preservation tends to keep humans out of the resource, while conservation tends to keep the resource in good condition (Buys, 2020). see baliabideak babestea retailer juridic entity (either commercial societies or consumers/users cooperative societies) that purchases electricity in oder to sell it to customers or other subjects from G23 GLOSSARY little or no industrial development. The three world model lost ground form the 1970 (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see Hiru Munduren Eredua transmission operator entity that, in addition to the transport of electricity, are intended for the construction, maintenance and operation of transport facilities, inter alia (Gobierno de España,2013, p.15 art. 6.1d)). Translation: Elia, own adaptation. see garraio operadore Transnational Corporations (TNCs) Business corporations located in two or more countries. Even when TNCs have a clear national base, they are oriented to global markets and global profits (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see Transnazionalak (ETN), 88 triangulation The use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than is available form any single method (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see triangulaketa underdevelopment A concept used in social science to describe the economic state of societies that were exploited and/or previously colonized by Western countries. Under development suggests a process through which powerful, wealthy states actively exploit the poor and less powerful (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see azpigarapen universal benefits Welfare benefits that are available equally to all citizens, regardless of their level of income or economic status, as opposed to being means-tested (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see onura unibertsal upper class A social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inherited wealth, own large businesses or hold large numbers of stocks and shares (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see goi-klase values Ideas held by human individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good or bad. Differing values represent key aspects of variations in human culture. What individuals value is strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see balioak viability The ability to succeed or be sustained (MerriamWebster,2024h). see bideragarritasuna G30 GLOSSARY virtual community Internet-based groups, rooted in public discussions which are long-lasting and contain suficient human feeling to constitute personal relationships in cyberspace (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see komunitate birtual welfare capitalism Practice in which large corporations protect their employees from the vicissitudes of the market (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ongizate-kapitalismo welfare state A political system that provides a wide range of welfare benefits for citizens (Giddens and Sutton,2013). see ongizate-estatu G31 Bibliography AEPD (2023), ‘Agencia Española de Protección de Datos | AEPD’, https://www.aepd.es/. AIGUASOL (20 marzo-2019), ‘Guia para el Desarrollo de Instrumentos y Fomento de Comunidades Energeticas Locales’. 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